Jugendarbeitslosigkeit
Trotz eines Rückgangs ist die EU-Jugendarbeitslosenquote nach wie vor sehr hoch. Laut EU-Kommission sind derzeit 4,5 Millionen junge Menschen (im Alter von 15 bis 24 Jahren) arbeitslos. Einem großen Teil dieser Generation droht durch fehlende Zukunftsperspektiven soziale Ausgrenzung mit weitreichenden Folgen. Mit Maßnahmen wie der Europäischen Ausbildungsallianz und Jugendgarantien der Länder soll entgegengesteuert werden.
Diese Infoplattform bietet einen Einblick in die Literatur zu den Determinanten von und Strategien gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit auf nationaler wie internationaler Ebene.
- Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Determinanten
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Strategien
- Aktive Arbeitsmarktprogramme
- Beschäftigungsförderung - Förderung der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit
- Maßnahmen zur Bildung und Weiterbildung
- "Assistierte Ausbildung"
- Förderung der Mobilität auf dem Arbeitsmarkt
- "Jugendgarantie" - überbetriebliches Ausbildungsangebot
- Vernetzung der Akteure - Jugendberufsagenturen
- Geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The changing face of youth employment in Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Lewis, Paul & Jason Heyes (2020): The changing face of youth employment in Europe. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 457-480. DOI:10.1177/0143831X17720017
Abstract
"This article examines trends in youth employment across the EU-15 countries during 2002-2006 and 2007-2011. Drawing upon microdata from the EU Labour Force Survey it examines changes in contract type, hours worked and occupation by level of education. Although the financial crisis creates a discontinuity in numbers employed, and despite certain country specificities, the authors observe common structural changes across the two periods. They find an increasing shift from permanent full-time to temporary part-time contracts, the 'hollowing out' of traditional mid-skill level occupations and evidence of 'occupational filtering down' whereby the higher-educated are substituted for the lower-educated in low-skilled occupations. The authors observe some growth in 'professionals' following the crisis, but little evidence of the rise of a new knowledge economy. This raises questions concerning the most appropriate policy approaches to education and training and labour market regulation if European nations are to provide high-quality employment opportunities for their young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Out of the labour force and out of school: A population-representative study of youth labour force attachment and mental health (2020)
Zitatform
Minh, Anita, Patricia O'Campo, Martin Guhn & Christopher B. McLeod (2020): Out of the labour force and out of school: A population-representative study of youth labour force attachment and mental health. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 23, H. 7, S. 853-868. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1639648
Abstract
"This study examines youth mental health at the nexus of work and education, with a focus on youth who are both out of the labour force and out of school. Using data from a nationally representative sample of Canadian youth ages 15 - 29 (n?=?4883), this study examines the relationship between self-reported symptoms of depression, distress, and life-satisfaction and five distinct categories of labour market and educational attachment (employed non-students, employed students, students, unemployed youth, and youth out of the labour force and school). Main associations were estimated using logistic and ordered-logit regression. Stratified analyses were done to examine whether associations differed by youth socioeconomic status (SES). Study findings indicate that being unemployed has distinct associations with mental health compared with being out of the labour force and out of school. Unemployed youth had higher odds of depression, greater distress, and lower life-satisfaction, whereas the mental health of youth who were out of the labour force and out of school were not significantly different than employed non-students. There was some indication that being out of the labour force and out of school may be associated with higher life satisfaction for high-SES youth, but estimates were not statistically significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skills and Youth Unemployment: Cross-Country Evidence from Synthetic Panel Data (2020)
Zitatform
Rodrigues, Margarida (2020): Skills and Youth Unemployment: Cross-Country Evidence from Synthetic Panel Data. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 217-248., 2020-05-01. DOI:10.1086/708855
Abstract
"This paper estimates the effect of human capital on countries’ youth unemployment ratio, by using country average scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the unemployment ratio of the same birth cohort. The identification strategy is based on variations in skills within country-by-year and across PISA cohorts. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in reading literacy decreases the unemployment ratio by 1.2 percentage points, which is accounted for by a significant increase in employment. We find some evidence that educational and labour market institutions play a role in the association between skills and unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working precarious careers trajectories: tracing neoliberal discourses in younger workers' narratives (2020)
Zitatform
Sofritti, Federico, Angelo Benozzo, Neil Carey & Maria Chiara Pizzorno (2020): Working precarious careers trajectories: tracing neoliberal discourses in younger workers' narratives. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 23, H. 8, S. 1054-1070. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1654602
Abstract
"The aim of this article is to explore how, in the context of the post Global Financial Crisis (GFC), some Italian younger workers in a specific geographical region in Italy recount their work trajectories. Drawing on narrative interviews with ten participants (aged between 24 and 30) as part of a research project carried out in the Autonomous region of Aosta Valley in Italy, the article traces discourses closely associated with neoliberalism - the discourses of the entrepreneurial self, employability and self-responsibilisation - through which subjects' work experiences take shape. Moreover, the analysis highlights how locality, one's personal relation with the geographical territory, makes more complex the younger people's negotiations in crafting themselves vis-à-vis precarious employment opportunities and wider socio-economic dynamics in respect of precarious employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Uncertainties for Youth and Young Adults: An International Perspective (2020)
Yeung, Wei-Jun Jean; Yang, Yi;Zitatform
Yeung, Wei-Jun Jean & Yi Yang (2020): Labor Market Uncertainties for Youth and Young Adults. An International Perspective. In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 688, H. 1, S. 7-19. DOI:10.1177/0002716220913487
Abstract
"A crisis for youth labor market conditions has been building globally for more than two decades, reflected in the persistently high rates of youth unemployment around the world, which is about three times as high as that for adults. About one in five young people are not in education, employment, or training, and a large share of young adults are working in the informal economy or in precarious conditions. This volume includes a collection of thirteen articles that examine the causes, patterns, and consequences of labor market uncertainties for youth and young adults in Europe, Latin/South America, the United States, and Asia, as well as a concluding article. They reveal vast inequalities among young people, with those having the least education and lowest skills, females, those with low family socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic minorities, and migrants being the most vulnerable. In this introduction, we describe the global trends and regional variation in labor market conditions for young people, explicate the importance of integrating young people into labor markets, and summarize the findings and policy implications of these articles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Global employment trends for youth 2020: Technology and the future of jobs (2020)
Zitatform
International Labour Office (2020): Global employment trends for youth 2020. Technology and the future of jobs. (Global employment trends for youth ...), Genf, 184 S.
Abstract
"Incorporating the most recent labour market information available, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment and unemployment. The 2020 edition discusses the implications of technological change for the nature of jobs available to young people. It focuses on shifts in job characteristics, sectors and skills, as well as examining the impact of technological change on inequalities in youth labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The determinants of youth unemployment: A panel data analysis of OECD countries (2019)
Bayrak, Riza; Tatli, Halim;Zitatform
Bayrak, Riza & Halim Tatli (2019): The determinants of youth unemployment: A panel data analysis of OECD countries. In: European Journal of Comparative Economics, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 231-248. DOI:10.25428/1824-2979/201802-231-248
Abstract
"The aim of this study was to determine some of the key factors affecting youth employment from 2000-2015. Youth unemployment rate (YU) was the dependent variable while consumer price index (INF), domestic gross savings (GS), labor productivity (LP) and economic growth rate (GR) were the independent variables. Data from 31 OECD countries were obtained from World Bank (WB) and OECD databases. Panel Data Analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show that growth, inflation, and savings affect youth unemployment negatively while labor productivity affects youth employment positively. It is therefore concluded that growth, inflation, savings and labor productivity are among the key determinants of youth unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can fixed-term contracts put low skilled youth on a better career path?: evidence from Spain (2019)
Zitatform
García-Pérez, J. Ignacio, Ioana Marinescu & Judit Vall Castello (2019): Can fixed-term contracts put low skilled youth on a better career path? Evidence from Spain. In: The economic journal, Jg. 129, H. 620, S. 1693-1730. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12621
Abstract
"By reducing the commitment made by employers, fixed-term contracts can help low-skilled youth find a first job. However, the long-term impact of fixed-term contracts on these workers' careers may be negative. Using Spanish social security data, we analysed the impact of a large liberalisation in the regulation of fixed-term contracts in 1984. Using a cohort regression discontinuity design, we find that over the first 10 years in the labour market, the reform reduced the number of days worked (by 4.9%) and earnings (by 9.8%). Over 27 years of labour market career, yearly earnings losses amount to a persistent 7.3%." (Author's abstract) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper, 9777 -
Literaturhinweis
Negotiating early job insecurity well-being, scarring and resilience of European youth (2019)
Hvinden, Bjørn; Schoyen, Mi A.; O'Reilly, Jacqueline; Hyggen, Christer;Zitatform
Hvinden, Bjørn, Jacqueline O'Reilly & Christer Hyggen (Hrsg.) (2019): Negotiating early job insecurity well-being, scarring and resilience of European youth. Cheltenham: Elgar, 264 S. DOI:10.4337/9781788118798
Abstract
"Offering new knowledge and insights into European job markets, this book explores how young men and women experience job insecurity. By combining analysis of original data collected through a variety of innovative methods, it compares the trajectories of early job insecurity in nine European countries. Focusing on the ways in which young adults deal with this by actively increasing their chances of getting a job through a variety of methods, as the book shows how governmental policies can be altered to reduce early job insecurity." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Youth unemployment and job insecurity in Europe: Problems, risk factors and policies (2019)
Hvinden, Bjørn; Hyggen, Christer; Schoyen, Mi A.; Sirovátka, Tomá¿;Zitatform
Hvinden, Bjørn, Christer Hyggen, Mi A. Schoyen & Tomá¿ Sirovátka (Hrsg.) (2019): Youth unemployment and job insecurity in Europe. Problems, risk factors and policies. Cheltenham: Elgar, 272 S. DOI:10.4337/9781788118897
Abstract
"Providing original insights into the factors causing early job insecurity in European countries, this book examines its short- and long-term consequences. It assesses public policies seeking to diminish the risks to young people facing prolonged job insecurity and reduce the severity of these impacts. Based on the findings of a major study across nine European countries, this book examines the diverse strategies that countries across the continent use to help young people overcome employment barriers." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Promoting workplace-based training to fight youth unemployment in three EU countries : Different strategies, different results? (2019)
Zitatform
Marques, Paulo & Felix Hörisch (2019): Promoting workplace-based training to fight youth unemployment in three EU countries : Different strategies, different results? In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 380-393. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12381
Abstract
"During the economic crisis, youth unemployment grew exponentially in many European countries. It was argued that countries with a high level of firm involvement in the provision of initial vocational training were better equipped to address this problem. Boosting workplace-based training was therefore seen as the right strategy to tackle unemployment. Using Denmark, Spain and the UK as case studies, this article analyses how countries with different skill formation systems have improved this type of training. While the UK reinforced the voluntaristic character of its training regime, Denmark improved the quality of its vocational education, and Spain made reforms to the training and apprenticeship contract. Interestingly, the countries achieved different results. To explain this divergence, it is argued that while the reforms made in the UK and Denmark were compatible with the national institutions and coordination mechanisms, this was not the case in Spain, where reforms were implemented in a non-complementary way. Key Practitioner Message: After the economic crisis it was argued that countries with a high level of firm involvement in the provision of initial VET were better equipped to fight youth unemployment. The study analysed how countries with different skill formation systems improved this type of training and assessed their relative success. The article shows that when implementing reforms policy makers must take into account the institutions and mechanisms of coordination that prevail in each country. Otherwise, reforms may be unsuccessful. " (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa: Besserung in Sicht (2019)
Schäfer, Holger;Zitatform
Schäfer, Holger (2019): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa: Besserung in Sicht. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2019,51), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit stieg nach der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise im Jahr 2009 in den meisten europäischen Ländern stark an, zum Teil lag die Arbeitslosenquote bei über 40 Prozent. Aussagekräftiger ist allerdings der Anteil der Jugendlichen, die nicht beschäftigt und nicht im Bildungssystem sind. Dieser ist weit niedriger. Zudem sinkt die Beschäftigungslosigkeit von Jugendlichen seit einigen Jahren wieder deutlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The evolution of early job insecurity in Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Symeonaki, Maria, Dimitrios Parsanoglou & Glykeria Stamatopoulou (2019): The evolution of early job insecurity in Europe. In: SAGE Open, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1177/2158244019845187
Abstract
"The present study proposes a meaningful multidimensional index of early job insecurity for European countries based on raw micro-data drawn from the European Union's Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS), and captures its evolution over time, before and during the years of the post - 2008 economic crisis. More specifically, a number of different indicators capturing various domains of early job insecurity are estimated, utilizing the data behind the EU-LFS survey for all European Union (EU) member states. These indicators are then composed into a single indicator of early job insecurity, which is used to apprehend and compare the degree of early job insecurity in EU member states, during these years. The proposed indicator captures the whole range of early job insecurity aspects, such as labor market conditions, job quality, school-to-work transitions, and job security, in an overall measurement providing a way of estimating and comparing early job insecurity among different countries. The results uncover the considerable differences between EU countries when early job insecurity is considered. Moreover, countries are ranked according to the degrees of early job insecurity for the years 2008-2014." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of declining youth employment stability on future wages (2019)
Umkehrer, Matthias;Zitatform
Umkehrer, Matthias (2019): The impact of declining youth employment stability on future wages. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 619-650., 2017-11-08. DOI:10.1007/s00181-018-1444-5
Abstract
"Has the early career become less stable during the 1980s and 1990s? And does a lack of early-career employment stability inhibit wage growth? I analyze exceptionally rich administrative data on male graduates from Germany's dual education system to shed more light on these important questions. The data indicate a decline in youth employment durations since the late 1970s, limited to already relatively short durations. Controlling for endogeneity of employment in youth with training firm fixed effects and by exploiting institutional variation in the timing of nationwide macroeconomic shocks, I find significant returns to early-career employment stability in terms of higher wages in adulthood. These returns decline not only across the wage distribution, but also with cohort age. The findings suggest less stable employment in the early years of a career to have become increasingly costly during the 1990s for the least advantaged workers." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Umkehrer, Matthias; -
Literaturhinweis
Youth unemployment and employment trajectories in Spain during the Great Recession: what are the determinants? (2019)
Zitatform
Verd, Joan Miquel, Oriol Barranco & Mireia Bolíbar (2019): Youth unemployment and employment trajectories in Spain during the Great Recession. What are the determinants? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-019-0254-3
Abstract
"Since the beginning of the recession period in Europe, unemployment has greatly affected the young adult population. In this context, Spain is regarded as an extreme case, due to its exceptionally high youth unemployment rates. This article seeks to identify the determinants that have led certain groups of Spanish young people to suffer labour market trajectories with higher levels of unemployment and instability during the Great Recession than others. To do this, retrospective data from the 2012 Catalan Youth Survey are used. With these data and using cluster analysis, a typology of labour market trajectories is constructed. Next, multinomial logistic regressions are used to identify what individual socio-demographic characteristics and pre-crisis employment experiences are connected to these different typological career paths. Results show that the highly differentiated career paths are associated with different social profiles and differences in the presence of unemployment. Moreover, interesting differences among the most unstable career paths appear. For the most vulnerable social profiles the employment trajectory prior to the crisis seems to point towards the existence of an entrapment in low-skilled jobs that alternate with situations of unemployment. For those with a slightly better position their employment situation after the initiation of the crisis seems to have been impacted by their brief labour market trajectory before the crisis and their resulting work experience gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment among younger and older individuals: does conventional data about unemployment tell us the whole story? (2018)
Zitatform
Axelrad, Hila, Miki Malul & Israel Luski (2018): Unemployment among younger and older individuals. Does conventional data about unemployment tell us the whole story? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0237-9
Abstract
"In this research we show that workers aged 30 - 44 were significantly more likely than those aged 45 - 59 to find a job a year after being unemployed. The main contribution is demonstrating empirically that since older workers' difficulties are related to their age, while for younger individuals the difficulties are more related to the business cycle, policy makers must devise different programs to address unemployment among young and older individuals. The solution to youth unemployment is the creation of more jobs, and combining differential minimum wage levels and earned income tax credits might improve the rate of employment for older individuals." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Youth unemployment and the transition from school to work in Germany and Greece (2018)
Dietrich, Hans ; Angelis, Vasilis; Tubadji, Annie ; Tsoka, Ioanna; Schels, Brigitte ; Dimaki, Katerina; Haas, Anette;Zitatform
Dietrich, Hans, Annie Tubadji, Brigitte Schels, Anette Haas, Ioanna Tsoka, Vasilis Angelis & Katerina Dimaki (2018): Youth unemployment and the transition from school to work in Germany and Greece. In: F. E. Caroleo, O. Demidova, E. Marelli & M. Signorelli (Hrsg.) (2018): Young people and the labour market : a comparative perspective, S. 127-157.
Abstract
"In summary, the current chapter presents a descriptive analysis and logistic regression models with average marginal effects presented for Greece and Germany. Based on the extensive micro-level data sets of the Eurostat Labour Force Survey, the analysis explores young people's unemployment risk in Germany and Greece. In contrast to the literature, where unemployment in the youth stage (below the age of 25) is used, here, individuals' first five years on the labour market are addressed." (Excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe: Does gender matter? (2018)
Zitatform
Goglio, Valentina & Roberto Rizza (2018): Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe. Does gender matter? In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 38, H. 1/2, S. 130-149. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-04-2017-0052
Abstract
"Purpose
The objective of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of the transitions young adults experience into and out of the labor market and the influence that gender and married/cohabiting status have on employment careers.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper focuses on young adults (25-34 years old) in four European countries - Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Norway - that are representative of different youth transition regimes. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC survey (for the years 2006-2012) and event history analysis we investigate: the effect of the particular set of institutional features of each country, the effect of the cohort of entry and of gender differences in determining transitions across labour market status.
Findings
Findings show that the filter exercised by the national institutions has a selective impact on the careers of young adults, with some institutional contexts more protective than others. In this respect, the condition of inactivity emerges as an interesting finding: on one side, it mainly involves women in a partnership, on the other side it is more common in protective youth regimes, suggesting that it may be a chosen rather than suffered condition.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to existing literature by: i) focusing on a specific category, young adults from 25 to 34 years old, which is increasingly recognized as a critical stage in the life course though it receives less attention than its younger counterpart (15-24); ii) integrating the importance of family dynamics on work careers by analysing the different effects played by married/cohabiting status for men and women." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Why is youth unemployment so high and different across countries?: young people experience worse labor market outcomes than adults worldwide but the difference varies greatly internationally (2018)
Zitatform
Pastore, Francesco (2018): Why is youth unemployment so high and different across countries? Young people experience worse labor market outcomes than adults worldwide but the difference varies greatly internationally. (IZA world of labor 420), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.420
Abstract
"Ungeachtet eines kontinuierlich steigenden Bildungsniveaus sehen sich junge Menschen im Vergleich zu Älteren immer noch mit weniger Beschäftigung und Einkommen, niedrigeren Erwerbsquoten und deutlich höherer Arbeitslosigkeit konfrontiert. Der Anteil der Sekundar- und Hochschulabsolventen, die Jobs unterhalb ihres Qualifikationsniveaus annehmen, ist in vielen Ländern sehr hoch. Hauptgrund dafür ist das geringe Niveau arbeitsbezogene Kompetenzen junger Menschen. Diese Befähigungen zu schaffen, sollte für moderne Bildungssysteme oberste Priorität haben. Flexiblere Arbeitsmärkte sollten einen früheren Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt ermöglichen, sich jedoch nicht nur auf befristete Verträge stützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie die deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
How unemployment scarring affects skilled young workers: Evidence from a factorial survey of Swiss recruiters (2018)
Zitatform
Shi, Lulu P., Christian Imdorf, Robin Samuel & Stefan Sacchi (2018): How unemployment scarring affects skilled young workers. Evidence from a factorial survey of Swiss recruiters. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0239-7
Abstract
"We ask how employers contribute to unemployment scarring in the recruitment process in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. By drawing on recruitment theories, we aim to better understand how recruiters assess different patterns of unemployment in a job candidate's CV and how this affects the chances of young applicants being considered for a vacancy. We argue that in contexts with tight school-work linkage and highly standardised Vocational Education and Training systems, the detrimental effect of early unemployment depends on how well the applicant's profile matches the requirements of the advertised position. To test this assumption, we surveyed Swiss recruiters who were seeking to fill positions during the time of data collection. We employed a factorial survey experiment that tested how the (un)employment trajectories in hypothetical young job applicants' CV affected their chances of being considered for a real vacancy. Our results show that unemployment decreases the perceived suitability of an applicant for a specific job, which implies there is a scarring effect of unemployment that increases with the duration of being unemployed. But we also found that these effects are moderated by how well the applicant's profile matches the job's requirements. Overall, the worse the match between applicant's profile and the job profile, the smaller are the scarring effects of unemployment. In sum, our findings contribute to the literature by revealing considerable heterogeneity in the scarring effects of unemployment. Our findings further suggest that the scarring effects of unemployment need to be studied with regard to country-specific institutional settings, the applicants' previous education and employment experiences, and the job characteristics." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen
- Determinanten
-
Strategien
- Aktive Arbeitsmarktprogramme
- Beschäftigungsförderung - Förderung der Beschäftigungsfähigkeit
- Maßnahmen zur Bildung und Weiterbildung
- "Assistierte Ausbildung"
- Förderung der Mobilität auf dem Arbeitsmarkt
- "Jugendgarantie" - überbetriebliches Ausbildungsangebot
- Vernetzung der Akteure - Jugendberufsagenturen
- Geografischer Bezug