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Välimäki, Vesa, Sanna Aaltonen & Päivi Honkatukia (2023): A need to be recognised: On the importance of shared semantics for young adults while not in education or employment. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 66, H. 4, S. 421-434. DOI:10.1177/00016993221145350

Abstract

"Young adults who are not in education or work are often depicted as deviating from the norm of gainful employment that is still widely shared across the Nordic countries. While it has been argued that young adults feel that they are being blamed for their NEET situation, this article seeks to identify the variety of interpretations they have of their situation and what kind of explanations can be proposed for the differences. Theoretically, perspectives from Axel Honneth's recognition theory are combined with Thomas Scheff's sociological work on shame to discuss the variations in the sentiments of young adults. Based on this framework, the article illuminates how young adults use the shared semantics available within their immediate circles to enable them to feel worthy of recognition despite their depicted deviation from the norm of gainful employment. Additionally, the article contributes to sociological debates on Honneth's recognition theory – especially its ambiguous concept of shared semantics – by making sense of the role of communities and institutions as providers of shared semantics. The findings are based on an abductive analysis of 35 in-depth interviews with young Finnish adults aged 18–29 who have been or are currently outside of education or employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berlin, Marie, Antti Kääriälä, Mette Lausten, Gunnar Andersson & Lars Brännström (2021): Long-term NEET among young adults with experience of out-of-home care: A comparative study of three Nordic countries. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 266-279. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12463

Abstract

"Previous research suggests that young adults from out-of-home care (OHC) are at high risk of low education and unemployment. However, there are no studies on their risk of long-term NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training). This study compared the risk of NEET at age 21–23 among OHC youth across Denmark, Finland and Sweden, using register data for an entire birth cohort born in 1987. The Nordic countries share many features, but there are differences in the provision of after-care support and in the linkage between the educational system and the labour market. The results show that about a fourth in Denmark and Sweden and a third in Finland were NEET, suggesting that the welfare systems were not able to compensate for the OHC youth’s childhood disadvantages. To a significant extent, the excess risk of NEET was attributed to poor school performance. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Haikkola, Lotta (2021): Classed and gendered transitions in youth activation. The case of Finnish youth employment services. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 250-266. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1715358

Abstract

"This article examines the role of youth activation in reproducing classed and gendered youth transitions. A large body of research on transitions examines how structural conditions continue to pattern youth transitions in the context of detraditionalization and individualisation. What is often missing from these analyses, is the role of institutional actors and youth policies. Based on a multi-sited ethnographic research in employment services in Helsinki, Finland, this article explores the role of youth activation and welfare conditionality in NEET young people's transitions. Youth activation refers to a complex mix of employment services, prevention of social exclusion, active labour market policies and welfare conditionality. The article shows how the seemingly supportive practices provided by youth employment services channel young people to a limited number of occupational tracks at the lower end of the labour market in a gendered manner. This channelling is institutionalised in the services' organisational structures and practices, and strengthened by welfare conditionality. The consequence is a powerful institutional pattern that structures and restricts youths? transition paths." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Husu, Hanna-Mari & Minna Ylilahti (2020): The formation of long-term unemployed young adults' emotional capital during childhood. A Bourdieusian approach to emotional harm. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 23, H. 9, S. 1161-1177. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1657563

Abstract

"This article focuses on the long-term formation of unemployed young adults' emotional capital and the development of emotional dispositions during childhood. We use Bourdieu's work and the concept of emotional capital to draw attention to the emotional dynamics of family and peer relations during childhood. Emotional capital is related to parents' emotional involvement and investment in the child's well-being, and it encompasses emotional skills and assets that children can attain from family relations. The concept of emotional capital allows an examination of the child's family and close environment, which shape the development of actors' emotional inclinations and tendencies. Our data consists of 28 semi-structured life course interviews conducted in 2012-2013 with 28 long-term unemployed young adults aged 20-32 in central Finland. The data revealed that problems in family or peer dynamics were related to negative emotional dispositions, including a sense of not belonging or being an outsider and a lack of trust, which started to form during childhood, and which were translated and repeated in different settings in participants' life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lewis, Paul & Jason Heyes (2020): The changing face of youth employment in Europe. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 457-480. DOI:10.1177/0143831X17720017

Abstract

"This article examines trends in youth employment across the EU-15 countries during 2002-2006 and 2007-2011. Drawing upon microdata from the EU Labour Force Survey it examines changes in contract type, hours worked and occupation by level of education. Although the financial crisis creates a discontinuity in numbers employed, and despite certain country specificities, the authors observe common structural changes across the two periods. They find an increasing shift from permanent full-time to temporary part-time contracts, the 'hollowing out' of traditional mid-skill level occupations and evidence of 'occupational filtering down' whereby the higher-educated are substituted for the lower-educated in low-skilled occupations. The authors observe some growth in 'professionals' following the crisis, but little evidence of the rise of a new knowledge economy. This raises questions concerning the most appropriate policy approaches to education and training and labour market regulation if European nations are to provide high-quality employment opportunities for their young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ramakers, Anke, Mikko Aaltonen & Pekka Martikainen (2020): A closer look at labour market status and crime among a general population sample of young men and women. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 43. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100322

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Holte, Bjørn Hallstein, Ignatius Swart & Keikki Hiilamo (2019): The NEET concept in comparative youth research. The Nordic countries and South Africa. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 256-272. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1496406

Abstract

"The NEET concept has become widely used internationally since its emergence in the UK almost two decades ago. This article reviews the adoption of the concept in two extreme contexts in terms of NEET rates, youth opportunities and youth welfare: the Nordic countries and South Africa. The article discusses the situations of NEET young people in the two contexts, and how the concept is used in the wealthy and relatively homogenous Nordic welfare states and in relatively poorer and racially divided South Africa. While the concept has been problematised in different ways in Nordic youth research, it has been more readily accepted by South African researchers. We argue that, in both contexts, the NEET concept can be taken as an invitation to look beyond individual life situations and biographies, and to focus on how structural forces such as the political economy shape young people's lives. The NEET concept provides a way of discussing changing opportunity structures and how global social forces such as globalisation and neoliberalisation shape young people's lives in different contexts. The NEET concept is useful in comparative youth research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Besse, Christine, Philippe Handschin, Koorosh Massoudi, Danièle Spagnoli, Jérôme Rossier & Charles Bonsack (2018): Traits de personnalité, insertion socio-professionnelle et employabilité chez les jeunes en mesure d'insertion. In: Annales médico-psychologiques, Jg. 176, H. 1, S. 89-93. DOI:10.1016/j.amp.2017.11.002

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Helbling, Laura, Stefan Sacchi & Christian Imdorf (2017): Understanding cross-country variation in the long-term consequences of graduating at a bad time. A comparison of five European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 6.3), Oslo, 40 S.

Abstract

"This working paper investigates if graduating in a bad economy scars careers of youth cohorts in terms of increased future unemployment and overrepresentation in fixed-term and involuntary part-time work. These dynamics of scarring are explored from a cross-country comparative perspective, focusing on the UK, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Finland. These countries make up for interesting cases as they differ remarkably on institutional and economic dimensions such as for example the vocational orientation of their education systems, the strictness of employment protection legislation, active labour market policies to support job-search success of jobless young people and the general level of prevalent youth unemployment, which are assumed to be related to cross-nationally distinct patterns in scarring effects. The focus of the empirical analysis is on long-term effects of the level of aggregate youth unemployment at graduation on career evolvement of school-leaver cohorts over 12 years since their graduation, distinguishing between educational groups while allowing for gender effects. All in all we find that bad luck in timing of labour market entry can scar future careers over the long-run. A bad economy at labour market entry may thus be seen as a major risk factor for the future integration of youth cohorts in very different institutional contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Higgins, Niall & Valentino Moscariello (2017): Labour market institutions and youth labour markets. Minimum wages and youth employment revisited. (Employment working paper 223), Genf, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper mainly focuses on the issue of interactions between labour market institutions and policies and their effects on youth labour markets, and is primarily concerned with issues grouped under pillars 1 and 3 of youth employment policy as identified by the resolution issued in 2012 by the International Labour Conference calling for action on the youth employment crisis. These institutions also have implications for pillar 5, young people's rights at work. The paper reports the results of a meta-analysis of the youth employment effects of minimum wage legislation. The main contribution of the paper, however, concerns the role of other labour market institutions in determining the size of the dis-employment effects of minimum wages in youth labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ayllón, Sara & Natalia Nollenberger (2016): Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (NEGOTIATE working paper 5.1), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is the first to investigate to what extent the high levels of joblessness brought by the Great Recession across Europe have translated into higher school attendance among youth. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the EU- SILC on 28 countries, we establish a robust counter-cyclical relationship between rising unemployment rates and school enrollment. The same is true for transitions back to education. However, our analysis by subgroups reveals a worrisome trend by which youths belonging to most disadvantaged backgrounds (measured by low household income) became less likely to enroll in University studies. The austerity measures and educational cutbacks imposed during the recession, not only changed the pattern of educational decisions among you" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Die Arbeitsunterlage der Kommissionsdienststellen ergänzt die Mitteilung der Europäischen Kommission, in der sie die wichtigsten Erfolge bei der Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie und der Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (Youth Employment Initiative - YEI) seit dem Start 2013 (bis zum Stand: Juni 2016) darstellt und Schlussfolgerungen für die Verbesserung der Maßnahmen der EU und der Mitgliedstaaten zur Umsetzung nationaler Jugendgarantie-Programme zieht. Sie versteht sich als Hilfsmittel für die Akteure in den Ländern zur Fortsetzung der nationalen Umsetzung des Programms und stellt Praxisbeispiele für signifikante Reformschritte und gelungene Maßnahmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten vor und benennt - wo möglich - identifizierbare Erfolgsfaktoren. Ebenso dient die Arbeitsunterlage als Referenzdokument, das auf zahlreiche Untersuchungen, Berichte und Statistiken weiterer nationaler wie gemeinschaftlicher Ressourcen verweist. Die Berichte basieren auf Daten aus der laufenden Beobachtung des Beschäftigungsausschusses (Employment Committee - EMCO) aus den Jahren 2014 und 2015 unter einem gemeinsamen Indikatorenrahmen und den Kernaussagen der Tagung des Rats für 'Beschäftigung, Sozialpolitik, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz' am 7. März 2016 sowie auf der Auswertung von Antworten aus den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen des Sozialen Dialogs und Beratungen mit Jugendlichen auf dem Europäischen Jugend-Event (European Youth Event - EYE) vom 20.-21. Mai 2016 am Sitz des Europäischen Parlaments in Straßburg und schließlich auch auf einem Bericht des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums (EEPO) zur Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie. (IAB)

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Bäckman, Olof, Vibeke Jakobsen, Thomas Lorentzen, Eva Österbacka & Espen Dahl (2015): Early school leaving in Scandinavia. Extent and labour market effects. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 253-269. DOI:10.1177/0958928715588702

Abstract

"The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, whereas in Finland and Sweden they are primarily school based. We analyse administrative longitudinal data from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s in the four countries and find the highest vocational track dropout rates in Norway and the lowest in Finland. The results indicate that the relative labour market effect of dropping out from a vocational track is most detrimental in Norway. It is also in Norway that we find the greatest gender differences in this respect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tuomala, Juha, Kari Hämäläinen & Ulla Hämäläinen (2014): The labour market impacts of a youth guarantee: lessons for Europe? (VATT working papers / Valtion Taloudellinen Tutkimuskeskus (Helsinki) 60), Helsinki, 25 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the youth guarantee programme introduced in Finland 2005. The reform consisted of early intervention, monitoring and individualized job search plans that guarantee activation measures for unemployed young persons. Using the age threshold set at 25 years, we find that the youth guarantee moderately increased unsubsidized employment while having a negligible impact on unemployment in the age range of 23-24. We also show that the positive impacts of the youth guarantee only materialize among unemployed young persons with a vocational education. There are no signs that the guarantee improved the labour market prospects of young uneducated people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kawaguchi, Daiji & Tetsushi Murao (2012): Who bears the cost of the business cycle? Labor-market institutions and volatility of the youth unemployment rate. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 1, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-1-10

Abstract

"The way age-specific unemployment rates fluctuate over the business cycle differs significantly across countries. This paper examines the effect of labor-market institutions on the fluctuations of age-specific unemployment rates based on panel data of 18 OECD countries between 1971 and 2008. Empirical results suggest that the cost of the business cycle disproportionately falls on youths in countries with stricter employment protection. This implies that a higher adjustment cost of an existing workforce induces the employment adjustment of new entrants into the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kulka, Amrita (2012): Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Schulabbrecherquote. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 65, H. 17, S. 23-25.

Abstract

"Hohe Schulabbruchsquoten stellen in vielen Ländern ein großes Problem dar. Sie sind meist das Ergebnis eines schrittweisen Prozesses der Entfremdung der Schüler von der Schule, der durch unterschiedliche Faktoren, wie Motivationslosigkeit, schlechte Schulleistungen und straffälliges Verhalten, oft in Verbindung mit einem schwierigen sozialen Umfeld und bestimmten Schulpraktiken, in Gang gesetzt wird. Eine unmittelbare Folge einer hohen Schulabbruchsquote ist z.B. eine Erhöhung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Somit ist ein Ziel der EU, bis zum Jahr 2020 den Anteil frühzeitiger Schulabgänger auf unter 10% zu senken. Der Beitrag vergleicht verschiedene Maßnahmen und Projekte, die in den einzelnen Ländern zur Verringerung der Schulabbruchsquote angewandt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mascherini, Massimiliano (2012): Youth guarantee. Experiences from Finland and Sweden. Dublin, 4 S.

Abstract

"In light of the impact of the recent negative developments in the labour market on young people, EU Member States have in recent years been actively engaged in designing and implementing policy measures targeted at young people. In the context of its 2011 work programme, Eurofound carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of selected policy measures introduced by Member States to improve the employability of young people. The full results of this study will be published later in the year. This short document summarises the strengths and weaknesses of youth guarantee schemes identified in the research. Given that Scandinavian countries are pioneers of this type of policy, this paper focuses in particular on youth guarantee initiatives which have been introduced in Finland and Sweden." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dietrich, Hans (2005): Arbeitslosigkeit von Jugendlichen und Maßnahmen der Arbeitsmarktpolitik in europäischen Staaten. In: J. U. Prager & C. Wieland (Hrsg.) (2005): Von der Schule in die Arbeitswelt : Bildungspfade im europäischen Vergleich, S. 31-47.

Abstract

Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ist seit Jahren ein zentrales Thema in der EU. Die amtlichen Zahlen belegen, dass unter den Mitgliedsländern im Hinblick auf die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit erhebliche Unterschiede bestehen. Auf der Basis der Eurostat-Daten gibt der Beitrag einen vergleichenden Überblick über die Entwicklung der Arbeitslosenquoten für Jugendliche im Zeitraum von 1990 bis 2003 und die Entwicklung der Erwerbsquoten für Jugendliche von 1990 bis 2000 in Dänemark, Deutschland, Spanien, Frankreich, Italien, Finnland, Schweden, Großbritannien, Island und Norwegen. Der Übergang von der allgemeinbildenden Schulphase bis zur Integration in das Erwerbssystem ist als Abfolge von in der Regel befristeten Statuszuständen zu begreifen, die sich länderspezifisch unterscheiden und auch länderspezifische Übergangshilfen und andere staatliche Maßnahmen zur Folge haben. Es wird ein Überblick über die arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen für Jugendliche und die nach Ländern sehr unterschiedliche Teilnahme an solchen Maßnahmen gegeben. Die Übergangswahrscheinlichkeit ist länderspezifisch eng mit spezifischen Bildungsabschlüssen verknüpft. Unter Einbeziehung des Ländereffekts sowie der individuellen Merkmale von länger arbeitslosen Jugendlichen lässt sich folgendes Fazit ziehen: Je länger die jungen Menschen insgesamt arbeitslos waren, desto unwahrscheinlicher ist es, dass sie in Erwerbstätigkeit kommen. (IAB)

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Dietrich, Hans (2003): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und Aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Jugendliche in ausgewählten Europäischen Staaten. Entstaatlichung oder neue Verstaatlichung von Stratifikationssystemen. In: J. Allmendinger (Hrsg.) (2003): Entstaatlichung und soziale Sicherheit : Verhandlungen des 31. Kongresses der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Leipzig 2002. Teil 1 und 2, S. 1-11.

Abstract

Im Zuge der ansteigenden Zahlen arbeitsloser Jugendlicher in der zweiten Hälfte der 90er Jahre wurden staatliche Aktivitäten im Bereich der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Jugendliche in nahezu allen europäischen Ländern systematisch ausgeweitet, wobei angebots- und nachfrageorientierte Aktivitäten in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß zu unterscheiden sind. Auch innerhalb einzelner Länder sind heterogene Zielvorgaben zu erkennen, deren Beziehung nicht eindeutig bestimmt ist. Dennoch lassen sich an Bedeutung gewinnende Institutionalisierungstendenzen einer neuen Übergangsinstitution, dem sog. 'System of Schemes' beobachten. Auch bei verstärkten arbeitsmarktpolitischen Aktivitäten variiert sowohl das Risiko längerer Arbeitslosigkeit als auch der Umfang des Maßnahmeeinsatzes bzw. die Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeit an einer Maßnahme länderspezifisch beachtlich. Dabei kommen personen-, herkunfts- sowie regionalspezifische Merkmale in unterschiedlichem Umfang zum tragen. Dauer bzw. Häufigkeit der Arbeitslosigkeitsphasen sowie Maßnameteilnahme senken die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wiederbeschäftigung im gegebenen Beobachtungszeitraum. Wird die Beschäftigungsschwelle erfolgreich überwunden, verlieren Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrungen und Maßnahmeteilnahme in nahezu allen europäischen Ländern gemessen am realisierten Brutto-Stunden-Einkommen weitgehend an Effekt. Lediglich für Deutschland lassen sich längerfristige Effekte von Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrung und Maßnahmeteilnahme beobachten. (IAB)