Zitatform

Grätz, Michael (2021): Does Regime Change Affect Intergenerational Mobility? Evidence from German Reunification. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 465-481. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa061

Abstract

"This study uses the natural experiment of German reunification and a difference-in-differences approach to test whether the political and economic transition in East Germany in 1990 affected intergenerational occupational and educational mobility. Results obtained using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study show that German reunification did neither strongly affect occupational nor educational mobility. These findings are robust to operationalizing social origin in various ways. Admittedly, reunification may have had small or long-term effects on occupational and educational mobility that cannot be uncovered with the data and research design employed in this study. However, the findings rule out that there were large, short- or medium-term effects of German reunification on intergenerational mobility. These findings are at odds with theories that argue that institutional change has strong, immediate causal effects on intergenerational mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Halvorsen, Elin, Serdar Ozkan & Sergio Salgado (2021): Earnings Dynamics and Its Intergenerational Transmission: Evidence from Norway. (Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2021,15), Saint Louis, MO, 70 S. DOI:10.20955/wp.2021.015

Abstract

"Using administrative data from Norway, we first present stylized facts on labor earnings dynamics between 1993 and 2017 and its heterogeneity across narrow population groups. We then investigate the parents' role in children's income dynamics—the intergenerational transmission of income dynamics. We find that children of high-income, high-wealth fathers enjoy steeper income growth over the life cycle and face more volatile but more positively skewed income changes, suggesting that they are more likely to pursue high-return, high-risk careers. Children of poorer fathers also face more volatile incomes, but theirs grow more gradually and are more left skewed. Furthermore, the income dynamics of fathers and children are strongly correlated. In particular, children of fathers with steeper life-cycle income growth, more volatile incomes, or higher downside risk also have income streams of similar properties. We also confirm that fathers' significant role in workers' income dynamics is not simply spurious because of omitted variables, such as workers' own permanent income. These findings shed new light on the determinants of intergenerational mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kenedi, Gustave & Louis Sirugue (2021): The Anatomy of Intergenerational Income Mobility in France and its Spatial Variations. (PSE working paper / Paris School of Economics 2021-59 halshs-03455282), Paris, 83 S.

Abstract

"We provide new estimates of intergenerational income mobility in France for children born in the 1970s using rich administrative data. Since parents' incomes are not observed, we employ a two-sample two-stage least squares estimation procedure. At the national level, every measure of intergenerational income persistence (intergenerational elasticities, rank-rank correlations, and transition matrices) suggests that France is characterized by relatively strong persistence relative to other developed countries. Children born to parents in the bottom 20% of their income distribution have a 10.1% probability of reaching the top 20% as adults. This probability is of 39.1% for children born to parents in the top 20%. At the local level, we find substantial spatial variations in intergenerational mobility. It is higher in the West of France and particularly low in the North and in the South. We uncover significant relationships between absolute upward mobility and characteristics of the environment an individual grew up in, such as the unemployment rate, population density, and income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kiersztyn, Anna (2021): Who moves from fixed-term to open-ended contracts? Youth employment transitions in a segmented labour market. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 198-214. DOI:10.1177/0001699320920910

Abstract

"This article explores the career effects of fixed-term employment among Polish youth, taking into account specific legal and institutional arrangements affecting both the incidence of temporary jobs and the chances of moving into more stable employment contracts. The aim of the analysis is twofold. First, it seeks to assess whether temporary contracts serve as a stepping-stone to stable employment or a trap leading to fragmented careers consisting of recurrent short-term jobs. Second, it identifies the factors which increase the chances of successful labour market integration. Both issues are addressed through a quantitative analysis of retrospective career data for a cohort of respondents aged 21-30 from two waves of the Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN), 2008 and 2013. Results suggest that temporary employment is not restricted to entry-level jobs and acts as a trap rather than a stepping-stone. In addition, the opportunities for moving from fixed-term to open-ended contracts appear to have deteriorated over the years. However, gaining early on-the-job experience, especially in occupations involving highly complex tasks, may improve the chances of attaining job stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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König, Franziska (2021): Berufliches Crossover zwischen ökonomischer und soziokultureller Fachwelt. Eine biografieanalytische Untersuchung. (Qualitative Fall- und Prozessanalysen 23), Leverkusen: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 224 S.

Abstract

"Der Wechsel in eine andere berufliche Fachwelt stellt Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer vor neue Aufgaben und Herausforderungen. Welche individuellen Voraussetzungen müssen erfüllt und welche institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen sollten gegeben sein, damit ein erfolgreiches berufliches Crossover gelingt? Die Studie zeigt, dass das Crossover zwischen den Fachwelten ein gesamtbiografischer Prozess ist, der sich in den Biografien der Befragten nicht erst im Berufsleben abzeichnet. Erfolgreiche Fachweltwechsel werden von den hybriden Kompetenzen des Einzelnen bedingt und nur selten durch institutionelle und soziale Unterstützungsangebote begleitet." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Maczulskij, Terhi (2021): Occupational Mobility of Routine Workers. (ETLA working papers 87), Helsinki, 40 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes whether occupational polarization takes place within workers or due to changes in the composition of workers by using comprehensive panel data from Finland. The decomposition analysis shows that the decrease in mid-level routine occupations and the simultaneous increase in high-level abstract occupations is largely a within-worker phenomenon. In contrast, the share of low-skilled nonroutine manual tasks has largely increased through entry dynamics. Data on plant closures are used to identify involuntary separations from routine occupations. These results demonstrate a strong, uneven adjustment pattern, with routine cognitive workers being more able to move to abstract tasks and adjust with smaller wage costs than routine manual workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Matthies, Hildegard (2021): Cooling out in der Arbeitswelt: Berufswechsel als Folge eines Mismatch von Habitus und Feld. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, Jg. 31, H. 3/4, S. 415-443. DOI:10.1007/s11609-021-00453-7

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag werden Berufswechsel aus der Cooling-out-Perspektive rekonstruiert. Dabei wird das Cooling-out-Konzept in zweierlei Hinsicht erweitert. Erstens wird es mit Blick auf die an Goffman anschließende Diskussion nicht nur als eine von außen auf ein Subjekt gerichtete Selektionsstrategie aufgefasst, sondern auch als eine von innen kommende Strategie der Krisenintervention zur Verarbeitung von beruflichen Enttäuschungen. Zweitens wird ein berufliches Cooling out in Anlehnung an Bourdieu als Folge eines misslungenen Passungsverhältnisses von beruflichen Bewährungsbedingungen und individuellen Dispositionen konzeptualisiert, um die Entweder-oder-Struktur von Selbst- versus Fremdselektion zu überwinden und auch das „Dazwischen“ von Feld und Subjekt in den Blick zu nehmen. Am Beispiel von empirischen Fallstudien unter Berufswechslern wird gezeigt, dass Entscheidungen für einen Berufswechsel keiner der beiden Seiten allein zugeschlagen werden können, sondern lediglich den Endpunkt einer kontinuierlichen biographischen Erfahrungsaufschichtung darstellen, an der individuelle Dispositionen ebenso wie Feldstrukturen ihren Anteil haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Nennstiel, Richard (2021): On the way to becoming a society of downward mobility? Intergenerational occupational mobility in seven West German birth cohorts (1944–1978). In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 73, S. 1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100609

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Pohlig, Matthias (2021): Occupational mobility in Europe during the crisis. Did the social elevator break? In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 72, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100549

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Prümer, Stephanie (2021): Sector switching in Germany. (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 122), Nürnberg, 40 S.

Abstract

"Wechsel des Beschäftigungssektors im Laufe des Berufslebens, d. h. der Wechsel vom privaten in den öffentlichen Sektor oder umgekehrt, sind häufig, wurden bisher jedoch kaum untersucht. Mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels für Deutschland gebe ich Einblicke in diese Sektorwechsel. Außerdem analysiere ich, ob sozio-demografische Merkmale oder Einstellungen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, den Sektoren zu wechseln, beeinflussen. Ich zeige, dass Frauen mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit in den öffentlichen Sektor wechseln als Männer und dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Wechsels in den öffentlichen Sektor positiv mit Bildung korreliert. Demgegenüber sind Einstellungen und nicht sozio-demografische Merkmale für die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Wechsels in den privaten Sektor relevant. Ich folgere aus meiner Analyse, dass die Vertiefung des Wissen über Sektorwechsel das Personalmanagement im öffentlichen Sektor bereichern kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Richardson, Nela & Sara Klein (2021): People at Work 2021: A Global Workforce View. Roseland, 48 S.

Abstract

"This report provides a starting point to understand the situation facing employees today across five dimensions of working life: worker confidence and job security; workplace conditions; pay and performance; worker mobility; and gender and family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Salvanes, Kjell G., Barton Willage & Alexander L. P. Willén (2021): The Effect of Labor Market Shocks across the Life Cycle. (CESifo working paper 9491), München, 65 S.

Abstract

"Adverse economic shocks occur frequently and may cause individuals to reevaluate key life decisions in ways that have lasting consequences for themselves and the economy. These life decisions are fundamentally tied to specific periods of an individual's career, and economic shocks may therefore have substantially different impacts on individuals – and the broader economy - depending on when they occur. We exploit mass layoffs and establishment closures to examine the impact of adverse shocks across the life cycle on labor market outcomes and major life decisions: human capital investment, mobility, family structure, and retirement. Our results reveal substantial heterogeneity on labor market effects and life decisions in response to economic shocks across the life cycle. Individuals at the beginning of their careers invest in human capital and relocate to new labor markets, individuals in the middle of their careers reduce fertility and adjust family formation decisions, and individuals at the end of their careers permanently exit the workforce and retire. As a consequence of the differential interactions between economic shocks and life decisions, the very long-term career implications of labor shocks vary considerably depending on when the shock occurs. We conclude that effects of adverse labor shocks are both more varied and more extensive than has previously been recognized, and that focusing on average effects among workers across the life cycle misses a great deal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmidt, Jörg (2021): Arbeitskräftefluktuation im Jahr 2020: Pandemie hinterlässt Spuren. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,82), Köln, 3 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitskräftefluktuation liegt in Deutschland seit Jahren auf einem ähnlichen Niveau, sie ist aber im Zuge der Corona-Pandemie im Jahr 2020 gesunken. Grundsätzlich weisen Männer, Jüngere, Auszubildende und Geringqualifizierte zwar höhere Fluktuationsraten auf, im Vergleich zum Vorjahr reduzierten sich die Arbeitskräftebewegungen aber bei den untersuchten Gruppen in einem relativ ähnlichen Umfang." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Seifried, Mareike (2021): Transitions From Offline to Online Labor Markets: The Relationship Between Freelancers' Prior Offline and Online Work Experience. (ZEW discussion paper 21-101), Mannheim, 42 S.

Abstract

"An emerging stream of research from various disciplines studies online labor market (OLM) platforms as an alternative way of accomplishing work compared to traditional (offline) labor markets. Although prior work has increased our understanding of how OLM platforms function, we so far know very little about the relationship between what workers have done before entering the platform and the skill content of their online jobs. However, the question of why workers do the jobs they do in an online context and what drives their decision is fundamental to understanding how these markets function and are used by workers. Using data on 4,771 freelancers working on Upwork.com, the world’s leading freelancing website, we compare the skill content of their online jobs with their last reported offline prior to platform entry. Based on prior work on occupational mobility (Gathmann & Schönberg, 2010) and human capital investments (Becker, 1962), we hypothesize and find that workers with more valuable skillsets adjust their skill portfolios less while working online, i.e. the distance between their offline and online skill portfolio is lower. We further show that being female, coming from an advanced economy and reporting having current offline employment moderates the relationship between skill value and skill distance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Silva, Marta & Jose Garcia-Louzao (2021): Coworker Networks and the Labor Market Outcomes of Displaced Workers: Evidence from Portugal. (Working paper series / Lietuvos Bankas 95), Vilnius, 36 S.

Abstract

"The use of social contacts in the labor market is widespread. This paper investigates the impact of personal connections on hiring probabilities and re-employment outcomes of displaced workers in Portugal. We rely on rich matched employer-employee data to define personal connections that arise from interactions at the workplace. Our empirical strategy exploits firm closures to select workers who are exogenously forced to search for a new job and leverages variation across displaced workers with direct connections to prospective employers. The hiring analysis indicates that displaced workers with a direct link to a firm through a former coworker are roughly three times more likely to be hired compared to workers displaced from the same closing event who lack such a tie. However, we find that the effect varies according to the type of connection as well as firms' similarity. Finally, we show that successful displaced workers with a connection in the hiring firm have higher entry-level wages and enjoy greater job security although these advantages disappear over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Söhn, Janina (2021): Berufswechsel messen. Methodische Erörterung zur Analyse horizontaler beruflicher Mobilität im Mikrozensus und im Nationalen Bildungspanel. (SOFI-Arbeitspapier 22), Göttingen, 71 S.

Abstract

"Dieses SOFI-Working Paper untersucht, wie mit zwei für Deutschland repräsentativen Survey, dem Mikrozensus und der Erwachsenenbefragung des Nationalen Bildungspanels, Berufswechsel gemessen, operationalisiert und empirisch analysiert werden können. Zum einen werden in jeder MZ-Welle Erwerbstätige direkt danach gefragt, ob sie in den vergangenen zwölf Monaten ihren ausgeübten Beruf offen ab, der dann in die "Klassifikation der Berufe" (DldB) 2010 eingeordnet wird. Diese Angabe kann dann mit dem einer vorangegangenen Erwerbstätigkeit vergleichen werden - im MZ mit der entsprechenden Information aus der Befragung ein Jahr zuvor, im NEPS mit der vorangegangenen Erwerbsperiode. Beide Umfragen bieten ausreichend hohe Fallzahlen, um sowohl die Inzidenz von Berufswechsel zu analysieren als auch Berufswechsel auf unterschiedliche Merkmale hin untereinander vergleichen. Das Working Paper zeigt im Detail, warum MZ subjektive und auf die KldB bezogenen Berufswechsel nur im Zusammenspiel mit einem Betriebswechsel in den vorangegangenen zwölf Monaten untersucht werden sollten. Mehrere Untersuchungsaspekte implizieren, dass die Antworten auf die direkte Frage nach einem Berufswechsel nur teilweise das Gleiche messen, wie wenn man den aktuell ausgeübten Beruf mit dem Befragungsjahr zuvor in Relation setzt. Während von einem Jahr auf das andere laut MZ in beiden Varianten nur gut 1% aller Erwerbstätigen die berufliche Tätigkeit und den Betrieb gewechselt haben, kann man im NEPS zeigen, dass sich bei gut der Hälfte aller Personen, die im Zeitraum von 20 Jahren jemals erwerbstätig waren, mindestens einmal die Berufsgruppe ändert. Dabei sind berufsfachlich große Wechsel häufiger als solche in benachbarte Berufsfelder hinein. Nur im NEPS können Berufswechsel mit dazwischen liegenden längeren Phasen der Nicht-Erwerbstätigkeit erfasst sowie die Dauer und Art dieser Nicht-Erwerbstätigkeit differenziert bestimmt werden. Mit dem MZ lassen sich aufgrund seiner besonders hohen Fallzahlen häufige Paare von Ausgangs- und Zielberufen unter Berufswecheln identifizieren. Ob für die Deskription oder als Prädiktorvariable in multivariaten Modellen als obere Aggregatebenen von Berufen und Berufswechseln die vom IAB/BA entwickelten 14 Berufssektoren oder die zwölf vom BIBB entwickelten Berufshauptfelder verwendet werden, hängt vom spezifischen Forschungsinteresse ab: Berufssegmente eigen sich bein einem Fokus auf das sekundäre Arbeitsmarktsegment mit ihrer Differenzierung zwischen Sicherheits-, Logistik-, Gastronomie- und Reinigungsberufe, im primären Arbeitsmarkt mit der Unterscheidung nachgefragter Berufe in der Pflege und Kindergärten sowie den IT-Berufen. Berufshauptfelder differieren besser zwischen Berufsgruppen mit akademischer Ausbildung, für deren Analyse wiederum das NEPS mit seinem "Akademiker-Bias" in den ungewichteten Daten besonders geeignet ist, während der MZ verlässlicher für Analysen für Berufswechsler:innen ohne oder mit beruflicher Ausbildung ist. Trotz großer Unterschiede in der Datenstruktur weisen MZ und NEPS viel Ähnlichkeiten bei dieser Analyse von Berufswechseln auf - ein guter Hinweis auf die Validität der Operationalisierung und der Qualität der Datensätze." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Westerman, Johan, Dirk Witteveen, Erik Bihagen & Roujman Shahbazian (2021): Career Complexity No Longer on the Rise. Comparing Early-and Mid-Career Complexity Across the 1930s thru 1980s Birth Cohortsin Sweden. (SocArXiv papers), 43 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/md4t3

Abstract

"There is a wide-spread idea that contemporary careers continue to become ever more complex. Pioneering research of full-career complexity has shown that work lives have indeed become more complex, yet at modest increasing pace. This paper examines whether career complexity continues to increase using Swedish registry data across an exceptionally long time period, including younger cohorts than in previous research: up to those born in 1983. The full early-and mid-careers of selected birth cohorts cover several macroeconomic booms and downturns, a long period of upskilling of the Swedish labor force, as well as the convergence of working hours of women and men. The following conclusions are drawn using state-of-the-art methods of measuring career complexity. For early-careers, an increasing complexity trend is evident between the 1950s and 1960s birth cohorts, yet complexity fluctuates around a stable trend for the 1970s birth cohorts and onward. For mid-careers, which are considerably more stable on average, complexity has decreased among women born between the 1930s and the early-1950s. However, the opposite trend holds true for men, resulting in gender convergence of complexity. We observe a standstill of the mid-career complexity trend across both genders, followed by a modest decline for the last observed cohorts. Subsequent analyses point to educational expansion as an important driver of the initial increase of early-career complexity. Taken together, our analysis affirms an initial shift to more career complexity in the 20thcentury, yet we find no unidirectional trend toward more career complexity over the last decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Westerman, Johan (2021): Should I Learn or Should I Turn? Implications of Job Mobility for Subsequent Learning at Work. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 37, H. 6, S. 935-951. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcab018

Abstract

"Work learning is the skills and the knowledge that is generated from work practices and in exchange of information at work. While there are good reasons to fear that frequent job changers do not learn thoroughly at work, it is also conceivable that the experience of many types of jobs instead yields greater learning. Despite this issue’s significance for on-going discussions in research and policy, thorough analyses of it are surprisingly sparse. In this study, we test whether job mobility is positively or negatively associated with subsequent work learning using data from two Swedish representative datasets (LNU and PIAAC). In order to substantiate both claims, we utilize a wide array of research on human capital, job matching, labor market segmentation and learning motivation. We analyze a broad set of indicators of work learning and show that job mobility in general is associated with greater total subsequent learning than is job stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Witte, Nils, Reinhard Pollak & Andreas Ette (2021): Social Origins of German Emigrants: Maintaining Social Status Through International Mobility? In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 139-153. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_8

Abstract

"The prospect of upward social mobility is a central motive for international migration. Curiously, the nexus of spatial and social mobility attracted attention only relatively late and existing research on intergenerational social mobility usually concentrates on the constellation within the nation state. This chapter expands on this literature by investigating the intergenerational social mobility of international German migrants from the perspective of the country of origin. First, we focus on the social origin of internationally mobile and non-mobile persons using data from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). How do the two groups differ in their social background? What kinds of capitals do international migrants inherit from their parents? In a second step, this chapter explores the differences in social fluidity between migrants and non-migrants. Does international mobility increase social fluidity? Our findings suggest that German emigrants are positively selected in terms of their social origin. Their parents are more likely to have academic degrees and to belong to the upper service classes compared with non-migrants. Although social fluidity is not significantly higher among emigrants compared with non-migrants, their risk of downward social mobility is significantly reduced." (Author's abstract, © Springer) ((en))

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Witte, Nils & Jean Guedes Auditor (2021): Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 121-138. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_7

Abstract

"This chapter investigates individual wage changes of German emigrants. The analytical strategy is twofold. First, we compare hourly wage changes among emigrants with wage changes among stayers. We estimate the Difference-in-Difference of mean net hourly wages between stayers and emigrants over time and account for the positive selection of emigrants on observable characteristics through entropy balancing. Second, we explore the heterogeneity of wage changes among emigrants. To that end, we calculate linear regressions on the log net hourly wage change through migration. The first analysis suggests substantial wage increases of 8 euros through migration. The second analysis provides evidence that characteristics of employment and of destination countries account for differences in the wage change among emigrants. Among individual characteristics, only age is negatively correlated, while education and gender do not account for differences. Our analysis rely on the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study. The German Socio-Economic Panel Study yields our reference population of stayers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))