Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Universal child care, maternal employment, and children's long-run outcomes: evidence from the U.S. Lanham Act of 1940 (2017)
Zitatform
Herbst, Chris M. (2017): Universal child care, maternal employment, and children's long-run outcomes. Evidence from the U.S. Lanham Act of 1940. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 519-564. DOI:10.1086/689478
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the US Lanham Act of 1940, a heavily subsidized and universal child care program administered during World War II. I first estimate its impact on maternal employment using a triple-differences model. I find that employment increased substantially following the introduction of the program. I then study children's long-run labor market outcomes. Using Census data from 1970 to 1990, I assess well-being in a life-cycle framework by tracking cohorts of treated individuals throughout their prime working years. Results from difference-in-differences models suggest the program had persistent positive effects, with the largest benefits accruing to the most economically disadvantaged adults." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Performance pay, the gender gap, and specialization within marriage (2017)
Zitatform
Heywood, John S. & Daniel Parent (2017): Performance pay, the gender gap, and specialization within marriage. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 387-427. DOI:10.1007/s12122-017-9256-5
Abstract
"We show that the large gender earnings gap at the top of the distribution (the glass ceiling) and the motherhood penalty are associated with each other and that both are uniquely associated with performance pay. These patterns appear consistent with specialization by gender. We show that among married couples with children, the hours worked by wives are strongly and persistently negatively correlated with earnings of the husbands only when those husbands work in performance pay jobs. There is no correlation between husbands' hours and wives' earnings." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trends in earnings inequality and earnings instability among U.S. couples: How important is assortative matching? (2017)
Zitatform
Hryshko, Dmytro, Chinhui Juhn & Kristin McCue (2017): Trends in earnings inequality and earnings instability among U.S. couples: How important is assortative matching? In: Labour economics, Jg. 48, H. October, S. 168-182. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.08.006
Abstract
"We examine changes in inequality and instability of the combined earnings of married couples over the 1980 - 2009 period using Social Security earnings data matched to Survey of Income and Program Participation panels. Relative to male earnings inequality, the inequality of couples' earnings is both lower in levels and rises by a smaller amount. We also find that couples' earnings instability is lower in levels compared to male earnings instability and actually declines in these data. While wives' earnings played an important role in dampening the rise in inequality and year-to-year variation in resources at the family level, we find that marital sorting and coordination of labor supply decisions at the family level played a minor role. Comparing actual couples to randomly paired simulated couples, we find very similar trends in earnings inequality and instability." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Specialization then and now: marriage, children, and the gender earnings gap across cohorts (2017)
Juhn, Chinhui; McCue, Kristin;Zitatform
Juhn, Chinhui & Kristin McCue (2017): Specialization then and now. Marriage, children, and the gender earnings gap across cohorts. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 183-204. DOI:10.1257/jep.31.1.183
Abstract
"In this paper, we examine the evolution of the gender gap associated with marriage and parental status, comparing cohorts born between 1936 and 1985. The model of household specialization and division of labor introduced by Becker posits that when forming households, couples will exploit the gains from trade by having one spouse specialize in market work while the other specializes in household work. Given the historical advantage of men in the labor market, the model predicts specialization by gender and therefore an earnings advantage for married men and an earnings disadvantage for married women. Is this model of specialization useful for understanding the evolution of the gender gap across generations of women? And what about children? Academic papers have shown that wages of mothers are significantly lower than those of non-mothers with similar human capital characteristics. We do not attempt to build a structural model here, but rather document how changing associations between marriage and earnings, and between children and earnings, have contributed to the gender gap in an 'accounting' sense." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women and STEM (2017)
Zitatform
Kahn, Shulamit & Donna Ginther (2017): Women and STEM. (NBER working paper 23525), Cambrige, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w23525
Abstract
"Researchers from economics, sociology, psychology, and other disciplines have studied the persistent under-representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This chapter summarizes this research. We argue that women's under-representation is concentrated in the math-intensive science fields of geosciences, engineering, economics, math/ computer science and physical science. Our analysis concentrates on the environmental factors that influence ability, preferences, and the rewards for those choices. We examine how gendered stereotypes, culture, role models, competition, risk aversion, and interests contribute to gender STEM gap, starting at childhood, solidifying by middle school, and affecting women and men as they progress through school, higher education, and into the labor market. Our results are consistent with preferences and psychological explanations for the under-representation of women in math-intensive STEM fields." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Where have all the workers gone?: an inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate (2017)
Krueger, Alan B.;Zitatform
Krueger, Alan B. (2017): Where have all the workers gone? An inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate. In: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity H. Fall, S. 1-87.
Abstract
"The U.S. labor force participation rate has declined since 2007, primarily because of population aging and ongoing trends that preceded the Great Recession. The labor force participation rate has evolved differently, and for different reasons, across demographic groups. A rise in school enrollment has largely offset declining labor force participation for young workers since the 1990s. Labor force participation has been declining for prime age men for decades, and about half of prime age men who are not in the labor force may have a serious health condition that is a barrier to working. Nearly half of prime age men who are not in the labor force take pain medication on any given day; and in nearly two-thirds of these cases, they take prescription pain medication. Labor force participation has fallen more in U.S. counties where relatively more opioid pain medication is prescribed, causing the problem of depressed labor force participation and the opioid crisis to become intertwined. The labor force participation rate has stopped rising for cohorts of women born after 1960. Prime age men who are out of the labor force report that they experience notably low levels of emotional well-being throughout their days, and that they derive relatively little meaning from their daily activities. Employed women and women not in the labor force, by contrast, report similar levels of subjective well-being; but women not in the labor force who cite a reason other than 'home responsibilities' as their main reason report notably low levels of emotional well-being. During the past decade, retirements have increased by about the same amount as aggregate labor force participation has declined, and the retirement rate is expected to continue to rise. A meaningful rise in labor force participation will require a reversal in the secular trends affecting various demographic groups, and perhaps immigration reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Moving in and out of welfare and work: The influence of regional socioeconomic circumstances on economic disconnection among low-income single mothers (2017)
Zitatform
Kwon, Jinwoo & Andrea Hetling (2017): Moving in and out of welfare and work: The influence of regional socioeconomic circumstances on economic disconnection among low-income single mothers. In: Economic Development Quarterly, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 326-341. DOI:10.1177/0891242417730607
Abstract
"An increasing proportion of low-income single mothers are experiencing periods of economic disconnection, defined as receiving no cash income from welfare or work. Most research on disconnection has focused on personal attributes as risk factors for experiencing disconnection at a static point in time. This study adopts a dynamic perspective and broadens the existing set of determinants by adding regional socioeconomic characteristics to explain changes in status. Results from multivariate survival analyses demonstrate that residence in a disadvantaged county is associated with an increased risk of becoming disconnected. State-level policies, as opposed to county socioeconomic characteristics, have stronger influences on movements out of disconnection. The findings from the analyses provide a base for policy discussions about helping this vulnerable population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers in work organizations: inequalities and capabilities, rationalities and politics (2017)
Liebig, Brigitte; Oechsle, Mechtild;Zitatform
Liebig, Brigitte & Mechtild Oechsle (Hrsg.) (2017): Fathers in work organizations. Inequalities and capabilities, rationalities and politics. Opladen: Budrich, 253 S.
Abstract
"This book analyzes the role of work organizations when it comes to the realization of an active fatherhood. Firstly, it deals with barriers for active fatherhood and the related mechanisms of inequality. Which aspects of discrimination and social closure do fathers face today if they assert a claim for active fatherhood, and with what kind of barriers are they confronted? Secondly, the capabilities of fathers are addressed. Which is their possible scope of action, who are relevant actors, and what is the effect of policies and programs on change and organizational learning with respect to fatherhood?" (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie das Inhaltsverzeichnis. -
Literaturhinweis
Why do(n't) they leave? Motherhood and women's job mobility (2017)
Looze, Jessica;Zitatform
Looze, Jessica (2017): Why do(n't) they leave? Motherhood and women's job mobility. In: Social science research, Jg. 65, H. July, S. 47-59. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.03.004
Abstract
"Although the relationship between motherhood and women's labor market exits has received a great deal of popular and empirical attention in recent years, far less is known about the relationship between motherhood and women's job changes. In this paper, I use panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (NLSY79) and Cox regression models to examine how motherhood influences the types of job changes and employment exits women make and how this varies by racial-ethnic group. I find preschool-age children are largely immobilizing for white women, as they discourage these women from making the types of voluntary job changes that are often associated with wage growth. No such effects were found for Black or Hispanic women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in earnings and leadership: Recent evidence on causes and consequences (2017)
Zitatform
Macis, Mario & Mirco Tonin (2017): Gender differences in earnings and leadership. Recent evidence on causes and consequences. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 18-21.
Abstract
Gegenstand des Beitrags sind die Ursachen und Auswirkungen geschlechtsspezifischer Lohnunterschiede und der Unterrepräsentation von Frauen in Führungspositionen. Die Autoren beziehen sich dabei auf aktuelle empirische Untersuchungen mit Schwerpunkt auf den USA. Als wesentliche Ursache für die Unterschiede wird die Rolle sozialer Normen über Geschlechterrollen herausgestellt. Weiterhin gehen die Autoren auf die Besetzung von Führungspositionen in der Wissenschaft sowie politische Strategien zur Gleichstellung von Frauen ein und stellen den weiteren Forschungsbedarf zum Thema heraus. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Is the gender pay gap in the US just the result of gender segregation at work? (2017)
Zitatform
Meara, Katie, Francesco Pastore & Allan Webster (2017): Is the gender pay gap in the US just the result of gender segregation at work? (IZA discussion paper 10673), Bonn, 55 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the gender wage gap between male and female workers in the US using a cross-section from the Current Population Survey (CPS) It shows that the extent of gender segregation by both industry and occupation is significantly greater than previously supposed. For the wage gap this creates problems of sample selection bias, of non-comparability between male and female employment. To address these problems the study uses a matching approach, which we also extend to a more recent methodological version with a yet stronger statistical foundation - Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA) - not previously used in related studies. Despite this, doubts remain about even these well founded and appropriate techniques in the presence of such strong gender segregation. To secure even greater precision we repeat the matching analysis for a small number of industries and occupations, each carefully selected for employing similar numbers of men and women. This is an approach that has not previously been explored in the relevant literature. The findings for the full sample are replicated at the level of industry and occupation, where comparability is more reliable. The study supports the view of the existing literature that the gender wage gap varies by factors such as age and parenthood. But it also finds that, even when these and other important 'control' variables such as part-time working, industry and occupation are taken into account, a statistically significant gender wage gap remains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: GLO discussion paper , 40 -
Literaturhinweis
The long-run effects of the earned income tax credit on women's earnings (2017)
Zitatform
Neumark, David & Peter Shirley (2017): The long-run effects of the earned income tax credit on women's earnings. (NBER working paper 24114), Cambrige, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w24114
Abstract
"We use longitudinal data on marriage and children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to characterize women's exposure to the federal and state Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) during their first two decades of adulthood. We then use measures of this exposure to estimate the long-run effects of the EITC on women's earnings as mature adults. We find some evidence indicating that exposure to a more generous EITC when women were unmarried and had young (pre-school) children leads to higher earnings and hours, and perhaps wages, in the longer run. We also find some evidence that exposure to a more generous EITC when women had young children but were married leads to lower earnings and hours in the longer run. These longer-run effects are to some extent consistent with what we would expect if the short-run effects of the EITC on employment that are documented in other work, and predicted by theory, are reflected in effects of the EITC on cumulative labor market experience (and other consequences of labor market attachment) that influence earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: Labour economics , 66 (2020), Art. 101878 -
Literaturhinweis
The implicit costs of motherhood over the lifecycle: cross-cohort evidence from administrative longitudinal data (2017)
Neumeier, Christian; Sorensen, Todd; Webber, Douglas;Zitatform
Neumeier, Christian, Todd Sorensen & Douglas Webber (2017): The implicit costs of motherhood over the lifecycle. Cross-cohort evidence from administrative longitudinal data. (IZA discussion paper 10558), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"The explicit costs of raising a child have grown over the past several decades. Less well understood are the implicit costs of having a child, and how they have changed over time. In this paper we use longitudinal administrative data from over 70,000 individuals in the Synthetic SIPP Beta to examine the earnings gap between mothers and non-mothers over the lifecycle and between cohorts. We observe women who never have children beginning to out earn women who will have children during their 20s. Gaps increase monotonically over the lifecycle, and decrease monotonically between cohorts from age 26 onwards. In our oldest cohort, lifetime gaps approach $350,000 by age 62. Cumulative labor market experience profiles show similar patterns, with experience gaps between mothers and non-mothers generally increasing over the lifecycle and decreasing between cohorts. We decompose this cumulative gap in earnings (up to age 43) into portions attributable to time spent out of the labor force, differing levels of education, years of marriage and a number of demographic controls. We find that this gap between mothers and non-mothers declines from around $220,000 for women born in the late 1940s to around $160,000 for women born in the late 1960s. Over 80% of the change in this gap can be explained by variables in our model, with changes in labor force participation by far the best explanation for the declining gap. Comparing our oldest cohort as they approach retirement to the projected lifecycle behavior of the 1965 cohort, we find that the earnings gap is estimated to drop from $350,000 (observed) to $282,000 (expected) and that the experience gap drops from 3.7 to 2.1 years. We also explore the intensive margin costs of having a child. A decomposition of earnings gaps between mothers of one child and mothers of two children also controls for age at first birth. Here, we find a decline in the gap from around $78,000 for our oldest cohorts to around $37,000 for our youngest cohorts. Our model explains a smaller share of the intensive margin decline. Changes in absences from the labor market again explain a large amount of the decline, while differences in age at first birth widen the gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps and the rise of the service economy (2017)
Ngai, L. Rachel; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Ngai, L. Rachel & Barbara Petrongolo (2017): Gender gaps and the rise of the service economy. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 1-44. DOI:10.1257/mac.20150253
Abstract
"This paper investigates the role of the rise in services in the narrowing of gender gaps in hours and wages in recent decades. We highlight the between-industry component of differential gender trends for the United States and propose a model economy with goods, services, and home production, in which women have a comparative advantage in producing services. The rise of services, driven by structural transformation and marketization of home production, raises women's relative wages and market hours. Quantitatively, the model accounts for an important share of the observed trends in women's hours and relative wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Preferences and biases in educational choices and labor market expectations: shrinking the black box of gender (2017)
Zitatform
Reuben, Ernesto, Matthew Wiswall & Basit Zafar (2017): Preferences and biases in educational choices and labor market expectations. Shrinking the black box of gender. In: The economic journal, Jg. 127, H. 604, S. 2153-2186. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12350
Abstract
"Using an experiment to measure overconfidence and preferences for competitiveness and risk, this article investigates whether these measures explain gender differences in college major choices and expected future earnings. We find that individuals who are overconfident and overly competitive expect to earn significantly more. In addition, gender differences in overconfidence and competitiveness explain 18% of the gender gap in earnings expectations. These experimental measures explain as much of the gender gap in earnings expectations as a rich set of control variables. While expected earnings are related to college major choices, the experimental measures are not related with college major choice." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 7579 -
Literaturhinweis
Maternity and family leave policy (2017)
Rossin-Slater, Maya;Zitatform
Rossin-Slater, Maya (2017): Maternity and family leave policy. (IZA discussion paper 10500), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"Maternity and family leave policies enable mothers to take time off work to prepare for and recover from childbirth and to care for their new children. While there is substantial variation in the details of these policies around the world, the existing research yields the following general conclusions. First, despite important barriers to the take-up of leave, both the implementation of new programs and extensions of existing ones increase leave-taking rates among new parents. Second, leave entitlements less than one year in length can improve job continuity for women and increase their employment rates several years after childbirth; longer leaves can negatively influence women's earnings, employment, and career advancement. Third, extensions in existing paid leave policies have no impact on measures of child well-being, but the introduction of short paid and unpaid leave programs can improve children's short- and long-term outcomes. Fourth, while more research is needed, the current evidence shows minimal impacts of existing U.S. state-level programs on employer-level outcomes such as employee productivity, morale, profitability, turnover rates, or the total wage bill." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic development and wage inequality: a complex system analysis (2017)
Zitatform
Sbardella, Angelica, Emanuele Pugliese & Luciano Pietronero (2017): Economic development and wage inequality. A complex system analysis. In: PLoS one, Jg. 12, H. 9, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0182774
Abstract
"Adapting methods from complex system analysis, this paper analyzes the features of the complex relationship between wage inequality and the development and industrialization of a country. Development is understood as a combination of a monetary index, GDP per capita, and a recently introduced measure of a country's economic complexity: Fitness. Initially the paper looks at wage inequality on a global scale, over the time period 1990-2008. Our empirical results show that globally the movement of wage inequality along with the ongoing industrialization of countries has followed a longitudinally persistent pattern comparable to the one theorized by Kuznets in the fifties: countries with an average level of development suffer the highest levels of wage inequality. Next, the study narrows its focus on wage inequality within the United States. By using data on wages and employment in the approximately 3100 US counties over the time interval 1990-2014, it generalizes the Fitness-Complexity metric for geographic units and industrial sectors, and then investigates wage inequality between NAICS industries. The empirical time and scale dependencies are consistent with a relation between wage inequality and development driven by institutional factors comparing countries, and by change in the structural compositions of sectors in a homogeneous institutional environment, such as the counties of the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's work-life preferences: reconceptualization and cross-country description over time (2017)
Zitatform
Schleutker, Elina (2017): Women's work-life preferences. Reconceptualization and cross-country description over time. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 292-312. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2017.1290266
Abstract
"According to Hakim's preference theory, women can be divided into three groups based on their work - family preferences: home-centered, adaptive and work-centered. Here it is argued that Hakim's conceptualization of the adaptive women is unsatisfactory, as it does not take into consideration how the adaptive women want to combine work and family. The paper offers a reconceptualization of the adaptive group. Based on when women want to return to employment after childbirth, and how many hours they would like to work, three types of adaptive women are distinguished: the home-oriented adaptive women, the truly adaptive women and the work-oriented adaptive women. To demonstrate the fruitfulness of the reconceptualization, a cross-sectional descriptive study of women's preferences over time is conducted by employing data from International Social Survey Programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
High school experiences, the gender wage gap, and the selection of occupation (2017)
Strain, Michael R.; Webber, Douglas A.;Zitatform
Strain, Michael R. & Douglas A. Webber (2017): High school experiences, the gender wage gap, and the selection of occupation. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 49, S. 5040-5049. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1299100
Abstract
"Using within-high-school variation and controlling for a measure of cognitive ability, this paper finds that high-school leadership experiences explain a significant portion of the residual gender wage gap and selection into management occupations. Our results imply that high-school leadership could build non-cognitive, productive skills that are rewarded years later in the labor market and that explain a portion of the systematic difference in pay between men and women. Alternatively, high-school leadership could be a proxy variable for personality characteristics that differ between men and women and that drive higher pay and becoming a manager. Because high school leadership experiences are exogenous to direct labor market experiences, our results leave less room for direct labor market discrimination as a driver of the gender wage gap and occupation selection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working women in the city and urban wage growth in the United States (2017)
Zitatform
Weinstein, Amanda L. (2017): Working women in the city and urban wage growth in the United States. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 591-610. DOI:10.1111/jors.12336
Abstract
"Although the female labor force participation rate of women has been steadily rising in the United States, there is substantial variation across cities. Previous cross-county studies find that gender inequality in employment reduces economic efficiency hindering growth. This result is examined in a regional context, across metropolitan areas in the United States. Throughout multiple model formulations including instrumental variables approaches, higher initial female labor force participation rates are positively related to subsequent wage growth in metropolitan areas between 1980 and 2010. Specifically, every 10 percent increase in female labor force participation rates is associated with an increase in real wages of nearly 5 percent." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug