Zitatform

Nolan, Anne & Alan Barrett (2018): Working beyond 65 in Ireland. (IZA discussion paper 11664), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Extending working lives is often proposed as one route through which the costs associated with population ageing can be managed. In that context, understanding who currently works for longer can help policymakers to design policies to facilitate longer working. In particular, it is important to know if longer working is a choice or a necessity, where necessity arises from a lack of pension income. In this paper, we use data from the first four waves of the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA), covering the period 2010-2016, to examine patterns of labour force participation among men and women aged 65+. We find that a lack of pension income is an important determinant of later-life working and that this applies for both men and women. Although older women are significantly less likely to work than older men, we find few differences in the pattern of determinants of longer working among older men and women. However, while women are significantly less likely to work than men, this effect is stronger among married women compared to single women. This suggests that older women without immediate access to family-provided financial support may need to work to support themselves. This adds to the picture of later life work being a necessity as opposed to a choice. However, an alternative explanation is that older married women may also have caring responsibilities that reduce their labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2018): Parenthood and Life Satisfaction in Europe : The Role of Family Policies and Working Time Flexibility. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 387-411. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9433-5

Abstract

"The life satisfaction of parents residing with dependent children varies greatly between countries. This article examines how country-level characteristics -- the provision of family allowances and formal child care, and the level of working time flexibility -- account for these cross-national differences, using data from the European Social Survey from 2004 and 2010 for 27 countries. Parents report greater life satisfaction in countries that offer generous financial benefits to families, high child care provision, and high working time flexibility than parents residing in counties with low levels of support. Results also show that these national contextual factors are associated with lower levels of financial strain and work - life conflicts among parents. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of family benefits, child care provision, and working time flexibility on the psychosocial and financial burdens of parenthood is a key mechanism in the association between national contextual factors and parental life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Preston, Alison & Elisa Birch (2018): The Western Australian wage structure and gender wage gap. A post-mining boom analysis. In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 60, H. 5, S. 619-646. DOI:10.1177/0022185618791589

Abstract

"Whilst there is a large literature on the determinant of wages in Australia, relatively few studies have examined the determinants of wages at a state level. In this article, we present a study of the determinants of earnings in Western Australia, a state that experienced rapid growth during the mining boom of 2003-2013. We show that the relatively stronger wage growth in Western Australia since 2001 is the product of both compositional and price effects. We also report on the Western Australia and rest of Australia gender wage gaps. Our decomposition analysis of the mean gender wage gap shows that industry effects (as a result of gender segmentation across industry) account for a much larger share of the Western Australia gender wage gap than they do elsewhere in Australia, with the mining, construction and transport sectors driving the industry effects. Using quantile analysis we show that, relative to the rest of Australia, the Western Australia gender wage gaps are larger at both the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. At the median the Western Australia gender wage gap, at 2014-2016, is on par with that prevailing elsewhere in Australia, with women in both groups earning 10% less than their male counterparts, all else held equal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reid, Erin M. (2018): Straying from breadwinning: Status and money in men's interpretations of their wives' work arrangements. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 25, H. 6, S. 718-733. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12265

Abstract

"The male breadwinner identity is culturally associated with career success for men, particularly in the professions, but today, few married men's lives easily map onto this identity. This study analyses interviews with 42 married men employed in US offices of a consulting firm to examine first, how men construct their identities as spouses in relation to their wives' work arrangements and second, how men navigate straying from the male breadwinner identity. While some men interpreted their wives' work in ways that supported personal claims on the breadwinner identity, others did so in ways that supported a more egalitarian identity, labelled here breadsharer. These groups differed in how they interpreted the social status and financial value of their wives' work, as well as in how they approached their own careers. Breadsharers were aware they strayed from the expected breadwinner identity and crafted alternative claims on status. These findings advance theory on gender, work, family and masculinity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Richiardi, Matteo, Brian Nolan & Lane Kenworthy (2018): The US labour force participation debacle. Learning from the contrast with Britain. (ISER working paper 2018-12), Colchester, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schiefer, Katrin (2018): Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Dimensionierung, Struktur und Determinanten. (Familie und Gesellschaft 34), Würzburg: Ergon, 275 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht die Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Es wird angenommen, dass sich aufgrund der Etablierung völlig unterschiedlicher Familienmodelle (male vs. dual breadwinner) während der Teilung Deutschlands auch unterschiedliche Familienvorstellungen entwickelt haben. Diese werden eingehend untersucht, um beantworten zu können, inwiefern sie heute noch in den Köpfen der Bevölkerung verankert sind. Dabei werden folgende Fragen analysiert: Welche Dimensionen von Familienleitbildern bzw. welche Familienleitbildtypen können unterschieden werden? Welche Ost-West-Unterschiede existieren und wie können diese erklärt werden? Die umfassenden empirischen Analysen auf der Basis der Familienleitbildstudie des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung belegen den Fortbestand der unterschiedlichen Familienmodelle in der deutschen Gesellschaft. Wobei sich insbesondere die pro-egalitäre Doppelverdienerfamilie als ostdeutsches Leitbild identifizieren lässt. Dabei scheint es sich trotz der (politischen) Veränderungen nach der Wiedervereinigung um ein stabiles Leitbild zu handeln. Diese Situation dürfte zusätzlich durch die aktuelle Entwicklung der Familienpolitik hinsichtlich einer egalitäreren Aufteilung von Kinderbetreuung und Erwerbsarbeit befördert werden." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2018): Breadwinning as care? The meaning of paid work in mothers' and fathers' constructions of parenting. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 445-462. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1318112

Abstract

"As some scholars have argued for a distinct conceptualisation of breadwinning and for understanding breadwinning as a form of care, this study addresses parents' constructions of breadwinning and its connections to care. It is based on an in-depth interpretive analysis of multiple-perspective, qualitative longitudinal interviews with 22 Austrian mothers and fathers from three points in time during their transition to parenthood. The analysis revealed four different types of breadwinning concepts by considering the jointly constructed meaning of mothers' and fathers' paid work within a parental couple and further relied on Tronto's [(1993). Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge] conceptualisation of care as a four-step process. The results indicate that respondents construct a clear difference between earning money and breadwinning. Additionally, a difference is made between breadwinning and taking care of the family's subsistence, predominantly so for mothers. In conclusion, breadwinning can definitely be considered a form of care and thus a form of involvement in parenting, but it cannot be regarded a form of involvement in caregiving. The holistic picture of parents' joint constructions enabled us to contribute to the existing conceptualisations of breadwinning and of parental involvement, thus providing a novel perspective on matters of gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schröder, Martin (2018): How working hours influence the life satisfaction of childless men and women, fathers and mothers in Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 65-81. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1004

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel zeigt mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels, dass Väter - und in geringerem Maße kinderlose Männer und Frauen - am zufriedensten sind, wenn sie Vollzeit oder länger arbeiten. Die Lebenszufriedenheit von Müttern ist dahingegen kaum von ihren Arbeitszeiten beeinflusst. Rationale Einkommensmaximierung kann dieses Muster nicht erklären, da es sogar in Haushalten auftritt, in denen Frauen mehr verdienen als Männer. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sich ebenfalls bei Menschen mit sehr sicheren Arbeitsplätzen und sehr wenig Haus- und Kinderbetreuungsarbeit. Damit widersprechen sie den Prognosen der expansionistischen Rollentheorie, dass Männer und Frauen zufriedener sind, wenn sie beide gleich umfangreich erwerbstätig sind. Für Männer passen die Ergebnisse am besten zu den Vorhersagen der traditionellen Rollentheorie, wonach Menschen zufriedener sind, wenn sie stereotypen Geschlechterrollen entsprechen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

Zitatform

Strawinski, Pawel, Aleksandra Majchrowska & Paulina Broniatowska (2018): Occupational segregation and wage differences. The case of Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 378-397. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2016-0141

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relation between occupational segregation and the gender wage differences using data on three-digit occupational level of classification. The authors examine whether a statistically significant relation between the share of men in employment and the size of the unexplained part of the gender wage gap exists.
Design/methodology/approach: Traditional Oaxaca (1973) - Blinder (1973) decomposition is performed to examine the differences in the gender wage gaps among minor occupational groups. Two types of reweighted decomposition - based on the parametric estimate of the propensity score and non-parametric proposition presented by Barsky et al. (2002) - are used as the robustness check. The analysis is based on individual data available from Poland.
Findings: The results indicate no strong relation between occupational segregation and the size of unexplained differences in wages. The unexplained wage differences are the smallest in strongly female-dominated and mixed occupations; the highest are observed in male-dominated occupations. However, they are probably to a large extent the result of other, difficult to include in the econometric model, factors rather than the effects of wage discrimination: differences in the psychophysical conditions of men and women, cultural background, tradition or habits. The failure to take them into account may result in over-interpreting the unexplained parts as gender discrimination.
Research limitations/implications: The highest accuracy of the estimated gender wage gap is obtained for the occupational groups with a similar proportion of men and women in employment. In other male- or female-dominated groups, the size of the estimated gender wage gaps depends on the estimation method used.
Practical implications: The results suggest that decreasing the degree of segregation of men and women in different occupations could reduce the wage differences between them, as the wage discrimination in gender balanced occupations is the smallest.
Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the few conducted at such a disaggregated level of occupations, and one of few studies focused on Central and Eastern European countries and the first one for Poland." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Tocchioni, Valentina (2018): Exploring the childless universe. Profiles of women and men without children in Italy. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 451-470. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.19

Abstract

"Background: In recent decades, several Western countries have experienced a large increase in childlessness. Relatively little is known about the profiles of childless women in Italy, and virtually nothing about childless men.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to address this gap by identifying typical life course trajectories of childless women and men in Italy from a gender perspective and in a cross-cohort comparison.
Methods: In order to identify typical patterns I adopted a holistic perspective, applying sequence analysis to data on partnership, employment, and education for a sample of childless women and men derived from the 2009 Italian Family and Social Subjects survey.
Results: Six profiles each were identified for childless women and men, which illustrate the marked heterogeneity of the childless universe. Four out of the six were similar for both genders. Importantly, the life course of the childless evolved across cohorts, with an increasing proportion of employed women and single men in the youngest generations.
Contribution: This work sheds light on differences in childlessness in Italy by gender and generation. It confirms the role of factors such as not having a partner, and adds new empirical findings such as the pattern of disadvantaged, less-educated women and that of highly educated men with a history of unstable employment." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Torre, Margarita (2018): Stopgappers? The occupational trajectories of men in female-dominated occupations. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 283-312. DOI:10.1177/0730888418780433

Abstract

"This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers - men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Töpfer, Marina (2018): The age pay gap and labor market heterogeneity. A new empirical approach using data for Italy. (Universität Erlangen, Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 105), Erlangen, 25 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Lohndifferenzial zwischenälteren (55-64) und erwachsenen (34-54) Arbeitsmarktteilnehmern entlang der Lohnverteilung anhand italienischer Mikrodaten 2005-2016. Die Lohngleichung basiert auf einem 'three-way fixed effects' Modell. Der Beitrag betrachtet die um (beobachtbare und nicht-beobachtbare) Arbeitsmarktheterogenität korrigierte Lohnlücke. Das Lohndifferenzial wird mit OLS und unbedingter Quantilsregression geschätzt. Die drei fixen Effekte (individuell, job- und industriespezifisch) werden mit Hilfe einer Partitionierungsmethode geschätzt. Die Analyse entlang der Lohnverteilung zeigt substanzielle Unterschiede in dem Lohndifferenzial an verschiedenen Quantilen. Dabei ist die Lohnlücke am oberen Ende der Lohnverteilung besonders ausgeprägt. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass individuelle Heterogenität der Hauptverursacher der Lohnlücke ist und die korrigierte Lohnlücke gegen Null geht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Vos, Duco de, Evert Meijers & Maarten van Ham (2018): Working from home and the willingness to accept a longer commute. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 375-398. DOI:10.1007/s00168-018-0873-6

Abstract

"It is generally found that workers are more inclined to accept a job that is located farther away from home if they have the ability to work from home one day a week or more (telecommuting). Such findings inform us about the effectiveness of telecommuting policies that try to alleviate congestion and transport-related emissions, but they also stress that the geography of labour markets is changing due to information technology. We argue that estimates of the effect of working from home on commuting time may be biased because of sorting based on residential- and commuting preferences. In this paper we investigate the relationship between telecommuting and commuting time, controlling for preference-based sorting. We use 7 waves of data from the Dutch Labour Supply Panel and show that on average telecommuters have higher marginal cost of one-way commuting time, compared to non-telecommuters. We estimate the effect of telecommuting on commuting time using a fixed effects approach, and we show that preference-based sorting biases cross-sectional results upwards. This suggests that the bias due to sorting based on residential preferences is strongest. Working from home allows people to accept 5% longer commuting times on average, and every additional 8 h of working from home are associated with 3.5% longer commuting times." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Walker, Charlie (2018): 'I just don't want to connect my life with this occupation': working-class young men, manual labour, and social mobility in contemporary Russia. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 69, H. 1, S. 207-225. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12299

Abstract

"A key strand in the Western literature on working-class masculinities focuses on whether young men are capable of the feminized performances apparently required of them in new service economies. However, the wider literature on processes of neoliberalization - emphasizing the 'hollowing out' of labour markets, the cultural devaluation of lower-skilled forms of employment, and the pathologization of working-class lives - would suggest that it is as much a classed as a gendered transformation that is demanded of young men leaving school with few qualifications. This dimension of neoliberalization is highlighted by ethnographic data exploring the experiences and subjectivities of young workers in St Petersburg, Russia, where traditional forms of manual labour have not given way to 'feminized' work, but have become materially and symbolically impoverished, and are perceived as incapable of supporting the wider transition into adult independence. In this context, young workers attempt to emulate new forms of 'successful masculinity' connected with novel service sector professions and the emergent higher education system, despite the unlikelihood of overcoming a range of structural and cultural barriers. These acquiescent, individualized responses indicate that, while ways of being a man are apparently being liberated from old constraints amongst the more privileged, neoliberalization narrows the range of subject positions available to working-class young men." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Wanger, Susanne & Ines Zapf (2018): For better or worse? How more flexibility in working time arrangements and fatherhood affect men's working hours in Germany. (IAB-Discussion Paper 09/2018), Nürnberg, 30 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl Väter zunehmend mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen und familiäre Aufgaben übernehmen möchten, arbeitet der Großteil nach der Geburt eines Kindes weiterhin in Vollzeit. Flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle könnten hierbei eine wichtige Rolle spielen, um Beruf und Familie bei Vätern besser zu vereinbaren. Auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels und mit Fixed-Effects-Regressionsmodellen untersuchen wir, inwieweit sich flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle auf die tatsächlich geleisteten Arbeitsstunden von Männern und Vätern auswirken. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei einem Wechsel von festen zu flexiblen Arbeitszeitmodellen die Arbeitszeit von Männern zunächst ansteigt. Dieser Anstieg ist für Männer mit Kindern geringer als für kinderlose Männer. Wird ein Mann Vater und wechselt im gleichen Jahr zu Gleitzeit mit Arbeitszeitkonto oder selbstbestimmten Arbeitszeiten, dann reduziert sich die tatsächliche Arbeitszeit kurzfristig. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass arbeitnehmerorientierte Arbeitszeitmodelle dazu beitragen können, die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie bei Vätern zu verbessern, auch wenn der Rückgang der Arbeitszeit bei Vätern noch relativ klein ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Weber, Enzo & Franziska Zimmert (2018): Arbeitszeiten zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: Wie Diskrepanzen entstehen und wie man sie auflöst. (IAB-Kurzbericht 13/2018), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Arbeitszeitwünsche und tatsächliche Arbeitszeiten der Beschäftigten in Deutschland stimmen oft nicht überein, zum Beispiel aufgrund familiärer und berufsbezogener Rahmenbedingungen. Solche Arbeitszeitdiskrepanzen treten bei Frauen ebenso auf wie bei Männern und können sich auf die Lebens-, Gesundheits- oder Arbeitszufriedenheit der Betroffenen negativ auswirken. Kürzere Arbeitszeiten können die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf vereinfachen oder dabei helfen, Familienarbeit ausgewogener zu gestalten. In dem Wunsch nach einer Arbeitszeitverlängerung liegt ein Beschäftigungspotenzial, das zur Sicherung des Arbeitskräftebedarfs beitragen kann. In dem Kurzbericht wird die Verbreitung von Arbeitszeitdiskrepanzen in den letzten 30 Jahren betrachtet und untersucht, welche Faktoren zu ihrer Entstehung beziehungsweise zu ihrer Auflösung beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wieschke, Johannes (2018): Frequency of employer changes and their financial return: gender differences amongst German university graduates. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1186/s12651-017-0235-3

Abstract

"Diese Studie nutzt eine Stichprobe bayerischer Hochschulabsolventen, um Geschlechtsunterschiede sowohl in der Häufigkeit als auch in den finanziellen Erträgen von Arbeitgeberwechseln zu untersuchen. Die Such- und Matchingtheorien werden genutzt, um Hypothesen zu entwickeln, die anschließend gegeneinander getestet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen ihren Arbeitgeber in den ersten Jahren nach dem Abschluss häufiger wechseln als Männer. Das kann zu einem großen Teil durch unterschiedliche Arbeitsmarktstrukturen erklärt werden, vor allem durch die Tatsache, dass Frauen in ihrer ersten Beschäftigung seltener in Großbetrieben, in Führungspositionen und mit unbefristeten Verträgen arbeiten und weniger zufrieden mit ihrer Arbeit sind. Sobald auf all diese Faktoren kontrolliert wird, ändert der Koeffizient sein Vorzeichen, d. h. unter gleichen Umständen wechseln Männer den Arbeitgeber häufiger. Weiterhin profitieren sowohl Männer als auch Frauen finanziell von Arbeitgeberwechseln. Männer erhalten höhere absolute Erträge, aber aufgrund ihrer höheren Einstiegseinkommen existiert bei den relativen Erträgen kein Unterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen und somit auch kein Einfluss auf die Gender Pay Gap. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Besonderheiten des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Wiswall, Matthew & Basit Zafar (2018): Preference for the workplace, investment in human capital, and gender. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 133, H. 1, S. 457-507. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjx035

Abstract

"We use a hypothetical choice methodology to estimate preferences for workplace attributes from a sample of high-ability undergraduates attending a highly selective university. We estimate that women on average have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for jobs with greater work flexibility and job stability, and men have a higher WTP for jobs with higher earnings growth. These job preferences relate to college major choices and to actual job choices reported in a follow-up survey four years after graduation. The gender differences in preferences explain at least a quarter of the early career gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wuiame, Nathalie, herausgegeben von T. Johnson (Hrsg.) Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration (2018): Female (un)employment and work-life balance. A discussion paper from the Employment Thematic Network. (ESF technical dossier 08), Brüssel, 37 S. DOI:10.2767/022588

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to give an updated overview of the different situations of men and women in the labour market. It examines what the contribution of the Structural and Investment Funds - and especially the ESF - can be, in terms of both female employment and work life balance initiatives. The report concludes with some recommendations on how current and future European funds can better support female employment and gender equality through fighting gender stereotypes and gender segregation, changing the prevalent working culture, providing high-quality and affordable care solutions, and supporting women in specific situations such as victims of domestic violence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Das ElterngeldPlus bietet Müttern und Vätern die Möglichkeit, länger staatliche Unterstützung für die Betreuung ihrer neugeborenen Kinder zu erhalten als durch das herkömmliche Elterngeld. Über drei Viertel der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer sind mit dem ElterngeldPlus vollständig zufrieden (77 Prozent). Das zeigt eine schriftliche Befragung von Müttern und Vätern, die ElterngeldPlus beziehen. Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend ermittelte das Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach dabei 2017 die Muster bei der Nutzung der Leistung, die wirtschaftliche Lage der Beziehenden und die Auswirkungen des Bezugs auf die Berufstätigkeit der Eltern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)