Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Gender in academic STEM: A focus on men faculty (2019)
Zitatform
Sattari, Negin & Rebecca L. Sandefur (2019): Gender in academic STEM: A focus on men faculty. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 158-179. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12249
Abstract
"In this study, we explore how men faculty understand the role of gender in shaping faculty experiences in academic science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and how they position themselves in relation to inequalities disfavouring women. Our data reveal diversity among men in their understandings regarding challenges facing women in STEM. The majority of our participants revealed gender-blind perspectives and argued that the egalitarian structure of academia does not allow gender to impact attainments in STEM in any significant way. However, a considerable number of them felt privileged compared to women and described subtle ways in which gender shapes opportunities. Our findings show the important implications of men's sensitivity to gender in the ways they perform their professional roles as, for example, mentors, colleagues and teachers in relation to women in STEM. They further call for attention to men's perceptions of gender issues when designing institutional interventions for improving women's conditions in STEM." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A feminist review of behavioral economic research on gender differences (2019)
Sent, Esther-Mirjam; Staveren, Irene van;Zitatform
Sent, Esther-Mirjam & Irene van Staveren (2019): A feminist review of behavioral economic research on gender differences. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1532595
Abstract
"This study provides a critical review of the behavioral economics literature on gender differences using key feminist concepts, including roles, stereotypes, identities, beliefs, context factors, and the interaction of men's and women's behaviors in mixed-gender settings. It assesses both statistical significance and economic significance of the reported behavioral differences. The analysis focuses on agentic behavioral attitudes (risk appetite and overconfidence; often stereotyped as masculine) and communal behavioral attitudes (altruism and trust; commonly stereotyped as feminine). The study shows that the empirical results of size effects are mixed and that in addition to gender differences, large intra-gender differences (differences among men and differences among women) exist. The paper finds that few studies report statistically significant as well as sizeable differences - often, but not always, with gender differences in the expected direction. Many studies have not sufficiently taken account of various social, cultural, and ideological drivers behind gender differences in behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration and career attainment of power couples: the roles of city size and human capital composition (2019)
Simon, Curtis J.;Zitatform
Simon, Curtis J. (2019): Migration and career attainment of power couples. The roles of city size and human capital composition. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 505-534. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby009
Abstract
"Costa and Kahn (2000, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115: 1287 - 1315) documented that power couples tended to be located in large cities, postulating a need to solve a co-location problem peculiar to dual-career, highly educated spouses. Using data from the 2008 to 2014 American Community Surveys, I find that young full-power couples are more likely to move to larger, better-educated cities relative to couples in which just the husband has a college degree and wife-only power couples more likely than couples in which neither spouse has a college degree. I also present new evidence that larger, better-educated cities offer superior joint husband-and-wife career outcomes as measured by occupational attainment for wives and husbands with college degrees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender pay gaps in U.S. federal science agencies: An organizational approach (2019)
Smith-Doerr, Laurel; Alegria, Sharla; Fitzpatrick, Debra; Fealing, Kaye Husbands; Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald ;Zitatform
Smith-Doerr, Laurel, Sharla Alegria, Kaye Husbands Fealing, Debra Fitzpatrick & Donald Tomaskovic-Devey (2019): Gender pay gaps in U.S. federal science agencies: An organizational approach. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 125, H. 2, S. 534-579. DOI:10.1086/705514
Abstract
"This study advances understanding of gender pay gaps by examining organizational variation. The gender pay gap literature supplies mechanisms but does not attend to organizational variation; the gender and science literature provides insights on the role of masculinist culture in disciplines but misses pay gap mechanisms. A data set of federal workers allows comparison of men and women in the same jobs and workplaces. Agencies associated with traditionally masculine (engineering, physical sciences) and gender-neutral (biological, interdisciplinary sciences) fields differ. Pay-gap mechanisms vary: human capital differences explain a larger share in gender-neutral agencies, while at male-typed agencies men are frequently paid more than women within the same job. Although beyond the federal workers' standardized pay scale, some interdisciplinary agencies more often pay men off grade, leading to higher earnings for men. Our theory of organizational variation helps explain local agency variation and how pay practices matter in specific organizational contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are women doing it for themselves? Gender segregation and the gender wage gap (2019)
Zitatform
Theodoropoulos, Nikolaos, John Forth & Alex Bryson (2019): Are women doing it for themselves? Gender segregation and the gender wage gap. (IZA discussion paper 12657), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"Using matched employer-employee data from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (WERS) for Britain we find a raw gender wage gap (GWG) in hourly wages of around 0.18-0.21 log points. The regression-adjusted gap is around half that. However, the GWG declines substantially with the increasing share of female managers in the workplace. The gap closes because women's wages rise with the share female managers in the workplace while men's wages fall. Panel and instrumental variables estimates suggest the share of female managers in the workplace has a causal impact in reducing the GWG. The role of female managers in closing the GWG is more pronounced when employees are paid for performance, consistent with the proposition that women are more likely to be paid equitably when managers have discretion in the way they reward performance and those managers are women. These findings suggest a stronger presence of women in managerial positions can help tackle the GWG." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social location matters: Inequality in work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race (2018)
Aisenbrey, Silke; Fasang, Anette;Zitatform
Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2018): Social location matters: Inequality in work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2018-601), Berlin, 31 S.
Abstract
"Which constraints and privileges do members of empowered or disempowered groups face in combining work and family life courses? To address this timely and highly relevant question, we empirically analyze work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race in the United States. We use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) to study parallel work-family trajectories of white and African American men and women combining an intersectional comparison with a quantitative life course perspective. Results from recent innovations in sequence analysis including Mantel coefficients and multichannel sequence analysis show distinct work-family patterns for the four groups. Overall the association between work and family life courses for white men is weakest. They can combine any type of family trajectories with all possible work careers. In contrast, for black men high prestige careers are only accessible if they are in stable relationships with maximum one child. For black women we find the strongest association between family lives and careers characterized by high occupational prestige almost never occur for them. For white women the highest prestige work-family life course pattern goes along with late parenthood and / or childlessness. We contribute to the literature by identifying complex population level regularities in intersectional inequalities in longitudinal work and family life courses. Uncovering complex population level regularities that are not immediately visible are an important precondition for assessing the causes and consequences of social inequality in work-family life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child care prices and maternal employment: a meta-analysis (2018)
Akgunduz, Yusuf Emre; Plantenga, Janneke;Zitatform
Akgunduz, Yusuf Emre & Janneke Plantenga (2018): Child care prices and maternal employment. A meta-analysis. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 118-133. DOI:10.1111/joes.12192
Abstract
"The literature estimates for labor force participation elasticity with regard to child care prices are extensive and varying. While some estimates imply substantial gains from child care subsidies, others find insignificant effects. To determine the causes of the variance, this paper reviews and analyzes the elasticity sizes using estimates from 36 peer-reviewed articles and working papers in the literature. We start by reviewing the theoretical and empirical aspects related to participation elasticity with regard to child care costs, paying special attention to sample characteristics, methodological aspects, and macro level factors. We conclude by providing a meta-regression using control variables based on our review of the literature to explain some of the differences between the estimates. As research builds on and improves the methods and assumptions in prior works, elasticity estimates have become smaller over time. This decline might also be partially explained by changes in labor market characteristics. In countries with high rates of part-time work and very high or very low rates of female labor force participation, we find elasticity rates to be smaller." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Equal but inequitable: Who benefits from gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies? (2018)
Antecol, Heather; Bedard, Kelly; Stearns, Jenna;Zitatform
Antecol, Heather, Kelly Bedard & Jenna Stearns (2018): Equal but inequitable. Who benefits from gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies? In: The American economic review, Jg. 108, H. 9, S. 2420-2441. DOI:10.1257/aer.20160613
Abstract
"Many skilled professional occupations are characterized by an early period of intensive skill accumulation and career establishment. Examples include law firm associates, surgical residents, and untenured faculty at research-intensive universities. High female exit rates are sometimes blamed on the inability of new mothers to survive the sustained negative productivity shock associated with childbearing and early childrearing in these environments. Gender-neutral family policies have been adopted in some professions in an attempt to 'level the playing field.' The gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies adopted by the majority of research-intensive universities in the United States in recent decades are an excellent example. But to date, there is no empirical evidence showing that these policies help women. Using a unique data set on the universe of assistant professor hires at top-50 economics departments from 1980-2005, we show that the adoption of gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies substantially reduced female tenure rates while substantially increasing male tenure rates. However, these policies do not reduce the probability that either men or women eventually earn tenure in the profession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 9904 -
Literaturhinweis
Aggregating elasticities: Intensive and extensive margins of women's labor supply (2018)
Attanasio, ; Sánchez-Marcos, Virginia; Orazio, ; Low, Hamish; Levell, Peter;Zitatform
Levell, Peter, Hamish Low & Virginia Sánchez-Marcos (2018): Aggregating elasticities: Intensive and extensive margins of women's labor supply. In: Econometrica, Jg. 86, H. 6, S. 2049-2082. DOI:10.3982/ECTA15067
Abstract
"We show that there is substantial heterogeneity in women's labor supply elasticities at the micro level and highlight the implications for aggregate behavior. We consider both intertemporal and intratemporal choices, and identify intensive and extensive responses in a consistent life-cycle framework, using US CEX data. Heterogeneity is due to observables, such as age, wealth, hours worked, and the wage level, as well as to unobservable tastes for leisure: the median Marshallian elasticity for hours worked is 0.18, with corresponding Hicksian elasticity of 0.54 and Frisch elasticity of 0.87. At the 90th percentile, these values are 0.79, 1.16, and 1.92. Responses at the extensive margin explain about 54% of the total labor supply response for women under 30, although this declines with age. Aggregate elasticities are higher in recessions, and increase with the length of the recession. The heterogeneity at the micro level means that the aggregate labor supply elasticity is not a structural parameter: any aggregate elasticity will depend on the demographic structure of the economy as well as the distribution of wealth and the particular point in the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When work disappears: manufacturing decline and the falling marriage-market value of young men (2018)
Autor, David; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon;Zitatform
Autor, David, David Dorn & Gordon Hanson (2018): When work disappears: manufacturing decline and the falling marriage-market value of young men. (IZA discussion paper 11465), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"We exploit the gender-specific components of large-scale labor demand shocks stemming from rising international manufacturing competition to test how shifts in the relative economic stature of young men versus young women affected marriage, fertility and children's living circumstances during 1990-2014. On average, trade shocks differentially reduce employment and earnings of young adult males. Consistent with Becker's model of household specialization, shocks to male's relative earnings reduce marriage and fertility. Consistent with prominent sociological accounts, these shocks heighten male idleness and premature mortality, and raise the share of mothers who are unwed and the share of children living in below-poverty, single-headed households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper , 7010 -
Literaturhinweis
The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy (2018)
Averett, Susan L.; Hoffman, Saul D.; Argys, Laura M.;Zitatform
Averett, Susan L., Laura M. Argys & Saul D. Hoffman (Hrsg.) (2018): The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 876 S.
Abstract
"The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis vom Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
The impacts of paid family leave benefits: regression kink evidence from California administrative data (2018)
Bana, Sarah; Bedard, Kelly; Rossin-Slater, Maya;Zitatform
Bana, Sarah, Kelly Bedard & Maya Rossin-Slater (2018): The impacts of paid family leave benefits. Regression kink evidence from California administrative data. (IZA discussion paper 11381), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"Although the United States provides unpaid maternity and family leave to qualifying workers, it is the only OECD country without a national paid leave policy, making wage replacement a pivotal issue under debate. We use ten years of linked administrative data from California together with a regression kink (RK) design to estimate the causal impacts of benefits in the first state-level paid family leave program for women with earnings near the maximum benefit threshold. We find no evidence that a higher weekly benefit amount (WBA) increases leave duration or leads to adverse future labor market outcomes for mothers in this group. In contrast, we document consistent evidence that an increase in the WBA leads to a small increase in the share of quarters worked one to two years after the leave and a sizeable increase in the likelihood of making a future paid family leave claim across a variety of specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 24438 -
Literaturhinweis
Trends and disparities in leave use under California's paid family leave program: new evidence from administrative data (2018)
Bana, Sarah; Rossin-Slater, Maya; Bedard, Kelly;Zitatform
Bana, Sarah, Kelly Bedard & Maya Rossin-Slater (2018): Trends and disparities in leave use under California's paid family leave program. New evidence from administrative data. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 388-391. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181113
Abstract
"We use novel administrative data to study trends and disparities in usage of California's first-in-the-nation paid family leave (PFL) program. We show that take-up for both bonding with a new child and caring for an ill family member increased over 2005-2014. Most women combine PFL with maternity leave from the State Disability Insurance system, resulting in leaves longer than 6 weeks. Most men take less than the full 6 weeks of PFL. Individuals in the lowest earnings quartile and in small firms are the least likely to take leave. There are important differences in take-up across industries, especially for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Single moms and deadbeat dads: The role of earnings, marriage market conditions, and preference heterogeneity (2018)
Beauchamp, Andrew; Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey; Skira, Meghan M.; Seitz, Shannon;Zitatform
Beauchamp, Andrew, Geoffrey Sanzenbacher, Shannon Seitz & Meghan M. Skira (2018): Single moms and deadbeat dads: The role of earnings, marriage market conditions, and preference heterogeneity. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 191-232. DOI:10.1111/iere.12267
Abstract
"Why do some men father children outside of marriage without providing support? Why do some women have children outside of marriage when they receive little support from fathers? Why is this behavior more common among blacks than whites? We estimate a dynamic equilibrium model of marriage, employment, fertility, and child support decisions. We consider the extent to which low earnings, marriage market conditions, and preference heterogeneity explain non-marital childbearing, deadbeat fatherhood, and racial differences in these outcomes. We find the black-white earnings gap and preference heterogeneity explain a substantial portion of racial differences, while marriage market conditions are less important." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s (2018)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2018): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes. Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. (IZA discussion paper 11824), Bonn, 35 S.
Abstract
"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of nonlinear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. We will make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper , 7267 -
Literaturhinweis
Job market signaling through occupational licensing (2018)
Zitatform
Blair, Peter Q. & Bobby W. Chung (2018): Job market signaling through occupational licensing. (NBER working paper 24791), Cambrige, Mass., 67 S. DOI:10.3386/w24791
Abstract
"A large literature demonstrates that occupational licensing is a labor market friction that distorts labor supply allocation and prices. We show that an occupational license serves as a job market signal, similar to education. In the presence of occupational licensing, we find evidence that firms rely less on observable characteristics such as race and gender in determining employee wages. As a result, licensed minorities and women experience smaller wage gaps than their unlicensed peers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Children, time allocation, and consumption insurance (2018)
Zitatform
Blundell, Richard, Luigi Pistaferri & Itay Saporta-Eksten (2018): Children, time allocation, and consumption insurance. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 126, H. S1, S. S73-S115. DOI:10.1086/698752
Abstract
"We study choices of households deciding on consumption and allocation of spouses' time to work, leisure, and child care. With uncertainty, the allocation of goods and time over the life cycle also serves the purpose of smoothing marginal utility in response to shocks. Combining data on consumption, wages, hours of work, and time spent with children, we compute the sensitivity of consumption and time allocation to transitory and permanent wage shocks. We find that family labor supply responses depend on three counteracting forces: complementarity of leisure time, substitutability of time in the production of child services, and added worker effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The language of discrimination: using experimental versus observational data (2018)
Bohren, Aislinn; Rosenberg, Michael; Imas, Alex;Zitatform
Bohren, Aislinn, Alex Imas & Michael Rosenberg (2018): The language of discrimination. Using experimental versus observational data. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 169-174. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181099
Abstract
"We use experimental and observational data to examine whether people respond differently to questions posed by females versus males. We document significant differences in the language of responses, both in terms of the distribution of language utilized, and the sentiment of this language (positive or negative). In the observational data, we also document differences in the language and sentiment of questions posed by gender. This highlights the importance of using experimental data to identify the causal role that gender plays in influencing the language choice of individuals responding to questions from males versus females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does trade liberalization narrow the gender wage gap?: the role of sectoral mobility (2018)
Zitatform
Brussevich, Masha (2018): Does trade liberalization narrow the gender wage gap? The role of sectoral mobility. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 109, H. October, S. 305-333. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.02.007
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the impact of import competition and dynamic labor adjustment on gender outcomes in wages and welfare in the U.S.. I consider a dynamic model of sectoral choice and structurally estimate mobility costs using data from the Current Population Survey and O*NET. A measure of intersectoral distance in task characteristics facilitates the structural estimation of switching costs that vary by gender and across sectors. In a set of trade shock simulations, an import competition shock in the manufacturing sector disproportionately affects male employment and wages. Since manufacturing is male labor intensive and men face higher exit costs from manufacturing, wage and welfare gains from trade are higher for women than men." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of sexism on American women: the role of norms vs. discrimination (2018)
Charles, Kerwin Kofi; Pan, Jessica; Guryan, Jonathan;Zitatform
Charles, Kerwin Kofi, Jonathan Guryan & Jessica Pan (2018): The effects of sexism on American women. The role of norms vs. discrimination. (NBER working paper 24904), Cambrige, Mass., 56 S. DOI:10.3386/w24904
Abstract
"We study how reported sexism in the population affects American women. Fixed-effects and TSLS estimates show that higher prevailing sexism where she was born (background sexism) and where she currently lives (residential sexism) both lower a woman's wages, labor force participation and ages of marriage and childbearing. We argue that background sexism affects outcomes through the influence of previously-encountered norms, and that estimated associations regarding specific percentiles and male versus female sexism suggest that residential sexism affects labor market outcomes through prejudice-based discrimination by men, and non-labor market outcomes through the influence of current norms of other women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug