Zitatform

Lochner, Benjamin & Bastian Schulz (2016): Labor market sorting in Germany. (CESifo working paper 6066), München, 56 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the allocation of workers to jobs and the wage distribution in Germany. Our main contribution is to reconcile prominent empirical models of wage dispersion (Abowd et al., 1999; Card et al., 2013) with theoretical sorting models (Shimer and Smith, 2000; Eeckhout and Kircher, 2011; Hagedorn et al., 2016). We find that empirical fixed effect models provide a valid approximation of observed wages and matching patterns for a large part of the data. For low-type workers, however, wages are decreasing in the type of the firm a worker is matched with. This prediction of theoretical sorting models is at odds with the monotonicity assumption of fixed effect models. After ranking both workers and firms, we show that low-type workers have become increasingly sorted into low-type firms over time, especially out of unemployment. This increase is driven by selection into wage-maximizing matches at the bottom of the firm type distribution. It can be linked to increased domestic outsourcing of low-type workers to business service firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lochner, Benjamin & Bastian Schulz (2016): Labor Market Institutions and Wage Formation in an Economy with Search Frictions. Erlangen, 181 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Dissertation “Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen und Lohnbildung in einer Volkswirtschaft mit Suchfriktionen” besteht aus drei eigenständigen Aufsätzen, die sich detailliert mit dem Matching-Prozess von Arbeitnehmern und Arbeitgebern beschäftigen. Dazu werden aktuelle Methoden der theoretischen und empirischen makroökonomischen Forschung verwendet. Alle Aufsätze haben gemeinsam, dass sie das Basismodell durch verschiedene Arten von Heterogenität erweitern. Dies erlaubt es Fragenstellungen zu beantworten, die die Matching-Funktion nicht explizit modelliert. Kapitel 2 erweitert das Basismodell um Heterogenität in den am Arbeitsmarkt existierenden Arbeitsverträgen und untersucht unter diesen Rahmenbedingungen die Auswirkungen von Entlassungskosten auf den Arbeitsmarkt und die Volkswirtschaft als Ganzes. Kapitel 3 beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang von Löhnen und dem Konjunkturzyklus. Das Standardmodell geht davon aus, dass Löhne stetig neu verhandelt werden und somit vom Zustand des Arbeitsmarktes in dieser Periode abhängen. Empirische Evidenz zeigt allerdings, dass Löhne vom Zustand des Arbeitsmarktes in der Vergangenheit abhängen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Marinescu, Ioana & Roland Rathelot (2016): Mismatch unemployment and the geography of job search. (NBER working paper 22672), Cambrige, Mass., 69 S. DOI:10.3386/w22672

Abstract

"Could we significantly reduce U.S. unemployment by helping job seekers move closer to jobs? Using data from the leading employment board CareerBuilder.com, we show that, indeed, workers dislike applying to distant jobs: job seekers are 35% less likely to apply to a job 10 miles away from their ZIP code of residence. However, because job seekers are close enough to vacancies on average, this distaste for distance is fairly inconsequential: our search and matching model predicts that relocating job seekers to minimize unemployment would decrease unemployment by only 5.3%. Geographic mismatch is thus a minor driver of aggregate unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moscarini, Giuseppe & Fabien Postel-Vinay (2016): Did the job ladder fail after the Great Recession? In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 34, H. 1/Pt. 2, S. S55-S93.

Abstract

"We study employment reallocation across employers through the lens of a dynamic job ladder model. Workers always agree on a ranking of employers at all points in time and search for better jobs both off and on the job. A parsimonious version of the model fits well the time series of gross worker flows by employer size from newly available US data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. Focusing on the US experience in and around the Great Recession, our evidence indicates that the job ladder stopped working then and has not fully resumed yet." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Neffke, Frank, Anne Otto & César Hidalgo (2016): The mobility of displaced workers: How the local industry mix affects job search strategies. (Papers in evolutionary economic geography 2016/05), Utrecht, 39 S.

Abstract

"Establishment closures leave many workers unemployed. Based on employment histories of 20 million German workers, we find that workers often cope with their displacement by moving to different regions and industries. However, which of these coping strategies is chosen depends on the local industry mix. A large local presence of predisplacement or related industries strongly reduces the rate at which workers leave the region. Moreover, our findings suggest that a large local presence of the predisplacement industry induces workers to shift search efforts toward this industry, reducing the spatial scope of search for jobs in alternative industries and vice versa." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oslund, Charlotte (2016): Which industries need workers? Exploring differences in labor market activity. In: Monthly Labor Review, Jg. 139, H. January, S. 1-22.

Abstract

"Using data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, this article takes a unique, simultaneous look at job openings, hires, and separations for individual industries and then categorizes industries as having high or low job openings and high or low hires. Studying the data items in relation to each other helps point out the differences among industries: some have high turnover, some have low turnover, some easily find the workers they need and hence have few job openings at the end of the month, and some need more workers than they can find. The author also includes fill rates and churn rates by industry and looks briefly at earnings by industry. The analysis of labor turnover patterns by industry may prove useful to jobseekers and career changers as well as employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oyer, Paul & Scott Schaefer (2016): Firm/employee matching. An industry study of U.S. lawyers. In: ILR review, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 378-404. DOI:10.1177/0019793915605506

Abstract

"The authors study the sources of match-specific value at large U.S. law firms by analyzing how graduates of law schools group into law firms. They measure the degree to which lawyers from certain schools concentrate within certain firms and then analyze how this agglomeration can be explained by 'natural advantage'' factors (such as geographic proximity) and by productive complementarities across graduates of a given school. Large law firms tend to hire from a select group of law schools, and individual offices within these firms are substantially more concentrated in terms of hires from particular schools. The degree of concentration is highly variable, as there is substantial variation in firms' hiring strategies. Two main drivers of variation in law school concentration occur within law offices. First, geography drives a large amount of concentration, as most firms hire largely from local schools. Second, school-based networks (and possibly productive complementarities) appear to be important because partners' law schools drive associates' law school composition even when controlling for firm, school, and firm/school match characteristics and when instrumenting for partners' law schools." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pallais, Amanda & Emily Glassberg Sands (2016): Why the referential treatment. Evidence from field experiments on referrals. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 124, H. 6, S. 1793-1828. DOI:10.1086/688850

Abstract

"Referred workers are more likely than nonreferred workers to be hired, all else equal. In three field experiments in an online labor market, we examine why. We find that referrals contain positive information about worker performance and persistence that is not contained in workers' observable characteristics. We also find that referrals perform particularly well when working directly with their referrers. However, we do not find evidence that referrals exert more effort because they believe their performance will affect their relationship with their referrer or their referrer's position at the firm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rebien, Martina (2016): Langzeitarbeitslose aus Sicht der Betriebe: Fit genug für den Arbeitsmarkt? In: IAB-Forum H. 1, S. 18-25., 2016-07-26. DOI:10.3278/IFO1601W018

Abstract

Der Rückgang der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit ist in den vergangenen fünf Jahren ins Stocken geraten. Dennoch sind nicht wenige Betriebe prinzipiell bereit, Langzeitarbeitslosen im Einstellungsprozess eine Chance zu geben - vor allem dann, wenn sie aufgrund einer Empfehlung in den Betrieb vermittelt würden. Die betriebliche Einschätzung arbeitsrelevanter Eigenschaften dieser Personen zeigt zudem, dass Langzeitarbeitslose zum Teil gute Voraussetzungen mitbringen. (IAB)

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Sedláček, Petr (2016): The aggregate matching function and job search from employment and out of the labor force. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 21, H. July, S. 16-28. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2016.03.001

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Szameitat, Jörg, Barbara Knapp, Elke Dony & Gudrun Fausel (2016): Diversity Management und soziale Schließung in Betrieben in Deutschland. Ergebnisse aus Experteninterviews. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 06/2016), Nürnberg, 45 S., Anhang.

Abstract

"Die aktuelle Zuwanderung von Flüchtlingen stellt den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt vor neue Herausforderungen. Ein erhöhtes Ausmaß sozialer Vielfalt, an kultureller Diversität, kommt auf die Betriebe zu. Nicht zuletzt werden deren organisatorische und soziale Kompetenzen gefragt sein, wenn es darum geht, mit neuen Arbeitskräften bisher vielleicht fremder kultureller Herkunft im Arbeitsalltag umzugehen. Dies lenkt neues Augenmerk auf die Rolle von Diversity Management. Dessen ursprüngliches Ziel war es, Chancengleichheit am Arbeitsmarkt zu ermöglichen. Da es soziale Vielfalt als Ressource interpretiert, ist Diversity Management inzwischen (auch) ein Instrument zur Produktivitätssteigerung von Betrieben geworden. Welche Motive für und Arten von Diversity Management sich in deutschen Betrieben tatsächlich finden und wie diese mit Tendenzen sozialer Schließung in Einstellungsprozessen zusammenhängen, beschreibt dieser Bericht auf Basis von Experteninterviews. Den theoretischen Hintergrund bildet dabei der Zusammenhang von Diversität und sozialer Schließung im Betrieb. Die Auswertung der Interviews mündet in einer Aufstellung verschiedener Typen von Betrieben, die sich hinsichtlich ihrer Haltung Diversity Management gegenüber, ihres Motivs dafür, ihres Umgangs mit sozialer Vielfalt sowie ihres Grades an sozialer Schließung unterscheiden. Eine bereits bestehende Typologie von Diversity Management von Thomas und Ely (1996) wird dabei um zwei Typen erweitert. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass eine nachhaltige Nutzung sozialer Vielfalt durch zwei Faktoren begünstigt wird: Eine historisch-politisch oder organisatorisch bedingte Auseinandersetzung mit sozialer Vielfalt einerseits und eine idealistisch motivierte positive Wertschätzung sozialer Vielfalt andererseits." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tim Weitzel, Tim, Sven Laumer, Christian Maier, Caroline Oehlhorn, Jakob Wirth, Christoph Weinert & Andreas Eckhardt (2016): Active sourcing und social recruiting. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der Recruiting Trends 2016, einer empirischen Studie der Top 1.000 Unternehmen aus Deutschland sowie der Top 300 Unternehmen aus den Branchen Automotive, Handel und IT, und der Bewerbungspraxis 2016, einer empirischen Studie mit über 4.800 Stellensuchenden und Karriereinteressierten im Internet. Themenspecial. Bamberg, 19 S.

Abstract

"Das Themenspecial 'Active Sourcing und Social Recruiting' ist Teil der jährlich durchgeführten Studienreihen 'Recruiting Trends' und 'Bewerbungspraxis' des Centre of Human Resources Information Systems (CHRIS) der Universität Bamberg in Zusammenarbeit mit der German Graduate School of Management and Law, Heilbronn und im Auftrag der Monster Worldwide Deutschland GmbH. Der vorliegende Themenschwerpunkt gibt einen Einblick in die Bedeutung und Nutzung von Active Sourcing und Social Recruiting in den Top 1.000 Unternehmen aus Deutschland und vergleicht die Ergebnisse mit dem Nutzungsverhalten und den Einschätzungen von über 4.800 Stellensuchenden und Karriereinteressierten. Für einen umfassenden Überblick über die Gestaltung der Personalbeschaffung in Deutschland wurden zudem Branchenanalysen der Top 300 Unternehmen aus den Branchen Automotive, Handel und IT sowie mehrere Fallstudien durchgeführt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Albertini, Julien, Jean-Olivier Hairault, François Langot & Thepthida Sopraseuth (2015): Frictions or deadlocks? Job polarization with search and matching frictions. (Sonderforschungsbereich Ökonomisches Risiko. Discussion paper 2015-051), Berlin, 40 S.

Abstract

"This paper extends Pissarides (1990)'s matching model by considering two sectors (routine and manual) and workers' occupational choices, in the context of skill-biased demand shifts, to the detriment of routine jobs and in favour of manual jobs because of technological changes. The theoretical challenge is to investigate the reallocation process from the middle towards the bottom of the wage distribution. By using this framework, we shed light on the way in which labour market institutions affect the job polarization observed in the United States and Europe. The results of our quantitative experiments suggest that search frictions have non-trivial effects on the reallocation process and transitional dynamics of aggregate employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arni, Patrick & Amelie Schiprowski (2015): The effects of binding and non-binding job search requirements. (IZA discussion paper 8951), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"Job search requirements constrain the effort choice of unemployment insurance recipients by enforcing a minimum number of monthly applications. This paper is the first to assess how individual search effort, job finding and job stability react to this constraint. Standard job search theory predicts that requirements affect each job seeker relative to her unconstrained effort choice. Therefore, the behavioral treatment intensity of interest is the incremental effort necessary to comply with the requirement. Using novel Swiss register data, we measure this intensity as the difference between the individual requirement threshold and the search effort provided just before requirement imposition. Our econometric approach exploits that - conditional on a broad set of choice fixed effects - the match between the job seeker's unconstrained effort choice and the caseworker's requirement setting behavior is arbitrary. Therefore, it provides exogenous variation in the treatment assignment. We find that binding search requirements that exceed the job seeker's unconstrained effort choice, increase job finding in a substantial way. These effects are highly heterogeneous with respect to the job seeker's characteristics. They come at the cost of increased non-compliance and sanction imposition rates. Moreover, binding requirements have striking negative effects on job stability. Finally, we find that non-binding requirements can also affect search outcomes. This suggests that requirements can operate as signals, thereby generating behavioral effects that are not predicted by standard job search theory." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arni, Patrick (2015): Opening the blackbox: How does labor market policy affect the job seekers' behavior? A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 9617), Bonn, 59 S.

Abstract

"Empirically, not much is known about the mechanisms how labor market programs like job search assistance and training operate to support finding a job. This paper provides novel evidence to open the 'blackbox': it causally links the program interventions to the dynamics of search behavior, beliefs and non-cognitive skills. The study is based on a unique combination of a randomized field experiment with detailed register data and a panel of repeated surveys. The tested coaching program, focused on older job seekers, turns out to increase the job finding of participants by 9 percentage points (72% vs. 63% in the control group). The treatment effect is driven by a reduction of reservation wages and an increase in search efficiency. Moreover, I find short-run effects on motivation, self-confidence and beliefs. The job seekers overestimate their chances slightly less with respect to job interviews and salaries. Overall, the focus on realistic expectations and on search strategy appears to be important for program success. The experiment shows that evaluation designs which directly assess behavior can provide a fruitful base for targeted policy design." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Auspurg, Katrin & Stefanie Gundert (2015): Precarious employment and bargaining power. Results of a factorial survey analysis. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 99-117., 2014-10-13.

Abstract

"Welche Rolle spielt die Verhandlungsmacht von Arbeitnehmern für ihre Bereitschaft, befristete Arbeitsverträge zu akzeptieren? In welchem Ausmaß ist ihre Konzessionsbereitschaft durch individuelle Merkmale oder Kontextfaktoren beeinflusst, welche die Verhandlungsmacht gegenüber Arbeitgebern bestimmen? In einem faktoriellen Survey-Modul wurden im Panel 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) im Jahr 2011 etwa 3.700 Erwerbspersonen in Deutschland zu ihrer Annahmebereitschaft hinsichtlich fiktiver Jobangebote (Vignetten) befragt, die in Merkmalen wie der Beschäftigungsdauer experimentell variiert wurden. Erwartungsgemäß reduziert eine gute Verhandlungsposition (z.B. in Form von ökonomischen Ressourcen oder einer starken Arbeitsmarktintegration) die Konzessionsbereitschaft im Hinblick auf Beschäftigungssicherheit. Der Vorteil einer solchen Position zeigt sich zudem in höheren finanziellen Kompensationen bei der Annahme befristeter Verträge. Dabei finden sich Variationen nach familiärem Hintergrund und Geschlecht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Barbulescu, Roxana (2015): The strength of many kinds of ties. Unpacking the role of social contacts across stages of the job. In: Organization Science, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 1040-1058. DOI:10.1287/orsc.2015.0978

Abstract

"The topic of job mobility has received increasing attention in recent years. Yet, surprising in light of the wealth of research on social networks and job attainment, we do not have a unified model of the impact of different kinds of social contacts on job search success. In this paper I show that contacts are differently beneficial for job seekers depending on the stage of the job search process that job seekers are engaged in. Specifically, three stages of the job search process can be distinguished in which social contacts fulfill different roles for the job seekers: deciding the types of jobs for which to apply, submitting job applications, and preparing for interviews. I propose that contacts who are spread across different occupations are conducive to applying to more types of jobs, yet it is contacts who are more focused across occupations that are beneficial for being invited to more interviews - relative to the number of job types applied for - and for converting the interviews into offers. In addition, contacts with lower relationship depth with the job seeker are more helpful for getting invited to interviews, whereas contacts who have more frequent interactions with the job seeker are more helpful for converting interviews into offers. Analyses using a unique longitudinal data set on the job searches of 226 participants in an MBA program offer robust evidence in support of the hypotheses. The results suggest that external mobility is best enabled when job seekers engage with - and learn from - different kinds of contacts across stages of the job search process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barnichon, Regis & Andrew Figura (2015): Labor market heterogeneity and the aggregate matching function. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 7, H. 4, S. 222-249. DOI:10.1257/mac.20140116

Abstract

"We estimate an aggregate matching function and find that the regression residual, which captures movements in matching efficiency, displays procyclical fluctuations and a dramatic decline after 2007. Using a matching function framework that explicitly takes into account worker heterogeneity as well as market segmentation, we show that matching efficiency movements can be the result of variations in the degree of heterogeneity in the labor market. Matching efficiency declines substantially when, as in the Great Recession, the average characteristics of the unemployed deteriorate substantially, or when dispersion in labor market conditions - the extent to which some labor markets fare worse than others - increases markedly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Belot, Michele, Philipp Kircher & Paul Muller (2015): Providing advice to job seekers at low cost. An experimental study on on-line advice. (CESifo working paper 5641), München, 69 S.

Abstract

"Helping job seekers to identify suitable jobs is a key challenge for policy makers. We develop and evaluate experimentally a novel tool that provides tailored advice at low cost and thereby redesigns the process through which job seekers search for jobs. We invited 300 job seekers to our computer facilities for 12 consecutive weekly sessions. They searched for real jobs using our web interface. After 3 weeks, we introduced a manipulation of the interface for half of the sample: instead of relying on their own search criteria, we displayed relevant other occupations to them and the jobs that were available in these occupations. These suggestions were based on background information and readily available labor market data. We recorded search behavior on our site but also surveyed participants every week on their other search activities, applications and job interviews. We find that these suggestions broaden the set of jobs considered by the average participant. More importantly, we find that they are invited to significantly more job interviews. These effects are predominantly driven by job seekers who searched relatively narrowly initially and who have been unemployed for a few months." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Benson, Alan (2015): A theory of dual job search and sex-based occupational clustering. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 54, H. 3, S. 367-400. DOI:10.1111/irel.12095

Abstract

"This paper theorizes and provides evidence for the segregation of men into clustered occupations and women into dispersed occupations in advance of marriage and in anticipation of future colocation problems. Using the Decennial Census, and controlling for occupational characteristics, I find evidence of this general pattern of segregation, and also find that the minority of the highly educated men and women who depart from this equilibrium experience delayed marriage, higher divorce, and lower earnings. Results are consistent with the theory that marriage and mobility expectations foment a self-fulfilling pattern of occupational segregation with individual departures deterred by earnings and marriage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))