Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The role of establishments and the concentration of occupations in wage inequality (2015)
Weber Handwerker, Elizabeth; Spletzer, James R.;Zitatform
Weber Handwerker, Elizabeth & James R. Spletzer (2015): The role of establishments and the concentration of occupations in wage inequality. (IZA discussion paper 9294), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"This paper uses the microdata of the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey to assess the contribution of occupational concentration to wage inequality between establishments and its growth over time. We show that occupational concentration plays an important role in wage determination for workers, in a wide variety of occupations, and can explain some establishment-level wage variation. Occupational concentration is increasing during the 2000-2011 time period, although much of this change is explained by other observable establishment characteristics. Overall, occupational concentration can help explain a small amount of wage inequality growth between establishments during this time period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of gender in promotion and pay over a career (2014)
Zitatform
Addison, John T., Orgul Demet Ozturk & Si Wang (2014): The role of gender in promotion and pay over a career. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 280-317. DOI:10.1086/677942
Abstract
"Using data from the NLSY79, this paper considers the role of gender in promotion and promotion-related earnings development over the course of a career. The raw data suggest reasonably favorable promotion outcomes for females over a career, but any such advantages are found to be confined to less educated females. Further, the strong returns to education in later career stemming from promotion-related earnings growth accrue solely to males. While consistent with fertility timing and choice on the part of educated females, this earnings result is not inconsistent with discrimination as well, reminiscent of findings from an earlier human capital literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers' employment, education, and parenting (2014)
Augustine, Jennifer March;Zitatform
Augustine, Jennifer March (2014): Mothers' employment, education, and parenting. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 237-270. DOI:10.1177/0730888413501342
Abstract
"This study investigates whether mothers' education moderates the link between their work and parenting quality, differentiating among aspects of work that may negatively and positively influence it. Data came from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1,345). The results revealed that part-time and higher status work were associated with increases in parenting quality for less educated women, but not for more educated women, thereby narrowing socioeconomic differences in the parenting behaviors linked to children's mobility. Yet non-employment among less educated women was associated with the lowest levels of parenting quality, pointing to a key source of inequality in the lives of children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do in-work tax credits serve as a safety net? (2014)
Bitler, Marianne; Hoynes, Hilary; Kuka, Elira;Zitatform
Bitler, Marianne, Hilary Hoynes & Elira Kuka (2014): Do in-work tax credits serve as a safety net? (NBER working paper 19785), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w19785
Abstract
"The cash and near cash safety net in the U.S. has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past fifteen years. Federal welfare reform has led to the 'elimination of welfare as we know it' and several tax reforms have substantially increased the role of 'in-work'' assistance. In 2010, we spent more than 5 dollars on the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for every dollar spent on cash benefits through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), whereas in 1994 on the eve of federal welfare reform these programs were about equal in size. In this paper, we evaluate and test whether the EITC satisfies a defining feature of a safety net program -- that it responds to economic need. In particular, we explore how EITC participation and expenditures change with the business cycle. The fact that the EITC requires earned income leads to a theoretical ambiguity in the cyclical responsiveness of the credit. We use administrative IRS data to examine the relationship between business cycles and the EITC program. Our empirical strategy relies on exploiting differences in the timing and severity of economic cycles across states. The results show that higher unemployment rates lead to higher EITC recipients and total dollar amounts of credits for married couples. On the other hand, the effect of business cycles on the EITC is insignificant for single individuals, whether measured by recipients or expenditures. In sum, our results show that the EITC serves as an automatic stabilizer for married couples with children but not for the majority of recipients -- single parents with children. The patterns we identify are consistent with the predictions of static labor supply theory, and with expectations about how economic shocks are likely to affect one versus two-earner households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered parenthood penalties and premiums across the earnings distribution in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Cooke, Lynn Prince (2014): Gendered parenthood penalties and premiums across the earnings distribution in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 360-372. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcu044
Abstract
"Parenthood explains some of the gender earnings gap, but its effects differ among women and men and across countries. Wave 6 LIS data and regressions of the recentered influence function are used to compare effects of parenthood across the unconditional earnings distribution in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The three countries are considered more liberal welfare regimes, but still differ in within- and between-gender economic inequality. Australia has slightly greater income equality than the other two countries. Results reveal that fatherhood premiums and motherhood penalties are smaller in Australia, as are differences between the highest- and lowest-earning parents. Australian and British mothers are more likely to work part-time, but controlling for work hours, motherhood penalties in those countries are smaller across the bottom half of the distribution than in the United States. Motherhood penalties across the upper half of the earnings distribution are more similar in the three countries and decrease as earnings increase. The lowest-earning men in all three countries face small but significant fatherhood penalties, whereas high-earning British and US fathers garner significant premiums as compared with childless men. Parenthood penalties and premiums therefore reflect relative socio-economic (dis)advantage among both women and men, as well as between them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Male scientists' competing devotions to work and family: changing norms in a male-dominated profession (2014)
Zitatform
Damaske, Sarah, Elaine Howard Ecklund, Anne E. Lincoln & Virginia J. White (2014): Male scientists' competing devotions to work and family. Changing norms in a male-dominated profession. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 4, S. 477-507. DOI:10.1177/0730888414539171
Abstract
"Using in-depth interviews with 74 men across different ranks in biology and physics at prestigious U.S. universities, the authors ask to what extent changing norms of fatherhood and a flexible workplace affect men working in a highly male-dominated profession and what variation exists in family forms. The authors conceptualize four typologies of men: those forgoing children, egalitarian partners, neotraditional dual earners, and traditional breadwinners. Findings suggest male scientists hold strong work devotions, yet a growing number seek egalitarian relationships, which they frame as reducing their devotion to work. The majority of men find the all-consuming nature of academic science conflicts with changing fatherhood norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The miracle drugs: hormone replacement therapy and labor market behavior of middle-aged women (2014)
Daysal, N. Meltem; Orsini, Chiara;Zitatform
Daysal, N. Meltem & Chiara Orsini (2014): The miracle drugs. Hormone replacement therapy and labor market behavior of middle-aged women. (IZA discussion paper 7993), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"In an aging society, determining which factors contribute to the employment of older individuals is increasingly important. We examine the impact of medical innovations on the employment of middle-aged women focusing on the specific case of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), a common treatment for the alleviation of negative menopausal symptoms. HRT medications were among the most popular prescriptions in the United States until 2002 when the Women's Health Initiative Study - the largest randomized control trial on women ever undertaken - documented the health risks associated with their long term use. We exploit the release of these findings within a Fixed Effect Instrumental Variable framework to address the endogeneity in HRT use. Our results indicate substantial benefits of HRT use to the short-term employment of middle-aged women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Divorce risk, wages and working wives: a quantitative life-cycle analysis of female labour force participation (2014)
Fernandez, Raquel; Wong, Joyce Cheng;Zitatform
Fernandez, Raquel & Joyce Cheng Wong (2014): Divorce risk, wages and working wives. A quantitative life-cycle analysis of female labour force participation. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 576, S. 319-358. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12136
Abstract
"This article develops a quantitative life-cycle model to study the increase in married women's labour force participation (LFP). We calibrate the model to match key life-cycle statistics for the 1935 cohort and use it to assess the changed environment faced by the 1955 cohort. We find that a higher divorce probability and changes in wage structure are each able to explain a large proportion of the LFP increase. Higher divorce risk increases LFP not because the latter contributes to higher marital assets or greater labour market experience, however. Instead, it is the result of conflicting spousal preferences towards the adjustment of marital consumption in the face of increased divorce risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unilateral divorce, the decreasing gender gap, and married women's labor force participation (2014)
Fernández, Raquel; Wong, Joyce;Zitatform
Fernández, Raquel & Joyce Wong (2014): Unilateral divorce, the decreasing gender gap, and married women's labor force participation. In: The American economic review, Jg. 104, H. 5, S. 342-347. DOI:10.1257/aer.104.5.342
Abstract
"Married women's labor force participation (LFP) increased dramatically in the United States between the 1940 and 1960 cohort. The two cohorts lived under different divorce regimes (unilateral divorce rather than mutual consent). The 1960 cohort also had a lower gender wage gap. We use a quantitative dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marital status, calibrated to key statistics for the 1940 cohort, to study the effects of these two changes. We find that both drivers combined are able to account for over 50 percent of the increase in married women's LFP and also generate large movements in marriage and divorce rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can immigrants help women "have it all"?: immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions (2014)
Furtado, Delia;Zitatform
Furtado, Delia (2014): Can immigrants help women "have it all"? Immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions. (IZA discussion paper 8614), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the trade-offs women face when making joint fertility and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high skilled US-born women in cities that have experienced larger immigrant inflows. Most interestingly, these changes have been accompanied by decreases in the strength of the negative correlation between childbearing and labor force participation, an often-used measure of the difficulty with which women combine motherhood and labor market work. Using a structured statistical model, I show that the immigrant-induced attenuation of this negative correlation can explain about 24 percent of the immigrant-induced increases in the joint likelihood of childbearing and labor force participation in the U.S. between the years 1980 and 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A pollution theory of discrimination: male and female differences in occupations and earnings (2014)
Goldin, Claudia;Zitatform
Goldin, Claudia (2014): A pollution theory of discrimination. Male and female differences in occupations and earnings. In: L. P. Boustan, C. Frydman & R. A. Margo (Hrsg.) (2014): Human capital in history : the American record, S. 313-348.
Abstract
"Occupations are segregated by sex today, but were far more segregated in the early to mid-twentieth century. It is difficult to rationalize sex segregation and 'wage discrimination' on the basis of men's taste for distance from women in the same way differences between other groups in work and housing have been explained. Rather, this paper constructs a 'pollution' theory model of discrimination in which occupations are defined by the level of a single-dimensional productivity characteristic. Because there is asymmetric information regarding the value of the characteristic of an individual woman, a new female hire may reduce the prestige of a previously all-male occupation. The predictions of the model include that occupations requiring a level of the characteristic above the female median will be segregated by sex and those below the median will be integrated. The historical record reveals numerous cases of the model's predictions. For example in 1940 the greater is the productivity characteristic of an office and clerical occupation, the higher the occupational segregation by sex. 'Credentialization' that spreads information about individual women's productivities and shatters old stereotypes can help expunge 'pollution.'" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The glass ceiling and the paper floor: gender differences among top earners, 1981-2012 (2014)
Guvenen, Fatih; Kaplan, Greg; Song, Jae;Zitatform
Guvenen, Fatih, Greg Kaplan & Jae Song (2014): The glass ceiling and the paper floor. Gender differences among top earners, 1981-2012. (NBER working paper 20560), Cambridge, Mass., 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w20560
Abstract
"We analyze changes in the gender structure at the top of the earnings distribution in the United States over the last 30 years using a 10% sample of individual earnings histories from the Social Security Administration. Despite making large inroads, females still constitute a small proportion of the top percentiles: the glass ceiling, albeit a thinner one, remains. We measure the contribution of changes in labor force participation, changes in the persistence of top earnings, and changes in industry and age composition to the change in the gender composition of top earners. A large proportion of the increased share of females among top earners is accounted for by the mending of, what we refer to as, the paper floor - the phenomenon whereby female top earners were much more likely than male top earners to drop out of the top percentiles. We also provide new evidence at the top of the earnings distribution for both genders: the rising share of top earnings accruing to workers in the Finance and Insurance industry, the relative transitory status of top earners, the emergence of top earnings gender gaps over the life cycle, and gender differences among lifetime top earners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child-care subsidies and family well-being (2014)
Healy, Olivia; Dunifon, Rachel;Zitatform
Healy, Olivia & Rachel Dunifon (2014): Child-care subsidies and family well-being. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 493-528.
Abstract
"Many low-income families receive child-care subsidies, and a small but growing literature examines the relationship between subsidies and family well-being. Some studies find a negative association between subsidy receipt and family well-being, raising questions about the processes that mediate the two. Drawing on a subsample of 1,189 subsidy recipients and eligible mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we investigate the relationship between child-care subsidies and maternal and child well-being using measures of parenting stress, maternal depression, and child cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Within a sample limited to working mothers, and after addressing issues of selection, we find little evidence to suggest relationships between subsidy receipt and maternal and child well-being, despite significant negative bivariate associations between subsidy receipt and measures of well-being. Null findings are consistent with those of other recent studies and suggest that subsidy receipt in and of itself is not associated with decreased well-being of either children or mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Convergences in men's and women's life patterns: lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment (2014)
Zitatform
Jacobsen, Joyce, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2014): Convergences in men's and women's life patterns. Lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment. (IZA discussion paper 8425), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"The changes in women and men's work lives have been considerable in recent decades. Yet much of the recent research on gender differences in employment and earnings has been of a more snapshot nature rather than taking a longer comparative look at evolving patterns. In this paper, we use 50 years (1964-2013) of US Census Annual Demographic Files (March Current Population Survey) to track the changing returns to human capital (measured as both educational attainment and potential work experience), estimating comparable earnings equations by gender at each point in time. We consider the effects of sample selection over time for both women and men and show the rising effect of selection for women in recent years. Returns to education diverge for women and men over this period in the selection-adjusted results but converge in the OLS results, while returns to potential experience converge in both sets of results. We also create annual calculations of synthetic lifetime labor force participation, hours, and earnings that indicate convergence by gender in worklife patterns, but less convergence in recent years in lifetime earnings. Thus, while some convergence has indeed occurred, the underlying mechanisms causing convergence differ for women and men, reflecting continued fundamental differences in women's and men's life experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Distributional changes in the gender wage gap (2014)
Kassenböhmer, Sonja; Sinning, Mathias;Zitatform
Kassenböhmer, Sonja & Mathias Sinning (2014): Distributional changes in the gender wage gap. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 335-361. DOI:10.1177/001979391406700203
Abstract
"In diesem Papier werden unter Verwendung von Daten der Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Änderungen in den Lohndifferntialen zwischen weißen Männern und Frauen im Zeitraum 1993 bis 2006 entlang der gesamten Lohnverteilung untersucht. Wir zerlegen Änderungen im Lohndifferential entlang der Lohnverteilung, um den Beitrag der beobachteten individuellen Produktivität zu ermitteln. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Rückgang im Lohndifferential am unteren Dezil der Verteilung um 13 Prozent, während der Rückgang am höchsten Dezil unter 4 Prozent liegt. Die Dekompositionsergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Änderungen im Lohndifferential zwischen Männern und Frauen am oberen Ende der Verteilung hauptsächlich auf Änderungen im Bildungsniveau zurückzuführen sind, während ein großer Teil der Änderungen am unteren Ende der Verteilung durch Änderungen in der Arbeitsmarkthistorie erklärt werden kann. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten an, dass der Bildungserfolg von Frauen das Lohndifferential am unteren Ende der Verteilung bereits vor und während der 90er Jahre reduzieren, aber keinen starken Rückgang am oberen Ende der Verteilung auslösen konnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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auch erschienen als: Ruhr economic papers , 220 -
Literaturhinweis
The plateau in U.S. women's labor force participation: a cohort analysis (2014)
Lee, Jin Young;Zitatform
Lee, Jin Young (2014): The plateau in U.S. women's labor force participation. A cohort analysis. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 46-71. DOI:10.1111/irel.12046
Abstract
"After going up steadily for the last century, the female labor force participation (FLFP) rate in the United States suddenly leveled off in the early 1990s. Using March Current Population Survey data, I find that the FLFP stopped rising for birth cohorts from the 1950s on. My shift-share analyses show that both the plateau and the earlier upward trend in FLFP appeared within almost every category broken down by education, marital status, and child-rearing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Home computers and married women's labor supply (2014)
Lembcke, Alexander C.;Zitatform
Lembcke, Alexander C. (2014): Home computers and married women's labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1260), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"I consider how the availability of a personal computer at home changed employment for married women. I develop a theoretical model that motivates the empirical specifications. Using data from the US CPS from 1984 to 2003, I find that employment is 1.5 to 7 percentage points higher for women in households with a computer. The model predicts that the increase in employment is driven by higher wages. I find having a computer at home is associated with higher wages, and employment in more computer intensive occupations, which is consistent with the model. Decomposing the changes by educational attainment shows that both women with low levels of education (high school diploma or less) and women with the highest levels of education (Master's degree or more) have high returns from home computers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor supply and household dynamics (2014)
Zitatform
Mazzocco, Maurizio, Claudia Ruiz & Shintaro Yamaguchi (2014): Labor supply and household dynamics. In: The American economic review, Jg. 104, H. 5, S. 354-359. DOI:10.1257/aer.104.5.354
Abstract
"Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we provide evidence that to understand household decisions and evaluate policies designed to affect individual welfare, it is important to add an intertemporal dimension to the by-now standard static collective models of the household. Specifically, we document that the observed differences in labor supply by gender and marital status do not arise suddenly at the time of marriage, but rather emerge gradually over time. We then propose an intertemporal collective model that has the potential of explaining the observed patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Performance pay, competitiveness, and the gender wage gap: evidence from the United States (2014)
Zitatform
McGee, Andrew, Peter McGee & Jessica Pan (2014): Performance pay, competitiveness, and the gender wage gap. Evidence from the United States. (IZA discussion paper 8563), Bonn, 11 S.
Abstract
"Evidence that women are less likely to opt into competitive compensation schemes in the laboratory has generated speculation that a gender difference in competitiveness contributes to the gender wage gap. Using data from the NLSY79 and NLSY97, we show that women are less likely to be employed in jobs using competitive compensation. The portion of the gender wage gap explained by gender segregation in compensation schemes is small in the NLSY79 but somewhat larger in the NLSY97 - suggesting an increasing role for competitiveness in explaining the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps and the rise of the service economy (2014)
Ngai, L. Rachel; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Ngai, L. Rachel & Barbara Petrongolo (2014): Gender gaps and the rise of the service economy. (IZA discussion paper 8134), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"This paper explains the narrowing of gender gaps in wages and market hours in recent decades by the growth of the service economy. We propose a model with three sectors: goods, services and home production. Women have a comparative advantage in the production of services in the market and at home. The growth of the services sector, in turn driven by structural transformation and marketization of home services, acts as a gender-biased demand shift and leads to a rise in women's wages and market hours relative to men. Quantitatively, the model accounts for an important share of the observed rise in women's relative wage and market hours and the fall in men's market hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug