Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Child penalties across countries: evidence and explanations (2019)
Zitatform
Kleven, Henrik, Camille Landais, Johanna Posch, Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimüller (2019): Child penalties across countries. Evidence and explanations. (CEPR discussion paper 13474), London, 19 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on child penalties in female and male earnings in different countries. The estimates are based on event studies around the birth of the first child, using the specification proposed by Kleven et al. (2018). The analysis reveals some striking similarities in the qualitative effects of children across countries, but also sharp differences in the magnitude of the effects. We discuss the potential role of family policies (parental leave and child care provision) and gender norms in explaining the observed differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working later in the USA and Ireland: implications for precariously and securely employed women (2019)
Léime, Á Ní; Street, Debra;Zitatform
Léime, Á Ní & Debra Street (2019): Working later in the USA and Ireland. Implications for precariously and securely employed women. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 39, H. 10, S. 2194-2218. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X18000508
Abstract
"Policies to extend working life (EWL) assume homogeneous workers face similar choices about working longer: this may be difficult for women, workers in physically onerous jobs or in low-paid precarious employment. Work-life trajectories are gendered; women interrupt employment and pension-building to provide care. There is occupational variation in capacities to prolong working lives: physically demanding jobs cause work-related health deficits. The precariously employed cannot contribute regularly to pensions and may face age discrimination. This research provides an inter-occupational and cross-national dimension to EWL research, comparing women teachers and health-care workers in the United States of America (USA) and Republic of Ireland. It documents intra-cohort distinctions that emerge among women when considering educational opportunities and occupational tracks expressed in lifecourse trajectories and accumulated capacities for extended work. Analysis draws on interview data from ten teachers and ten health-care workers in each country, comparing the implications of EWL policies for women workers: in precarious versus secure occupations and occupations with different physical demands. It reveals work-life trajectories leading to poorer financial and health outcomes for older health-care workers, especially in the USA. Most women (regardless of occupation or country) opposed extending working life, with concerns ranging from health status and ability to work to the desire to have healthy years in retirement. The most important distinctions are between the occupational categories considered, rather than cross-national differences. Implications for national and work-place policy and research are considered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap between earnings distributions (2019)
Zitatform
Maasoumi, Esfandiar & Le Wang (2019): The gender gap between earnings distributions. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 127, H. 5, S. 2348-2504. DOI:10.1086/701788
Abstract
"We advocate a different approach to measure the gender gap, summarizing each distribution by suitable evaluative functions and computing the difference between the evaluations. Unlike the conventional approach, ours does not assume rank invariance. We discuss the decision-theoretic framework behind different functions and introduce measures based on entropy functions. We further adopt quantile-copula approaches to account for selection into full-time employment and discuss how to take into account nonmarket values in measuring the gap. The evolution of the gender gap depends on the measure of it and whether nonmarket values are incorporated. We further assess and challenge a variety of assumptions, hypotheses, and findings in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bringing home the bacon: The relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay (2019)
Zitatform
Manchester, Colleen Flaherty, Lisa M. Leslie & Patricia C. Dahm (2019): Bringing home the bacon: The relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 46-85. DOI:10.1111/irel.12225
Abstract
"We evaluate the relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. Differences in pay are present despite limited differences in performance. We find a pay premium for primary-breadwinner employees across gender, yet a pay penalty for secondary-breadwinners employees only for women, suggesting an asymmetric relationship among breadwinner role, gender, and pay." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender pay gap in the US: A matching study (2019)
Zitatform
Meara, Katie, Francesco Pastore & Allan Webster (2019): The gender pay gap in the US: A matching study. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 363), Maastricht, 38 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the gender wage gap in the US using two separate cross-sections from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The extensive literature on this subject includes papers which use wage decompositions to divide gender wag gaps into 'explained' and 'unexplained' components. Problems with this approach include the heterogeneity of the sample data. In order to address the difficulties of comparing like with like this study uses a number of different matching techniques to obtain estimates of the gap. By controlling for a wide range of other influences, in effect, we estimate the direct effect of simply being female on wages. However, to form a complete picture, one should consider that gender wages are affected by a number of other factors such as parenthood, gender segregation, part - time working and unionization. This means that it is not just the core 'like for like' comparison between male and female wages that matters but also how gender wage differences interact with other relevant risk factors which are more common for women. That these interactions exist has already been discussed in the literature but evidence that precisely or systematically estimates such effects remains scarce. The most innovative contribution of this study is to do that. Our findings imply that the idea of a single uniform gender pay gap is perhaps less useful than an understanding of how gender wages are shaped by multiple different forces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household time use among older couples: Evidence and implications for labor supply parameters (2019)
Zitatform
Rogerson, Richard & Johanna Wallenius (2019): Household time use among older couples: Evidence and implications for labor supply parameters. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 134, H. 2, S. 1079-1120. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjy032
Abstract
"Using the Consumption Activities Mail Survey (CAMS) module in the HRS, we document how individual time allocations change when one or more household members transitions from full-time work to not working. We find that the ratio of home production to leisure time is approximately constant for both family members. Using a model of household labor supply to understand the implications of this finding, we conclude that the elasticity of substitution between the leisure of the two members is quite large. This elasticity plays a key role in models of household labor supply and is important for understanding how changes in relative wages and taxes affect household labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Expensive childcare and short school days = Lower maternal employment and more time in childcare?: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey (2019)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah, Stephanie Moller & Liana Sayer (2019): Expensive childcare and short school days = Lower maternal employment and more time in childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey. In: Socius, Jg. 5, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1177/2378023119860277
Abstract
"This study investigates the relationship between maternal employment and state-to-state differences in childcare cost and mean school day length. Pairing state-level measures with an individual-level sample of prime working-age mothers from the American Time Use Survey (2005 - 2014; n = 37,993), we assess the multilevel and time-varying effects of childcare costs and school day length on maternal full-time and part-time employment and childcare time. We find mothers' odds of full-time employment are lower and part-time employment higher in states with expensive childcare and shorter school days. Mothers spend more time caring for children in states where childcare is more expensive and as childcare costs increase. Our results suggest that expensive childcare and short school days are important barriers to maternal employment and, for childcare costs, result in greater investments in childcare time. Politicians engaged in national debates about federal childcare policies should look to existing state childcare structures for policy guidance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender in academic STEM: A focus on men faculty (2019)
Zitatform
Sattari, Negin & Rebecca L. Sandefur (2019): Gender in academic STEM: A focus on men faculty. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 158-179. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12249
Abstract
"In this study, we explore how men faculty understand the role of gender in shaping faculty experiences in academic science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and how they position themselves in relation to inequalities disfavouring women. Our data reveal diversity among men in their understandings regarding challenges facing women in STEM. The majority of our participants revealed gender-blind perspectives and argued that the egalitarian structure of academia does not allow gender to impact attainments in STEM in any significant way. However, a considerable number of them felt privileged compared to women and described subtle ways in which gender shapes opportunities. Our findings show the important implications of men's sensitivity to gender in the ways they perform their professional roles as, for example, mentors, colleagues and teachers in relation to women in STEM. They further call for attention to men's perceptions of gender issues when designing institutional interventions for improving women's conditions in STEM." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A feminist review of behavioral economic research on gender differences (2019)
Zitatform
Sent, Esther-Mirjam & Irene van Staveren (2019): A feminist review of behavioral economic research on gender differences. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1532595
Abstract
"This study provides a critical review of the behavioral economics literature on gender differences using key feminist concepts, including roles, stereotypes, identities, beliefs, context factors, and the interaction of men's and women's behaviors in mixed-gender settings. It assesses both statistical significance and economic significance of the reported behavioral differences. The analysis focuses on agentic behavioral attitudes (risk appetite and overconfidence; often stereotyped as masculine) and communal behavioral attitudes (altruism and trust; commonly stereotyped as feminine). The study shows that the empirical results of size effects are mixed and that in addition to gender differences, large intra-gender differences (differences among men and differences among women) exist. The paper finds that few studies report statistically significant as well as sizeable differences - often, but not always, with gender differences in the expected direction. Many studies have not sufficiently taken account of various social, cultural, and ideological drivers behind gender differences in behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration and career attainment of power couples: the roles of city size and human capital composition (2019)
Simon, Curtis J.;Zitatform
Simon, Curtis J. (2019): Migration and career attainment of power couples. The roles of city size and human capital composition. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 505-534. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby009
Abstract
"Costa and Kahn (2000, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115: 1287 - 1315) documented that power couples tended to be located in large cities, postulating a need to solve a co-location problem peculiar to dual-career, highly educated spouses. Using data from the 2008 to 2014 American Community Surveys, I find that young full-power couples are more likely to move to larger, better-educated cities relative to couples in which just the husband has a college degree and wife-only power couples more likely than couples in which neither spouse has a college degree. I also present new evidence that larger, better-educated cities offer superior joint husband-and-wife career outcomes as measured by occupational attainment for wives and husbands with college degrees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender pay gaps in U.S. federal science agencies: An organizational approach (2019)
Smith-Doerr, Laurel; Alegria, Sharla ; Fitzpatrick, Debra; Fealing, Kaye Husbands; Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald ;Zitatform
Smith-Doerr, Laurel, Sharla Alegria, Kaye Husbands Fealing, Debra Fitzpatrick & Donald Tomaskovic-Devey (2019): Gender pay gaps in U.S. federal science agencies: An organizational approach. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 125, H. 2, S. 534-579. DOI:10.1086/705514
Abstract
"This study advances understanding of gender pay gaps by examining organizational variation. The gender pay gap literature supplies mechanisms but does not attend to organizational variation; the gender and science literature provides insights on the role of masculinist culture in disciplines but misses pay gap mechanisms. A data set of federal workers allows comparison of men and women in the same jobs and workplaces. Agencies associated with traditionally masculine (engineering, physical sciences) and gender-neutral (biological, interdisciplinary sciences) fields differ. Pay-gap mechanisms vary: human capital differences explain a larger share in gender-neutral agencies, while at male-typed agencies men are frequently paid more than women within the same job. Although beyond the federal workers' standardized pay scale, some interdisciplinary agencies more often pay men off grade, leading to higher earnings for men. Our theory of organizational variation helps explain local agency variation and how pay practices matter in specific organizational contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are women doing it for themselves? Gender segregation and the gender wage gap (2019)
Zitatform
Theodoropoulos, Nikolaos, John Forth & Alex Bryson (2019): Are women doing it for themselves? Gender segregation and the gender wage gap. (IZA discussion paper 12657), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"Using matched employer-employee data from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (WERS) for Britain we find a raw gender wage gap (GWG) in hourly wages of around 0.18-0.21 log points. The regression-adjusted gap is around half that. However, the GWG declines substantially with the increasing share of female managers in the workplace. The gap closes because women's wages rise with the share female managers in the workplace while men's wages fall. Panel and instrumental variables estimates suggest the share of female managers in the workplace has a causal impact in reducing the GWG. The role of female managers in closing the GWG is more pronounced when employees are paid for performance, consistent with the proposition that women are more likely to be paid equitably when managers have discretion in the way they reward performance and those managers are women. These findings suggest a stronger presence of women in managerial positions can help tackle the GWG." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social location matters: Inequality in work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race (2018)
Aisenbrey, Silke; Fasang, Anette;Zitatform
Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2018): Social location matters: Inequality in work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2018-601), Berlin, 31 S.
Abstract
"Which constraints and privileges do members of empowered or disempowered groups face in combining work and family life courses? To address this timely and highly relevant question, we empirically analyze work and family life courses at the intersection of gender and race in the United States. We use longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) to study parallel work-family trajectories of white and African American men and women combining an intersectional comparison with a quantitative life course perspective. Results from recent innovations in sequence analysis including Mantel coefficients and multichannel sequence analysis show distinct work-family patterns for the four groups. Overall the association between work and family life courses for white men is weakest. They can combine any type of family trajectories with all possible work careers. In contrast, for black men high prestige careers are only accessible if they are in stable relationships with maximum one child. For black women we find the strongest association between family lives and careers characterized by high occupational prestige almost never occur for them. For white women the highest prestige work-family life course pattern goes along with late parenthood and / or childlessness. We contribute to the literature by identifying complex population level regularities in intersectional inequalities in longitudinal work and family life courses. Uncovering complex population level regularities that are not immediately visible are an important precondition for assessing the causes and consequences of social inequality in work-family life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child care prices and maternal employment: a meta-analysis (2018)
Akgunduz, Yusuf Emre; Plantenga, Janneke;Zitatform
Akgunduz, Yusuf Emre & Janneke Plantenga (2018): Child care prices and maternal employment. A meta-analysis. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 118-133. DOI:10.1111/joes.12192
Abstract
"The literature estimates for labor force participation elasticity with regard to child care prices are extensive and varying. While some estimates imply substantial gains from child care subsidies, others find insignificant effects. To determine the causes of the variance, this paper reviews and analyzes the elasticity sizes using estimates from 36 peer-reviewed articles and working papers in the literature. We start by reviewing the theoretical and empirical aspects related to participation elasticity with regard to child care costs, paying special attention to sample characteristics, methodological aspects, and macro level factors. We conclude by providing a meta-regression using control variables based on our review of the literature to explain some of the differences between the estimates. As research builds on and improves the methods and assumptions in prior works, elasticity estimates have become smaller over time. This decline might also be partially explained by changes in labor market characteristics. In countries with high rates of part-time work and very high or very low rates of female labor force participation, we find elasticity rates to be smaller." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Equal but inequitable: Who benefits from gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies? (2018)
Zitatform
Antecol, Heather, Kelly Bedard & Jenna Stearns (2018): Equal but inequitable. Who benefits from gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies? In: The American economic review, Jg. 108, H. 9, S. 2420-2441. DOI:10.1257/aer.20160613
Abstract
"Many skilled professional occupations are characterized by an early period of intensive skill accumulation and career establishment. Examples include law firm associates, surgical residents, and untenured faculty at research-intensive universities. High female exit rates are sometimes blamed on the inability of new mothers to survive the sustained negative productivity shock associated with childbearing and early childrearing in these environments. Gender-neutral family policies have been adopted in some professions in an attempt to 'level the playing field.' The gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies adopted by the majority of research-intensive universities in the United States in recent decades are an excellent example. But to date, there is no empirical evidence showing that these policies help women. Using a unique data set on the universe of assistant professor hires at top-50 economics departments from 1980-2005, we show that the adoption of gender-neutral tenure clock stopping policies substantially reduced female tenure rates while substantially increasing male tenure rates. However, these policies do not reduce the probability that either men or women eventually earn tenure in the profession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 9904 -
Literaturhinweis
Aggregating elasticities: Intensive and extensive margins of women's labor supply (2018)
Zitatform
Levell, Peter, Hamish Low & Virginia Sánchez-Marcos (2018): Aggregating elasticities: Intensive and extensive margins of women's labor supply. In: Econometrica, Jg. 86, H. 6, S. 2049-2082. DOI:10.3982/ECTA15067
Abstract
"We show that there is substantial heterogeneity in women's labor supply elasticities at the micro level and highlight the implications for aggregate behavior. We consider both intertemporal and intratemporal choices, and identify intensive and extensive responses in a consistent life-cycle framework, using US CEX data. Heterogeneity is due to observables, such as age, wealth, hours worked, and the wage level, as well as to unobservable tastes for leisure: the median Marshallian elasticity for hours worked is 0.18, with corresponding Hicksian elasticity of 0.54 and Frisch elasticity of 0.87. At the 90th percentile, these values are 0.79, 1.16, and 1.92. Responses at the extensive margin explain about 54% of the total labor supply response for women under 30, although this declines with age. Aggregate elasticities are higher in recessions, and increase with the length of the recession. The heterogeneity at the micro level means that the aggregate labor supply elasticity is not a structural parameter: any aggregate elasticity will depend on the demographic structure of the economy as well as the distribution of wealth and the particular point in the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When work disappears: manufacturing decline and the falling marriage-market value of young men (2018)
Zitatform
Autor, David, David Dorn & Gordon Hanson (2018): When work disappears: manufacturing decline and the falling marriage-market value of young men. (IZA discussion paper 11465), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"We exploit the gender-specific components of large-scale labor demand shocks stemming from rising international manufacturing competition to test how shifts in the relative economic stature of young men versus young women affected marriage, fertility and children's living circumstances during 1990-2014. On average, trade shocks differentially reduce employment and earnings of young adult males. Consistent with Becker's model of household specialization, shocks to male's relative earnings reduce marriage and fertility. Consistent with prominent sociological accounts, these shocks heighten male idleness and premature mortality, and raise the share of mothers who are unwed and the share of children living in below-poverty, single-headed households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper , 7010 -
Literaturhinweis
The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy (2018)
Zitatform
Averett, Susan L., Laura M. Argys & Saul D. Hoffman (Hrsg.) (2018): The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 876 S.
Abstract
"The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis vom Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
Trends and disparities in leave use under California's paid family leave program: new evidence from administrative data (2018)
Zitatform
Bana, Sarah, Kelly Bedard & Maya Rossin-Slater (2018): Trends and disparities in leave use under California's paid family leave program. New evidence from administrative data. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 388-391. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181113
Abstract
"We use novel administrative data to study trends and disparities in usage of California's first-in-the-nation paid family leave (PFL) program. We show that take-up for both bonding with a new child and caring for an ill family member increased over 2005-2014. Most women combine PFL with maternity leave from the State Disability Insurance system, resulting in leaves longer than 6 weeks. Most men take less than the full 6 weeks of PFL. Individuals in the lowest earnings quartile and in small firms are the least likely to take leave. There are important differences in take-up across industries, especially for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impacts of paid family leave benefits: regression kink evidence from California administrative data (2018)
Zitatform
Bana, Sarah, Kelly Bedard & Maya Rossin-Slater (2018): The impacts of paid family leave benefits. Regression kink evidence from California administrative data. (IZA discussion paper 11381), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"Although the United States provides unpaid maternity and family leave to qualifying workers, it is the only OECD country without a national paid leave policy, making wage replacement a pivotal issue under debate. We use ten years of linked administrative data from California together with a regression kink (RK) design to estimate the causal impacts of benefits in the first state-level paid family leave program for women with earnings near the maximum benefit threshold. We find no evidence that a higher weekly benefit amount (WBA) increases leave duration or leads to adverse future labor market outcomes for mothers in this group. In contrast, we document consistent evidence that an increase in the WBA leads to a small increase in the share of quarters worked one to two years after the leave and a sizeable increase in the likelihood of making a future paid family leave claim across a variety of specifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper , 24438
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- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug