matching – Suchprozesse am Arbeitsmarkt
Offene Stellen bei gleichzeitiger Arbeitslosigkeit - was Arbeitsmarkttheorien u. a. mit "unvollkommener Information" begründen, ist für Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchende oft nur schwer nachzuvollziehen: Unternehmen können freie Stellen nicht besetzen, trotzdem finden Arbeitsuchende nur schwer den passenden Job. Wie gestalten sich die Suchprozesse bei Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchenden, welche Konzessionen sind beide Seiten bereit einzugehen, wie lässt sich das "matching" verbessern?
Diese Infoplattform bietet wissenschaftliche Literatur zur theoretischen und empirischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema.
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Literaturhinweis
When an Accountant Becomes a Taxi Driver: Unemployment, Labor Market Institutions, and Economic Theory (2025)
Benanav, Aaron;Zitatform
Benanav, Aaron (2025): When an Accountant Becomes a Taxi Driver: Unemployment, Labor Market Institutions, and Economic Theory. In: History of political economy. DOI:10.1215/00182702-12134470
Abstract
"This article reconstructs the history of how economists came to understand unemployment as a distinct category and how that understanding transformed over time. In the early twentieth century, governments regulated access to unemployment benefits and established labor market protections, drawing sharper boundaries between employment and unemployment. Historians have shown that these boundaries were politically constructed, but economic theory largely treated them as given. Postwar Keynesian models assumed that unemployment was a temporary and measurable condition between spells of stable, high-wage work. However, that assumption rested on a historically specific labor market structure that began to unravel in the 1970s and 1980s. As stable jobs contracted, more workers cycled through precarious employment rather than remaining fully unemployed or finding new stable work. Economic theory responded with new models focused on individual incentives and firm behavior, but these also tended to treat emerging patterns as evidence of how unemployment had always functioned, rather than as signs of a shifting institutional landscape. By tracing how the category of unemployment was constructed and transformed—and how economists responded to those shifts—this article shows how changes in institutional context shape the development of economic thought itself." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Applications and Labor Market Flows (2025)
Zitatform
Birinci, Serdar, Kurt See & Shu Lin Wee (2025): Job Applications and Labor Market Flows. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 92, H. 3, S. 1438-1496. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdae064
Abstract
"Job applications have risen over time, yet job-finding rates remain unchanged. Meanwhile, separations have declined. We argue that increased applications raise the probability of a good match rather than the probability of job-finding. Using a search model with multiple applications and costly information, we show that when applications increase, firms invest in identifying good matches, reducing separations. Concurrently, increased congestion and selectivity over which offer to accept temper increases in job-finding rates. Our framework contains testable implications for changes in offers, acceptances, reservation wages, applicants per vacancy, and tenure, objects that enable it to generate the trends in unemployment flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job search under changing labour taxes (2025)
Zitatform
Bryson, Alex & Harald Dale-Olsen (2025): Job search under changing labour taxes. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102750
Abstract
"Workers’ job mobility decisions are related to firms’ wage policies but also depend on tax schedules. Using Norwegian population-wide administrative linked employer-employee data for 2010–2019, we study how the job-to-job turnover of employees is affected by marginal taxes and firms’ pay policies, thus drawing inferences on job search behaviour. By paying higher wages, job-to-job separation rates drop, but this negative relationship is weakened when income taxes increase, consistent with higher taxes reducing search activity. However, consistent with theory, the tax effect is smaller where workers receive performance bonuses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Search, Screening, and Sorting (2025)
Zitatform
Cai, Xiaoming, Pieter Gautier & Ronald Wolthoff (2025): Search, Screening, and Sorting. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 205-236. DOI:10.1257/mac.20240026
Abstract
"We examine how search frictions impact labor market sorting by constructing a model consistent with evidence that employers interview a subset of a pool of applicants. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for sorting in applications and matches. Positive sorting is obtained when production complementarities outweigh a counterforce measured by a (novel) quality-quantity elasticity. Interestingly, the threshold for the complementarities depends on the fraction of high-type workers and can be increasing in the number of interviews. Our model shows how policies like Ban the Box can backfire because when screening workers becomes harder, firms may discourage certain workers from applying." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm Pay and Worker Search (2025)
Caldwell, Sydnee; Haegele, Ingrid; Heining, Jörg;Zitatform
Caldwell, Sydnee, Ingrid Haegele & Jörg Heining (2025): Firm Pay and Worker Search. (IAB-Discussion Paper 04/2025), Nürnberg, 141 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2504
Abstract
"Ob und wie Arbeitnehmer am Arbeitsplatz suchen, hängt von ihren Vorstellungen über die Bezahlung und die Arbeitsbedingungen in anderen Unternehmen ab. Dennoch ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie viel Arbeitnehmer tatsächlich über die Arbeitsentgelte außerhalb ihrer aktuellen Beschäftigung Bescheid wissen. Wir nutzen eine groß angelegte Umfrage unter deutschen Vollzeitbeschäftigten, welche mit Sozialversicherungsdaten verknüpft wurde, um Gehaltserwartungen und Präferenzen gegenüber bestimmten externen Unternehmen zu ermitteln. Arbeitnehmer glauben, dass sie mit erheblicher Heterogenität hinsichtlich der Vergütung bei anderen Unternehmen konfrontiert sind und richten ihre Suche nach einem neuen Arbeitsplatz auf Unternehmen aus, von denen sie ausgehen, dass diese mehr bezahlen. Die von den Arbeitnehmern erwarteten unternehmensspezifischen Lohnaufschläge korrelieren sowohl stark mit den Vergütungsschemata, die sich anhand von administrativen Daten zeigen, als auch mit der Würdigung von firmenspezifischer Annehmlichkeiten. Die meisten Arbeiter sind auch bei einer erheblichen Erhöhung des Gehalts nicht bereit, sich einen neuen Job zu suchen – oder ihr derzeitiges Unternehmen zu verlassen. Die Kosten eines Jobwechsel betragen zwischen 7 und 18 Prozent des Jahreslohns eines Arbeitnehmers. Die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Arbeitgeber variiert je nach Arbeitgeber und kann nicht anhand von Unterschieden in firmenspezifischen Annehmlichkeiten oder den Kosten des Jobwechsels erklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Heining, Jörg; -
Literaturhinweis
Search and multiple jobholding (2025)
Zitatform
Lalé, Etienne (2025): Search and multiple jobholding. In: Economic Theory. DOI:10.1007/s00199-025-01647-3
Abstract
"This paper develops an equilibrium model of the labor market that incorporates hours worked, off- and on-the-job search, and both single and multiple jobholders. Central to the model’s mechanism is that taking on a second job ties the worker to her primary employer, while simultaneously providing the worker with a stronger outside option when bargaining with the secondary employer. The model quantitatively accounts for both the incidence of multiple jobholding and worker flows in and out of second jobs. It also sheds light on how multiple jobholding shapes outcomes that are typically the focus of search models. Multiple jobholding has opposing effects on job-to-job transitions, which largely offset each other. At the same time, the option of holding second jobs extends the survival of a worker’s main job, thereby reducing job separations and increasing the employment rate. These findings have significant implications for calibrating standard search models that ignore multiple jobholding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Teaching two-sided labor search theory to undergraduates: A model and some exercises (2025)
Loewy, Michael B.;Zitatform
Loewy, Michael B. (2025): Teaching two-sided labor search theory to undergraduates: A model and some exercises. In: The journal of economic education, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1080/00220485.2025.2549718
Abstract
"Although the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides (DMP) model originated roughly 40 years ago and its authors shared the 2010 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, their work is still absent from several recent editions of popular intermediate macroeconomics textbooks. In contrast, Stephen Williamson's textbook (2014, 2018) presents an early static version of the DMP model accessible to undergraduates. This article's author compensates for the topic's omission in some intermediate-level textbooks by discussing Williamson's static DMP model and presenting four additional exercises not covered in his main text: (1) a change in a vacancy's posting price; (2) an increase in workers' relative bargaining power; (3) the introduction of a minimum wage; and (4) the introduction of an endogenous unemployment insurance benefit. The latter exercise yields an interesting neutrality result." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Immobile Incumbent Problem in a Model of Short-Term Wage-Posting (2025)
Zitatform
Manning, Alan (2025): The Immobile Incumbent Problem in a Model of Short-Term Wage-Posting. In: German Economic Review, S. 1-46. DOI:10.1515/ger-2024-0127
Abstract
"This paper takes the canonical Burdett-Mortensen model of wage-posting and relaxes the assumption that wages are set once-for-all, instead assuming they can only be committed one period at a time. It derives a closed-form solution for a steady-state Markov Rank-Preserving Equilibrium and shows how this relates to the canonical model and performs some comparative statics on it. But it is shown that a Rank-Preserving Equilibrium may fail to exist because employers have more monopsony power over existing workers than new recruits and that this non-existence can be a problem for plausible parameter values. It is shown how a Rank-Inverting Equilibrium may exist. It is argued that this problem is likely to occur in a wide range of search models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Testing for wage-specific search intensity (2025)
Zitatform
Rendon, Silvio (2025): Testing for wage-specific search intensity. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 59, H. 1. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00389-4
Abstract
"Most job search intensity models assume uniform search effort across all potential wage offers. I depart from this conventional assumption by proposing that agents allocate wage-specific search intensity, strategically avoiding effort on low-paying, unacceptable jobs or high-paying, improbable ones. This alternative model generates wage distributions at acceptance that differ markedly from the truncated distributions typical of models with constant arrival rates for wage offers. I leverage these distinct empirical predictions to develop two new nonparametric tests, applied to NLSY97 data, both of which reject the hypothesis of constant search intensity across wages. Furthermore, I estimate the structural parameters identifiable in each model, revealing that wage-specific search leads to greater total search effort, faster transitions into the upper tail of the wage distribution, and ultimately higher accepted wages—more than a 25% increase following unemployment. For low wages, the classic random search model delivers a fair replication of the actual data, but for higher wages targeted search is better. Wage-specific search suggests that job seekers not only need to search more, but also search better. This insight has important implications for employment policy, particularly in promoting job search literacy among the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Location choice when the number of jobs matters: Matching in spatial equilibrium (2025)
Zitatform
Venables, Anthony J. (2025): Location choice when the number of jobs matters: Matching in spatial equilibrium. (CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance 2087), London, 22 S.
Abstract
"The idea that people want to go to where the jobs are is intuitive yet is absent from the standard quantitative spatial modelling approach in which location choices are guided by prices, without reference to quantities (the number of jobs in a place). The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by making jobs, as well as places, the objects of household choice. This involves minor change to the modelling approach used in the literature and provides a simple description of labour market matching. Similar modification of the modelling of firms’ location choices captures the idea that these are shaped by both wage costs and the availability of workers with appropriate skill. These modifications yield powerful agglomeration forces, as workers’ location choices become positively influenced by the number of jobs in a place, and firms’ decision are shaped by the number of workers with appropriate skills. Results are established analytically and in a regional model in which the equilibrium distributions of workers and sectors are demonstrated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Legitimizing Beauty in Hiring: An Analysis of Cultural Repertoires in Defense of Appearances as Selection Criteria (2025)
Zitatform
Vonk, Laura & Kobe De Keere (2025): Legitimizing Beauty in Hiring: An Analysis of Cultural Repertoires in Defense of Appearances as Selection Criteria. In: Work and occupations. DOI:10.1177/07308884251362257
Abstract
"This article builds upon the body of literature confirming that aesthetics matter for finding work by investigating how gatekeepers reflect on the relevance of appearances in their evaluations of job candidates. Starting from the notion that in hiring the relevance of appearance conflicts with ideals of meritocracy and fairness, we seek to understand how gatekeepers solve this dispute and how they morally legitimize the importance of aesthetics. The analyses are based on in-depth interviews with 40 employee gatekeepers from the cultural (n = 17) and corporate (n = 23) sector, and show that although the gatekeepers problematize the importance of beauty, they do acknowledge that it plays a role in their evaluations. Three cultural repertoires for solving this contradiction and for legitimizing appearances as a hiring criterion are discerned from the data: (1) beauty as a business case; (2) appearances express personality; (3) looking right is a matter of effort. What the gatekeepers try to do is to come to a hiring decision using evaluation criteria that can be considered contextually legitimate. Yet, this can lead to applying evaluation criteria and, more structurally, labor market outcomes that they find morally problematic. This study highlights the relevance of cultural repertoires in processes of legitimation for understanding reproductions of inequalities related to appearances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Optimal unemployment insurance with multiple applications (2025)
Wee, Shu Lin;Zitatform
Wee, Shu Lin (2025): Optimal unemployment insurance with multiple applications. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 154. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2025.103798
Abstract
"This paper examines how unemployment transfers should be allocated over the business cycle. When risk-averse workers can submit multiple applications, the optimal UI policy is countercyclical. In contrast, optimal policy in a standard search model featuring one-to-one matching is procyclical. In the latter, more generous UI during a downturn discourages search effort, dampening job creation. In the former, decreased search effort aids job creation. Because firms cannot coordinate and commit to not making the same worker an offer, lower search effort by reducing the number of applications sent mitigates this coordination friction. This in turn boosts job creation incentives, supporting employment outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Demand on a Tight Leash (2024)
Zitatform
Bossler, Mario & Martin Popp (2024): Labor Demand on a Tight Leash. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16837), Bonn, 99 S.
Abstract
"We develop a labor demand model that encompasses pre-match hiring cost arising from tight labor markets. Through the lens of the model, we study the effect of labor market tightness on firms’ labor demand by applying novel shift-share instruments to the universe of German firms. In line with theory, we find that a doubling in tightness reduces firms’ employment by 5 percent. Taking into account the resulting search externalities, the wage elasticity of firms’ labor demand reduces from -0.7 to -0.5 through reallocation effects. In light of our results, pre-match hiring cost amount to 40 percent of annual wage payments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The cyclicality of on-the-job search (2024)
Zitatform
Bransch, Felix, Samreen Malik & Benedikt Mihm (2024): The cyclicality of on-the-job search. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102517
Abstract
"On-the-job search is increasingly recognized as an important potential driver of labor market dynamics over the business cycle. Using the UK Labor Force Survey, we find robust empirical evidence that on-the-job search is countercyclical and that the cyclical fluctuations have important repercussions for labor market dynamics. We also find that the cyclical pattern is not explained by precautionary search motives but rather appears to be driven by job-ladder-motivated searches. This finding is surprising because, as we confirm, the expected returns to on-the-job search are procyclical. We find evidence that three features of search behavior may contribute to this finding: greater search effort in response to lower job-to-job transition probabilities, a prevalence of non-pecuniary motivated searches that are less affected by lower expected wage gains, and procyclicality in average match quality, which has a significant impact on the search behavior of new hires over the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Wealth on Worker Productivity (2024)
Zitatform
Eeckhout, Jan & Alireza Sepahsalari (2024): The Effect of Wealth on Worker Productivity. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 91, H. 3, S. 1584-1633. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdad059
Abstract
"We propose a theory that analyzes how a workers’ asset holdings affect their job productivity. In a labor market with uninsurable risk, workers choose to direct their job search trading off productivity and wages against unemployment risk. Workers with low asset holdings have a precautionary job search motive, they direct their search to low productivity jobs because those offer a low risk at the cost of low productivity and a low wage. Our main theoretical contribution shows that the presence of consumption smoothing can reconcile the directed search model with negative duration-dependence on wages, a robust empirical regularity that the canonical directed search model cannot rationalize. We calibrate the infinite horizon economy and find this mechanism to be quantitatively important. We evaluate a tax financed unemployment insurance (UI) scheme and analyze how it affects welfare. Aggregate welfare is inverted U-shaped in benefits: the insurance effect UI dominates the incentive effects for low levels of benefits and vice versa for high benefits. In addition, when UI increases, total production falls in the economy while worker productivity increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Worker mobility and UI extensions (2024)
Zitatform
Goensch, Johannes, Andreas Gulyas & Ioannis Kospentaris (2024): Worker mobility and UI extensions. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 162. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104672
Abstract
"We develop an equilibrium search model with a labor force participation decision, job-to-job transitions, and endogenous separations. The calibrated model perfectly matches the observed labor market flows in US data. We use the model to simulate the effects of an extension of unemployment insurance benefits to 99 weeks. The reform leads to a decrease in employment, an increase in the labor force participation and unemployment rate, while it leaves labor productivity roughly constant. Using a model-based decomposition, as well as comparisons with alternative simplified models, we show that modeling workers’ participation decisions, job-to-job transitions, and endogenous separations together is crucial for a complete and accurate analysis of UI reforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Welfare Impact of Reemployment Bonuses (2024)
Komatsu, Katsuhiro;Zitatform
Komatsu, Katsuhiro (2024): The Welfare Impact of Reemployment Bonuses. (SSRN papers), Rochester, NY, 39 S. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.4534315
Abstract
"This paper investigates the welfare impact of reemployment bonuses in a dynamic job search model. Reemployment bonuses, monetary incentives offered to workers who obtain employment, may mitigate the moral hazard in unemployment insurance (UI) while preserving consumption smoothing. Using a sufficient statistics approach, I first show the substantial positive impact of reemployment bonuses on welfare given the current level of UI benefits. Then, by using a quantitative model of job search, consumption, and saving, I study the optimal combination of UI benefits and reemployment bonuses. I find that the optimal UI benefit level is higher when reemployment bonuses are incorporated. Compared to the welfare gain achieved by implementing only the optimal level of UI benefits, the optimal combination of UI benefits and reemployment bonuses achieves a 56 percent larger welfare gain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vacancy Durations and Entry Wages: Evidence from Linked Vacancy–Employer–Employee Data (2024)
Zitatform
Mueller, Andreas I., Damian Osterwalder, Josef Zweimüller & Andreas Kettemann (2024): Vacancy Durations and Entry Wages: Evidence from Linked Vacancy–Employer–Employee Data. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 91, H. 3, S. 1807-1841. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdad051
Abstract
"This article explores the relationship between the duration of a vacancy and the starting wage of a new job, using linked data on vacancies, the posting establishments, and the workers eventually filling the vacancies. The unique combination of large-scale, administrative worker, establishment, and vacancy data is critical for separating establishment- and job-level determinants of vacancy duration from worker-level heterogeneity. Conditional on observables, we find that vacancy duration is negatively correlated with the starting wage and its establishment component, with precisely estimated elasticities of −0.07 and −0.21, respectively. While the negative relationship is qualitatively consistent with search-theoretic models where firms use the wage as a recruiting device, these elasticities are small, suggesting that firms’ wage policies can account only for a small fraction of the variation in vacancy filling across establishments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Destabilizing search technology (2024)
Potter, Tristan;Zitatform
Potter, Tristan (2024): Destabilizing search technology. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 145. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103557
Abstract
"Modern job search technologies enable job seekers to monitor the arrival of newly posted vacancies. This paper conceptualizes search as a monitoring decision and shows that monitoring technologies give rise to a novel source of strategic complementarities in search and can thus lead to potentially destabilizing multiplicity of equilibria. The model provides a theory of belief-driven fluctuations in labor supply that can permanently shift the path of the economy, and offers an explanation for persistently weak wage growth despite low unemployment during the recovery from the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Feeling Observed? A Field Experiment on the Effects of Intense Survey Participation on Job Seekers’ Labour Market Outcomes (2024)
Zitatform
Stephan, Gesine, Clemens Hetschko, Julia Schmidtke, Michael Eid & Mario Lawes (2024): Feeling Observed? A Field Experiment on the Effects of Intense Survey Participation on Job Seekers’ Labour Market Outcomes. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17347), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"We ran a field experiment to causally identify the effects of intense survey participation on key labor market outcomes. We randomly excluded individuals willing to sign up for the German Job Search Panel, a high-frequency survey with a focus on job search and wellbeing. Using administrative data on labor market outcomes (e.g., employment, earnings), we find that, on average, survey participation had no effect on labor market outcomes during the year after signing up. Furthermore, there is no strong heterogeneity across subgroups. Overall, this is good news for the validity of survey-based research involving labor market outcomes. We also demonstrate that a comparison of individuals signing up for the survey with individuals not responding to the invitation could have been misleading. Even when controlling for a wide range of observable characteristics, survey participation and the subsequent take up of training programs correlate significantly. This speaks to the importance of experimental research designs in our context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))