matching – Suchprozesse am Arbeitsmarkt
Offene Stellen bei gleichzeitiger Arbeitslosigkeit - was Arbeitsmarkttheorien u. a. mit "unvollkommener Information" begründen, ist für Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchende oft nur schwer nachzuvollziehen: Unternehmen können freie Stellen nicht besetzen, trotzdem finden Arbeitsuchende nur schwer den passenden Job. Wie gestalten sich die Suchprozesse bei Unternehmen und Arbeitsuchenden, welche Konzessionen sind beide Seiten bereit einzugehen, wie lässt sich das "matching" verbessern?
Diese Infoplattform bietet wissenschaftliche Literatur zur theoretischen und empirischen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema.
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Literaturhinweis
Auszubildende über Social Media finden (2025)
Arndt, Franziska; Herzer, Philip; Risius, Paula;Zitatform
Arndt, Franziska, Philip Herzer & Paula Risius (2025): Auszubildende über Social Media finden. (KOFA kompakt / Kompetenzzentrum Fachkräftesicherung 2025,01), Köln, 6 S.
Abstract
"Die Lage am Ausbildungsmarkt ist angespannt: Viele Unternehmen können ihre Ausbildungsplätze nicht besetzen, während gleichzeitig zahlreiche Jugendliche ohne Ausbildungsplatz bleiben. Um diese Passungsprobleme zu überwinden, ist es wichtig, dass Unternehmen ihre Ausbildungsplätze dort bewerben, wo Jugendliche suchen. Besonders wichtig sind für Jugendliche Online-Stellenanzeigen und die Vermittlungsangebote der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. An dritter Stelle stehen Social-Media-Kanäle. Die passgenaue Auswahl von Social-Media-Kanälen und -Inhalten kann Unternehmen somit näher an Jugendliche bringen. Doch: Während Jugendliche vor allem über Instagram, YouTube und WhatsApp suchen, nutzen Unternehmen neben Instagram eher Facebook, LinkedIn und Xing. Gerade Facebook ist für Jugendliche jedoch kaum relevant. Die direkte Ansprache von Jugendlichen mit Haupt- und Realschulabschluss bietet besonders großes Potenzial, denn es zeigt sich, dass Haupt- und Realschüler:innen anders suchen als Abiturient:innen: Haupt- und Realschüler:innen nutzen neben Online-Stellenanzeigen besonders analoge Formate. In den sozialen Medien nutzen sie vorwiegend Instagram, WhatsApp und YouTube." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered Job Search: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Reservation Wages and Job Applications (2025)
Zitatform
Basbug, Gokce & Roberto M. Fernandez (2025): Gendered Job Search: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Reservation Wages and Job Applications. In: ILR review, Jg. 78, H. 1, S. 217-239. DOI:10.1177/00197939241298623
Abstract
"Using a weekly survey of unemployed workers, this study examines gender differences in reservation wages and applied-for occupational categories. The analysis shows that a large portion of the gender difference in reservation wages is attributable to the fact that women and men search for different occupations. Findings further demonstrate that women are more likely to apply to occupations with higher percentages of female incumbents, and they target these occupations from the earlier stages of their job search, rather than adjusting their preferences over the course of unemployment. Further analysis shows that women are more likely to apply for occupational categories that offer greater flexibility in working hours, more opportunities for interpersonal interactions, less critical decision-making, and a less competitive environment. Finally, the analysis reveals that household responsibilities, particularly the number of children, and willingness to take risks are important factors influencing women’s decisions to pursue occupations with less demanding work hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Applications and Labor Market Flows (2025)
Zitatform
Birinci, Serdar, Kurt See & Shu Lin Wee (2025): Job Applications and Labor Market Flows. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 92, H. 3, S. 1438-1496. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdae064
Abstract
"Job applications have risen over time, yet job-finding rates remain unchanged. Meanwhile, separations have declined. We argue that increased applications raise the probability of a good match rather than the probability of job-finding. Using a search model with multiple applications and costly information, we show that when applications increase, firms invest in identifying good matches, reducing separations. Concurrently, increased congestion and selectivity over which offer to accept temper increases in job-finding rates. Our framework contains testable implications for changes in offers, acceptances, reservation wages, applicants per vacancy, and tenure, objects that enable it to generate the trends in unemployment flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hiring opportunities for new firms and the business cycle (2025)
Zitatform
Brixy, Udo & Martin Murmann (2025): Hiring opportunities for new firms and the business cycle. In: Small business economics, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 1387-1413., 2024-06-24. DOI:10.1007/s11187-024-00948-6
Abstract
"Whether firms founded during or outside economic crises have greater growth potential is an important question for both prospective entrepreneurs and policy makers. Existing research offers conflicting answers, and mostly either focuses on aggregate cohort-level effects or selectively excludes small new firms from the analyses. Using extensive linked employer-employee data on young German firms around and during the Global Financial Crisis, a period of sharply reduced access to external capital and recession, we show that young firms respond to cyclical conditions in highly heterogeneous ways. Our firm-level results reveal that the average new firm found it easier to hire its first employees when it was founded during the crisis. These firms achieved countercyclical growth by hiring career entrants. More specifically, hiring in very young (<1.5 years) and small to medium-sized (below the 90th percentile) young firms was countercyclical, while this was not the case for older and larger young firms. Thus, the firm-specific effects for young entrepreneurial firms may be very different from those reported in previous research. Our results suggest that market entry during a crisis may facilitate hiring and that policies that promote entrepreneurship may usefully complement policies that encourage labor hoarding by incumbents during recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Analysepotenziale von OnlineStellenanzeigen und Methoden Maschinellen Lernens am Beispiel der Mindestlohnforschung: Hat der Mindestlohn die Nachfrage von Kompetenzen durch Arbeitgeber verändert? (2025)
Busch, Anne; Krieger, Benedikt; Krusee, Sebastian; Goluchowicz, Kerstin; Baumann, Fabienne-Agnes;Zitatform
Busch, Anne, Fabienne-Agnes Baumann, Benedikt Krieger, Kerstin Goluchowicz & Sebastian Krusee (2025): Analysepotenziale von OnlineStellenanzeigen und Methoden Maschinellen Lernens am Beispiel der Mindestlohnforschung. Hat der Mindestlohn die Nachfrage von Kompetenzen durch Arbeitgeber verändert? (iit Perspektive / Institut für Innovation und Technik 80), Berlin, 17 S. DOI:10.23776/2025_09
Abstract
"Diese iit-perspektive beleuchtet das Potenzial innovativer Datenzugänge (Online-Stellenanzeigen) und Analysemethoden (Methoden des maschinellen Lernens) für sozialwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen am Beispiel der Mindestlohnforschung. So ist es mit Online-Stellenanzeigen als Datengrundlage beispielsweise möglich zu untersuchen, inwieweit die Einführung bzw. Erhöhung des Mindestlohns die von Arbeitgebern geforderten beruflichen Kompetenzen verändert hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Firm Pay and Worker Search (2025)
Caldwell, Sydnee; Haegele, Ingrid; Heining, Jörg;Zitatform
Caldwell, Sydnee, Ingrid Haegele & Jörg Heining (2025): Firm Pay and Worker Search. (IAB-Discussion Paper 04/2025), Nürnberg, 141 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2504
Abstract
"Ob und wie Arbeitnehmer am Arbeitsplatz suchen, hängt von ihren Vorstellungen über die Bezahlung und die Arbeitsbedingungen in anderen Unternehmen ab. Dennoch ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie viel Arbeitnehmer tatsächlich über die Arbeitsentgelte außerhalb ihrer aktuellen Beschäftigung Bescheid wissen. Wir nutzen eine groß angelegte Umfrage unter deutschen Vollzeitbeschäftigten, welche mit Sozialversicherungsdaten verknüpft wurde, um Gehaltserwartungen und Präferenzen gegenüber bestimmten externen Unternehmen zu ermitteln. Arbeitnehmer glauben, dass sie mit erheblicher Heterogenität hinsichtlich der Vergütung bei anderen Unternehmen konfrontiert sind und richten ihre Suche nach einem neuen Arbeitsplatz auf Unternehmen aus, von denen sie ausgehen, dass diese mehr bezahlen. Die von den Arbeitnehmern erwarteten unternehmensspezifischen Lohnaufschläge korrelieren sowohl stark mit den Vergütungsschemata, die sich anhand von administrativen Daten zeigen, als auch mit der Würdigung von firmenspezifischer Annehmlichkeiten. Die meisten Arbeiter sind auch bei einer erheblichen Erhöhung des Gehalts nicht bereit, sich einen neuen Job zu suchen – oder ihr derzeitiges Unternehmen zu verlassen. Die Kosten eines Jobwechsel betragen zwischen 7 und 18 Prozent des Jahreslohns eines Arbeitnehmers. Die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Arbeitgeber variiert je nach Arbeitgeber und kann nicht anhand von Unterschieden in firmenspezifischen Annehmlichkeiten oder den Kosten des Jobwechsels erklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Heining, Jörg; -
Literaturhinweis
Is labor matching effectiveness dependent on education level, age or gender? (2025)
Zitatform
Cheregi, Valentina Ioana (2025): Is labor matching effectiveness dependent on education level, age or gender? In: Baltic journal of economics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/1406099x.2024.2442841
Abstract
"This paper explores the role of employment pool composition on labor matching effectiveness in ten Central and Eastern European countries from 2005 to 2023. We control for the structure of the labor force in terms of education, age, and gender. The results point towards a significant impact of labor force structure on labor market outcomes. In particular, an improvement in labor matching is associated with a larger share of the labor force with advanced education. In contrast, the opposite is true for the share of women and younger persons in the labor force. The results are robust to different specifications of the model when we control for the role of institutional factors in regulating national labor markets. From a policy perspective, this study highlights the need for targeted policies to increase the efficiency of the matching process aimed at specific structures of the labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Recruiting Intensity, Hires, and Vacancies: Evidence from Firm-Level Data (2025)
Zitatform
Forsythe, Eliza & Russell Weinstein (2025): Recruiting Intensity, Hires, and Vacancies: Evidence from Firm-Level Data. In: The Economic Journal, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueaf002
Abstract
"We investigate employer recruiting behaviour, using detailed firm-level data from a national survey of employers hiring recent college graduates. We find this behaviour is responsive to the business cycle, beliefs about labour market tightness, and the intended number of hires. Specifically, employers adjust planned recruiting effort and compensation. We then show that when firms expend greater recruiting effort they ultimately hire more individuals per vacancy. These results suggest that when firms want to increase hires they adjust both the quantity of vacancies and the recruiting intensity per vacancy. If this is true more broadly in the labour market, it may help explain the breakdown in the standard matching function during the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Search and multiple jobholding (2025)
Zitatform
Lalé, Etienne (2025): Search and multiple jobholding. In: Economic Theory. DOI:10.1007/s00199-025-01647-3
Abstract
"This paper develops an equilibrium model of the labor market that incorporates hours worked, off- and on-the-job search, and both single and multiple jobholders. Central to the model’s mechanism is that taking on a second job ties the worker to her primary employer, while simultaneously providing the worker with a stronger outside option when bargaining with the secondary employer. The model quantitatively accounts for both the incidence of multiple jobholding and worker flows in and out of second jobs. It also sheds light on how multiple jobholding shapes outcomes that are typically the focus of search models. Multiple jobholding has opposing effects on job-to-job transitions, which largely offset each other. At the same time, the option of holding second jobs extends the survival of a worker’s main job, thereby reducing job separations and increasing the employment rate. These findings have significant implications for calibrating standard search models that ignore multiple jobholding." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Immobile Incumbent Problem in a Model of Short-Term Wage-Posting (2025)
Zitatform
Manning, Alan (2025): The Immobile Incumbent Problem in a Model of Short-Term Wage-Posting. In: German Economic Review, S. 1-46. DOI:10.1515/ger-2024-0127
Abstract
"This paper takes the canonical Burdett-Mortensen model of wage-posting and relaxes the assumption that wages are set once-for-all, instead assuming they can only be committed one period at a time. It derives a closed-form solution for a steady-state Markov Rank-Preserving Equilibrium and shows how this relates to the canonical model and performs some comparative statics on it. But it is shown that a Rank-Preserving Equilibrium may fail to exist because employers have more monopsony power over existing workers than new recruits and that this non-existence can be a problem for plausible parameter values. It is shown how a Rank-Inverting Equilibrium may exist. It is argued that this problem is likely to occur in a wide range of search models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fiscal tightening and skills mismatch (2025)
Zitatform
Mavrigiannakis, Konstantinos, Andreas Vasilatos & Eugenia Vella (2025): Fiscal tightening and skills mismatch. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 174. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.104984
Abstract
"The paper establishes a new link between fiscal tightening and the vertical skills mismatch rate, defined as the share of over-qualified workers. Using cross-country evidence for Europe, we show that fiscal tightening can increase skills mismatch. We then introduce the latter in a DSGE model with heterogeneous households, capital-skill complementarity (CSC) and labor frictions. We calibrate the model for Greece, where the over-qualification rate exceeds one-third. A fiscal tightening shock raises the mismatch rate in the model, in line also with SVAR analysis. Skills mismatch can act as a buffer for high-skilled workers during recessions induced by tax shocks and is more counter-cyclical when CSC is weak. We also use the model to conduct welfare and policy analyses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
More Than a Match: “Fit” as a Tool in Hiring Decisions (2025)
Zitatform
Nichols, Bethany J., David S. Pedulla & Jeff T. Sheng (2025): More Than a Match: “Fit” as a Tool in Hiring Decisions. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 175-203. DOI:10.1177/07308884231214279
Abstract
"The concept of “fit” has become important for understanding hiring decisions and labor market outcomes. While social scientists have explored how fit functions as a legitimized evaluative criterion to match candidates to jobs in the hiring process, less is known about how fit functions as a hiring tool to aid in decision-making when hiring decisions cannot—or should not—be justified. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 53 hiring professionals, we develop a theoretical argument that hiring professionals can use fit as a tool to circumvent legitimized hiring criteria and justify their hiring goals. Specifically, we show how hiring professionals use fit as a tool to explain their hiring decisions when these decisions cannot or should not be justified and we outline two mechanisms through which this process occurs: (1) fit as a tool for circumventing human capital concerns, and (2) fit as a tool to circumvent hiring policies based upon social characteristics. We argue that fit is more than an evaluative criterion for matching individuals to jobs. Hiring professionals deploy fit as a tool to justify their decisions amid uncertainty and constraint. Fit, then, becomes a placeholder when these hiring decisions are not able to be justified through legitimized means. Our findings reveal some of the potential negative consequences of using fit during the hiring process and contribute important theoretical insights about the role of fit in scholarship on inequality and labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Tale of Two Job Searches: An Integrative Review of How Job Seeker Characteristics Shape Informal Job Search Effectiveness (2025)
Porter, Caitlin M. ; Du, Juan; Solanelles, Pol ; Pearson, Ashley Howell ; Cullen‐Lester, Kristin L. ;Zitatform
Porter, Caitlin M., Pol Solanelles, Kristin L. Cullen‐Lester, Ashley Howell Pearson & Juan Du (2025): A Tale of Two Job Searches: An Integrative Review of How Job Seeker Characteristics Shape Informal Job Search Effectiveness. In: Journal of organizational behavior, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1002/job.2864
Abstract
"Informal job search—the use of personal and professional networks for job search—is a popular job search method. Yet, answers to the questions of whether informal job search is effective (relative to formal job search) and why have not been clearly articulated, hindering research progress and limiting practical recommendations for job seekers and institutions. We endeavored to address these questions via an integrative, interdisciplinary review of how job search methods (i.e., formal vs. informal) and forms of social capital (i.e., types of contacts and tie strength) relate to job search outcomes (i.e., finding a job vs. finding quality employment), and we summarize evidence for the role of job seeker characteristics as key contingencies on this process. In doing so, we uncover “a tale of two job searches,” wherein informal job search effectiveness is dependent upon job seeker characteristics that impart status within the labor market and/or society. Collectively, our review provides much-needed clarity regarding whether an informal job search is better than a formal job search and why , revealing that answers to these questions depend on who is searching for a job. Considering these insights, we outline an agenda for future research focused on enhancing job seekers' access to social networks and integrating job search and social network perspectives to extend knowledge of how different types of job seekers can more effectively utilize their networks for job search." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Testing for wage-specific search intensity (2025)
Zitatform
Rendon, Silvio (2025): Testing for wage-specific search intensity. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 59, H. 1. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00389-4
Abstract
"Most job search intensity models assume uniform search effort across all potential wage offers. I depart from this conventional assumption by proposing that agents allocate wage-specific search intensity, strategically avoiding effort on low-paying, unacceptable jobs or high-paying, improbable ones. This alternative model generates wage distributions at acceptance that differ markedly from the truncated distributions typical of models with constant arrival rates for wage offers. I leverage these distinct empirical predictions to develop two new nonparametric tests, applied to NLSY97 data, both of which reject the hypothesis of constant search intensity across wages. Furthermore, I estimate the structural parameters identifiable in each model, revealing that wage-specific search leads to greater total search effort, faster transitions into the upper tail of the wage distribution, and ultimately higher accepted wages—more than a 25% increase following unemployment. For low wages, the classic random search model delivers a fair replication of the actual data, but for higher wages targeted search is better. Wage-specific search suggests that job seekers not only need to search more, but also search better. This insight has important implications for employment policy, particularly in promoting job search literacy among the unemployed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anonymous job applications and hiring discrimination: Blind recruitment can level the playing field in access to jobs but cannot prevent all forms of discrimination (2025)
Zitatform
Rinne, Ulf (2025): Anonymous job applications and hiring discrimination. Blind recruitment can level the playing field in access to jobs but cannot prevent all forms of discrimination. (IZA world of labor 48,3), Bonn, o. Sz. DOI:10.15185/izawol.48.v3
Abstract
"Anonymisierte Bewerbungsverfahren sind potenziell geeignet, Einstellungshindernisse aufgrund von Diskriminierung einzelner Arbeitsmarktgruppen abzubauen. Bei effektiver Umsetzung sorgen solche Verfahren für Chancengleichheit im Bewerbungsprozess, da sie den Fokus der Personalentscheider auf die Qualifikationen und Fähigkeiten der Bewerber lenken. Allerdings sind anonyme Bewerbungen weder in allen Fällen sinnvoll umsetzbar, noch können sie jegliche Form der Bewerberdiskriminierung verhindern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA world of labor, 454 -
Literaturhinweis
On-the-job wage dynamics (2025)
Zitatform
Smith, Eric (2025): On-the-job wage dynamics. In: Journal of Economic Theory, Jg. 224. DOI:10.1016/j.jet.2024.105953
Abstract
"This paper assesses wage setting and wage dynamics in a search and matching framework where (i) workers and firms on occasion can meet multilaterally; (ii) workers can recall previous encounters with firms; and (iii) firms cannot commit to future wages and workers cannot commit to not searching in the future. The resulting progression of wages (from firms paying just enough to keep their workers) yields a compensation structure consistent with well established but difficult to reconcile observations on pay dynamics within jobs at firms. Along with wage tenure effects, serial correlation in wage changes and wage growth are negatively correlated with initial wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"IAB-Kompetenz-Kompass“ Bereitstellung von Stellentext-Daten als strukturierter Datensatz (2025)
Stops, Michael ; Raabe, Pauline; Heß, Pascal ; Klevinghaus, Hauke; Ungerer, Kathrin; EzElDin, Asma Ahmed; Heckel, Marie-Christine; Malfertheiner, Verena; Peede, Lennert; Metzger, Lina-Jeanette ;Zitatform
Stops, Michael, Asma Ahmed EzElDin, Marie-Christine Heckel, Pascal Heß, Hauke Klevinghaus, Verena Malfertheiner, Lina-Jeanette Metzger & Lennert Peede (2025): "IAB-Kompetenz-Kompass“ Bereitstellung von Stellentext-Daten als strukturierter Datensatz. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 01/2025), Nürnberg, 259 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2501
Abstract
"Dieser Forschungsbericht beschreibt die Ergebnisse eines zweijährigen Projektes, in dem Methoden zur Gewinnung von strukturierten Informationen aus Stellenanzeigen weiterentwickelt und neu erarbeitet wurden. Das Projekt wurde durch das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) im Rahmen der Datenlabor-Initiative der Bundesregierung mit Mitteln des Programms „NextGenerationEU“ der Europäischen Union ermöglicht und baut auf der „Machbarkeitsstudie Kompetenz-Kompass“ auf (Stops et al., 2020). Im Rahmen dieses Projekts wurde ein Datensatz erstellt, der auf allen zwischen April 2019 und Dezember 2023 zugegangenen Stellenanzeigen bei der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) basiert, die auf der Stellenwebseite der BA veröffentlicht oder für die ein Vermittlungsauftrag für die BA bestand. Aus Vergleichen mit der IAB-Stellenerhebung geht hervor, dass der Datensatz Analysen zu vielen Fragestellungen erlaubt, die repräsentativ für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt sind. Wir beschreiben die Entwicklung der Nachfrage nach fachlichen Kompetenzen; Sprachkenntnissen; Kompetenzen, die mit Technologien der Künstlichen Intelligenz sowie Wasserstofftechnologie im Zusammenhang stehen. Außerdem untersuchen wir das Angebot an Home-Office. Der Bericht schließt mit einem Ausblick auf die mögliche inhaltliche und methodische Weiterentwicklung der Forschung mit Stellendaten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Location choice when the number of jobs matters: Matching in spatial equilibrium (2025)
Zitatform
Venables, Anthony J. (2025): Location choice when the number of jobs matters: Matching in spatial equilibrium. (CEP discussion paper / Centre for Economic Performance 2087), London, 22 S.
Abstract
"The idea that people want to go to where the jobs are is intuitive yet is absent from the standard quantitative spatial modelling approach in which location choices are guided by prices, without reference to quantities (the number of jobs in a place). The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by making jobs, as well as places, the objects of household choice. This involves minor change to the modelling approach used in the literature and provides a simple description of labour market matching. Similar modification of the modelling of firms’ location choices captures the idea that these are shaped by both wage costs and the availability of workers with appropriate skill. These modifications yield powerful agglomeration forces, as workers’ location choices become positively influenced by the number of jobs in a place, and firms’ decision are shaped by the number of workers with appropriate skills. Results are established analytically and in a regional model in which the equilibrium distributions of workers and sectors are demonstrated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market skills, endogenous productivity and business cycles (2024)
Zitatform
Abbritti, Mirko & Agostino Consolo (2024): Labour market skills, endogenous productivity and business cycles. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 170. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104873
Abstract
"This paper analyses how labor market heterogeneity affects unemployment, productivity and business cycle dynamics. To this aim, we set up a model with asymmetric search and matching frictions across skilled and unskilled workers, and endogenous productivity through R&D investment and intangible capital accumulation. Skill mismatch and skill-specific labor market institutions have three main effects on business cycles and growth dynamics. First, the relative scarcity of skilled workers increases the natural rate of unemployment and reduces total factor productivity with long-run effects on the growth rate of output. Second, skill heterogeneity in the labor market generates asymmetric outcomes and amplifies measures of employment, wages and consumption inequality. Finally, the model provides important insights for the Phillips and Beveridge curves. Incorporating skill heterogeneity leads to a flattening of the Phillips curve as wages and unemployment respond unevenly across skill types. Also, the model generates sideward shifts of the Beveridge curve following business cycle shocks, with the extent of these shifts depending on the degree of skill heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Words matter: Experimental evidence from job applications (2024)
Zitatform
Abraham, Lisa, Johannes Hallermeier & Alison Stein (2024): Words matter: Experimental evidence from job applications. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 225, S. 348-391. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.06.013
Abstract
"If women are more sensitive to listed qualifications in job ads, does lowering the bar draw in relatively more women and increase diversity in the applicant pool? We examine this question by randomizing 60,000 viewers into one of two job ad versions for over 600 corporate jobs at Uber, where the treatment removed optional and superfluous qualifications. There are two main findings. First, job seekers of both genders respond to qualifications: applications increase by 7%, owing to similar increases in the number of applications from men and women. Second, reducing the qualifications impacts the type of individual who chooses to apply differently by gender. Reducing the qualifications draws in less skilled women and causes an outflow of some highly skilled women. Conversely, the treatment draws in men from across the skill distribution, including the upper end. We find gender differences in application behavior and explore potential mechanisms in a separate, large-scale survey using the RAND American Life Panel. These results highlight that sensitivity to listed requirements is complex, and simply lowering the qualifications in job postings is not guaranteed to increase applicant diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vom Mismatch zum Match: Wie sich Jugendliche und Unternehmen auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt suchen und finden (können): Eine kombinierte Jugend- und Unternehmensbefragung (2024)
Arndt, Franziska; Risius, Paula; Schaffer, Fabian; Herzer, Philip; Werner, Dirk; Wieland, Clemens; Renk, Helen;Zitatform
Arndt, Franziska, Philip Herzer, Paula Risius, Dirk Werner, Helen Renk, Fabian Schaffer & Clemens Wieland (2024): Vom Mismatch zum Match: Wie sich Jugendliche und Unternehmen auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt suchen und finden (können). Eine kombinierte Jugend- und Unternehmensbefragung. Gütersloh, 43 S. DOI:10.11586/2024103
Abstract
"Immer mehr Ausbildungsplätze in Deutschland bleiben unbesetzt, gleichzeitig gehen viele Bewerber:innen auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt leer aus. Was sind die Gründe? Liegt es vielleicht auch daran, dass die Suchprofile und -strategien der Unternehmen und der ausbildungsinteressierten jungen Menschen nicht zusammenpassen? Mit anderen Worten: Wo und wie platzieren Unternehmen ihr Angebot und passt das zu dem Suchverhalten von Jugendlichen? Die gemeinsame Studie des Instituts der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln und der Bertelsmann Stiftung stellt die Perspektiven von Ausbildungsbetrieben und jungen Menschen einander gegenüber. Beide Seiten sind sich zwar grundsätzlich über den hohen Stellenwert einer Berufsausbildung als gute Karrieregrundlage einig und nutzen insbesondere Online-Stellenausschreibungen, die Bundesagentur für Arbeit und Social Media Kanäle zur Suche nach Ausbildungsplätzen bzw. Bewerber:innen – im Detail zeigen sich jedoch einige entscheidende Unterschiede im Kommunikations- und Informationsverhalten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Pay and Non-Pay Content of Job Ads (2024)
Zitatform
Audoly, Richard, Manudeep Bhuller & Tore Adam Reiremo (2024): The Pay and Non-Pay Content of Job Ads. (arXiv papers 2407.13204), 54 S.
Abstract
"How informative are job ads about the actual pay and amenities offered by employers? Using a comprehensive database of job ads posted by Norwegian employers, we develop a methodology to systematically classify the information on both pay and non-pay job attributes advertised in vacancy texts. We link this information to measures of employer attractiveness, which we derive from a job search model estimated on observed wages and worker mobility flows. About 55 percent of job ads provide information related to pay and nearly all ads feature information on non-pay attributes. We show that publicly advertised job attributes are meaningful predictors of employer attractiveness, and non-pay attributes are about as predictive as pay-related attributes. High-pay employers mention pay-related attributes more often, while high-amenity employers are more likely to advertise flexible working hours and contract duration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Artificial Intelligence Help or Hurt Gender Diversity? Evidence from Two Field Experiments on Recruitment in Tech (2024)
Zitatform
Avery, Mallory, Andreas Leibbrandt & Joseph Vecci (2024): Does Artificial Intelligence Help or Hurt Gender Diversity? Evidence from Two Field Experiments on Recruitment in Tech. (CESifo working paper 10996), München, 70 S.
Abstract
"The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in recruitment is rapidly increasing and drastically changing how people apply to jobs and how applications are reviewed. In this paper, we use two field experiments to study how AI recruitment tools can impact gender diversity in the male-dominated technology sector, both overall and separately for labor supply and demand. We find that the use of AI in recruitment changes the gender distribution of potential hires, in some cases more than doubling the fraction of top applicants that are women. This change is generated by better outcomes for women in both supply and demand. On the supply side, we observe that the use of AI reduces the gender gap in application completion rates. Complementary survey evidence suggests that anticipated bias is a driver of increased female application completion when assessed by AI instead of human evaluators. On the demand side, we find that providing evaluators with applicants' AI scores closes the gender gap in assessments that otherwise disadvantage female applicants. Finally, we show that the AI tool would have to be substantially biased against women to result in a lower level of gender diversity than found without AI." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: Monash Economics Working Papers, 2023-09 -
Literaturhinweis
Skill Signals in a Digital Job Search Market and Duration in Employment Gaps (2024)
Zitatform
Baird, Matthew, Paul Ko & Nikhil Gahlawat (2024): Skill Signals in a Digital Job Search Market and Duration in Employment Gaps. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 403-435. DOI:10.1007/s12122-024-09363-y
Abstract
"With the rise of the digital job search market, new opportunities for signaling skills and competencies to employers have emerged. In this paper, we examine listed skills on individuals’ LinkedIn profiles in the United States between 2015 and 2021, both those members add themselves and skills for which they are endorsed from others in their network. We use an inverse probability weighted proportional hazards model with time varying covariates to estimate the relationship between listed skills on shortening employment gaps (time between jobs). We find that, for self-added and peer-endorsed skills respectively, an additional ten skills on the profile decreases median employment gap duration by about 0.7 and 0.4 months, from a median baseline of around 6 months gap. Individuals with no education listed on their profile have the largest benefit from listed skills in terms of reducing employment gaps. Disruptive tech and soft skills also are related to higher returns. Additionally, skills added during the employment break have a substantially stronger relationship than pre-existing added skills. More experienced workers have larger returns than less experienced workers, consistent with the hypothesis that these skills are otherwise difficult to signal to potential employers. These findings are consistent with online job markets’ use of technology offering more efficient ways to signal skills, shortening time to reemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Returns to labour mobility (2024)
Zitatform
Baley, Isaac, Lars Ljungqvist & Thomas J. Sargent (2024): Returns to labour mobility. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 135, H. 666, S. 430-454. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueae054
Abstract
"Returns to labor mobility have too often escaped the attention they deserve as conduits of important forces in macro-labour models. These returns are shaped by calibrations of productivity processes that use theoretical perspectives and data sources from (i) labour economics and (ii) industrial organization. By investigating earlier prominent studies, we conclude that the focus on firm size dynamics and shocks intermediated through neo-classical production functions in (ii) yields large returns to labor mobility that are robust to parameter perturbations. In contrast, the reliance on statistics in labor economics to calibrate per-worker productivity processes in (i) can give rise to fragilities in the sense that parameter perturbations that generate similar targeted statistics can have very different implications for returns to labor mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Overeducation in the EU: Gender and regional dimension (2024)
Zitatform
Baran, Jan A. (2024): Overeducation in the EU: Gender and regional dimension. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 90. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102603
Abstract
"The paper investigates factors associated with the overeducation risk in the EU, with a specific focus on gender and regional variables. The study tests Frank's theory of differential overqualification, which suggests that women are more likely to be overeducated than men, especially in small local labor markets. Although women's overeducation rates usually exceed those of men, the study's results show limited validity of Frank's model due to a nuanced relationship by which gender is linked to overeducation. They suggest that gender differentiates the overeducation risk in combination with care responsibilities, whilst easier access to childcare facilities is associated with a lower risk of overeducation among women in households with young children. Moreover, migrant women are found to be more at risk of overeducation, compared to both migrant men and non-migrants. Contrary to Frank's theory, the degree of urbanisation is found irrelevant for overeducation. Furthermore, the study shows the evidence of growing incidence of overeducation in the EU in 2011–2018." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Shifting Reasons for Beveridge Curve Shifts (2024)
Zitatform
Barlevy, Gadi, R. Jason Faberman, Bart Hobijn & Ayşegül Şahin (2024): The Shifting Reasons for Beveridge Curve Shifts. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 83-106. DOI:10.1257/jep.38.2.83
Abstract
"We discuss how the relative importance of factors that contribute to movements of the US Beveridge curve has changed from 1959 to 2023. We review these factors in the context of a simple flow analogy used to capture the main insights of search and matching theories of the labor market. Changes in inflow rates, related to demographics, accounted for Beveridge curve shifts between 1959 and 2000. A reduction in matching efficiency, that depressed unemployment outflows, shifted the curve outwards in the wake of the Great Recession. In contrast, the most recent shifts in the Beveridge curve appear driven by changes in the eagerness of workers to switch jobs. Finally, we argue that, while the Beveridge curve is a useful tool for relating unemployment and job openings to inflation, the link between these labor market indicators and inflation depends on whether and why the Beveridge curve shifted. Therefore, a careful examination of the factors underlying movements in the Beveridge curve is essential for drawing policy conclusions from the joint behavior of unemployment and job openings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Potential of Recommender Systems for Directing Job Search: A Large-Scale Experiment (2024)
Zitatform
Behaghel, Luc, Sofia Dromundo, Marc Gurgand, Yagan Hazard & Thomas Zuber (2024): The Potential of Recommender Systems for Directing Job Search: A Large-Scale Experiment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16781), Bonn, 65 S.
Abstract
"We analyze the employment effects of directing job seekers' applications toward establishments likely to recruit. We run a two-sided randomization design involving about 800,000 job seekers and 40,000 establishments, based on an empirical model that recommends each job seeker to firms so as to maximize total potential employment. Our intervention induces a 1% increase in job finding rates for short term contracts. This impact comes from a targeting effect combining (i) a modest increase in job seekers' applications to the very firms that were recommended to them, and (ii) a high success rate conditional on applying to these firms. Indeed, the success rate of job seekers' applications varies considerably across firms: the efficiency of applications sent to recommended firms is 2.7 times higher than the efficiency of applications to the average firm. This suggests that there can be substantial gains from better targeting job search, leveraging firm-level heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring the quality of a match (2024)
Zitatform
Belot, Michèle, Xiaoying Liu & Vaios Triantafyllou (2024): Measuring the quality of a match. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 89. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102568
Abstract
"The quality of an employment match is a central concept in labor economics. It is relevant for evaluating the welfare impact of labor market policies, and for our understanding of labor market dynamics. This paper reviews the challenges associated with measuring match quality. We first review measures commonly used in the literature, their advantages, and drawbacks. We then present novel evidence from a survey sample of US employees where alternative measures were collected simultaneously. We show that while some of these measures correlate well, others do not. Finally, we present additional partial evidence on the correlations between measures based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a substantially larger and nationally representative survey. The takeaway message is a word of caution regarding the interpretation of some of these measures and specific concerns regarding using wages and tenure as indicators of match quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm Human Resource Practices and Educational Mismatch (2024)
Zitatform
Berloffa, Gabriella, Daniela Piazzalunga & Fabio Pieri (2024): Firm Human Resource Practices and Educational Mismatch. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17424), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"The paper introduces a new measure of educational mismatch at the firm level, constructed by merging firm and individual data at the sector-firm size-year level. This measure captures both the intensity of mismatch and its type – whether overeducation, undereducation, or a mix of the two. We assess the role of human resource practices in reducing the intensity of educational mismatch in Italian firms by estimating econometric models that control for a rich set of firm characteristics, as well as year and industry-region fixed effects. Firm-fixed effects and instrumental variable models complement the analysis. Findings indicate that the use of private recruitment agencies, on-the-job training, and structured supervision is associated with a reduction in mismatch intensity. The impact of other practices varies by mismatch type: higher job turnover rates correlate with lower undereducation but increased overeducation, while second-level bargaining increases undereducation and reduces overeducation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Simple Explanation of Countercyclical Uncertainty (2024)
Zitatform
Bernstein, Joshua, Michael Plante, Alexander W. Richter & Nathaniel A. Throckmorton (2024): A Simple Explanation of Countercyclical Uncertainty. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 143-171. DOI:10.1257/mac.20220134
Abstract
"This paper documents that labor search and matching frictions generate countercyclical uncertainty because the inherent nonlinearity in the flow of new matches makes employment uncertainty increasing in the number of people searching for work. Quantitatively, this mechanism is strong enough to explain uncertainty and real activity dynamics, including their correlation. Through this lens, uncertainty fluctuations are endogenous responses to changes in real activity that neither affect the severity of business cycles nor warrant policy intervention, in contrast with leading theories of the interaction between uncertainty and real activity dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Uncertainty, labor force participation and job search (2024)
Bilenkisi, Fikret;Zitatform
Bilenkisi, Fikret (2024): Uncertainty, labor force participation and job search. In: Economic Modelling, Jg. 139. DOI:10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106833
Abstract
"This study examines the impact of labor force participation (LFP) on search behavior and unemployment in response to uncertainty shocks. Using a Bayesian vector autoregression model, this study shows that an increase in uncertainty raises unemployment, lowers inflation and decreases LFP and search intensity. Then, a New Keynesian model that incorporates endogenous LFP and variable search intensity is constructed. Results show that both search intensity and participation are procyclical, which suggests a discouragement effect. However, with habit formation, the wealth effect outweighs the discouragement effect and induces an increase in LFP, resulting in a more significant decline in aggregate search intensity due to the expanded searcher pool. In the exogenous LFP model, search intensity is countercyclical, which dampens the unemployment rate. In the endogenous LFP model, the increased entry of non-participants cancels out the countercyclical search intensity of unemployed workers due to the large number of searchers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A competitive theory of mismatch (2024)
Zitatform
Birchenall, Javier A. (2024): A competitive theory of mismatch. In: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Jg. 168. DOI:10.1016/j.jedc.2024.104996
Abstract
"I study the distributions of unemployment, vacancies, and wages across local labor markets in an economy where workers and jobs are matched and mismatched based on more explicit assumptions and aggregation principles than in the reduced-form aggregate matching-function approach. The endogenous matching process formulated here is flexible and has practical value for applied work. Local and aggregate labor market adjustments to local productivity and aggregate demand shocks reproduce empirical Beveridge and wage curve patterns, offer an alternative perspective on empirical indices of mismatch unemployment, and deliver an endogenous and commonly used reduced-form aggregate matching function." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mismatch Unemployment During COVID-19 and the Post-Pandemic Labor Shortages (2024)
Zitatform
Birinci, Serdar, Yusuf Mercan & Kurt See (2024): Mismatch Unemployment During COVID-19 and the Post-Pandemic Labor Shortages. (Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2024-025), Saint Louis, MO, 35 S. DOI:10.20955/wp.2024.025
Abstract
"We examine the extent to which mismatch unemployment—employment losses relative to an efficient allocation where the planner can costlessly reallocate unemployed workers across sectors to maximize output—shaped labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent recovery episode characterized by labor shortages. We find that, for the first time in our sample, mismatch unemployment turned negative at the onset of the pandemic. This result suggests that the efficient allocation of job seekers would involve reallocating workers toward longer-tenure and more-productive jobs, even at the expense of fewer hires. We show that sectoral differences in job separations were the main driver behind this result, while differences in vacancies caused positive mismatch unemployment during the recovery episode. We also establish an empirical link between mismatch unemployment and the surge in the labor cost during the recovery, documenting that sectors with larger mismatch unemployment experienced higher employment cost growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Test-based measurement of skill mismatch: a validation of five different measurement approaches using the NEPS (2024)
Zitatform
Bischof, Stephan (2024): Test-based measurement of skill mismatch: a validation of five different measurement approaches using the NEPS. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00370-1
Abstract
"Skill mismatch is a key indicator of labour market research that has received significant attention. To date, various approaches of test-based measurement of skill mismatch have been used in research, generating differing results. However, it remains unclear which method is the most valid for measuring skill mismatch. This study provides a comparative validation of five commonly used approaches to test-based measurement of skill mismatches in reading and mathematics to detect the most valid method. Drawing on the 2016 wave of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) Adult Cohort, I find significantly varying distributions for the different measurement approaches, and highly valid skill mismatch measures for the statistical and the mixed approach. Overall, the mixed approach emerges as the most valid method. The findings highlight the critical importance of measurement approaches in skill mismatch research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Asymmetric market power and wage suppression (2024)
Zitatform
Blumkin, Tomer & David Lagziel (2024): Asymmetric market power and wage suppression. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 126, H. 1, S. 38-59. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12545
Abstract
"We study a labor market in which two identical firms compete over a pool of homogenous workers. Firms pre-commit to their outreach to potential employees, either through their informative advertising choices, or through their screening processes, before engaging in a wage competition ('a la Bertrand). Although firms are homogeneous, the unique pure-strategy equilibrium is asymmetric: one firm maximizes its outreach whereas the other compromises on a significantly smaller market share. The features of the asymmetric equilibrium extend to a general oligopsony with any finite number of firms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Demand on a Tight Leash (2024)
Zitatform
Bossler, Mario & Martin Popp (2024): Labor Demand on a Tight Leash. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16837), Bonn, 99 S.
Abstract
"We develop a labor demand model that encompasses pre-match hiring cost arising from tight labor markets. Through the lens of the model, we study the effect of labor market tightness on firms’ labor demand by applying novel shift-share instruments to the universe of German firms. In line with theory, we find that a doubling in tightness reduces firms’ employment by 5 percent. Taking into account the resulting search externalities, the wage elasticity of firms’ labor demand reduces from -0.7 to -0.5 through reallocation effects. In light of our results, pre-match hiring cost amount to 40 percent of annual wage payments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Learning about labor markets (2024)
Zitatform
Bradley, Jake & Lukas Mann (2024): Learning about labor markets. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 148. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103612
Abstract
"We study a general equilibrium model of the labor market in which agents slowly learn about their suitability for jobs. Our model reproduces desirable features of the data, many of which standard models fail to replicate. We explore how, in such an environment, asymmetric information can lead to substantial misallocation. We calibrate our model to US data and quantify the welfare loss arising from misallocation due to informational frictions. The tractability of the model allows us to explore the responsiveness of wages and employment to an aggregate shock. We find that wage rigidity arises endogenously because of protracted learning, and in line with the data, the model is able to generate a larger and more persistent employment response." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The cyclicality of on-the-job search (2024)
Zitatform
Bransch, Felix, Samreen Malik & Benedikt Mihm (2024): The cyclicality of on-the-job search. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102517
Abstract
"On-the-job search is increasingly recognized as an important potential driver of labor market dynamics over the business cycle. Using the UK Labor Force Survey, we find robust empirical evidence that on-the-job search is countercyclical and that the cyclical fluctuations have important repercussions for labor market dynamics. We also find that the cyclical pattern is not explained by precautionary search motives but rather appears to be driven by job-ladder-motivated searches. This finding is surprising because, as we confirm, the expected returns to on-the-job search are procyclical. We find evidence that three features of search behavior may contribute to this finding: greater search effort in response to lower job-to-job transition probabilities, a prevalence of non-pecuniary motivated searches that are less affected by lower expected wage gains, and procyclicality in average match quality, which has a significant impact on the search behavior of new hires over the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Mobility and Assortative Matching (2024)
Zitatform
Braunschweig, Luisa, Wolfgang Dauth & Duncan Roth (2024): Job Mobility and Assortative Matching. (IAB-Discussion Paper 11/2024), Nürnberg, 52 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2411
Abstract
"Wir analysieren, wie sich das Matching zwischen Betrieben und Beschäftigten über das Erwerbsleben durch Jobmobilität verändert. Wir nutzen deutsche administrative Daten, die sowohl Informationen über Beschäftigte als auch Betriebe enthalten. Um assortatives Matching zu messen, berechnen wir die Korrelation zwischen zeitkonstanten Lohnkomponenten von Betrieben und Beschäftigten, welche wir aus einer Lohndekomposition im Stil von Abowd/Kramarz/Margolis (1999) ziehen. Zudem benutzen wir ein neues Maß für assortatives Matching, welches auf der Distanz zwischen diesen Lohnkomponenten basiert. Beide Maße zeigen, dass der Grad des assortativen Matchings im Durchschnitt mit jedem weiteren Betriebswechsel ansteigt. Bei Beschäftigten mit einer hohen zeitkonstanten Lohnkomponente kann dies durch Job Ladder Modelle erklärt werden, denn die Beschäftigten bewegen sich zu Firmen mit höheren Lohnkomponenten. Dahingegen sind Beschäftigte mit niedrigerer Lohnkomponente am Anfang des Erwerbslebens in weniger assortativen Matches zu finden, da sie es ebenfalls schaffen, zu Beginn die Job Ladder hinaufzuklettern. Für sie beginnt der Anstieg des assortativen Matchings erst nach dem dritten Job, wenn sie von der Job Ladder fallen. Die Entwicklung des assortativen Matchings ist zudem relevant für die Lohnungleichheit im Lebensverlauf. Wir zeigen, dass der Anstieg des assortativen Matchings circa 25 Prozent des Anstiegs der Lohnungleichheit im Lebensverlauf erklären kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Re-assessing the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (2024)
Zitatform
Card, David, Jesse Rothstein & Moises Yi (2024): Re-assessing the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32252), Cambridge, Mass, 25 S.
Abstract
"We use detailed location information from the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) database to develop new evidence on the effects of spatial mismatch on the relative earnings of Black workers in large US cities. We classify workplaces by the size of the pay premiums they offer in a two-way fixed effects model, providing a simple metric for defining “good” jobs. We show that: (a) Black workers earn nearly the same average wage premiums as whites; (b) in most cities Black workers live closer to jobs, and closer to good jobs, than do whites; (c) Black workers typically commute shorter distances than whites; and (d) people who commute further earn higher average pay premiums, but the elasticity with respect to distance traveled is slightly lower for Black workers. We conclude that geographic proximity to good jobs is unlikely to be a major source of the racial earnings gaps in major U.S. cities today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How workers and firms meet in the labor market and why it matters (2024)
Zitatform
Carillo-Tudela, Carlos, Leo Kaas & Benjamin Lochner (2024): How workers and firms meet in the labor market and why it matters. (VoxEU columns / Centre for Economic Policy Research), London, o. Sz.
Abstract
"Most firms match with workers through job postings, networks of personal contacts, or the public employment agency. This column investigates the effects of search channels on labor market outcomes in Germany. Low-wage firms and low-wage workers are more likely to match via networks or the public agency, while high-wage firms and high-wage workers succeed more often via job postings. Because search channels connect workers and firms at different rungs of the wage distribution, matching technologies matter not only for individual job search outcomes, but also for aggregate employment, productivity, and wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © VOXEU) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Wages on Job Vacancy Duration: Evidence from a Spatial Discontinuity (2024)
Zitatform
Carter, Charles, Judith M. Delaney & Kerry L. Papps (2024): The Effect of Wages on Job Vacancy Duration: Evidence from a Spatial Discontinuity. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17273), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"We exploit a spatial discontinuity in the wages paid by the United Kingdom's National Health Service to examine how wages affect the duration of time a vacancy is advertised. NHS workers in inner London are mandated by law to be paid an extra 4.3% more than those who work in outer London. We use a regression discontinuity design and estimate an elasticity of duration with respect to wages of -6.3. This number is larger than reported by previous studies and suggests that firms can fill worker shortages faster by raising wages. This also highlights the importance this margin of worker recruitment when analysing firm search and job match. Our results are robust to various checks including a placebo test using fictitious borders and are robust to changes in the bandwidth and the duration measure. The estimates are similar across all occupational groups in the NHS and are not limited to jobs that require specific skills such as nurses and therapists. Our results provide evidence for policy makers which suggests that increasing the wages paid to NHS workers may lead to increased cost savings by reducing the need to hire expensive agency staff and may also lead to better health outcomes of the population through reduced staff shortages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational reallocation and mismatch in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic: Cross-country evidence from an online job site (2024)
Ciminelli, Gabriele ; Samek, Lea; Haramboure, Antton; Sinclair, Tara; Schwellnus, Cyrille ; Shrivastava, Allison;Zitatform
Ciminelli, Gabriele, Antton Haramboure, Lea Samek, Cyrille Schwellnus, Allison Shrivastava & Tara Sinclair (2024): Occupational reallocation and mismatch in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic: Cross-country evidence from an online job site. (OECD productivity working papers 35), Paris, 29 S. DOI:10.1787/128b92aa-en
Abstract
"Employment has recovered strongly from the COVID-19 pandemic despite large structural changes in labor markets, such as the widespread adoption of digital business models and remote work. We analyse whether the pandemic has been associated with labor reallocation across occupations and triggered mismatches between occupational labor demand and supply using novel data on employers' job postings and jobseekers' clicks across 19 countries from the online job site Indeed. Findings indicate that, on average across countries, the pandemic triggered large and persistent reallocation of postings and clicks across occupations. Occupational mismatch initially increased but was back to pre-pandemic levels at the end of 2022 as employers and workers adjusted to structural changes. The adjustment was substantially slower in countries that resorted to short-time work schemes to preserve employment during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stable Matching on the Job? Theory and Evidence on Internal Talent Markets (2024)
Zitatform
Cowgill, Bo, Jonathan M. V. Davis, B. Pablo Montagnes & Patryk Perkowski (2024): Stable Matching on the Job? Theory and Evidence on Internal Talent Markets. (CESifo working paper 11120), München, 47, XLIII S.
Abstract
"A principal often needs to match agents to perform coordinated tasks, but agents can quit or slack off if they dislike their match. We study two prevalent approaches for matching within organizations: Centralized assignment by firm leaders and self-organization through market-like mechanisms. We provide a formal model of the strengths and weaknesses of both methods under different settings, incentives, and production technologies. The model highlights tradeoffs between match-specific productivity and job satisfaction. We then measure these tradeoffs with data from a large organization’s internal talent market. Firm-dictated matches are 33% more valuable than randomly assigned matches within job categories (using the firm’s preferred metric of quality). By contrast, preference-based matches (using deferred acceptance) are only 5% better than random but are ranked (on average) about 38 percentiles higher by the workforce. The selforganized match is positively assortative and helps workers grow new skills; the firm’s preferred match is negatively assortative and harvests existing expertise." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Life-Cycle Worker Flows and Cross-Country Differences in Aggregate Employment (2024)
Zitatform
Créchet, Jonathan, Etienne Lalé & Linas Tarasonis (2024): Life-Cycle Worker Flows and Cross-Country Differences in Aggregate Employment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16878), Bonn, 71 S.
Abstract
"Cross-country employment differences are concentrated among women, the youth, and older individuals. In this paper, we document how worker flows between employment, unemployment, and out of the labor force vary by gender and age and contribute to aggregate employment differences across a large panel of European countries. We then build a life-cycle Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model capturing the salient features of our data. Key elements of the model are an extensive margin (i.e., labor force participation) and intensive margin (i.e., variable intensity) of search effort. The model attributes a major role to the production technology in driving differences in aggregate employment, while labor-market policies play a minor role. Search effort substantially amplifies the effects of technology across gender and age groups and is a prominent proximate cause of the cross-country variation in aggregate employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Risk and the allocation of talent in the Roy model (2024)
Zitatform
Cubas, German, Pedro Silos & Vesa Soini (2024): Risk and the allocation of talent in the Roy model. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 236. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111623
Abstract
"With risk-averse workers and uninsurable earnings shocks, competitive markets allocate too few workers to risky jobs. Using an equilibrium Roy model with incomplete markets, we show that in competitive equilibrium, risky occupations are inefficiently small and hence talent is misallocated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Stereotyping in the Labor Market: A Descriptive Analysis of Almost One Million Job Ads across 710 Occupations and Occupational Positions (2024)
Zitatform
Damelang, Andreas, Ann-Katrin Rückel & Michael Stops (2024): Gender Stereotyping in the Labor Market: A Descriptive Analysis of Almost One Million Job Ads across 710 Occupations and Occupational Positions. (IAB-Discussion Paper 13/2024), Nürnberg, 23 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2413
Abstract
"Wir analysieren Muster stereotypisierter Darstellungen von Geschlechtern (gender stereotyping) in Stellenanzeigen des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts und vergleichen diese Muster zwischen verschiedenen Berufsabgrenzungen. Basierend auf einem umfangreichen Stellenanzeigen-Datensatz der BA-Jobbörse, einem der größten Online-Jobportale Deutschlands, wendeten wir einen Machine Learning-Algorithmus an, um den Teil der Stellentexte zu identifizieren, in dem zu erfüllende Anforderungen und zu verrichtende Tätigkeiten explizit beschrieben werden. Wir nutzten ein eigens erstelltes Wörterbuch agentischer (männlich-konnotierter) und kommunaler (weiblich-konnotierter) Signalwörter, um die Stereotypisierung von Geschlechtern in Stellenbeschreibungen zu messen. Die war möglich für 710 Berufe. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zunächst, dass in unserer Stichprobe Berufe eher weiblich als männlich stereotypisiert sind. Wir untersuchen im Weiteren zwei Berufsgruppen näher, die sich deutlich hinsichtlich ihrer Anforderungen und Tätigkeitsinhalte unterscheiden, und hohe Relevanz bezüglich wichtiger Megatrends wie der Digitalisierung und dem demographischen Wandel haben: einerseits Mathematik, Informatik, Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaft und Technik (MINT), und andererseits Berufe im Gesundheits- und Sozialwesen. Dabei unterschieden wir die enthaltenen einzelnen Berufe zum einen nach ihren Anforderungsniveaus und zum anderen danach, ob sie mit einfachen bzw. fachlichen Positionen oder mit Aufsichts- und Führungspositionen verbunden sind. Entgegen dem allgemeinen Befund, dass die von uns beobachteten Berufe überwiegend weiblich stereotypisiert sind, finden wir, dass die MINT-Berufe sowie Aufsichts- und Führungspositionen eher männlich stereotypisiert sind. Unsere Ergebnisse belegen einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Geschlechter-Stereotypisierung und berufsbezogener Geschlechtersegregation. Dies legt nahe, dass die Geschlechter-Stereotypisierung in Stellenanzeigen dazu beiträgt, dass Frauen in bestimmten Berufen und Berufspositionen unterrepräsentiert sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Occupation-Industry Mismatch in the Cross Section and the Aggregate (2024)
Darougheh, Saman;Zitatform
Darougheh, Saman (2024): Occupation-Industry Mismatch in the Cross Section and the Aggregate. In: Journal of Political Economy Macroeconomics, Jg. 2, H. 3, S. 375-408. DOI:10.1086/731536
Abstract
"I define occupations that are employed in more industries as “broader ” occupations. I study the implications of broadness for mismatch of the unemployed and vacancies across occupations and industries. I empirically find that workers in broader occupations are better insured against industry specific shocks. A recent literature has found that mismatch did not significantly contribute to the rise in unemployment during the Great Recession. I build a general equilibrium model that uses occupational broadness as a microfoundation of mismatch. The model uncovers a general equilibrium channel that realigns the strong crosssectional effects of mismatch with its missing aggregate impact. I argue that mismatch across occupations and industries cannot significantly contribute to aggregate unemployment fluctuations" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Application Flows (2024)
Zitatform
Davis, Steven J. & Brenda Samaniego de la Parra (2024): Application Flows. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16903), Bonn, 61 S.
Abstract
"We build and analyze a new U.S. database that links 125 million applications to job vacancies and employer-side clients on Dice.com, an online platform for jobs and workers in software design, computer systems, engineering, financial analysis, management consulting, and other occupations that require technical skills. We find, first, that posting durations are quite short, often only two or three days, with a median of seven days. Second, labor market tightness has tiny effects on posting durations. Third, job seekers display a striking propensity to target new postings, with almost half of applications flowing to openings posted in the past 48 hours. Fourth, applications per posting are much too uneven to reflect random search, even within narrow market segments and job categories. Moreover, posted offer wages play no role in explaining the deviations from a random-search benchmark. Fifth, intermediaries play a huge role on both sides of the platform: Recruitment and staffing firms account for two-thirds of all postings and attract most of the applications. We relate these and other findings to theories of labor market search." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))