Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Medicaid and the labor supply of single mothers: implications for health care reform (2018)
Pohl, R. Vincent;Zitatform
Pohl, R. Vincent (2018): Medicaid and the labor supply of single mothers. Implications for health care reform. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 1283-1313. DOI:10.1111/iere.12304
Abstract
"The Medicaid expansions and health insurance subsidies of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) change work incentives for single mothers. To evaluate the employment effects of these policies ex ante, I estimate a model of labor supply and health insurance choice exploiting variation in pre-ACA Medicaid policies. Simulations show that single mothers increase their labor supply at the extensive and intensive margin by 12% and 7%, respectively, uninsurance rates decline by up to 40%, and an average family's welfare improves by 1,600 dollars per year. Health insurance subsidies and not Medicaid expansions mostly drive these effects." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: Upjohn Institute working paper , 222 -
Literaturhinweis
Straying from breadwinning: Status and money in men's interpretations of their wives' work arrangements (2018)
Zitatform
Reid, Erin M. (2018): Straying from breadwinning: Status and money in men's interpretations of their wives' work arrangements. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 25, H. 6, S. 718-733. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12265
Abstract
"The male breadwinner identity is culturally associated with career success for men, particularly in the professions, but today, few married men's lives easily map onto this identity. This study analyses interviews with 42 married men employed in US offices of a consulting firm to examine first, how men construct their identities as spouses in relation to their wives' work arrangements and second, how men navigate straying from the male breadwinner identity. While some men interpreted their wives' work in ways that supported personal claims on the breadwinner identity, others did so in ways that supported a more egalitarian identity, labelled here breadsharer. These groups differed in how they interpreted the social status and financial value of their wives' work, as well as in how they approached their own careers. Breadsharers were aware they strayed from the expected breadwinner identity and crafted alternative claims on status. These findings advance theory on gender, work, family and masculinity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The US labour force participation debacle: learning from the contrast with Britain (2018)
Zitatform
Richiardi, Matteo, Brian Nolan & Lane Kenworthy (2018): The US labour force participation debacle. Learning from the contrast with Britain. (ISER working paper 2018-12), Colchester, 48 S.
Abstract
"This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Independent thinking and hard working, or caring and well behaved?: short- and long-term impacts of gender identity norms (2018)
Rodríguez-Planas, Núria; Terskaya, Anastasia; Sanz-de-Galdeano, Anna;Zitatform
Rodríguez-Planas, Núria, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano & Anastasia Terskaya (2018): Independent thinking and hard working, or caring and well behaved? Short- and long-term impacts of gender identity norms. (IZA discussion paper 11694), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we explore the causal effect of gender-identity norms on female teenagers' engagement in risky behaviors relative to boys in the US. To do so, we exploit idiosyncratic variation across adjacent grades within schools in the proportion of high-school peers' mothers who think that important skills for both boys and girls to possess are traditionally masculine ones, such as to think for him or herself or work hard, as opposed to traditionally feminine ones, namely to be well-behaved, popular or help others. We find that a higher proportion of mothers who believe that independent thinking and working hard matter for either gender reduces the gender gap in risky behaviors, traditionally more prevalent among males, both in the short and medium run. We also find evidence of convergence in the labor market in early adulthood. Short- and medium-run results are driven by a reduction in males' engagement in risky behaviors; long-run results are driven by females' higher annual earnings and lower welfare dependency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It's not what I expected: The association between dual-earner couples' met expectations for the division of paid and family labor and well-being (2018)
Shockley, Kirsten M.; Allen, Tammy D.;Zitatform
Shockley, Kirsten M. & Tammy D. Allen (2018): It's not what I expected: The association between dual-earner couples' met expectations for the division of paid and family labor and well-being. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 104, H. February, S. 240-260. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.009
Abstract
"The impact of dual-earner couples' unequal division of paid and family labor after the transition to parenthood is inconsistently linked to well-being outcomes. We argue that this relationship can be better understood by examining the congruence between the post-child division of labor and pre-child expectation for the division of labor. Based on a met expectations framework, this idea was tested with 137 dual-earner heterosexual couples with young children. Hypotheses were testing using polynomial regression analyses with well-being considered in both affective (career, marital, and family satisfaction) and health-related (depressive and physical health symptoms) terms. Results suggested that congruence in the paid labor and childcare domain mattered most for wives' well-being, whereas congruence with household labor mattered most for husbands' well-being. Crossover analyses revealed a similar trend in that wives' expectations-division of paid labor congruence was significantly related to husband's well-being and husbands' expectations-division of household labor congruence was significantly related to wives' well-being. Hypotheses were also tested with pre-child desires for division of labor instead of pre-child expectations. The pattern of results was similar albeit stronger for expectations. Implications include the importance of comprehensively assessing division of labor and the fact that pre-child attitudes are relevant to post-child outcomes." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beauty, job tasks, and wages: A new conclusion about employer taste-based discrimination (2018)
Stinebrickner, Todd R.; Sullivan, Paul J.; Stinebrickner, Ralph;Zitatform
Stinebrickner, Todd R., Ralph Stinebrickner & Paul J. Sullivan (2018): Beauty, job tasks, and wages: A new conclusion about employer taste-based discrimination. (NBER working paper 24479), Cambrige, Mass., 33 S. DOI:10.3386/w24479
Abstract
"We use novel data from the Berea Panel Study to reexamine the labor market mechanisms generating the beauty wage premium. We find that the beauty premium varies widely across jobs with different task requirements. Specifically, in jobs where existing research such as Hamermesh and Biddle (1994) has posited that attractiveness is plausibly a productivity enhancing attribute - those that require substantial amounts of interpersonal interaction - a large beauty premium exists. In contrast, in jobs where attractiveness seems unlikely to truly enhance productivity - jobs that require working with information and data - there is no beauty premium. This stark variation in the beauty premium across jobs is inconsistent with the employer-based discrimination explanation for the beauty premium, because this theory predicts that all jobs will favor attractive workers. Our approach is made possible by unique longitudinal task data, which was collected to address the concern that measurement error in variables describing the importance of interpersonal tasks would tend to bias results towards finding a primary role for employer taste-based discrimination. As such, it is perhaps not surprising that our conclusions about the importance of employer taste-based discrimination are in stark contrast to all previous research that has utilized a similar conceptual approach." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of public pensions on women's labor market participation over a full life cycle (2018)
Sánchez-Marcos, Virginia; Bethencourt, Carlos;Zitatform
Sánchez-Marcos, Virginia & Carlos Bethencourt (2018): The effect of public pensions on women's labor market participation over a full life cycle. In: Quantitative economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 707-733. DOI:10.3982/QE667
Abstract
"Spousal and survivor pensions are two important provisions of the US Social Security pension system. In this paper, we assess the impact of these benefits on the female employment rate in the context of a full life-cycle model in which households decide on female labor supply and savings. One important aspect of our model is that we allow for returns to labor market experience so that participation decisions affect not only current earnings and Social Security pension eligibility but also future earnings. We quantify the effect on female labor supply and on household inequality of (i) removing spousal benefit, (ii) removing both spousal and survivor pension benefits, and (iii) extending from 35 to 40 the number of periods of the working career that are considered when calculating the retired worker's pension. We find that reforms (i) and (ii) significantly increase female employment throughout the life cycle, whereas reform (iii) has a very mild effect. The effect of (ii) on income inequality in older household is large, whereas the effect on consumption inequality is small. All three reforms have substantial effects on Social Security expenditure and fiscal revenues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stopgappers? The occupational trajectories of men in female-dominated occupations (2018)
Zitatform
Torre, Margarita (2018): Stopgappers? The occupational trajectories of men in female-dominated occupations. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 283-312. DOI:10.1177/0730888418780433
Abstract
"This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers - men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Exploring leave policy preferences: a comparison of Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States (2018)
Zitatform
Valarino, Isabel, Ann-Zofie Duvander, Linda Haas & Gerda Neyer (2018): Exploring leave policy preferences: a comparison of Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. In: Social Politics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 118-147. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxx020
Abstract
"This study analyses preferences regarding leave length, gender division of leave, and leave financing in four countries with different welfare-state and leave regimes. Embedded in a gender perspective, institutional, self-interest, and ideational theoretical approaches are used to explore the factors shaping individuals' preferences (ISSP 2012 data). Findings show dramatic cross-country differences, suggesting the institutional dimension is most strongly related to leave policy preferences. Self-interest and values concerning gender relations and state responsibility are also important correlates. The study identifies mismatches between leave preferences, entitlements, and uptake, with implications for policy reform and the gendered division of parenting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace: the mediating role of motherhood myths (2018)
Zitatform
Verniers, Catherine & Jorge Vala (2018): Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace. The mediating role of motherhood myths. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0190657
Abstract
"The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths according to which women's work threatens children and family life mediates the relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother's career. We tested this hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012 from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Joint custody law and mothers' labor market outcomes: evidence from the USA (2018)
Zitatform
Vuri, Daniela (2018): Joint custody law and mothers' labor market outcomes. Evidence from the USA. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 1203-1237. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0680-x
Abstract
"This paper studies the economic implications for mothers of the changes in child custody law from maternal preference to joint custody using the 1960 - 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS). Variation in the timing of the joint custody reform across states provides a natural experimental framework to study the causal effect of shared custody on mothers' economic outcomes. The results show that only single mothers experience a decrease in earnings as a consequence of the adoption of the joint custody law, exposing them to a higher risk of poverty. The paper discusses a possible explanation for these findings, namely that the higher child support payment the mother receives from the non-custodial father in case of joint custody might discourage her from looking for high paid jobs or investing in her career." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Intra-household risk sharing and job search over the business cycle (2018)
Wang, Haomin;Zitatform
Wang, Haomin (2018): Intra-household risk sharing and job search over the business cycle. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1760), Berlin, 53 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the extent to which working couples can insure one another against cyclical fluctuations in the labor market and examines the implications of joint household decision-making for cyclical fluctuations in the unemployment rate. For this purpose, I provide a dynamic life-cycle model of households that make joint savings and job search decisions in the presence of aggregate shocks. I show that two key mechanisms are at play. The first is the added-worker effect, which leads to counter-cyclical search intensity because workers increase search intensity when their spouse becomes unemployed. The second is the comparative advantage effect, according to which couples' job search efforts are coordinated based on the relative returns to search of each spouse. I estimate the model using data from the US Current Population Survey, and find that joint household decision-making contributes to the counter-cyclicality of women's unemployment rate, but not for men. Moreover, joint household decision-making lowers the welfare costs of cyclicality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How much consumption insurance in bewley models with endogenous family labor supply? (2018)
Zitatform
Wu, Chunzan & Dirk Krueger (2018): How much consumption insurance in bewley models with endogenous family labor supply? (NBER working paper 24472), Cambrige, Mass., 59 S. DOI:10.3386/w24472
Abstract
"We show that a calibrated life-cycle two-earner household model with endogenous labor supply can rationalize the extent of consumption insurance against shocks to male and female wages, as estimated empirically by Blundell, Pistaferri and Saporta-Eksten (2016) in U.S. data. With additively separable preferences, 43% of male and 23% of female permanent wage shocks pass through to consumption, compared to the empirical estimates of 34% and 20%. With non-separable preferences the model predicts more consumption insurance, with pass-through rates of 29% and 16%. Most of the consumption insurance against permanent male wage shocks is provided through the labor supply response of the female earner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered language on the economics job market rumors forum (2018)
Wu, Alice H.;Zitatform
Wu, Alice H. (2018): Gendered language on the economics job market rumors forum. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 175-179. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181101
Abstract
"This paper examines the existence of an unwelcoming or stereotypical culture using evidence on how women and men are portrayed in anonymous discussions on the Economics Job Market Rumors forum (EJMR). I use a Lasso-Logistic model to measure gendered language in EJMR postings, identifying the words that are most strongly associated with discussions about one gender or the other. I find that the words most predictive of a post about a woman are typically about physical appearance or personal information, whereas those most predictive of a post about a man tend to focus on academic or professional characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The interplay of work and family trajectories over the life course: Germany and the United States in comparison (2017)
Aisenbrey, Silke; Fasang, Anette;Zitatform
Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2017): The interplay of work and family trajectories over the life course. Germany and the United States in comparison. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 122, H. 5, S. 1448-1484. DOI:10.1086/691128
Abstract
"This article uses sequence analysis to examine how gender inequality in work-family trajectories unfolds from early adulthood until middle age in two different welfare state contexts. Results based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the German National Education Panel Study demonstrate that in Germany, all work-family trajectories are highly gender-specific irrespective of social class. In contrast, patterns of work-family interplay across the life course in the United States are, overall, less gendered, but they differ widely by social class. In fact, work-family patterns characterized by high occupational prestige are fairly equally accessible for men and women. However, women are far more likely than men to experience the joint occurrence of single parenthood and unstable low-prestige work careers in the United States. The authors contribute to the literature by bringing in a longitudinal, process-oriented life course perspective and conceptualizing work-family trajectories as interlocked, multidimensional processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What's behind the increase in inequality? (2017)
Appelbaum, Eileen;Zitatform
Appelbaum, Eileen (2017): What's behind the increase in inequality? Washington, DC, 21 S.
Abstract
"The focus of this paper is the increase in earnings inequality over the last 30-plus years. Economists have well-developed theories that explain differences in wage levels among different categories of workers. Differences in educational attainment and skills are a major source of these differences; large organizations typically employ workers with a wide range of skills and responsibilities and pay them accordingly. As a result, the level of wage inequality within organizations is quite large. This paper does not challenge these results. It argues, however, that these theories are not adequate to explain a relatively recent phenomenon: the increase in recent decades in wage inequality among workers with similar levels of education and similar demographic characteristics who are employed in similar occupations but in different firms or establishments. These differences in wages are how most people experience inequality. Yet much of the analysis by economists has focused on developments that have enabled leading firms in the U.S. to increase their ability to extract monopoly rents.
This paper reviews a wide-ranging literature that examines the increased ability of leading firms to extract monopoly rents. It also reviews the more recent and still thin literature on the increase in inequality among workers with similar characteristics but different employers. The contribution of this paper is the identification of a mechanism that reconciles these two strains of economic research and explains how the increase in rent extraction is linked to the increasingly unequal pay of U.S. workers with similar characteristics. I draw on joint work with Rosemary Batt (2014) to identify new opportunities for rent seeking behavior, and on joint work with Annette Bernhardt, Rosemary Batt and Susan Houseman (2016, 2017) on domestic outsourcing, inter-firm contracting and the growing importance of production networks to establish a mechanism that connects the increase in rents with this new type of increase in wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps in performance: evidence from young lawyers (2017)
Azmat, Ghazala; Ferrer, Rosa;Zitatform
Azmat, Ghazala & Rosa Ferrer (2017): Gender gaps in performance: evidence from young lawyers. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 125, H. 5, S. 1306-1355. DOI:10.1086/693686
Abstract
"This paper documents the gender gap in performance among high-skilled professionals in the United States. On the basis of widely used performance measures in law firms, we find that male lawyers bill 10 percent more hours and bring in more than twice as much new client revenue as female lawyers. The differential impact across genders in the presence of young children and differences in aspirations to become a law firm partner account for a large share of the difference in performance. We show that accounting for performance has important consequences for gender gaps in lawyers' earnings and subsequent promotion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CEP discussion paper , 1136 -
Literaturhinweis
Skills, the gender wage gap, and cities (2017)
Zitatform
Bacolod, Marigee (2017): Skills, the gender wage gap, and cities. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 57, H. 2, S. 290-318. DOI:10.1111/jors.12285
Abstract
"This paper links gender wage gaps with the urban wage premium. First, the study documents gender wage gaps are narrower in larger U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000 and 2010. Skill agglomerations are then considered to explain this. Specifically, if men and women employ heterogeneous skills, and these skills have differential productivities across city sizes, agglomerative forces may differentially reward men and women. Occupational data show that women are concentrated in jobs relatively more intensive in interactive and cognitive skills, while men are comparatively in physical skill-intensive jobs. Decomposing the gender wage gap shows that explanatory factors (education, skills, and location) predict women would outearn men. Instead, agglomerative skill returns account for majority of the gap. These estimates suggest that even as women employ skills rewarded in agglomeration economies, they benefit less from agglomerations than men, resulting in the observed gap." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The dynamics of gender earnings differentials: evidence from establishment data (2017)
Zitatform
Barth, Erling, Sari Pekkala & Claudia Olivetti (2017): The dynamics of gender earnings differentials. Evidence from establishment data. (NBER working paper 23381), Cambrige, Mass., 30 S. DOI:10.3386/w23381
Abstract
"We use a unique match between the 2000 Decennial Census of the United States and the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics (LEHD) data to analyze how much of the increase in the gender earnings gap over the lifecycle comes from shifts in the sorting of men and women across high- and low-pay establishments and how much is due to differential earnings growth within establishments. We find that for the college educated the increase is substantial and, for the most part, due to differential earnings growth within establishment by gender. The between component is also important. Differential mobility between establishments by gender can explain 27 percent of the widening of the pay gap for this group. For those with no college, the, relatively small, increase of the gender gap over the lifecycle can be fully explained by differential moves by gender across establishments. The evidence suggests that, for both education groups, the between-establishment component of the increasing wage gap is due almost entirely to those who are married." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Quantifying the Disincentive Effects of Joint Taxation on Married Women's Labor Supply (2017)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2017): Quantifying the Disincentive Effects of Joint Taxation on Married Women's Labor Supply. In: The American economic review, Jg. 107, H. 5, S. 100-104. DOI:10.1257/aer.p20171063
Abstract
"We quantify the disincentive effects of elements of joint taxation in the labor income tax codes of 17 European countries and the US. We analyze the extent to which hours worked of married men and women would change if each country switched to a system of separate taxation of married couples. In this hypothetical tax reform, we keep the average tax burden of married households constant. With the exception of four countries featuring already a system of separate taxation, the model predicts that married women's hours worked increase on average by 115 hours, or 10.5 percent, through this reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug