Zitatform

Cahuc, Pierre, Stéphane Carcillo & Andreea Minea (2021): The difficult school-to-work transition of high school dropouts. Evidence from a field experiment. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 159-183. DOI:10.3368/jhr.56.1.0617-8894R2

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of the labor market experience of high school dropouts four years after leaving school by sending fictitious résumés to real job postings in France. Compared to those who have stayed unemployed since leaving school, the callback rate is not raised for those with employment experience, whether it is subsidized or non-subsidized, if there is no training accompanied by skill certification. We find no stigma effect associated with subsidized work experience. Moreover, training accompanied by skill certification improves youth prospects only when the local unemployment rate is sufficiently low, which occurs in one fifth of the commuting zones only." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Bazen, Stephen & Waziri Khalid Maman (2020): The integration of young workers into the labour market in France. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 17-36. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2018-0204

Abstract

"Purpose: Using a representative survey of young persons having left full-time education in France in 1998 and interviewed in 2001 and 2005, the purpose of this paper is to examine the process of their integration into normal employment (a stable job with a standard employment contract) and the extent to which job matches are inefficient in the sense that the pay in a job is below an individual's potential earnings. The latter are determined principally by diploma level and educational specialisation, although other forms of training and labour market experience are relevant. Design/methodology/approach: A stochastic earnings frontier approach is used in order to examine workers' ability to capture their full potential earnings in labour markets where there is inefficient job matching (due to the lack of information, discrimination, over-education or the process of integration). Findings: The results suggest that young workers manage to obtain on average about 82 per cent of their potential earnings three years after leaving full-time education and earnings inefficiency had disappeared four years later. The results are robust to the treatment of selectivity arising from the exclusion of the unemployed in the estimation of the frontier. Originality/value: The stochastic earnings frontier is a useful and appropriate tool for modelling the process of labour market integration of certain groups (young persons, migrants and the long-term unemployed) where over-education due to inefficient initial job matches occurs. Over time this situation tends to be rectified as job mobility leads to improved matching and less inefficiency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Cahuc, Pierre & Jérémy Hervelin (2020): Apprenticeship and Youth Unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 13154), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

""In France, two years after school completion and getting the same diploma, the employment rate of apprentices is about 15 percentage points higher than that of vocational students. Despite this difference, this paper shows that there is almost no difference between the probability of getting a callback from employers for unemployed youth formerly either apprentices or vocational students. This result indicates that the higher employment rate of apprentices does not rely, in the French context, on better job access of those who do not remain in their training firms. The estimation of a job search and matching model shows that the expansion of apprenticeship has very limited effects on youth unemployment if this is not accompanied by an increase in the retention of apprentices in their training firm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lewis, Paul & Jason Heyes (2020): The changing face of youth employment in Europe. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 457-480. DOI:10.1177/0143831X17720017

Abstract

"This article examines trends in youth employment across the EU-15 countries during 2002-2006 and 2007-2011. Drawing upon microdata from the EU Labour Force Survey it examines changes in contract type, hours worked and occupation by level of education. Although the financial crisis creates a discontinuity in numbers employed, and despite certain country specificities, the authors observe common structural changes across the two periods. They find an increasing shift from permanent full-time to temporary part-time contracts, the 'hollowing out' of traditional mid-skill level occupations and evidence of 'occupational filtering down' whereby the higher-educated are substituted for the lower-educated in low-skilled occupations. The authors observe some growth in 'professionals' following the crisis, but little evidence of the rise of a new knowledge economy. This raises questions concerning the most appropriate policy approaches to education and training and labour market regulation if European nations are to provide high-quality employment opportunities for their young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bussi, Margherita & Paolo Graziano (2019): Europeanisation and the youth guarantee. The case of France. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 394-403. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12400

Abstract

"In 2013, the European Council approved the Youth Guarantee (YG) to counteract youth unemployment. Because of its specific features, the YG is useful for understanding whether the EU has triggered policy change in national youth unemployment policies. Contrary to most of the literature on similar topics, we focused in this study on the effect of this specific European measure rather than on broader EU strategies or policies. The study contributes to the literature by qualifying the degree of fit/misfit and suggesting a counterfactual analysis, using the case of France. We first situate the article within the broader Europeanisation debate and present our research design. The second section introduces the policy structure of the YG and investigates youth unemployment policy in France, prior to and after the European initiative. The third section discusses whether the French youth unemployment policy would have been developed in the same way without the YG. A final section concludes." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Bargain, Olivier & Karina Doorley (2017): The effect of social benefits on youth employment. Combining regression discontinuity and a behavioral model. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 52, H. 4, S. 1032-1059. DOI:10.3368/jhr.52.4.1115-7510R

Abstract

"Natural experiments provide robust identifying assumptions for the estimation of policy effects. Yet their use for policy design is often limited by the difficulty of extrapolating on the basis of reduced-form estimates. In this study, we exploit an age condition in the eligibility for social assistance in France, which lends itself to a regression discontinuity (RD) design. We suggest making the underlying labor supply model explicit - that is, translating the reduced-form discontinuity in terms of discontinuous changes in disposable incomes. This exercise shows the potential of combining natural experiments and behavioral models. In particular, we can test the external validity of the combined approach. We find that it predicts the effect of a subsequent reform, which extends transfers to the working poor, remarkably well. The model is then used to simulate the extension of social assistance to young people and finds that a transfer program with an in-work component would not create further disincentives to work in this population." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

O'Higgins, Niall & Valentino Moscariello (2017): Labour market institutions and youth labour markets. Minimum wages and youth employment revisited. (Employment working paper 223), Genf, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper mainly focuses on the issue of interactions between labour market institutions and policies and their effects on youth labour markets, and is primarily concerned with issues grouped under pillars 1 and 3 of youth employment policy as identified by the resolution issued in 2012 by the International Labour Conference calling for action on the youth employment crisis. These institutions also have implications for pillar 5, young people's rights at work. The paper reports the results of a meta-analysis of the youth employment effects of minimum wage legislation. The main contribution of the paper, however, concerns the role of other labour market institutions in determining the size of the dis-employment effects of minimum wages in youth labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ayllón, Sara & Natalia Nollenberger (2016): Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (NEGOTIATE working paper 5.1), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is the first to investigate to what extent the high levels of joblessness brought by the Great Recession across Europe have translated into higher school attendance among youth. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the EU- SILC on 28 countries, we establish a robust counter-cyclical relationship between rising unemployment rates and school enrollment. The same is true for transitions back to education. However, our analysis by subgroups reveals a worrisome trend by which youths belonging to most disadvantaged backgrounds (measured by low household income) became less likely to enroll in University studies. The austerity measures and educational cutbacks imposed during the recession, not only changed the pattern of educational decisions among you" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Chevalier, Tom (2016): Varieties of youth welfare citizenship. Towards a two-dimension typology. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/0958928715621710

Abstract

"How do welfare states deal with the period of the life course that is youth? In this article, we propose a two-dimension typology in order to account for cross-national variation in the access to financial independence of young people, that is, what we call 'youth welfare citizenship'. The first dimension addresses the issue of welfare support, and distinguishes between a familialization perspective, according to which young people are seen as children, and an individualization perspective, in which they are considered as adults. The second dimension relates to the integration into the labour market, which can either provide skills for every young person in an encompassing strategy, or deliver such skills only to a specific part of the youth population in a more selective strategy. It leads to four regimes of youth welfare citizenship, which we identify in the article: the denied citizenship, the monitored citizenship, the second-class citizenship and the enabling citizenship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Die Arbeitsunterlage der Kommissionsdienststellen ergänzt die Mitteilung der Europäischen Kommission, in der sie die wichtigsten Erfolge bei der Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie und der Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (Youth Employment Initiative - YEI) seit dem Start 2013 (bis zum Stand: Juni 2016) darstellt und Schlussfolgerungen für die Verbesserung der Maßnahmen der EU und der Mitgliedstaaten zur Umsetzung nationaler Jugendgarantie-Programme zieht. Sie versteht sich als Hilfsmittel für die Akteure in den Ländern zur Fortsetzung der nationalen Umsetzung des Programms und stellt Praxisbeispiele für signifikante Reformschritte und gelungene Maßnahmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten vor und benennt - wo möglich - identifizierbare Erfolgsfaktoren. Ebenso dient die Arbeitsunterlage als Referenzdokument, das auf zahlreiche Untersuchungen, Berichte und Statistiken weiterer nationaler wie gemeinschaftlicher Ressourcen verweist. Die Berichte basieren auf Daten aus der laufenden Beobachtung des Beschäftigungsausschusses (Employment Committee - EMCO) aus den Jahren 2014 und 2015 unter einem gemeinsamen Indikatorenrahmen und den Kernaussagen der Tagung des Rats für 'Beschäftigung, Sozialpolitik, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz' am 7. März 2016 sowie auf der Auswertung von Antworten aus den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen des Sozialen Dialogs und Beratungen mit Jugendlichen auf dem Europäischen Jugend-Event (European Youth Event - EYE) vom 20.-21. Mai 2016 am Sitz des Europäischen Parlaments in Straßburg und schließlich auch auf einem Bericht des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums (EEPO) zur Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie. (IAB)

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner & Franziska Neder (2014): Youth unemployment in Mediterranean countries. (IZA policy paper 80), Bonn, 11 S.

Abstract

"In all Mediterranean countries youth unemployment has reached alarming record levels. This paper analyses the current situation in France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In all countries school dropout rates are high, returns to education are low and the transition from education to work is problematic and difficult. This is due to a poor working vocational training system, the dualization of the labor market and minimum wages that are set too high. The Great Recession deteriorated the situation of young people, but youth unemployment is mostly structural. To overcome this crisis the overall performance of the labor market has to be improved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Thompson, Spencer, Aline Hohbein & Lars Thies (2014): Zukunft unsicher. Jugendarbeitslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich. Gütersloh, 102 S.

Abstract

"Wie entsteht Jugendarbeitslosigkeit? Von welchen Faktoren wird sie beeinflusst? Spielen konjunkturelle und wirtschaftsstrukturelle Einflüsse die entscheidende Rolle, oder ist es die Flexibilität der Arbeitsmärkte? Anhand von Daten des europäischen Statistikamtes Eurostat und der europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (European Labour Force Survey) geht die vorliegende Studie auf empirischer Grundlage der Frage nach, wie sich in Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Frankreich, Spanien, Schweden und Deutschland die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit entwickelt hat und von welchen Faktoren diese bestimmt wird. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass der Ausgestaltung der Ausbildungssysteme eine wesentliche Bedeutung zukommt: Je stärker Praxiserfahrungen in die Ausbildung integriert werden - ob nun auf formelle oder auf informelle Weise - desto besser sind die Übergangschancen der Absolventen in den Arbeitsmarkt. Das duale Ausbildungssystem deutscher Prägung schneidet einerseits sehr gut ab bei diesem Vergleich, denn die betriebliche Praxis ist ein integraler Bestandteil der Ausbildung. Andererseits zeigt ein genauerer Blick auch Probleme auf: Wer als junger Mensch seinen Weg in das deutsche Ausbildungssystem findet, hat zwar beste Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Wem dies jedoch nicht gelingt, der hat schlechte Karten. Ohne Ausbildungsplatz ist die berufliche Zukunft düster für Jugendliche in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bargain, Olivier & Karina Doorley (2013): Putting structure on the RD design. Social transfers and youth inactivity in France. (IZA discussion paper 7508), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"Natural experiments provide explicit and robust identifying assumptions for the estimation of treatment effects. Yet their use for policy design is often limited by the difficulty in extrapolating on the basis of reduced-form estimates of policy effects. On the contrary, structural models allow us to conduct ex ante analysis of alternative policy situations. However, their internal validity is often questioned. In this paper, we suggest combining the two approaches by putting structure on a regression discontinuity (RD) design. The RD estimation exploits the fact that childless single individuals under 25 years of age are not eligible for social assistance in France. The behavioral model is identified by the discontinuity and by an additional exclusion restriction on the form of financial incentives to work. We investigate the performance of the behavioral model for predictions further away from the threshold, check external validity and use the model to predict important counterfactual policies, including the extension of social assistance to young people and the role of in-work benefit components." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cahuc, Pierre, Stéphane Carcillo, Ulf Rinne & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2013): Youth unemployment in old Europe. The polar cases of France and Germany. (IZA discussion paper 7490), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"France and Germany are two polar cases in the European debate about rising youth unemployment. Similar to what can be observed in Southern European countries, a 'lost generation' may arise in France. In stark contrast, youth unemployment has been on continuous decline in Germany for many years, hardly affected by the Great Recession. This paper analyzes the diametrically opposed developments in the two countries to derive policy lessons. As the fundamental differences in youth unemployment are primarily resulting from structural differences in labor policy and in the (vocational) education system, any short-term oriented policies can only have temporary effects. Ultimately, the youth unemployment disease in France and in other European countries has to be cured with structural reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cahuc, Pierre, Stéphane Carcillo & Klaus F. Zimmermann (2013): The employment of the low-skilled youth in France. (IZA policy paper 64), Bonn, 15 S.

Abstract

"Youth unemployment is notoriously high in France, in particular for the low-skilled. Within the EU, only the crisis countries of Southern Europe fare worse. This report delivered to the French Council of Economic Analysis analyzes the causes and consequences of this alarming trend. In addition, drawing on the available evidence on various measures that could improve the current situation, concrete policies proposals are derived that cover the areas of vocational education, second chance programs, job search assistance, income support, employment subsidies and dismissal protection." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Chabanet, Didier & Marco Giugni (2013): Patterns of change in youth unemployment regimes. France and Switzerland compared. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 310-318. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12009

Abstract

"The comparison between France and Switzerland enables us to compare a country that has a strong interventionist tradition in the labour market and whose youth unemployment is endemically high with a more liberal country that is faced with a more recent increase in youth unemployment but which, nevertheless, remains relatively measured. Starting from different rules and values, the two youth unemployment systems resemble each other insofar as both exclude most unemployed youth from all available benefits. From this angle, French egalitarianism rejoins Swiss differentialism. In both cases, it is not the least of paradoxes that the system of unemployment insurance so little benefits those who are most vulnerable to the economic crisis and the present dearth of jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gaini, Mathilde, Aude Leduc & Vicard Augustin (2013): Peut-on parler de "générations sacrifiées" ? Entrer sur le marché du travail dans une période de mauvaise conjoncture économique. In: Economie et Statistique H. 462-463, S. 5-25.

Abstract

"Die Wirtschaftskrise gegen Ende der 2000er Jahre schränkte die kurzfristigen Arbeits- und Gehaltsperspektiven der jungen Menschen, die auf den Arbeitsmarkt kamen bzw. kommen wollten ein, und traf sie dadurch hart. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung zu Frankreich versuchen wir in Erfahrung zu bringen, ob junge Menschen, die zum Zeitpunkt ihres ersten Eintritts ins Arbeitsleben einer Wirtschaftskrise ausgesetzt waren, auch langfristig benachteiligt bleiben. Wir haben dazu aufgrund der Daten der Erhebung Emploi (Beschäftigung) die Kohorten der Schulabgänger von 1982 bis 2010 untersucht. Dieser Zeitraum umfasst mehr als zwei komplette Schulbesuchsdauern. Kurzfristig äußert sich die Benachteiligung der betroffenen Kohorten mehr im Beschäftigungsanteil als in der Höhe des Gehalts derer, die eine Arbeit gefunden haben. Nach Ablauf von 4 Jahren verblassen beide Abweichungen und die Kurven laufen zusammen. Die Unterschiede zwischen Generationen, die zu mehr oder weniger günstigen Konjunkturlagen den Arbeitsmarkt. betraten, erweisen sich somit in Frankreich als weniger ausgeprägt als in den meisten anderen Ländern. Eine mögliche Erklärung könnte der hohe Anteil an jungen Menschen sein, die zu Mindestlohnbedingungen eingestellt werden. Der gesetzliche Mindestlohn ist auch in schlechten Konjunkturzeiten kaum nach unten flexibel. Die Auswirkung der schwachen Konjunktur beschränkt sich daher auf den Beschäftigungsanteil, hat aber keine nachteiligen Wirkungen auf die spätere Eingliederung ins Arbeitsleben. Die Tatsache, zu Beginn der Berufslaufbahn mehr arbeitslos gewesen zu sein, scheint von den Arbeitgebern nicht als Zeichen schlechterer Einstellbarkeit gewertet zu werden, da sie wissen, dass der Arbeitslosenprozentsatz der jungen Menschen in Frankreich ohnehin bei allen Kohorten hoch ist. Es ist natürlich noch zu früh, um sagen zu können, ob diese Ergebnisse auf die aktuelle Krise, deren Ausmaß und Mechanismen sehr spezifisch sind, extrapoliert werden können. Es ist nicht auszuschließen, dass ihre Auswirkungen auf die Berufslaufbahnen stärker als in der Vergangenheit sein werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Boudesseul, Gerard & Celine Vivent (2012): Early school leaving. Towards a common system of measurement. (Training and Employment 100), Marseille, 4 S.

Abstract

"Many measures, involving a large number of actors, have been put in place to fight early school leaving. Each scheme or programme has its own system of counting, suited to its own particular remit, and the figures obtained vary by as much as 100%. There are two possible ways of alleviating these difficulties: fostering cooperation between institutions and improving the early identification of at-risk pupils by adopting a sub-regional approach." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kawaguchi, Daiji & Tetsushi Murao (2012): Who bears the cost of the business cycle? Labor-market institutions and volatility of the youth unemployment rate. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 1, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-1-10

Abstract

"The way age-specific unemployment rates fluctuate over the business cycle differs significantly across countries. This paper examines the effect of labor-market institutions on the fluctuations of age-specific unemployment rates based on panel data of 18 OECD countries between 1971 and 2008. Empirical results suggest that the cost of the business cycle disproportionately falls on youths in countries with stricter employment protection. This implies that a higher adjustment cost of an existing workforce induces the employment adjustment of new entrants into the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kulka, Amrita (2012): Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Schulabbrecherquote. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 65, H. 17, S. 23-25.

Abstract

"Hohe Schulabbruchsquoten stellen in vielen Ländern ein großes Problem dar. Sie sind meist das Ergebnis eines schrittweisen Prozesses der Entfremdung der Schüler von der Schule, der durch unterschiedliche Faktoren, wie Motivationslosigkeit, schlechte Schulleistungen und straffälliges Verhalten, oft in Verbindung mit einem schwierigen sozialen Umfeld und bestimmten Schulpraktiken, in Gang gesetzt wird. Eine unmittelbare Folge einer hohen Schulabbruchsquote ist z.B. eine Erhöhung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Somit ist ein Ziel der EU, bis zum Jahr 2020 den Anteil frühzeitiger Schulabgänger auf unter 10% zu senken. Der Beitrag vergleicht verschiedene Maßnahmen und Projekte, die in den einzelnen Ländern zur Verringerung der Schulabbruchsquote angewandt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)