Zitatform

Chen, Xi, Xiang Wen Cai, Xu Ding, Le Song & Cheng Chen (2024): Intellectualization and substitution elasticity of capital on the labour force in logistics enterprises: evidence from China and the United States. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 395-400. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2136615

Abstract

"This paper addresses the substitution elasticity of capital on the labor force in the context of the development of intellectualization. Given the substitution of capital for labor, China's benchmark listed logistics companies are compared with an American company to discuss the evolution of capital - labor substitution. A large-scale intellectualization process began in 2017, and based on a variable elasticity of substitution, this paper creates an econometric model of substitution elasticity between capital and labor and its evolution between 2017 and 2021. The American logistics company UPS maintains a relatively high level of substitution elasticity, and Chinese logistics companies are quickly catching up. The substitution elasticity of capital on labor in Chinese enterprises trends upward year after year. In 2021, the capital - labor substitution elasticity of logistics enterprises in both countries showed considerable growth. The calculation model of substitution elasticity presented in this paper can be extended to different regions and industries to measure intelligent development levels and the relationship between capital and the labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Damelang, Andreas & Michael Otto (2024): Who is Replaced by Robots? Robotization and the Risk of Unemployment for Different Types of Workers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 181-206. DOI:10.1177/07308884231162953

Abstract

"We study the effects of robotization on unemployment risk for different types of workers. We examine the extent to which robotization increases inequality at the skill level and at the occupational level using two theoretical frameworks: skill-biased technological change and task-biased technological change. Empirically, we combine worker-level data with information on actual investments in industrial robots. Zooming in on the German manufacturing industry, our multivariate results show that robotization affects different types of workers differently. We do not observe an increase in unemployment risk for low- and medium-skilled, but we find a considerably lower unemployment risk among high-skilled workers. Moreover, the unemployment risk is significantly higher in occupations with highly substitutable tasks, but only in industries that invest largely in robots." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))

Zitatform

Dauth, Wolfgang, Michael Moritz, Florian Lehmer, Verena Plümpe, Anna Solms, André Diegmann, Christian Schneemann, Britta Matthes, Markus Janser, Anja Bauer, Katharina Grienberger, Oliver Falck, Steffen Müller, Anja Sonnenburg & Bernd Fitzenberger; Florian Lehmer, Verena Plümpe, Anna Solms, André Diegmann, Christian Schneemann, Britta Matthes, Markus Janser, Anja Bauer, Katharina Grienberger, Oliver Falck, Steffen Müller, Anja Sonnenburg & Bernd Fitzenberger (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2024): Wie bewältigen Regionen die digitale und ökologische Transformation von Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt? (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 06.05.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240506.01

Abstract

"Was bedeuten die absehbaren Transformationsprozesse der kommenden Jahrzehnte auf regionaler Ebene und wie können sie gemeistert werden? Antworten auf diese Fragen gab der IWH/IAB-Workshop zur Arbeitsmarktpolitik, der in diesem Jahr erstmals am IAB in Nürnberg stattfand." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Grienberger, Katharina, Britta Matthes & Wiebke Paulus (2024): Folgen des technologischen Wandels für den Arbeitsmarkt: Vor allem Hochqualifizierte bekommen die Digitalisierung verstärkt zu spüren. (IAB-Kurzbericht 05/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2405

Abstract

"Die Potenziale, dass berufliche Tätigkeiten durch Computer oder computergesteuerte Maschinen vollautomatisch erledigt werden könnten, ändern sich, wenn neue Technologien auf dem Markt verfügbar werden. Bei der Neuberechnung solcher Substituierbarkeitspotenziale wird neben dieser Entwicklung auch berücksichtigt, dass sich die Tätigkeitsprofile in den Berufen verändern, neue Berufe und Tätigkeiten entstehen und Beschäftigte ihren Beruf wechseln. Die Autorinnen zeigen für die technologischen Möglichkeiten im Jahr 2022, wie hoch das Substituierbarkeitspotenzial derzeit ist und wie es sich seit 2013 verändert hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Grienberger, Katharina, Britta Matthes & Wiebke Paulus (2024): Anteil der beruflichen Tätigkeiten, die automatisiert werden könnten, variiert regional erheblich. In: IAB-Forum – Grafik aktuell H. 12.03.2024.

Zitatform

Guarascio, Dario, Alessandro Piccirillo & Jelena Reljic (2024): Will robot replace workers? Assessing the impact of robots on employment and wages with meta-analysis. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1395), Essen, 31 S.

Abstract

"This study conducts a meta-analysis to assess the effects of robotization on employment and wages, compiling data from 33 studies with 644 estimates on employment and a subset of 19 studies with 195 estimates on wages. We identify a publication bias towards negative outcomes, especially concerning wages. After correcting for this bias, the actual impact appears minimal. Thus, concerns about the disruptive effects of robots on employment and the risk of widespread technological unemployment may be exaggerated or not yet empirically supported. While this does not preclude that robots will be capable of gaining greater disruptive potential in the future or that they are not already disruptive in specific contexts, the evidence to date suggests their aggregate effect is negligible." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hu, Shengming, Kai Lin, Bei Liu & Hui Wang (2024): Does robotization improve the skill structure? The role of job displacement and structural transformation. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 56, H. 28, S. 3415-3430. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2023.2206623

Abstract

"The literature generally focuses on the impact of robots or artificial intelligence on the employment and wages, but ignores the effect of robotization on the skill structure and its underlying mechanisms and lacks empirical evidence from developing countries. We theoretically develop a task model by introducing the skill structure and empirically investigate the effect of robotization on the skill structure based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2006 to 2018. Results show that: (1) the development of robotization in China is conducive to improving the skill structure, and the baseline conclusion still holds even though adopting multiple indexes of skill structure and controlling the endogeneity bias. (2) Robotization generates not only job displacement effect by displacing unskilled workers with robots but also structural transformation effect by increasing the proportion of technology-intensive industries, which can improve the skill structure. (3) In coastal provinces with strong Internet foundation, information transmission capacity and labour protection intensity, high labour cost and ageing rate, robotization plays a stronger role in improving the skill structure. Moreover, robotization can induce the employment polarization. These conclusions can help avoid technical unemployment and promote the upgrading of the skill structure in China." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Livanos, Ilias & Panagiotis Ravanos (2024): Job loss and Covid-19: an analysis on the impacts of remote work and automation. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 31, H. 8, S. 712-723. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2146641

Abstract

"Using a unique dataset from a dedicated Cedefop Skills Forecast scenario on the impacts of COVID-19, this paper explores two possible determinants of expected job loss in the European Union (EU) due to the pandemic, namely the potential of work from home and the impacts of automation. Our findings suggest that less remote work and more automation are both related to future job losses across countries and occupations. These links are stronger in 2020–2021 at the country level, while becoming significant at the occupation level after 2022 when several protective measures taken by EU governments are expected to have been lifted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Acemoglu, Daron & Simon Johnson (2023): Rebalancing AI. In: Finance and development, S. 26-29.

Abstract

"Optimistic forecasts regarding the growth implications of AI abound. AI adoption could boost productivity growth by 1.5 percentage points per year over a 10-year period and raise global GDP by 7 percent ($7 trillion in additional output), according to Goldman Sachs. Industry insiders offer even more excited estimates, including a supposed 10 percent chance of an “explosive growth” scenario, with global output rising more than 30 percent a year. All this techno-optimism draws on the “productivity bandwagon”: a deep-rooted belief that technological change— including automation—drives higher productivity, which raises net wages and generates shared prosperity. Such optimism is at odds with the historical record and seems particularly inappropriate for the current path of “just let AI happen,” which focuses primarily on automation (replacing people). We must recognize that there is no singular, inevitable path of development for new technology. And, assuming that the goal is to sustainably improve economic outcomes for more people, what policies would put AI development on the right path, with greater focus on enhancing what all workers can do?" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Agrawal, Ajay K., Joshua S. Gans & Avi Goldfarb (2023): The Turing Transformation: Artificial Intelligence, Intelligence Augmentation, and Skill Premiums. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31767), Cambridge, Mass, 12 S.

Abstract

"We ask whether a technical objective of using human performance of tasks as a benchmark for AI performance will result in the negative outcomes highlighted in prior work in terms of jobs and inequality. Instead, we argue that task automation, especially when driven by AI advances, can enhance job prospects and potentially widen the scope for employment of many workers. The neglected mechanism we highlight is the potential for changes in the skill premium where AI automation of tasks exogenously improves the value of the skills of many workers, expands the pool of available workers to perform other tasks, and, in the process, increases labor income and potentially reduces inequality. We label this possibility the “Turing Transformation.” As such, we argue that AI researchers and policymakers should not focus on the technical aspects of AI applications and whether they are directed at automating human-performed tasks or not and, instead, focus on the outcomes of AI research. In so doing, our goal is not to diminish human-centric AI research as a laudable goal. Instead, we want to note that AI research that uses a human-task template with a goal to automate that task can often augment human performance of other tasks and whole jobs. The distributional effects of technology depend more on which workers have tasks that get automated than on the fact of automation per se." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blien, Uwe, Oliver Ludewig & Anja Rossen (2023): Contradictory effects of technological change across developed countries. In: Review of International Economics, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 580-608., 2022-08-31. DOI:10.1111/roie.12638

Abstract

"Will productivity gains lead to technological unemployment in a region or to new prosperity? In our article, we formally show that under general assumptions the price elasticity of demand on product markets is decisive: technological change leads to employment growth if product demand is elastic and it leads to employment decline if product demand is inelastic. In our empirical analysis, we use industry-level time series data on output, prices, employment, wages, and national income for nine countries (including Germany, UK, USA) to estimate aggregate Marshallian product demand functions based on IV regressions and state space models with time-varying coefficients. The resulting income and price elasticities are used as inputs in a second step in which we estimate the employment effects of productivity changes as interactions with the elasticities. The results correspond to theoretical expectations: demand is generally inelastic and the employment effect of technological progress is therefore moderately negative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))

Zitatform

Bowlus, Audra, Lance Lochner, Chris Robinson & Eda Suleymanoglu (2023): Wages, Skills, and Skill-Biased Technical Change. The Canonical Model Revisited. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 6, S. 1783-1819. DOI:10.3368/jhr.0617-8889r1

Abstract

"While influential, the canonical supply–demand model of the wage returns to skill has faced challenges, including theoretically wrong-signed elasticities of substitution, counterintuitive paths for skill-biased technical change (SBTC), and an inability to account for observed deviations in college premia for younger versus older workers. We show that using improved estimates of skill prices and supplies that account for variation in skills across cohorts helps to explain the college premium differences between younger versus older workers and produces better out-of-sample predictions, positive elasticities of substitution between high- and low-skill workers, and a more modest role for SBTC. We further show that accounting for recession-induced jumps and trend adjustments in SBTC and linking SBTC to direct measures of information technology investment expenditures yield an improved fit, no puzzling slowdown in SBTC during the early 1990s, and a higher elasticity of substitution between high- and low-skill workers than previous ad hoc assumptions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in ausgewählten Berufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Hamburg (Tabellenband). Nürnberg, 38 S.

Abstract

"Digitalisierung und ökologische Transformation gehen mit einer Änderung der Kompetenzanforderungen einher. Für die technischen Berufe in Hamburg haben Buch et al. (2023a) eine Studie zu den in Stellenanzeigen formulierten Kompetenzanforderungen vorgelegt. Für die Berufe der Informatik, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT-Berufe) liegt ein entsprechender Tabellenband vor (Buch et al. 2023b). Der vorliegende nicht veröffentlichte Tabellenband ergänzt die genannten Publikationen um Kompetenzanforderungen in vier weiteren Berufsgruppen: Hochbau; Lagerwirtschaft, Post, Zustellung, Güterumschlag; Immobilienwirtschaft, Facility-Management; Werbung und Marketing. Bei der Dokumentation der Kompetenzanforderungen unterscheiden wir auch nach dem Anforderungsniveau der ausgeschriebenen Stellen. Im Kapitel 2 beschreiben wir die Datenbasis und die Methodik der Analyse ausführlicher. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 6 erfolgt dann die detaillierte Darstellung der Kompetenzbedarfe in den einzelnen ausgewählten Berufsgruppen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in ausgewählten Berufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Schleswig-Holstein (Tabellenband). Nürnberg, 38 S.

Abstract

"Für die technischen Berufe in Schleswig-Holstein haben Buch et al. (2023a) eine Studie zu den in Stellenanzeigen formulierten Kompetenzanforderungen vorgelegt. Für die Berufe der Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT-Berufe) liegt ein entsprechender Tabellenband vor (Buch et al. 2023b). Der vorliegende nicht veröffentlichte Tabellenband ergänzt die genannten Publikationen um Kompetenzanforderungen in vier weiteren Berufsgruppen: Hochbau; Lagerwirtschaft, Post, Zustellung, Güterumschlag; Immobilienwirtschaft, Facility-Management; Werbung und Marketing. Bei der Dokumentation der Kompetenzanforderungen unterscheiden wir auch nach dem Anforderungsniveau der ausgeschriebenen Stellen. Zur Einordnung der Resultate verweisen wir auf die Studie von Buch et al. (2023a) für die technischen Berufe. Im Kapitel 2 beschreiben wir die Datenbasis und die Methodik der Analyse ausführlicher. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 6 erfolgt dann die detaillierte Darstellung der Kompetenzbedarfe in den einzelnen Berufsgruppen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in ausgewählten Berufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Tabellenband). Nürnberg, 39 S.

Abstract

"Digitalisierung und ökologische Transformation gehen mit einer Änderung der Kompetenzanforderungen einher. Für die technischen Berufe in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern haben Buch et al. (2023a) eine Studie zu den in Stellenanzeigen formulierten Kompetenzanforderungen vorgelegt. Für die Berufe der Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT-Berufe) liegt ein entsprechender Tabellenband vor (Buch et al. 2023b). Der vorliegende nicht veröffentlichte Tabellenband ergänzt die genannten Publikationen um Kompetenzanforderungen in vier weiteren Berufsgruppen: Hochbau; Lagerwirtschaft, Post, Zustellung, Güterumschlag; Immobilienwirtschaft, Facility-Management; Werbung und Marketing. Bei der Dokumentation der Kompetenzanforderungen unterscheiden wir auch nach dem Anforderungsniveau der ausgeschriebenen Stellen. Zur Einordnung der Resultate verweisen wir auf die Studie von Buch et al. (2023a) für die technischen Berufe. Im Kapitel 2 beschreiben wir die Datenbasis und die Methodik der Analyse ausführlicher. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 6 erfolgt dann die detaillierte Darstellung der Kompetenzbedarfe in den einzelnen Berufsgruppen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bughin, Jacques (2023): Does artificial intelligence kill employment growth: the missing link of corporate AI posture. In: Frontiers in artificial intelligence, Jg. 6. DOI:10.3389/frai.2023.1239466

Abstract

"Introduction An intense debate has been on-going about how artificial intelligence (AI) technology investments have an impact on employment. The debate has often focused on the potential of AI for human task automation, omitting the strategic incentive for firms to cooperate with their workers as to exploit AI technologies for the most relevant benefit of new product and service innovation. Method We calibrate an empirical probit regression model of how changes in employment relate to AI diffusion, based on formalizing a game-theoretical model of a firm exploiting the twin role of AI innovation and AI automation for both absolute and competitive advantage. Results The theoretical game-theory prediction is that employment following AI technology adoption is not negative, and ultimately depends on how AI leads to new success in innovation, competition which defines the competitive reward of innovation and profit sharing between workers and firms. Our estimation, is based on a global survey of 3,000 large companies across 10 countries, demonstrates that a firm employment growth depends on two strategic postures, that is, the firm relative maturity of AI adoption as well as its relative bias toward AI-based product innovation. Discussion The contribution of this research is to highlight the twin role of firm and workers in shaping how technology will affect employment. AI in particular marries the potential of task automation with even more potential for expansion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Buxmann, Peter & Anne Zöll (2023): Ökonomische Effekte von ChatGPT. In: Controlling & Management Review, Jg. 67, H. 5, S. 16-21. DOI:10.1007/s12176-023-1066-4

Abstract

Der Beitrag beleuchtet aus ökonomischer Perspektive die Auswirkungen des auf verschiedenen Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens beruhenden Chatbots ChatGPT sowie die Potenziale einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Menschen und Künstlicher Intelligenz. Die bei einer ökonomischen Bewertung der Nutzung digitaler Technologien unterschiedenen substitutiven Effekte (Kosten- sowie Zeiteinsparungen) und komplementären Effekte (Verbesserung der Qualität) lassen sich auch bei der Anwendung von ChatGPT und anderen Sprachmodellen feststellen. Referiert werden hierzu u.a. die Ergebnisse einer Studie des 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), die die verschiedenen Anwendungsgebiete aufzeigt und die ökonomischen Vorteile quantifiziert. Entgegen der in der Öffentlichkeit geäußerten Befürchtung einer massiven Vernichtung von Arbeitsplätzen oder Horror-Szenarien durch unkontrollierbare Verselbständigungen der KI heben die Autoren eine andere Perspektive hervor: Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Menschen und KI (Stichwort 'hybride Intelligenz') kann die Entscheidungsfindung (etwa Strategie- und Kaufentscheidungen) beschleunigen und durch den gegenseitigen Austausch und das gegenseitige Lernen voneinander verbessern. Noch ist nicht das ganze Potenzial dieser 'Basistechnologie des 21. Jahrhunderts' zu ermessen, beispielhaft können aber schon heute die Anwendungsbereiche medizinische Diagnostik, Texterstellung und Softwareentwicklung genannt werden. (IAB)

Zitatform

Carbonero, Francesco, Enzo Weber & Christian J. Offermanns (2023): The Fall of the Labor Income Share: the Role of Technological Change and Hiring Frictions. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 49, S. 251-268., 2022-01-09. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2022.09.001

Abstract

"Die Veränderungen in der funktionalen Einkommensverteilung erhalten in der Forschung viel Aufmerksamkeit. Wir dokumentieren einen durchschnittlichen Rückgang des labour share (Anteil des Faktors Arbeit an der Einkommensverteilung) von 8 Prozentpunkten für acht europäische Länder und die USA zwischen 1980 und 2007. Wir untersuchen theoretisch und empirisch zwei Mechanismen: Substitution zwischen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT) und Arbeit sowie Friktionen bei Beschäftigungsanpassungen. Wir finden, dass Substitution zwischen IKT und Arbeit wesentlich den Rückgang des labour share erklären kann. Wenn Arbeitsmarktfriktionen berücksichtigt werden, übernehmen diese allerdings einen Teil der Erklärungskraft. Insbesondere spielen Einstellungskosten in Europa eine größere Rolle als in den USA. Schließlich wird die Subsitutionselastizität zwischen IKT und Arbeit als Funktion institutioneller und struktureller Variablen modelliert und festgestellt, dass sie mit dem Anteil von Routine-Berufen positiv und mit dem Anteil hochqualifizierter Arbeiter negativ korreliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Caunedo, Julieta, David Jaume & Elisa Keller (2023): Occupational Exposure to Capital-Embodied Technical Change. In: The American economic review, Jg. 113, H. 6, S. 1642-1685. DOI:10.1257/aer.20211478

Abstract

"We study differences in exposure to factor-biased technical change among occupations by providing the first measures of capital-embodied technical change (CETC) and of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor at the occupational level. We document sizable occupational heterogeneity in both measures, but quantitatively, it is the heterogeneity in factor substitutability that fuels workers' exposure to CETC. In a general equilibrium model of worker sorting across occupations, CETC accounts for almost all of the observed labor reallocation in the US between 1984 and 2015. Absent occupational heterogeneity in factor substitutability, CETC accounts for only 17 percent of it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cavounidis, Costas, Qingyuan Chai, Kevin Lang & Raghav Malhotra (2023): Obsolescence Rents: Teamsters, Truckers, and Impending Innovations. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31743), Cambridge, Mass, 47 S.

Abstract

"We consider large, permanent shocks to individual occupations whose arrival date is uncertain. We are motivated by the advent of self-driving trucks, which will dramatically reduce demand for truck drivers. Using a bare-bones overlapping generations model, we examine an occupation facing obsolescence. We show that workers must be compensated to enter the occupation - receiving what we dub obsolescence rents - with fewer and older workers remaining in the occupation. We investigate the market for teamsters at the dawn of the automotive truck as an á propos parallel to truckers themselves, as self-driving trucks crest the horizon. As widespread adoption of trucks drew nearer, the number of teamsters fell, the occupation became 'grayer', and teamster wages rose, as predicted by the model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))