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Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland

Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt stehen seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus vor großen Herausforderungen. Zur Unterstützung von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen hatte der Bundestag im Eilverfahren u.a. einen leichteren Zugang zum Kurzarbeitergeld beschlossen. Dieses Themendossier stellt Einschätzungen aus Forschung und Politik zu den Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und notwendige Maßnahmen in Deutschland zusammen.
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Mismatch unemployment during COVID-19 and the post-pandemic labor shortages (2025)

    Birinci, Serdar ; Mercan, Yusuf ; See, Kurt;

    Zitatform

    Birinci, Serdar, Yusuf Mercan & Kurt See (2025): Mismatch unemployment during COVID-19 and the post-pandemic labor shortages. In: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Jg. 178. DOI:10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105142

    Abstract

    "We examine the extent to which mismatch unemployment—employment losses relative to an efficient allocation where the planner can costlessly reallocate unemployed workers across sectors to maximize output—shaped labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent recovery episode characterized by labor shortages. We find that, for the first time in our sample, mismatch unemployment turned negative at the onset of the pandemic. This result suggests that the efficient allocation of job seekers would involve reallocating workers toward longer-tenure and more-productive jobs, even at the expense of fewer hires. We show that sectoral differences in job separations were the main driver behind this result, while differences in vacancies caused positive mismatch unemployment during the recovery episode. We also establish an empirical link between mismatch unemployment and the surge in the labor cost during the recovery, documenting that sectors with larger mismatch unemployment experienced higher employment cost growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Deutschlands Rettungsausgaben während der Covid-19-Pandemie waren im internationalen Vergleich eher unterdurchschnittlich (2025)

    Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Kagerl, Christian ;

    Zitatform

    Fitzenberger, Bernd & Christian Kagerl (2025): Deutschlands Rettungsausgaben während der Covid-19-Pandemie waren im internationalen Vergleich eher unterdurchschnittlich. In: IAB-Forum H. 04.08.2025, 2025-08-04. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250804.01

    Abstract

    "Während der Covid-19-Pandemie versuchten die Regierungen in den Jahren 2020 und 2021 den negativen Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft und Beschäftigte mit umfangreichen finanziellen Mitteln entgegenzuwirken. Einige Länder führten in dieser Zeit das deutsche Modell des Kurzarbeitergeldes ein oder weiteten dessen Nutzung deutlich aus. Im internationalen Vergleich zeigen sich jedoch erhebliche Unterschiede – sowohl beim Umfang der staatlichen Rettungsausgaben für den Arbeitsmarkt als auch beim Mix der gewählten Maßnahmen. Rückblickend wird deutlich: Deutschland wendete insgesamt weniger Mittel für die Rettungsprogramme auf als andere Industrieländer, hielt aber die intensive Nutzung von Kurzarbeit im Schnitt länger aufrecht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Kagerl, Christian ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Old and New Welfare States Retaining Older Workers in the Face of Crisis: The Case of COVID-19 in Europe (2025)

    Lee, Kun ;

    Zitatform

    Lee, Kun (2025): Old and New Welfare States Retaining Older Workers in the Face of Crisis: The Case of COVID-19 in Europe. (LISER working papers 2025-03), Esch-sur-Alzette, 36 S.

    Abstract

    "The Coronavirus pandemic was a unique crisis in Europe as an unprecedented health and labour market shock barely disrupted long-term trends toward active ageing. We study the role of social policy responses and pre-existing welfare state institutions in moderating older workers’ exit from work following the crisis. Using a cross-national panel survey and exploiting institutional variations across Europe, we examine the association between older workers’ exit outcomes during COVID-19 and a set of macro-institutional indicators, net of the economic shock and pre-pandemic activation levels. Results show that the use of novel job retention schemes was systematically related to the retention of older workers, whereas extended unemployment insurance likely had a limited influence. Higher retirement ages and greater reliance on private pensions were associated with lower exit rates but mostly among lower-educated workers. Our findings highlight the significance of welfare states managing the crisis-driven economic shock and offer useful policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Balancing Timeliness, Efficiency and Effectiveness: An Assessment of Targeted Social Policies in Challenging Times (2025)

    Wizan, Maisarah ; Marchal, Sarah ;

    Zitatform

    Wizan, Maisarah & Sarah Marchal (2025): Balancing Timeliness, Efficiency and Effectiveness: An Assessment of Targeted Social Policies in Challenging Times. In: Social Policy and Administration. DOI:10.1111/spol.13156

    Abstract

    "Timely support is evidently vital when people face sudden income shocks. Nevertheless, most contemporary social policy research on the effectiveness of targeted income support adopts an annual focus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the timeliness of social support became especially salient. Labor market incomes varied largely month-to-month, and governments reacted with both old and newly designed social policy measures. The latter were designed in a profoundly different policy-making context, in which it was difficult to foresee their effectiveness and cost, while the organization and implementation of timely income protection measures gained new precedence. In Belgium, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted a multitude of new or substantially changed targeted income support measures across its different regions. This heterogeneity enables an in-depth analysis of the relationship between targeting design features and the effectiveness and timeliness of social policies. Using the EU-SILC and EUROMOD, we assess the impact of social measures on monthly net disposable incomes derived from nowcasted labor market transitions. We evaluate the timeliness of policies from an intra-year perspective, exploring the link between targeting design, implementation, and outcomes, and do so for the interesting case of social crisis measures in a turbulent period. We find that large pre-existing job retention and categorical income replacement schemes were crucial and timely in maintaining living standards and preventing poverty, while smaller, purpose-designed lump-sum benefits played only a supplementary role. Interestingly, targeting choices designed to expedite benefit payments, such as passporting on existing beneficiary status, did not substantially improve timeliness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Lieferketten nach Corona: Welche Prioritäten setzen deutsche Unternehmen? (2024)

    Aksoy, Cevat Giray ; Baur, Andreas; Flach, Lisandra; Javorcik, Beata;

    Zitatform

    Aksoy, Cevat Giray, Andreas Baur, Lisandra Flach & Beata Javorcik (2024): Lieferketten nach Corona: Welche Prioritäten setzen deutsche Unternehmen? In: ifo Schnelldienst digital, Jg. 5, H. 1, S. 1-4.

    Abstract

    "Auch nach dem Abklingen der Corona-Pandemie hat die große Mehrheit der deutschen Unternehmen zusätzliche Maßnahmen getroffen, um das Risiko von Lieferkettenstörungen zu reduzieren. Im Rahmen der ifo Konjunkturumfragen im November 2023 gaben 75% der Industrieunternehmen an, die Lieferkettenresilienz durch eine veränderte Beschaffungsstrategie gestärkt zu haben. Die Diversifizierung von Lieferbeziehungen war dabei die am häufigsten genannte Maßnahme (58%). Der Anteil der Unternehmen, die ihre Lagerbestände erhöht haben, ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahr dagegen deutlich gesunken und lag bei 45%. Einige Unternehmen planen weitere Anpassungsmaßnahmen innerhalb eines Jahres. So beabsichtigt jeder dritte Hersteller, die Anzahl seiner Zulieferer zu erhöhen. Im Vergleich zur Vorjahresumfrage ist der Anteil der Unternehmen, die ihre Lagerbestände erhöhen wollen, deutlich gesunken und lag bei 12%." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Monetary compensation schemes during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for household incomes, liquidity constraints and consumption across the EU (2024)

    Christl, Michael ; Figari, Francesco ; De Poli, Silvia ; Papini, Andrea ; Hufkens, Tine ; Tumino, Alberto; Leventi, Chrysa ;

    Zitatform

    Christl, Michael, Silvia De Poli, Francesco Figari, Tine Hufkens, Chrysa Leventi, Andrea Papini & Alberto Tumino (2024): Monetary compensation schemes during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for household incomes, liquidity constraints and consumption across the EU. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 411-431. DOI:10.1007/s10888-023-09596-4

    Abstract

    "This paper analyses the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on household disposable income and household demand in the European Union (EU) during 2020, making use of the EU microsimulation model EUROMOD and nowcasting techniques. We show evidence of heterogeneity in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour markets in EU Member States, with some countries hit substantially harder than others. Most EU Member States experience a large drop in market incomes, with poorer households bearing the brunt. Tax-benefit systems cushioned significantly the transmission of the shock to the disposable income and the household demand, with monetary compensation schemes playing a major role. Additionally, we show that monetary compensation schemes prevent a significant share of households from becoming liquidity constrained during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    What Caused the Beveridge Curve to Shift Higher in the United States During the Pandemic? (2024)

    Kindberg-Hanlon, Gene; Girard, Michael;

    Zitatform

    Kindberg-Hanlon, Gene & Michael Girard (2024): What Caused the Beveridge Curve to Shift Higher in the United States During the Pandemic? (IMF working papers / International Monetary Fund 2024,08), Washington, DC, 42 S.

    Abstract

    "The Beveridge curve shifted substantially higher in the United States following the start of the COVID pandemic. In 2022, vacancies reached record highs across all sectors while unemployment fell to pre-pandemic lows. At the same time, the pandemic has resulted in severe labor shortages, and we estimate that the labor force was approximately 2 million below trend at the start of 2023. We exploit state-level data in the United States to find that lower immigration, higher excess mortality due to COVID, and falling older-worker labor force participation were associated with larger upward shifts in the Beveridge curve. We also find that states that had a larger employment concentration in contact-intensive sectors had larger upward shifts in their Beveridge curve. While the effect of sectoral reallocation and rehiring has been shown in theoretical models to lift the Beveridge curve, we show that worker shortages also result in an upward shift in the Beveridge curve if they increase the marginal product of labor. This result holds in a search and matching model with on-the-job search, but does not hold without on-the-job search." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Why Does Working from Home Vary Across Countries and People? (2024)

    Zarate, Pablo ; Davis, Steven J. ; Aksoy, Cevat Giray ; Dolls, Mathias ; Barrero, José María; Bloom, Nicholas ;

    Zitatform

    Zarate, Pablo, Mathias Dolls, Steven J. Davis, Nicholas Bloom, José María Barrero & Cevat Giray Aksoy (2024): Why Does Working from Home Vary Across Countries and People? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32374), Cambridge, Mass, 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w32374

    Abstract

    "We use two surveys to assess why work from home (WFH) varies so much across countries and people. A measure of cultural individualism accounts for about one-third of the cross-country variation in WFH rates. Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US score highly on individualism and WFH rates, whereas Asian countries score low on both. Other factors such as cumulative lockdown stringency, population density, industry mix, and GDP per capita also matter, but they account for less of the variation. When looking across individual workers in the United States, we find that industry mix, population density and lockdown severity help account for current WFH rates, as does the partisan leaning of the county in which the worker resides. We conclude that multiple factors influence WFH rates, and technological feasibility is only one of them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Unemployment and COVID-19: an analysis of change in persistence (2023)

    Bermejo, Lorenzo ; Malmierca-Ordoqui, Maria ; Gil-Alana, Luis Alberiko ;

    Zitatform

    Bermejo, Lorenzo, Maria Malmierca-Ordoqui & Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana (2023): Unemployment and COVID-19: an analysis of change in persistence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 39, S. 4511-4521. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2129574

    Abstract

    "This paper examines the degree of persistence in monthly unemployment rates for a group of 24 European countries along with the global rate for the Euro area, the European Union, the G7 and the OECD countries. For this purpose, fractionally integrated methods are employed. Using data from January 2010 to November 2020, our results indicate that fractional integration is present in all countries examined, with the orders of integration of the series ranging in the (0, 1) interval. Comparing the data before COVID-19 with those including it, the significant time trend coefficient and the mean reverting property disappear in most cases when COVID-19 data are considered. This implies that governments should consider that, after the pandemic, shocks on the labour market will have permanent effects. Thus, policies should address unemployment accordingly. Our work, however, does not focus on the analysis of nonlinearities, what could provide a more complete understanding of the series behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Employer reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Validation and application of a do-it-yourself CPS (2023)

    Bick, Alexander ; Blandin, Adam;

    Zitatform

    Bick, Alexander & Adam Blandin (2023): Employer reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Validation and application of a do-it-yourself CPS. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 49, S. 58-76. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2022.11.002

    Abstract

    "Economists have recently begun using independent online surveys to collect national labor market data. Questions remain over the quality of such data. This paper provides an approach to address these concerns. Our case study is the Real-Time Population Survey (RPS), a novel online survey of the US built around the Current Population Survey (CPS). The RPS replicates core components of the CPS, ensuring comparable measures that allow us to weight and rigorously validate our results using a high-quality benchmark. At the same time, special questions in the RPS yield novel information regarding employer reallocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimate that 26% of pre-pandemic workers were working for a new employer one year into the COVID-19 outbreak in the US, at least double the rate of any previous episode in the past quarter century. Our discussion contains practical suggestions for the design of novel labor market surveys and highlights other promising applications of our methodology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Employment dynamics across firms during COVID-19: The role of job retention schemes (2023)

    Calligaris, Sara; Ciminelli, Gabriele ; Desnoyers-James, Isabelle; Criscuolo, Chiara ; Costa, Hélia; Demmou, Lilas ; Franco, Guido; Verlhac, Rudy;

    Zitatform

    Calligaris, Sara, Gabriele Ciminelli, Hélia Costa, Chiara Criscuolo, Lilas Demmou, Isabelle Desnoyers-James, Guido Franco & Rudy Verlhac (2023): Employment dynamics across firms during COVID-19: The role of job retention schemes. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1788), Paris, 67 S. DOI:10.1787/33388537-en

    Abstract

    "This paper analyses employment dynamics across firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of job retention schemes (JRS) in shaping these dynamics. It relies on a novel collection of high-frequency harmonised micro-aggregated statistics, computed using administrative data on employment and wages from electronic payroll records across 12 countries linked to monthly information on policy support during COVID-19, as well as on a new indicator of JRS de-jure generosity. The analysis highlights four key findings: i) the employment adjustment margins varied over time, adjusting mainly through the intensive margin in 2020, while both the intensive and the extensive margins contributed to employment changes in 2021; ii) the reallocation process remained productivity enhancing, although to a lower extent on average compared to 2019; iii) JRS were successful in their purpose of cushioning the effect of the crisis on employment growth and firm survival; iv) JRS support did not distort the productivity-enhancing nature of reallocation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023)

    Cortes, Guido Matias ; Forsythe, Eliza C.;

    Zitatform

    Cortes, Guido Matias & Eliza C. Forsythe (2023): Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: ILR review, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 30-55. DOI:10.1177/00197939221076856

    Abstract

    "The authors study the distributional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on employment, both during the onset of the pandemic and over subsequent months. Using cross-sectional and matched longitudinal data from the Current Population Survey, they show that the pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing inequalities. Although employment losses have been widespread, they have been substantially larger—and more persistent—in lower-paying occupations and industries. Hispanics and non-White workers suffered larger increases in job losses, not only because of their over-representation in lower-paying jobs but also because of a disproportionate increase in their job displacement probability relative to non-Hispanic White workers with the same job background. Gaps in year-on-year job displacement probabilities between Black and White workers have widened over the course of the pandemic recession, both overall and conditional on pre-displacement occupation and industry. These gaps are not explained by state-level differences in the severity of the pandemic nor by the associated response in terms of mitigation policies. In addition, evidence suggests that older workers have been retiring at faster rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Time Use, College Attainment, and The Working-from-Home Revolution (2023)

    Cowan, Benjamin W.;

    Zitatform

    Cowan, Benjamin W. (2023): Time Use, College Attainment, and The Working-from-Home Revolution. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31439), Cambridge, Mass, 34 S.

    Abstract

    "I demonstrate that the profound change in working from home (WFH) in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic is concentrated among individuals with college degrees. Relative to 2015-19, the number of minutes worked from home on fall 2021 weekdays increased by over 90 minutes for college graduates; for non-graduates, it was 17 minutes. The share of work done at home (for those who worked at all) increased by 21% for graduates and 6% for non-graduates. Average minutes worked changed little for either group. Daily time spent traveling (e.g., commuting) fell by 24 minutes for college graduates but did not change for non-graduates. I examine how time-use patterns change for college graduates relative to non-graduates over the same period. Preliminary evidence suggests that time spent with children has risen for college graduates relative to non-graduates, potentially a sign that gaps in children's outcomes by college attainment will be exacerbated by the WFH revolution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Has the crisis disrupted thirty-somethings' career trajectories? (2023)

    Dupray, Arnaud ; Mazari, Zora; Robert, Alexie;

    Zitatform

    Dupray, Arnaud, Zora Mazari & Alexie Robert (2023): Has the crisis disrupted thirty-somethings' career trajectories? (Training & employment 159), Marseille, 3 S.

    Abstract

    "How have the working lives of young people in their thirties, the “hard core” of the economically active population in employment, been affected by the health crisis of 2020? The results of the Génération survey: Covid et après? (After Covid what?) serve to document the varied situations of these economically active individuals in the face of the crisis. Whether they were in stable or precarious employment, whether they were working in sectors exposed to or unaffected by the crisis, whether or not they had children, how did these young employees or self-employed workers get through the crisis?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Inflation and wage growth since the pandemic (2023)

    Jordà, Òscar ; Nechio, Fernanda;

    Zitatform

    Jordà, Òscar & Fernanda Nechio (2023): Inflation and wage growth since the pandemic. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 156. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104474

    Abstract

    "Following the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation surged to levels last seen in the 1980s. Motivated by vast differences in pandemic support across countries, we investigate the subsequent response of inflation and its feedback to wages. We exploit the differences in pandemic support to identify the effect that these programs had on inflation and the passthrough to wages. Our empirical approach focuses on a novel dynamic difference-in-differences method based on local projections. Our estimates suggest that an increase of 5 percentage points in direct transfers (relative to trend) translates into about a peak 3 percentage points boost to inflation and wage growth. Moreover, higher inflation accentuates the role of inflation expectations on wage-setting dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Local labor market effects of global value chain disruptions - evidence from the COVID-19 crisis (2023)

    Meisiek, Anne; Niebuhr, Annekatrin ; Meister, Moritz ; Rudolph, Meike ;

    Zitatform

    Meisiek, Anne, Moritz Meister, Annekatrin Niebuhr & Meike Rudolph (2023): Local labor market effects of global value chain disruptions - evidence from the COVID-19 crisis. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 10/2023), Nürnberg, 53 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2310

    Abstract

    "Diese Studie untersucht die Bedeutung der Integration von Produktionsprozessen in globale Wertschöpfungsketten (GVC) für die Entwicklung regionaler Arbeitsmärkte in Deutschland während der COVID-19 Pandemie. Die COVID-19 Pandemie ist eine globale Krise. Dennoch ist sie durch starke geografische Unterschiede gekennzeichnet, unter anderem bezüglich der Infektionsraten, aber auch mit Blick auf die Intensität der ergriffenen Eindämmungs- und Hilfsmaßnahmen und der zu beobachtenden Verhaltensänderungen. Eine rasch wachsende Zahl von Studien liefert Belege für die heterogenen räumlichen Effekte der COVID-19 Pandemie, wobei sich die meisten Untersuchungen auf den anfänglichen Schock und die Auswirkungen von Lockdowns und wirtschaftspolitischen Unterstützungsmaßnahmen konzentrieren. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet die Folgen der COVID-19 Pandemie aus einer anderen Perspektive als die bisherige Forschung zu den regionalwirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen der Krise. Wir betrachten die Effekte der Störung globaler Wertschöpfungsketten durch die Pandemie und untersuchen, ob das Ausmaß der Integration von Produktionsprozessen in globale Wertschöpfungsketten die Stärke des anfänglichen Schocks und die anschließende Erholung lokaler Arbeitsmärkte in Deutschland bis Dezember 2021 beeinflusst hat. Unsere Analyse konzentriert sich dabei auf die bilateralen Handelsbeziehungen zwischen China und Deutschland, da die beiden Länder wichtige Akteure in globalen Wertschöpfungsketten sind. Zudem war China sehr früh und sehr stark von der Pandemie betroffen, was Anfang 2020 zu einem erheblichen Rückgang der Produktion und der Exporte des Landes führte. Um die Integration von Wirtschaftszweigen und Regionen in globale Wertschöpfungsketten zu messen, verwenden wir die länderübergreifenden Input-Output-Tabellen (ICIO) der OECD von 2021, die detaillierte Informationen über den Handel mit Vorleistungsgütern zwischen 45 Branchen und 66 Ländern bis zum Jahr 2018 enthalten. Anhand dieser Daten zum internationalen Handel mit Zwischenprodukten berechnen wir verschiedene Indikatoren für die Integration deutscher Branchen über Importe und Exporte von Vorleistungsgütern. Um die Integration lokaler Arbeitsmärkte in globale Wertschöpfungsketten zu messen, quantifizieren wir die regionalen Unterschiede im Handel mit Zwischenprodukten anhand der Unterschiede in der sektoralen Spezialisierung zwischen den Arbeitsmarktregionen. Unsere zentrale Ergebnisvariable ist der regionale Anteil der Beschäftigten in Kurzarbeit an der Gesamtbeschäftigung. Die intensive Nutzung von Kurzarbeit war ein Grund für den relativ moderaten Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit während der COVID-19 Pandemie in Deutschland. Daher verwenden wir den Kurzarbeitsanteil anstelle von regionalen Arbeitslosenquoten, um die Arbeitsmarkteffekte der durch die COVID-19 Krise verursachten Störungen globaler Wertschöpfungsketten zu messen. Als zweite Ergebnisvariable betrachten wir die regionale Beschäftigung. Unsere deskriptiven Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass insbesondere Regionen in Süddeutschland stark in globale Wertschöpfungsketten integriert sind. Die räumliche Ballung im Süden des Bundesgebiets scheint für den Handel mit Zwischenprodukten mit China etwas stärker zu sein als für den Vorprodukt-Handel mit dem Rest der Welt. Im Gegensatz dazu weisen viele Regionen im Nordosten des Landes eine unterdurchschnittliche Einbindung in globale Wertschöpfungsketten auf. Eine Zerlegung des Zwischenprodukthandels in Importe und Exporte zeigt, dass die Exportkomponente in Deutschland fast doppelt so groß ist wie die Importkomponente. Die Export- und Importmaße korrelieren jedoch stark, was darauf hindeutet, dass eine Region in der Regel sowohl über Im- als auch Exporte von Vorleistungen stark in globale Wertschöpfungsketten integriert ist. Unseren Ergebnissen zufolge hat die Kurzarbeit im Jahr 2020 insbesondere in denjenigen Regionen sehr stark zugenommen hat, die ökonomisch sehr eng mit China verflochten sind. Wir stellen signifikante Effekte sowohl einer Integration durch Exporte als auch durch Importe von Vorleistungsgütern fest, wobei die Auswirkungen über die Importverbindung mit China etwas stärker sind. Die Effekte, die wir für die Integration mit China beobachten, sind jedoch nur temporärer Natur und laufen bereits in der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres 2020 schnell aus. Regionen, die stark mit dem Rest der Welt integriert sind, heben sich dagegen nicht von anderen lokalen Arbeitsmärkten in Deutschland ab, wenn es um die Auswirkungen der COVID-19 Krise geht. Für die rasche Erholung der Regionen, die eine hohe Integration mit China aufweisen, gibt es verschiedene mögliche Erklärungsansätze. Zunächst einmal unterscheidet sich China im zweiten Jahr der Pandemie nicht mehr so sehr von anderen wichtigen Handelspartnern Deutschlands was die Störung internationaler Handelsströme betrifft. Darüber hinaus lassen die Befunde erster Studien vermuten, dass Unternehmen ihre Produktionsprozesse und die Beschaffung von Vorleistungen als Reaktion auf Störungen der Wertschöpfungsketten während der COVID-19-Krise angepasst haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Niebuhr, Annekatrin ; Rudolph, Meike ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Die Ausgaben für das australische JobKeeper-Programm haben die staatlichen Gesamtausgaben in den ersten sechs Monaten um ein Viertel erhöht (Serie Kurzarbeit: Internationale Erfahrungen während der Covid-19-Krise ): (Interview mit Bob Gregory) (2023)

    Schludi, Martin; Gregory, Bob;

    Zitatform

    Schludi, Martin; Bob Gregory (interviewte Person) (2023): Die Ausgaben für das australische JobKeeper-Programm haben die staatlichen Gesamtausgaben in den ersten sechs Monaten um ein Viertel erhöht (Serie Kurzarbeit: Internationale Erfahrungen während der Covid-19-Krise ). (Interview mit Bob Gregory). In: IAB-Forum H. 31.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231031.01

    Abstract

    "Während der Covid-19-Krise führte Australien groß angelegte und leicht umzusetzende Lohnkostenzuschüsse ein. Dieses „JobKeeper-Programm” sollte Entlassungen verhindern. Die Unterschiede zu den europäischen Kurzarbeitsprogrammen sind jedoch frappierend. Im Interview für das IAB-Forum gibt Bob Gregory, emeritierter Professor der Australian National University, Einblicke in den australischen Ansatz und skizziert mögliche Lehren für andere Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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    Schludi, Martin;
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    The first six months expenditure for the Australian JobKeeper scheme lifted total national government expenditure by one quarter (Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic): (Interview with Bob Gregory) (2023)

    Schludi, Martin; Gregory, Bob;

    Zitatform

    Schludi, Martin; Bob Gregory (interviewte Person) (2023): The first six months expenditure for the Australian JobKeeper scheme lifted total national government expenditure by one quarter (Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic). (Interview with Bob Gregory). In: IAB-Forum H. 31.10.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231031.02

    Abstract

    "Während der Covid-19-Krise führte Australien groß angelegte und leicht umzusetzende Lohnkostenzuschüsse ein. Dieses „JobKeeper-Programm” sollte Entlassungen verhindern. Die Unterschiede zu den europäischen Kurzarbeitsprogrammen sind jedoch frappierend. Im Interview für das IAB-Forum gibt Bob Gregory, emeritierter Professor der Australian National University, Einblicke in den australischen Ansatz und skizziert mögliche Lehren für andere Länder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Schludi, Martin;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Inequalities in the disruption of paid work during the Covid-19 pandemic: A world systems analysis of core, semi-periphery, and periphery states (2023)

    Valizade, Danat ; Stuart, Mark ; Ali, Manhal ;

    Zitatform

    Valizade, Danat, Manhal Ali & Mark Stuart (2023): Inequalities in the disruption of paid work during the Covid-19 pandemic: A world systems analysis of core, semi-periphery, and periphery states. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 189-213. DOI:10.1111/irel.12310

    Abstract

    "This article reveals the extent of international inequalities in the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on participation in paid work. Drawing on World Systems Theory (WST) and a novel quasi-experimental analysis of nationally representative household panel surveys across 20 countries, the study finds a much sharper increase in the likelihood of dropping out of paid work in semi-periphery and periphery states relative to core states. We establish a causal link between such international disparities and the early trajectories of state interventions in the labor market. Further analysis demonstrates that within all three world systems delayed, less stringent interventions in the labor market were enabled by right-wing populism but mitigated by the strength of active labor market policies and collective bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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    Global labor market debates in the ILO publications in the COVID-19 era (2023)

    Özdemir, M. Çağlar ; Mete, Hakan ; Öz, Cihan Selek ; Arik, V. Çağrı;

    Zitatform

    Özdemir, M. Çağlar, Hakan Mete, Cihan Selek Öz & V. Çağrı Arik (2023): Global labor market debates in the ILO publications in the COVID-19 era. In: Monthly labor review H. September. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2023.20

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020, significantly changed the dynamics of working life. To help capture these changing dynamics, we examined publications that the International Labour Organization published during this period. This article aims to determine what kind of discussions are made within the framework of these publications in the context of COVID-19 by period and region. Thus, we researched the most intense discussion themes and tried to discover the global agendas of the labor markets. Within the scope of this article, we downloaded, classified, and examined a total of 1,062 publications (reports, webinars, and bulletins) published between January 2020 and April 2021. As a result of the analysis, we saw that the themes of working hours, informal workers, vulnerable workers, decent work, social protection, remote working, skills development, social dialogue, and labor standards were dominant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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