Jugendarbeitslosigkeit
Trotz eines Rückgangs ist die EU-Jugendarbeitslosenquote nach wie vor sehr hoch. Laut EU-Kommission sind derzeit 4,5 Millionen junge Menschen (im Alter von 15 bis 24 Jahren) arbeitslos. Einem großen Teil dieser Generation droht durch fehlende Zukunftsperspektiven soziale Ausgrenzung mit weitreichenden Folgen. Mit Maßnahmen wie der Europäischen Ausbildungsallianz und Jugendgarantien der Länder soll entgegengesteuert werden.
Diese Infoplattform bietet einen Einblick in die Literatur zu den Determinanten von und Strategien gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit auf nationaler wie internationaler Ebene.
- Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Determinanten
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Strategien
- Aktive Arbeitsmarktprogramme
- Beschäftigungsförderung - Förderung der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit
- Maßnahmen zur Bildung und Weiterbildung
- "Assistierte Ausbildung"
- Förderung der Mobilität auf dem Arbeitsmarkt
- "Jugendgarantie" - überbetriebliches Ausbildungsangebot
- Vernetzung der Akteure - Jugendberufsagenturen
- Geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Youth unemployment and the consequences for life satisfaction and social trust in seven European countries (2017)
Zitatform
Tolgensbakk, Ida, Janikke Solstad Vedeler & Bjørn Hvinden (2017): Youth unemployment and the consequences for life satisfaction and social trust in seven European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.4), Oslo, 58 S.
Abstract
"The 2007-2008 global financial crisis led to the 'Great Recession', making a multi-year debt crisis a reality for several Eurozone countries. These developments had large and persistent effects on European youth labour markets, causing high unemployment rates among the youth in many countries. In an effort to understand the subjective effects of youth unemployment in Europe, the NEGOTIATE project conducted life story interviews with 211 individuals from seven countries and three cohorts (1950 - 1955, 1970 - 1975 and 1990 - 1995). The participating countries were Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland and the UK. The Norwegian team has written the present report, with important inputs from all the participating national teams." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Youth employment initiative: European implementation assessment. In-depth-analysis (2017)
Tymowski, Jan;Zitatform
Tymowski, Jan (2017): Youth employment initiative. European implementation assessment. In-depth-analysis. Brüssel, 28 S. DOI:10.2861/310563
Abstract
"This in-depht analysis, produced by the Ex-Post Evaluation Unit of the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), aimst at presenting an overview of the state of implementation of the Youth Employment Initative (YEI), which was established in 2013. It was drafted following the publication of the European Commission's report on the YEI and the Youth Guarantee, and also takes the findings of the Court of Auditors' special reports on the implementation of both instruments into account. The analysis seeks to contribute to the preparation of a non-legislative implementation report by the European Parliament's Commitee on Employment and Social Affairs" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Global employment trends for youth 2017: Paths to a better working future (2017)
Zitatform
International Labour Office (2017): Global employment trends for youth 2017. Paths to a better working future. (Global employment trends for youth ...), Genf, XI, 115 S.
Abstract
"Incorporating the most recent employment trends for young women and men, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment, unemployment, working poverty and informality.
The 2017 edition discusses the implications of technological change for youth labour market prospects, focusing on trends in sectoral employment and on the forms of work available to young people.
The report draws on the extensive range of analyses undertaken by the ILO and others in recent years so as to outline innovative and effective policy responses to the challenges facing young women and men entering the world of work today. It also offers insights into the directions needed for national policies and programmes to meet the challenges the youth of tomorrow will encounter in their search for entry points into decent work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge in Europa: Der Start ins Berufsleben ist in einigen Ländern besonders schwierig (2016)
Zitatform
Anger, Silke, Ute Leber & Margarida Rodrigues (2016): Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge in Europa: Der Start ins Berufsleben ist in einigen Ländern besonders schwierig. (IAB-Kurzbericht 11/2016), Nürnberg, 8 S.
Abstract
"Die Integration junger Menschen in den Arbeitsmarkt hat eine zentrale Bedeutung für die wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung eines Landes. Dies gilt umso mehr, als frühe Arbeitsmarkterfahrungen wichtig sind für den späteren Beschäftigungserfolg. Allerdings ist der Eintritt in das Erwerbsleben für viele Jugendliche in Europa auch infolge der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise immer noch schwierig. Ein neuer Indikator der EU, die Erwerbstätigenquote von Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge, soll den Beitrag des Bildungssystems beim Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt adäquat abbilden. Auf Basis dieser Kennzahl zeigen die Autorinnen die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung von jungen Menschen mit Schul-, Berufs- oder Hochschulabschluss in Europa über die letzten zehn Jahre und gehen auf Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern sowie auf länderspezifische Einflussfaktoren ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (2016)
Zitatform
Ayllón, Sara & Natalia Nollenberger (2016): Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (NEGOTIATE working paper 5.1), Oslo, 32 S.
Abstract
"This paper is the first to investigate to what extent the high levels of joblessness brought by the Great Recession across Europe have translated into higher school attendance among youth. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the EU- SILC on 28 countries, we establish a robust counter-cyclical relationship between rising unemployment rates and school enrollment. The same is true for transitions back to education. However, our analysis by subgroups reveals a worrisome trend by which youths belonging to most disadvantaged backgrounds (measured by low household income) became less likely to enroll in University studies. The austerity measures and educational cutbacks imposed during the recession, not only changed the pattern of educational decisions among you" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Youth employment security and labour market institutions: A dynamic perspective (2016)
Berloffa, Gabriell; Villa, Paola; Matteazzi, Eleonora; Şandor, Alina;Zitatform
Berloffa, Gabriell, Eleonora Matteazzi, Alina Şandor & Paola Villa (2016): Youth employment security and labour market institutions. A dynamic perspective. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 155, H. 4, S. 651-678. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12034
Abstract
"The shift of policy focus from job security to employment security calls for a more dynamic measurement of young people's labour market performance. This article uses data on monthly employment status trajectories and job duration to investigate young Europeans' employment security around five years after they finished education. The authors show that almost 40 per cent of 'job-insecure' individuals actually enjoy employment security - i.e. they are able to re-enter paid employment rapidly after losing their job. The article highlights the need for policy measures to enhance employment security, and the positive role that stricter temporary employment protection, and ALMP expenditure, could play." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Youth unemployment and active labor market policies in Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Caliendo, Marco & Ricarda Schmidl (2016): Youth unemployment and active labor market policies in Europe. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 5, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/s40173-016-0057-x
Abstract
"Since the economic crisis in 2008, European youth unemployment rates have been persistently high at around 20% on average. The majority of European countries spends significant resources each year on active labor market programs (ALMP) with the aim of improving the integration prospects of struggling youths. Among the most common programs used are training courses, job search assistance and monitoring, subsidized employment, and public work programs. For policy makers, it is of upmost importance to know which of these programs work and which are able to achieve the intended goals - may it be the integration into the first labor market or further education. Based on a detailed assessment of the particularities of the youth labor market situation, we discuss the pros and cons of different ALMP types. We then provide a comprehensive survey of the recent evidence on the effectiveness of these ALMP for youth in Europe, highlighting factors that seem to promote or impede their effectiveness in practice. Overall, the findings with respect to employment outcomes are only partly promising. While job search assistance (with and without monitoring) results in overwhelmingly positive effects, we find more mixed effects for training and wage subsidies, whereas the effects for public work programs are clearly negative. The evidence on the impact of ALMP on furthering education participation as well as employment quality is scarce, requiring additional research and allowing only limited conclusions so far." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Varieties of youth welfare citizenship: towards a two-dimension typology (2016)
Zitatform
Chevalier, Tom (2016): Varieties of youth welfare citizenship. Towards a two-dimension typology. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/0958928715621710
Abstract
"How do welfare states deal with the period of the life course that is youth? In this article, we propose a two-dimension typology in order to account for cross-national variation in the access to financial independence of young people, that is, what we call 'youth welfare citizenship'. The first dimension addresses the issue of welfare support, and distinguishes between a familialization perspective, according to which young people are seen as children, and an individualization perspective, in which they are considered as adults. The second dimension relates to the integration into the labour market, which can either provide skills for every young person in an encompassing strategy, or deliver such skills only to a specific part of the youth population in a more selective strategy. It leads to four regimes of youth welfare citizenship, which we identify in the article: the denied citizenship, the monitored citizenship, the second-class citizenship and the enabling citizenship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do youths graduating in a recession incur permanent losses?: Penalties may last ten years or more, especially for high-educated youth and in rigid labor markets (2016)
Zitatform
Cockx, Bart (2016): Do youths graduating in a recession incur permanent losses? Penalties may last ten years or more, especially for high-educated youth and in rigid labor markets. (IZA world of labor 281), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.281
Abstract
"The Great Recession that began in 2008 - 2009 dramatically increased youth unemployment. But did it have long-lasting, adverse effects on the careers of youths? Are cohorts that graduate during a recession doomed to fall permanently behind those that graduate at other times? Are the impacts different for low- and high-educated individuals? If recessions impose penalties that persist over time, then more government outlays are justified to stabilize economic activity. Scientific evidence from a variety of countries shows that rigid labor markets can reinforce the persistence of these setbacks, which has important policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Youth unemployment in Europe - business cycle and institutional effects (2016)
Zitatform
Dietrich, Hans & Joachim Möller (2016): Youth unemployment in Europe - business cycle and institutional effects. In: International economics and economic policy, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 5-25., 2015-11-04. DOI:10.1007/s10368-015-0331-1
Abstract
"In the aftermath of the Great Recession 2008/2009 European youth unemployment rose sharply from below 4.2 m in 2007 to more than 5.6 m young people under 25 unemployed in the EU28 countries in 2013. The youth unemployment rate expanded from 15.5 in 2007 to 25.5 in 2013. Beyond the consequences for individuals youth unemployment as a mass phenomenon is potentially menacing the stability of democratic societies. Hence there are good reasons to fight youth unemployment by any means. The paper analyses the specific structure and causes of youth unemployment. Although youth unemployment is also influenced by individual factors like insufficient qualification, we show that country-specific factors - institutions, traditions and characteristic structures - are of high importance in explaining the huge disparities between European countries. Using panel data estimates with specific country and time fixed effects we show that especially the Mediterranean countries responded to the economic downturn in a specific way. However, the high correlation of changes in the youth and adult unemployment rates across countries points to the fact that not only structural factors but also business cycle effects are important for explaining the sharp increase in the youth unemployment rate in Europe. The rise in joblessness is in fact closely related to macroeconomic slackness. Therefore, we argue that a two-handed approach combining institutional improvements with growth stimulating measures is needed to overcome the problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Supporting disadvantaged young people into work: insights from the capability approach (2016)
Zitatform
Egdell, Valerie & Ronald McQuaid (2016): Supporting disadvantaged young people into work. Insights from the capability approach. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1111/spol.12108
Abstract
"The Capability Approach (CA) offers a perspective on the employment activation of young people that is concerned with their freedom to make choices that they value rather than focusing solely on outcomes, such as having to take any job. It incorporates empowerment and the individual and external conversion factors that influence the conversion of resources into functionings for young people, such as getting a job that they value. This article considers the implications of using the CA as a lens for analyzing youth activation polices. A more capability informed approach to employment activation would not measure success solely by the transition into work, but rather by whether it has improved the young person's capabilities, and might focus, for example, on more sustainable and valued careers and develop individuals' freedom of choice in the labour market. Using data from two UK case studies of third sector organizations that support young people into work, it explores these issues empirically, including the extent to which these employment activation programmes, in their current form, can enhance the capabilities of beneficiaries. Conclusions on the implications of a CA for employment activation are made." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does deregulation help?: the impact of employment protection reforms on youths' unemployment and temporary employment risks in Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Gebel, Michael & Johannes Giesecke (2016): Does deregulation help? The impact of employment protection reforms on youths' unemployment and temporary employment risks in Europe. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 486-500. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw022
Abstract
"Rigid employment protection legislation (EPL) has been blamed as the root of youths' labour market integration problems in Europe. Many European countries have reacted by deregulating employment protection laws, often targeting youths as a group. However, doubts about the effectiveness of EPL reforms have arisen. Against this background, this article investigates whether EPL reforms succeeded in integrating youths into labour markets or whether they were ineffective and just promoted temporary employment as a crucial new social inequality in Europe. Based on two-step, three-level analyses using micro-data from the European Labour Force Survey for 19 European countries for the period from 1992 to 2012, our results show that deregulating the use of temporary contracts increased temporary employment risks of youths but did not reduce (for low-educated young men, even increased) unemployment risks. In contrast, we find some evidence that decreasing the protection of permanent jobs was successful in decreasing risks of inequality/insecurity (in terms of temporary jobs) without affecting the risks of labour market exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Euro, crisis and unemployment: youth patterns, youth policies? (2016)
Ghoshray, Atanu; Ordóñez, Javier; Sala, Hector;Zitatform
Ghoshray, Atanu, Javier Ordóñez & Hector Sala (2016): Euro, crisis and unemployment. Youth patterns, youth policies? (IZA discussion paper 9952), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the occurrence of structural breaks in European unemployment associated with major events experienced by the European economies at an institutional level: the creation of the European and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999, and the Euro/financial crisis in 2008-2009, which was followed by a general and intensive reform process in the years afterwards. Beyond the well documented asymmetries across countries, we uncover different responses of adult and youth unemployment rates. While adult unemployment is more prone to experience structural breaks, youth unemployment is more sensitive to business cycle oscillations. This has been especially so in the recent crisis and calls for fine tuning policy measures specifically targeted to youth unemployed in bad times. One important implication of our findings is that generic labour market reforms are not effective enough to solve the youth unemployment problem across Europe. We point to educational policies that raise average qualifications and help school-to-work transitions as suitable complementary cures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding unemployment scars: a vignette Experiment of employers' decisions in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland (2016)
Hyggen, Christer; Yfanti, Aggeliki; Imdorf, Christian ; Shi, Lulu P. ; Parsanaglou, Dimitris; Stoilova, Rumiana ; Sacchi, Stefan ; Yordanova, Gabriela; Samuel, Robin ;Zitatform
Hyggen, Christer, Christian Imdorf, Dimitris Parsanaglou, Stefan Sacchi, Robin Samuel, Rumiana Stoilova, Lulu P. Shi, Aggeliki Yfanti & Gabriela Yordanova (2016): Understanding unemployment scars. A vignette Experiment of employers' decisions in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. (NEGOTIATE working paper 7.2), Oslo, 63 S.
Abstract
"In an effort to broaden the understanding of how early job insecurity can affect an individual's future career from an employer's perspective NEGOTIATE conducted an employer-sided survey with an integrated multidimensional vignette experiment in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. This report documents the sampling and data-collection in the four countries. In addition we present some basic descriptive results from the survey. Data from the survey will be available for public use, following a quarantine period after the end of the project, through the data repository at the Norwegian Centre for Research Data (NSD).
Theoretical considerations underpinning the survey, state of research and a further description of the methodological approach is previously published in the NEGOTIATE Working paper D7.1 Studying employer's risk assessment and the role of institutions: An experimental design (Shi, L.P, C. Imdorf and R. Samuel 2016)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Exportartikel Berufsbildung?: Internationale Bildungszusammenarbeit zwischen Armutsreduktion und Wirtschaftsförderung (2016)
Zitatform
Jäger, Matthias, Markus Maurer & Martin Fässler (2016): Exportartikel Berufsbildung? Internationale Bildungszusammenarbeit zwischen Armutsreduktion und Wirtschaftsförderung. Bern: Hep, 215 S.
Abstract
"Berufsbildung ist seit den 1950er-Jahren ein wichtiges Standbein der schweizerischen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Nun verleiht ihr die in jüngster Zeit weltweit zunehmende Jugendarbeitslosigkeit neue Popularität. Entwicklungspolitische Zielvorgaben, internationale Megatrends und unterschiedliche Konzepte stellen die Berufsbildung vor große Herausforderungen. Die Autoren diskutieren Praxis und Potenzial bezüglich der Bildungszusammenarbeit im Spannungsfeld zwischen Armutsreduktion und Wirtschaftsförderung. Dabei schlagen sie den Bogen von den ersten internationalen Berufsbildungsprojekten bis zu einer nächsten Projektgeneration." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Work-based learning for youth at risk: getting employers on board (2016)
Kis, Viktória;Zitatform
Kis, Viktória (2016): Work-based learning for youth at risk. Getting employers on board. (OECD education working papers 150), Paris, 44 S. DOI:10.1787/5e122a91-en
Abstract
"Work-based learning can provide a bridge into careers and its potential benefits are particularly noticeable for youth at risk - those most likely to face difficulties in accessing jobs and learning opportunities. If this potential is to be fully realised, work-based learning programmes must be attractive to employers. Achieving this requires a closer look at the costs and benefits for employers when they offer work-based learning. This paper looks at tools designed to help get employers on board for work-based learning, with an emphasis on work-based learning for youth at risk. International experience suggests that financial incentives, such as subsidies and tax breaks are not the answer. Attention should be focussed instead on non-financial measures that improve the cost-benefit balance of apprenticeship to employers. These include adjusting key parameters of apprenticeship schemes, better preparing youth at risk for apprenticeship and providing support (e.g. remedial courses, mentoring) to youth at risk during apprenticeship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Impact of the minimum wage on youth labor markets (2016)
Liu, Shanshan; Regmi, Krishna; Hyclak, Thomas J.;Zitatform
Liu, Shanshan, Thomas J. Hyclak & Krishna Regmi (2016): Impact of the minimum wage on youth labor markets. In: Labour, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 18-37. DOI:10.1111/labr.12071
Abstract
"We study the effect of the minimum wage on labor market outcomes for young workers using US county-level panel data from the first quarter of 2000 to the first quarter of 2009. We go beyond the usual estimates of earnings and employment effects to consider how differences across states in the minimum wage affect worker turnover via separations and accessions and job turnover through new job creation and job losses. We find that a higher minimum wage level is associated with higher earnings, lower employment and reduced worker turnover for those in the 14 - 18 age group. For workers aged 19 - 21 and 22 - 24, we find less consistent evidence of minimum wage effects on earnings and employment. But, even for these age groups, a higher minimum wage is found to reduce accessions, separations and the turnover rate." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Age effects in Okun's law with different indicators of unemployment (2016)
Marconi, Gabriele; Maselli, Ilaria; Beblavý, Miroslav;Zitatform
Marconi, Gabriele, Miroslav Beblavý & Ilaria Maselli (2016): Age effects in Okun's law with different indicators of unemployment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 23, H. 8, S. 580-583. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2015.1090540
Abstract
"We reassess the results from the literature on the relationship between the youth unemployment rate and GDP growth (Okun's law), based on the concern that the unemployment rate is not an ideal indicator for teenagers and young adults. Using the unemployment ratio instead, we find that youth unemployment (15 - 24 years old) is not significantly more responsive to economic growth than prime-age (25 - 64) unemployment. However, compared to prime-age unemployment, teenagers' unemployment (15 - 19) is relatively unresponsive, whereas young adult's (20 - 24) unemployment is more strongly correlated with economic growth. These results are quite different than those obtained with the unemployment rate as the dependent variable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment protection legislation and the youth labour market (2016)
Noelke, Clemens;Zitatform
Noelke, Clemens (2016): Employment protection legislation and the youth labour market. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 471-485. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv088
Abstract
"This study analyses the effect of employment protection legislation (EPL) on youth unemployment and employment rates in Western Europe. It differentiates between two components of EPL: job security provisions and regulations on temporary contracts. While deregulating job security provisions is expected to lower youth unemployment, the impact of deregulating temporary contracts is ambiguous, but should depend on the strictness of job security provisions. A literature review and replication of prior research demonstrate that much prior evidence linking EPL to higher youth unemployment is not robust to important or minor specification checks. The empirical analysis uses aggregate data from 16 Western European countries and the United States for the period from 1980 to 2008 (N 1/4461) and fixed effects and differences-in-differences estimation. While effects of job security provisions are inconsistent across specifications, there is suggestive evidence that deregulating temporary contracts at high levels of job security provisions has significantly increased youth unemployment rates and lowered youth employment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic crisis and youth unemployment: comparing Greece and Ireland (2016)
Zitatform
Papadopoulos, Orestis (2016): Economic crisis and youth unemployment. Comparing Greece and Ireland. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 409-426. DOI:10.1177/0959680116632326
Abstract
"Both Greece and Ireland have long suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their employment and social systems under the European Employment Strategy. Problems were aggravated by the harsh conditions imposed by the Troika following bail-outs. Yet there was significant divergence in youth employment outcomes between Greece and Ireland despite a convergence of policies. In Ireland, tighter conditionality of benefits and stronger 'activation' were already on the agenda of the social actors, so their implementation was not forcefully contested. In Greece, the lack of effective social protection made it difficult for successive governments to build support for flexibilization, and the escalating insecurity of young Greeks and their families gave rise to social unrest and political instability. This contrast leads to a reappraisal of the convergence - divergence debate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Determinanten
-
Strategien
- Aktive Arbeitsmarktprogramme
- Beschäftigungsförderung - Förderung der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit
- Maßnahmen zur Bildung und Weiterbildung
- "Assistierte Ausbildung"
- Förderung der Mobilität auf dem Arbeitsmarkt
- "Jugendgarantie" - überbetriebliches Ausbildungsangebot
- Vernetzung der Akteure - Jugendberufsagenturen
- Geografischer Bezug