Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of California's paid family leave program on mothers' leave-taking and subsequent labor market outcomes (2011)
Rossin-Slater, Maya; Waldfogel, Jane; Ruhm, Christopher;Zitatform
Rossin-Slater, Maya, Christopher Ruhm & Jane Waldfogel (2011): The effects of California's paid family leave program on mothers' leave-taking and subsequent labor market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 6240), Bonn, 34 S.
Abstract
"This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999-2010 and a differences-indifferences approach to examine how California's first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program more than doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from around three to six or seven weeks for the typical new mother - with particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide suggestive evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of one-to-three year-old children by 6 to 9% and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 17715 -
Literaturhinweis
In search of the glass ceiling: Gender and earnings growth among U.S. college graduates in the 1990s (2011)
Weinberger, Catherine J.;Zitatform
Weinberger, Catherine J. (2011): In search of the glass ceiling: Gender and earnings growth among U.S. college graduates in the 1990s. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 64, H. 5, S. 949-980. DOI:10.1177/001979391106400506
Abstract
"Gender-typical educational choices and the 'glass ceiling' are widely believed to explain why older women earn far less than observably similar men. Using large panels drawn from the National Science Foundation's (NSF) National Survey of College Graduates and other data representative of U.S. college graduates from the 1990s, the author documents the small role of personal choices and finds evidence contrary to the predictions of both human capital and discrimination models. Rather than the differential wage growth rates predicted by these models, she finds similar average rates of earnings growth for women and men across numerous specifications, which suggests that the gender gap in earnings is determined by factors already present early in the career. Her findings reveal slower earnings growth in only two subsets of women: young mothers, who experience slower earnings growth during the early career relative to men the same age, but then compensate with faster growth later in their careers; and women with exceptionally high earnings levels. The latter are underrepresented among workers winning the largest promotions, when compared to similarly successful men the same age, and face a glass ceiling at the very top of the career ladder." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social security, differential fertility, and the dynamics of the earnings distribution (2011)
Zhao, Kai;Zitatform
Zhao, Kai (2011): Social security, differential fertility, and the dynamics of the earnings distribution. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 1-29. DOI:10.2202/1935-1690.2042
Abstract
"Economists and demographers have long argued that fertility differs by income (differential fertility), and that social security creates incentives for people to rear fewer children. Does the effect of social security on fertility differ by income? Does social security further affect the dynamics of the earnings distribution through its differential effects on fertility? We answer these questions in a three-period OLG model with heterogeneous agents and endogenous fertility. We find that given its redistributional property, social security reduces fertility of the poor proportionally more than it reduces fertility of the rich. Assuming that earning ability is transmitted from parents to children, the differential effects of social security on fertility can have a significant impact on the dynamics of the earnings distribution: a relatively lower fertility rate among the poor can lead to a new earnings distribution with a smaller portion of poor people and a higher average earnings level. With reasonable parameter values, our numerical exercise shows that the effects of social security on differential fertility and the dynamics of the earnings distribution are quantitatively important." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Two sides of the same coin: U.S. 'residual' inequality and the gender gap (2010)
Bacolod, Marigee P.; Blum, Bernardo S.;Zitatform
Bacolod, Marigee P. & Bernardo S. Blum (2010): Two sides of the same coin. U.S. 'residual' inequality and the gender gap. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 45, H. 1, S. 197-242.
Abstract
"We show that the narrowing gender gap and the growth in earnings inequality are consistent with a simple model in which skills are heterogeneous, and the growth in skill prices has been particularly strong for skills with which women are well endowed. Empirical analysis of DOT, CPS, and NLSY79 data finds evidence to support this model. A large increase in the prices of cognitive and people skills - skills with which women are well endowed - and a decline in the price of motor skills account for up to 40 percent of the rising inequality and 20 percent of the narrowing gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Cars, employment, and single mothers: the effect of welfare asset restrictions (2010)
Bansak, Cynthia; Rice, Lorien; Mattson, Heather;Zitatform
Bansak, Cynthia, Heather Mattson & Lorien Rice (2010): Cars, employment, and single mothers. The effect of welfare asset restrictions. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 321-345. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-232X.2010.00603.x
Abstract
"This article measures the effect of asset rules for welfare eligibility on car ownership among single mothers without a college education, and investigates whether these changes lead to changes in employment. We combine micro-level data with data on state welfare asset rules and find that the probability of owning a car is greater in states with higher overall asset limits, states that value vehicles on an equity basis, and states with exemptions for multiple vehicles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the financial and corporate sectors (2010)
Bertrand, Marianne; Goldin, Claudia; Katz, Lawrence F.;Zitatform
Bertrand, Marianne, Claudia Goldin & Lawrence F. Katz (2010): Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the financial and corporate sectors. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 2, H. 3, S. 228-255. DOI:10.1257/app.2.3.228
Abstract
"The careers of MBAs from a top US business school are studied to understand how career dynamics differ by gender. Although male and female MBAs have nearly identical earnings at the outset of their careers, their earnings soon diverge, with the male earnings advantage reaching almost 60 log points a decade after MBA completion. Three proximate factors account for the large and rising gender gap in earnings: differences in training prior to MBA graduation, differences in career interruptions, and differences in weekly hours. The greater career discontinuity and shorter work hours for female MBAs are largely associated with motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Same work, different pay?: evidence from a US public university (2010)
Binder, Melissa; Gilroy, Julia; Krause, Kate; Thacher, Jennifer; Chermak, Janie;Zitatform
Binder, Melissa, Kate Krause, Janie Chermak, Jennifer Thacher & Julia Gilroy (2010): Same work, different pay? Evidence from a US public university. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 105-135. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2010.530605
Abstract
"This study examines detailed data for faculty at a typical public research university in the United States between 1995 and 2004 to explore whether gender wage differentials can be explained by productivity differences. The level of detail - including the number of courses taught, enrollment, grant dollars, and number and impact of publications - largely eliminates the problem of unmeasured productivity, and the restriction to one firm eliminates unmeasured work conditions that confound investigations of wider labor markets. The authors find that direct productivity measures reduce the gender wage penalty to about 3 percent, only 1 percentage point lower than estimates from national studies of many institutions and with fewer productivity controls. The wage structure for women faculty differs markedly from the wage structure for men. Interpreted against the institutional features of wage setting for this population, the paper concludes that penalties for women arise at the department level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The economics of women, men, and work (2010)
Blau, Francine D.; Ferber, Marianne A.; Winkler, Anne E.;Zitatform
Blau, Francine D., Marianne A. Ferber & Anne E. Winkler (2010): The economics of women, men, and work.: Prentice Hall 428 S.
Abstract
Das Buch bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Stellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Familie. Schwerpunkte liegen auf der historischen Entwicklung und den aktuellen Trends und auf den institutionellen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen des Geschlechterverhältnisses in den USA, sowie auf Theorien zur Erklärung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede. Kapitel 2 behandelt die historische Entwicklung der Geschlechterrollen, Kapitel 3 widmet sich der Familie als ökonomischer Einheit sowie der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung in Familien, der Verteilung von Hausarbeit zwischen den Geschlechtern und alternativen Ansätzen der Entscheidungsfindung in Familien. Kapitel 4 analysiert die Entscheidung von Individuen, wieviel Zeit für Haushalt und Erwerbsarbeit eingesetzt wird, und arbeitet die Bestimmungsfaktoren der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern und Frauen heraus. Kapitel 5 bietet einen Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Hinblick auf Beschäftigung und Löhne, in Kapitel 6 werden diese Unterschiede aus der Perspektive des Humankapitalansatzes erklärt, in Kapitel 7 dient die Diskriminierung von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt als Erklärungsansatz. In Kapitel 8 wird auf aktuelle Entwicklungen hinsichtlich der geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschiede eingegangen. In Kapitel 9 auf die Trends auf dem Arbeitsmarkt: die Zunahme selbstständiger und atypischer Beschäftigung sowie auf den abnehmenden Einfluss der Gewerkschaften. Im Mittelpunkt von Kapitel 10 stehen die ökonomischen Ursachen des Wandels der Familienstrukturen, zum Beispiel des Wachsen des Anteils an Doppelverdienern und Alleinerziehenden, ökonomische Bestimmungsgründe für Eheschließungen, Scheidungen, Fertilität sowie das Zusammenleben in nicht-ehelichen Partnerschaften und homosexuellen Partnerschaften. In Kapitel 11 werden politische Maßnahmen thematisiert, die Erwerbsarbeit und Familie betreffen, insbesondere Maßnahmen zur Armutsbekämpfung sowie steuer- und familienpolitische Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Beruf und Familie. Kapitel 12 vergleicht die Situation in den USA mit der in anderen Ländern: in Industrieländern, Entwicklungsländern, Ländern der früheren Sowjetunion sowie in Ländern des Mittleren Ostens und Nord Afrika. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of household appliances on female labor force participation: evidence from microdata (2010)
Coen-Pirani, Daniele; Leon, Alexis; Lugauer, Steven;Zitatform
Coen-Pirani, Daniele, Alexis Leon & Steven Lugauer (2010): The effect of household appliances on female labor force participation. Evidence from microdata. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 503-513. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2009.04.008
Abstract
"We estimate the effect of household appliance ownership on the labor force participation rate of married women using micro-level data from the 1960 and 1970 U.S. Censuses. In order to identify the causal effect of home appliance ownership on married women's labor force participation rates, our empirical strategy exploits both time-series and cross-sectional variation in these two variables. To control for endogeneity, we instrument a married woman's ownership of an appliance by the average ownership rate for that appliance among single women living in the same U.S. state. Single women's labor force participation rates did not increase between 1960 and 1970. We find evidence in support of the hypothesis that the diffusion of household appliances contributed to the increase in married women's labor force participation rates during the 1960's." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
High-powered careers and marriage: Can women have it all? (2010)
Dessy, Sylvain; Djebbari, Habiba;Zitatform
Dessy, Sylvain & Habiba Djebbari (2010): High-powered careers and marriage: Can women have it all? In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 1-33. DOI:10.2202/1935-1682.2358
Abstract
"Why do women often choose family over career? Can't they, like men, have both? At work, women are still under-represented in high-powered professions in most societies. At home, women tend to devote more time to their families than their spouses do. What explains these imbalances? Our model builds upon the fact that women's fertility, unlike men's, declines sharply past age 35. As a result, women may prefer marrying early in order to secure a match rather than investing in their careers while delaying and potentially missing out on marriage. Women's failure to coordinate towards delaying marriage may explain the imbalances within the family and in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of job flexibility on female labor market outcomes: estimates from a search and bargaining model (2010)
Zitatform
Flabbi, Luca & Andrea Moro (2010): The effect of job flexibility on female labor market outcomes. Estimates from a search and bargaining model. (IZA discussion paper 4829), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"This paper develops and estimates a search model of the labor market where jobs are characterized by wages and work-hours flexibility. Flexibility is valued by workers, and is costly to provide for employers. The model generates observed wage distributions directly related to the preference for flexibility parameters: the higher the preference for flexibility, the wider is the support of the wage distribution at flexible jobs and the larger is the discontinuity between the wage distribution at flexible and non-flexible jobs. Estimation results show that more than one third of women place positive value to flexibility, with women with a college degree valuing flexibility more than women with a high school degree. Counterfactual experiments show that flexibility has a substantial impact on the wage distribution but not on the unemployment rate. We comment on the implications of our approach for gender differentials in wages and schooling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Prejudice and gender differentials in the US labor market in the last twenty years (2010)
Zitatform
Flabbi, Luca (2010): Prejudice and gender differentials in the US labor market in the last twenty years. In: Journal of econometrics, Jg. 156, H. 1, S. 190-200. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.09.016
Abstract
"Earnings differentials between men and women have experienced a stable convergence during the 1980s, following a process started in the late 1970s. However, in the 1990s the convergence has almost stopped. The first objective of the paper is to evaluate if discrimination, defined as explicit prejudice, may have a role in explaining this slowdown in the convergence. The second objective is to assess whether the prediction of a decrease in the proportion of prejudiced employers implied by the Becker's model of taste discrimination is taking place and if so at what speed. These objectives are achieved by developing and estimating a search model of the labor market with matching, bargaining, employer's prejudice and worker's participation decisions. The results show that the proportion of prejudiced employers is estimated to be decreasing at an increasing speed, going from about 69% in 1985 to about 32% in 2005. Therefore prejudice is not estimated to be a relevant factor in explaining the slower convergence between male and female earnings in the 1990s. The results are consistent with the Becker's model of taste discrimination if one is willing to assume a very slow adjustment process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers' work and children's lives: low-income families after welfare reform (2010)
Johnson, Rucker C.; Dunifon, Rachel E.; Kalil, Ariel; Ray, Barbara;Zitatform
Johnson, Rucker C., Ariel Kalil & Rachel E. Dunifon (2010): Mothers' work and children's lives. Low-income families after welfare reform. Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 147 S.
Abstract
"This book examines the effects of work requirements imposed by welfare reform on low-income women and their families. The authors pay particular attention to the nature of work -- whether it is stable or unstable, the number of hours worked in a week and the regularity and flexibility of work schedules. They also show how these factors make it more difficult for low-income women to balance their work and family requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Distributional changes in the gender wage gap (2010)
Kassenböhmer, Sonja; Sinning, Mathias;Zitatform
Kassenböhmer, Sonja & Mathias Sinning (2010): Distributional changes in the gender wage gap. (Ruhr economic papers 220), Essen, 41 S.
Abstract
"In diesem Papier werden unter Verwendung von Daten der Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Änderungen in den Lohndifferntialen zwischen weißen Männern und Frauen im Zeitraum 1993 bis 2006 entlang der gesamten Lohnverteilung untersucht. Wir zerlegen Änderungen im Lohndifferential entlang der Lohnverteilung, um den Beitrag der beobachteten individuellen Produktivität zu ermitteln. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Rückgang im Lohndifferential am unteren Dezil der Verteilung um 13 Prozent, während der Rückgang am höchsten Dezil unter 4 Prozent liegt. Die Dekompositionsergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Änderungen im Lohndifferential zwischen Männern und Frauen am oberen Ende der Verteilung hauptsächlich auf Änderungen im Bildungsniveau zurückzuführen sind, während ein großer Teil der Änderungen am unteren Ende der Verteilung durch Änderungen in der Arbeitsmarkthistorie erklärt werden kann. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten an, dass der Bildungserfolg von Frauen das Lohndifferential am unteren Ende der Verteilung bereits vor und während der 90er Jahre reduzieren, aber keinen starken Rückgang am oberen Ende der Verteilung auslösen konnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: ILR Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (2014), S. 335-361 -
Literaturhinweis
Distributional changes in the gender wage gap (2010)
Kassenböhmer, Sonja; Sinning, Mathias;Zitatform
Kassenböhmer, Sonja & Mathias Sinning (2010): Distributional changes in the gender wage gap. (IZA discussion paper 5303), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes changes in wage differentials between white men and white women over the period 1993-2006 across the entire wage distribution using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data. We decompose distributional changes in the gender wage gap to assess the contribution of observed characteristics measuring individual productivity. We find that the gender wage gap narrowed by more than 13 percent at the lowest decile and by less than 4 percent at the highest decile. The decomposition results indicate that changes in the gender wage gap are mainly attributable to changes in educational attainment at the top of the wage distribution, while a sizeable part of the changes is due to work history changes at the bottom. Our findings suggest that the educational success of women could reduce the gender wage gap at the bottom of the distribution both before and during the 1990s but did not trigger a strong decline at the top of the distribution until today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings inequality and mobility in the United States: evidence from social security data since 1937 (2010)
Kopczuk, Wojciech; Saez, Emmanuel; Song, Jae;Zitatform
Kopczuk, Wojciech, Emmanuel Saez & Jae Song (2010): Earnings inequality and mobility in the United States. Evidence from social security data since 1937. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 125, H. 1, S. 91-128. DOI:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.91
Abstract
"This paper uses Social Security Administration longitudinal earnings micro data since 1937 to analyze the evolution of inequality and mobility in the United States. Annual earnings inequality is U-shaped, decreasing sharply up to 1953 and increasing steadily afterward. Short-term earnings mobility measures are stable over the full period except for a temporary surge during World War II. Virtually all of the increase in the variance in annual (log) earnings since 1970 is due to increase in the variance of permanent earnings (as opposed to transitory earnings). Mobility at the top of the earnings distribution is stable and has not mitigated the dramatic increase in annual earnings concentration since the 1970s. Long-term mobility among all workers has increased since the 1950s but has slightly declined among men. The decrease in the gender earnings gap and the resulting substantial increase in upward mobility over a lifetime for women are the driving force behind the increase in long-term mobility among all workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The early socioeconomic effects of teenage childbearing: a propensity score matching approach (2010)
Lee, Dohoon;Zitatform
Lee, Dohoon (2010): The early socioeconomic effects of teenage childbearing. A propensity score matching approach. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 23, S. 697-736. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.25
Abstract
"A large body of literature has documented a negative correlation between teenage childbearing and teen mothers' socioeconomic outcomes, yet researchers continue to disagree as to whether the association represents a true causal effect. This article extends the extant literature by employing propensity score matching with a sensitivity analysis using Rosenbaum bounds. The analysis of recent cohort data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health shows that (1) teenage childbearing has modest but significant negative effects on early socioeconomic outcomes and (2) unobserved covariates would have to be more powerful than known covariates to nullify the propensity score matching estimates. The author concludes by suggesting that more research should be done to address unobserved heterogeneity and the long-term effects of teenage childbearing for this young cohort." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Accounting for wage and employment changes in the US from 1968-2000: a dynamic model of labor market equilibrium (2010)
Lee, Donghoon; Wolpin, Kenneth I.;Zitatform
Lee, Donghoon & Kenneth I. Wolpin (2010): Accounting for wage and employment changes in the US from 1968-2000. A dynamic model of labor market equilibrium. In: Journal of econometrics, Jg. 156, H. 1, S. 68-85. DOI:10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.09.008
Abstract
"In this article, we present a unified treatment of and explanation for the evolution of wages and employment in the US over the last 30 years. Specifically, we account for the pattern of changes in wage inequality, for the increased relative wage and employment of women, for the emergence of the college wage premium and for the shift in employment from the goods to the service-producing sector. The underlying theory we adopt is neoclassical, a two-sector competitive labor market economy in which the supply of and demand for labor of heterogeneous skill determines spot market skill rental prices. The empirical approach is structural. The model embeds many of the features that have been posited in the literature to have contributed to the changing US wage and employment structure including skill-biased technical change, capital-skill complementarity, changes in relative product-market prices, changes in the productivity of labor in home production and demographics such as changing cohort size and fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New market power models and sex differences in pay (2010)
Ransom, Michael R.; Oaxaca, Ronald L.;Zitatform
Ransom, Michael R. & Ronald L. Oaxaca (2010): New market power models and sex differences in pay. In: Journal of Labor Economics, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 267-289. DOI:10.1086/651245
Abstract
"In the context of certain models, it is possible to infer the elasticity of labor supply to the firm from the elasticity of the quit rate with respect to the wage. We use this strategy to estimate the elasticity of labor supply for men and women workers at a chain of grocery stores, identifying separation elasticities from differences in wages and separation rates across different job titles within the firm. We estimate that women have lower elasticities, so a Robinson-style monopsony model can explain reasonably well the lower relative pay of women in the retail grocery industry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Earnings inequality and the changing association between spouses' earnings (2010)
Schwartz, Christine R.;Zitatform
Schwartz, Christine R. (2010): Earnings inequality and the changing association between spouses' earnings. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 115, H. 5, S. 1524-1557. DOI:10.1086/651373
Abstract
"Increases in the association between spouses' earnings have the potential to increase inequality as marriages increasingly consist of two high-earning or two low-earning partners. This article uses log-linear models and data from the March Current Population Survey to describe trends in the association between spouses' earnings and estimate their contribution to growing earnings inequality among married couples from 1967 to 2005. The results indicate that increases in earnings inequality would have been about 25%-30% lower than observed in the absence of changes in the association, depending on the inequality measure used. Three components of these changes and how they vary across the earnings distribution are explored." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug