Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und Langzeitleistungsbezug in Deutschland – Ursachen, Konsequenzen, Maßnahmen
Trotz positiver Arbeitsmarktentwicklung bleibt die Anzahl langzeitarbeitsloser Menschen in Deutschland seit Jahren konstant. Langfristig auf den Bezug von Sozialleistungen angewiesen zu sein, geht für die Betroffenen häufig mit ökonomischen und sozialen Teilhabedefiziten und Exklusionsrisiken einher. Welche Personen sind von Langzeitleistungsbezug und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit betroffen? Was sind die Ursachen und Folgen und welche Maßnahmen wirken?
Diese Infoplattform stellt Quellen aus soziologischer und ökonomischer Perspektive zusammen.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Struktur und Entwicklung von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und -leistungsbezug
- Ursachen von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit
- Ursachen von Langzeitleistungsbezug nach SGB II
- Folgen und Auswirkungen auf individueller und gesellschaftlicher Ebene
- Maßnahmen und ihre Wirkungen
- Abgänge aus Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und -leistungsbezug
- Regionaler Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Chronic Unemployment: A New Concept for Capturing Weak Labor Market Attachment (2025)
Zitatform
Aho, Simo, Magnus Jespersen, Regina Konle-Seidl, Rasmus Lind Ravn & Stine Rasmussen (2025): Chronic Unemployment: A New Concept for Capturing Weak Labor Market Attachment. In: Nordic journal of working life studies, S. 1-22. DOI:10.18291/njwls.158790
Abstract
"In this article, we develop, unfold, and explore the concept of ‘chronic unemployment’ to capture a segment that is weakly attached to the labor market because of repeated spells of unemployment, interrupted only by shorter intervals of temporary employment, inactivity, and/or participation in active labor market policy measures (ALMP). We do this to capture this segment more adequately than conventional long-term unemployment statistics. We analyze unemployment trajectories of chronically unemployed individuals across different labor market and welfare regimes over more than 10 years based on longitudinal and comparable register data in Denmark, Germany, and Finland. We find that in these developed welfare states, unemployment of a more chronic character is a much wider problem than what conventional statistics reveal, and that sustainable integration into gainful employment at the open labor market is a distant goal for a considerable share of the group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die ganzheitliche beschäftigungsbegleitende Betreuung im Teilhabechancengesetz (2025)
Zitatform
Bennett, Jenny, Philipp Fuchs & Jan F. C. Gellermann (2025): Die ganzheitliche beschäftigungsbegleitende Betreuung im Teilhabechancengesetz. In: Sozialmagazin H. 7/8, S. 39-46., 2025-04-29. DOI:10.3262/SM2508039
Abstract
"Mit dem Teilhabechancengesetz gibt es zwei Instrumente geförderter Beschäftigung für Personen, die schon lange im Leistungsbezug sind und nur geringe Chancen auf eine Beschäftigung haben. Dazu gehört auch eine ganzheitliche beschäftigungsbegleitende Betreuung. Mit einer höheren Sensibilität für die Anforderungen an die Betreuung sowie klareren Regelungen könnte diese noch verbessert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Gellermann, Jan F. C.; -
Literaturhinweis
Too old to find employment? A novel approach to leverage the power of digital peer groups for older unemployed (2025)
Zitatform
Broder, Hanna Rebecca, Maximilian Förster, Julia Klier, Mathias Klier & Irina Sigler (2025): Too old to find employment? A novel approach to leverage the power of digital peer groups for older unemployed. In: Information systems and e-business management, S. 1-40. DOI:10.1007/s10257-025-00708-3
Abstract
"Unemployment is a pressing societal problem world-wide. The consequences of unemployment are disproportionately more severe for older individuals. Building on literature on digital technologies in the context of unemployment and social support in digital peer groups, we design and evaluate a novel job counseling approach to leverage the power of digital peer groups to assist older unemployed individuals in regaining employment. Our approach supplements the traditional one-on-one offline counseling. It is specifically designed for older unemployed individuals, with small group sizes, moderation, and implementation through an easily accessible online messenger. We demonstrate the practical applicability of the proposed approach by instantiating it in cooperation with the German Federal Employment Agency, and we demonstrate how the approach can be used in terms of mutual social support. We evaluate the efficacy of the approach in a controlled, randomized field experiment with 987 older unemployed individuals. The results demonstrate the approach’s positive impact on reemployment chances of older unemployed individuals, by increasing their job search skills and job search intensity. Furthermore, our evaluation reveals that gender and job market situation are important contextual factors for the effectiveness of the digital peer group-based approach, warranting further recognition in research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From welfare to work: The health and material well-being effects of long-term employment subsidies in Germany (2025)
Bömmel, Nadja ; Coban, Mustafa ; Kasrin, Zein ; Zabel, Cordula ; Schiele, Maximilian ; Wenzig, Claudia; Wolff, Joachim;Zitatform
Bömmel, Nadja, Mustafa Coban, Zein Kasrin, Maximilian Schiele, Claudia Wenzig, Joachim Wolff & Cordula Zabel (2025): From welfare to work: The health and material well-being effects of long-term employment subsidies in Germany. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. e12653., 2024-01-31. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12653
Abstract
"This paper analyses effects of subsidized, predominantly non-standard, employment within the German labor market program ‘participation in the labor market’ for long-term welfare recipients on their health satisfaction, health-based quality of life, satisfaction with standard of living and households' actual ownership of important goods (e.g., car or new clothes) or the lack thereof due to financial reasons. We differentiated subgroups by health, age and working hours. Data for participants and non-participants (but entitled to welfare benefits) stem from the first two waves (2020/2021) of the panel survey ‘Quality of Life and Social Participation’. To identify causal effects, we employed matching methods based on administrative and survey data. Our findings show that 1 and 2 years after programme start, participation had significant positive effects on all indicators of health and standard of living. Thus, for the program's focus group, subsidized employment, even if non-standard, can contribute to improving health and material well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bömmel, Nadja ; Coban, Mustafa ; Kasrin, Zein ; Zabel, Cordula ; Schiele, Maximilian ; Wenzig, Claudia; Wolff, Joachim; -
Literaturhinweis
Exploring unemployment persistence: a probabilistic analysis in 20 OECD countries to understand its social implications (2025)
Zitatform
Cardona-Arenas, Carlos David (2025): Exploring unemployment persistence: a probabilistic analysis in 20 OECD countries to understand its social implications. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 45, H. 1/2, S. 86-105. DOI:10.1108/ijssp-06-2024-0245
Abstract
"Purpose: This study assesses the probability of an OECD member country exhibiting high persistence in unemployment duration, considering income inequality, productivity, accumulation of human capital and labor income share in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) between the years 2013–2019. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the purpose of the study, a probabilistic analysis with panel data is employed, focusing on 20 OECD countries segmented into two groups: those with high persistence and low persistence in unemployment duration. Probit and Logit models are estimated, marginal changes are analyzed and the models are evaluated in terms of their classification accuracy. Finally, trends in probabilities over time are examined. Findings This paper exhibits that countries with higher human capital index, greater labor income share in GDP, and more relevant productivity for well-being reduce their probabilities of experiencing high persistence in unemployment duration. It is observed that Mexico (MEX), Greece (GRC), Italy (ITA), and Turkey (TUR) have elevated probabilities of experiencing high persistence in unemployment duration in the future, while Costa Rica (CRI), Estonia (EST), Slovakia (SVK), Czech Republic (CZE), Lithuania (LTU), Poland (POL), and Israel (ISR) show a marked downward trend in these probabilities. Lastly, countries like the United Kingdom (GBR), Denmark (DNK), Sweden (SWE), Norway (NOR), Netherlands (NLD), Germany (DEU), United States (USA), and Canada (CAN) present minimal risk of experiencing high persistence in unemployment duration in the future. Research limitations/implications The measurement of the relationship between development outcomes and persistence in unemployment duration has been scarce. Generally, the literature has focused on the analysis of development and unemployment without delving into the duration of unemployment, let alone persistence in duration. Practical implications This paper provides a solid foundation for the formulation of policies aimed at promoting sustainable employment and inclusive economic growth. Social implications Based on the findings of the study, two key development policies are proposed. Firstly, the implementation of investment programs in Human Capital to increase productivity is recommended. Resources should be directed towards initiatives that improve the necessary skills and competencies in the labor markets of OECD countries, especially in strategic economic sectors with higher production linkages. Additionally, incentivizing the application of active labor policies is proposed. This entails prioritizing policies aimed at increasing the labor income share in GDP through progressive fiscal reforms that strengthen social safety nets and ensure fair labor standards. Implementing employment programs targeted at vulnerable groups, such as long-term unemployed individuals, youth, female heads of households and marginalized communities, is also recommended to eliminate structural barriers to labor market participation and reduce disparities in unemployment persistence. Adopting these policies can help mitigate the risk of high unemployment duration persistence and foster sustainable and inclusive long-term economic growth. Originality/value This is the first study to analyze the probabilities of both developing and developed countries experiencing high persistence in unemployment duration. It specifically evaluates these probabilities over a period of time and also estimates potential outcomes if real investments were made to enhance their human capital, productivity and employability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Towards policies of dignity? The German Participation Opportunities Act as a response to long-term unemployment (2025)
Zitatform
Englert, Kathrin, Markus Gottwald, Claudia Globisch & Peter Kupka (2025): Towards policies of dignity? The German Participation Opportunities Act as a response to long-term unemployment. In: Journal of Social Policy, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1017/S0047279424000370
Abstract
"The Participation Opportunities Act (POA) came into force in Germany in January 2019 with the aim of making publicly subsidized employment accessible to the long-term unemployed, whose prospects of regular employment are poor. The POA responds to a two-fold exclusion suffered by this group: exclusion from the labor market and a kind of ‘internal exclusion’ from social services. We argue that the POA can therefore be understood as a ‘policy of dignity’ and thus as a challenge to the neoliberal recognition order. The aim of this paper is an empirical examination of this thesis based on qualitative interviews with managers and professionals at German job centres. We apply Honneth’s theory of recognition as a theoretical framework and examine two levels of implementation: the interpretation of the law and how it is put into practice from 2019-2023." (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku, © Cambridge University Press)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Globisch, Claudia; -
Literaturhinweis
Effects, Experiences, and Ethical Aspects of Active Labor Market Programs in Social Work for Long-Term Social Assistance Recipients: A Systematic Review (2025)
Fahlström, Gunilla ; Åhsberg, Elizabeth ; Gornitzki, Carl ; Johansson, Per ; Furberg, Elisabeth ; Salonen, Tapio ;Zitatform
Fahlström, Gunilla, Elisabeth Furberg, Carl Gornitzki, Per Johansson, Tapio Salonen & Elizabeth Åhsberg (2025): Effects, Experiences, and Ethical Aspects of Active Labor Market Programs in Social Work for Long-Term Social Assistance Recipients: A Systematic Review. In: Research on social work practice, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1177/10497315251346057
Abstract
"Purpose: To assess the effects of supporting labor market interventions for adults outside the labor market who are long-term social assistance recipients, and to present participant experiences of return-to-work interventions. Method: A systematic review where direct and indirect client interventions were synthesized. We included 26 quantitative studies (seven randomized and 19 based on register data about 5.8 million persons), and 14 qualitative studies. Results: Effective programs to enable long-term social assistance recipients to enter and retain employment are workplace training, extensive or long-term training, work support programs in regular activities (moderate certainty of evidence). Up until February 2022, this report updates previous knowledge about the effects of education, internships and work practice, and employer subsidies together with new knowledge about the effects of case managers’ working methods for the target group. Evidence gaps are addressed. Discussion: Strengths and limitations, practice, policy and research implications, and ethical considerations are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmarkt im Wandel: Deutschland muss die Transformation annehmen, um seine Produktivität und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu stärken (2025)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd & Christian Kagerl (2025): Arbeitsmarkt im Wandel: Deutschland muss die Transformation annehmen, um seine Produktivität und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu stärken. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 12/2025), Nürnberg, 21 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2512
Abstract
"Der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt zeigt sich trotz wirtschaftlicher Schwäche und der wiederkehrenden Bezeichnung von Deutschland als „krankem Mann Europas“ überraschend robust. Die Beschäftigungsquote liegt mit 77,4 Prozent weiterhin auf einem hohen Niveau, doch die Zahl der offenen Stellen ist seit ihrem Höchststand 2022 deutlich gesunken, während die Arbeitslosenquote steigt. Besonders betroffen sind Langzeitarbeitslose und Personen ohne schulischen oder beruflichen Abschluss. Gleichzeitig bleibt der Fachkräftemangel eine zentrale Herausforderung, da viele Stellen nicht besetzt werden können. Die Koexistenz von steigender Arbeitslosigkeit und unbesetzten Stellen bleibt ein entscheidendes Problem für die Bewältigung des wirtschaftlichen Wandels. Eine der größten strukturellen Schwächen ist das stagnierende Produktivitätswachstum. Während die Produktivität in den 2000er-Jahren noch stieg, stagniert sie seit den 2010er-Jahren weitgehend. Besonders problematisch ist die wachsende Diskrepanz zwischen der Produktivität pro Arbeitsstunde und der Produktivität pro Arbeitnehmer, wovon sich letztere deutlich schlechter entwickelt. Die Gründe hierfür sind vielfältig: Neben einer zunehmenden Teilzeitarbeit und einem Beschäftigungszuwachs in Sektoren mit niedriger Produktivität – etwa im Gesundheits- und Bildungsbereich – verhindern geringe Investitionen in Digitalisierung und technologische Innovationen, aber auch in Aus- und Weiterbildung, eine stärkere Produktivitätssteigerung. Besonders das produzierende Gewerbe, das lange das Rückgrat der deutschen Wirtschaft bildete, gerät zunehmend unter Druck. Die Industrieproduktion liegt noch immer unter dem Vorkrisenniveau, während die Beschäftigung in der jüngeren Vergangenheit stagnierte und aktuell rückläufig ist. Besonders die Automobilbranche steht vor großen Herausforderungen: Neben der sinkenden Nachfrage nach Elektroautos machen chinesische Wettbewerber den deutschen Herstellern zunehmend Konkurrenz. Auch Maschinenbau und Metallindustrie kämpfen mit strukturellen Problemen. Zudem belasten hohe Energiepreise und eine schwächelnde Exportnachfrage – insbesondere aus China – die deutsche Industrie. Trotz der wirtschaftlichen Schwäche und den Unsicherheiten über die zukünftige Entwicklung mangelt es weiterhin an Fachkräften. Vor allem kleinere Betriebe und das Bau- sowie das Gastgewerbe haben Schwierigkeiten, qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte zu finden. Eine Ursache hierfür ist die geringe Mobilität auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Während Transformationen üblicherweise mit einer Umschichtung von Arbeitsplätzen verbunden sind, zeigt sich dieser Effekt in Deutschland bislang kaum. Die hohe Nutzung von Kurzarbeitergeld während der Pandemie hat die Beschäftigung stabilisiert, könnte jedoch den Anpassungsprozess verzögert haben, wenngleich hierfür belastbare empirische Belege fehlen. Deutschland muss die Digitalisierung und die Dekarbonisierung annehmen und nutzen, um seine Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu erhalten. Besonders Berufe mit geringen Qualifikationsanforderungen sind durch Automatisierung bedroht. Gleichzeitig entstehen neue Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich der grünen Technologien. Der Wandel erfordert jedoch gezielte Investitionen in Weiterbildung und Umschulungen, um Beschäftigte auf die neuen Anforderungen vorzubereiten. Doch genau hier zeigen sich große Defizite. Die betriebliche Weiterbildung ist nach einem pandemiebedingten Einbruch noch nicht auf das Vorkrisenniveau zurückgekehrt, und die Zahl neu abgeschlossener Ausbildungsverträge liegt seit 2020 jedes Jahr unter einer halben Million. Zudem verschlechtern sich die schulischen Leistungen, was langfristig die Qualifikationsbasis der Erwerbsbevölkerung schwächen könnte. Deutschland steht damit vor einer großen Herausforderung: Die alternde Erwerbsbevölkerung verschärft den Fachkräftemangel, während Produktivitätsschwäche und Wettbewerbsverlust die wirtschaftliche Dynamik hemmen. Die Verbesserung der digitalen Kompetenzen und die Förderung der beruflichen Mobilität werden für die Steigerung der Arbeitsproduktivität und die Sicherung des Wirtschaftswachstums von entscheidender Bedeutung sein. Um den Wandel erfolgreich zu gestalten, sind massive Investitionen in Digitalisierung, Dekarbonisierung und Bildung dringend erforderlich. Nur wenn das Land der Aus- und Weiterbildung Priorität einräumt und sich dem Wandel stellt, kann es gut bezahlte Arbeitsplätze sichern und seine Position als Europas größte Volkswirtschaft behaupten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
One size fits all? Implementation and effects of a job guarantee for long-term-unemployed persons (2025)
Zitatform
Flecker, Jörg & Hannah Quinz (2025): One size fits all? Implementation and effects of a job guarantee for long-term-unemployed persons. In: Journal of Social Policy, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1017/s0047279425100949
Abstract
"Researchers and policymakers propose a job guarantee as a means of overcoming long-term unemployment and the associated risk of social exclusion. Such a Program implies that all long-term-unemployed individuals within a certain territory are offered subsidised employment in not-for-profit enterprises or the public sector. This results in heterogeneous participation because the group of long-term-unemployed people is more diverse than often assumed. Against the background of the literature on subsidized employment, this contribution presents findings from an evaluation study of a job guarantee that was implemented in a small town in Lower Austria between 2020 and 2024. The aim of this paper is to explore the changes brought about by re-employment within a job creation scheme and in particular how the scheme coped with the diversity among the participants, which is a consequence of offering employment to all long-term-unemployed individuals. Based on data from a longitudinal mixed-methods study, the contribution shows how the project was implemented, to what extent the participants benefited from it and how the form of implementation met the different needs of participants. A typology based on qualitative data captures the diversity among the participants and shows how the scheme fits different groups. Finally, we discuss the pros and cons of the inclusion of diverse participants within one project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Disease prevalence and working ability among socio-medically assessed unemployed people in Germany between 2016 and 2021: A secondary data analysis of the Federal Employment Agency (2025)
Franke, Andreas G. ; Roser, Patrik ; Pieper, Claudia ; Scherbaum, Norbert ; Manz, Kirsi ; Lotz-Metz, Gabriele;Zitatform
Franke, Andreas G., Patrik Roser, Norbert Scherbaum, Claudia Pieper, Kirsi Manz & Gabriele Lotz-Metz (2025): Disease prevalence and working ability among socio-medically assessed unemployed people in Germany between 2016 and 2021: A secondary data analysis of the Federal Employment Agency. In: Public health, Jg. 242, S. 37-43. DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2025.02.021
Abstract
"Objectives: To assess socio-medical status of unemployed persons registered in Germany between 2016 and 2021 regarding medical diagnoses and work ability. Study design: We conducted a secondary data analysis. Methods: We used t-test to compare means of groups and odds ratio to calculate the probability for work ability. Results: 4.3 million clients were assessed (43.3 ± 13.2 years; 52.4 % male). Nearly all clients (96.5 %) received at least one diagnosis. Regarding first and secondary diagnosis, 52.1 % suffered from mental disorders, followed by diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (31.4 %), and the circulatory system (10.7 %). Of those with at least one diagnosis 41.7 % were unable to return to work. Clients with mental disorders (first diagnosis) were more likely to be unable to work (68.2 %, n = 958,144) than those with diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (16.9 %, n = 237,459) and diseases of the circulatory system (9.4 %, n = 131,513). Conclusions: Our study provides disease prevalence and work ability based on secondary data of all socio-medical assessments of the German Federal Employment Agency between 2016 and 2021. Further studies should be enhanced by both individual and external factors to provide a broader perspective.Labor market policy instruments should address both, the improvement of re-employment rates and the targeted prevention of diseases among unemployed. It is mandatory to define target populations who suffer from an increased risk for (mental) health problems and to design future labor market instruments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
(in) Accuracy in Algorithmic Profiling of the Unemployed – An Exploratory Review of Reporting Standards (2025)
Zitatform
Gallagher, Patrick & Ray Griffin (2025): (in) Accuracy in Algorithmic Profiling of the Unemployed – An Exploratory Review of Reporting Standards. In: Social Policy and Society, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 401-414. DOI:10.1017/S1474746423000428
Abstract
"Public Employment Services (PES) increasingly use automated statistical profiling algorithms (ASPAs) to ration expensive active labour market policy (ALMP) interventions to those they predict at risk of becoming long-term unemployed (LTU). Strikingly, despite the critical role played by ASPAs in the operation of public policy, we know very little about how the technology works, particularly how accurate predictions from ASPAs are. As a vital first step in assessing the operational effectiveness and social impact of ASPAs, we review the method of reporting accuracy. We demonstrate that the current method of reporting a single measure for accuracy (usually a percentage) inflates the capabilities of the technology in a peculiar way. ASPAs tend towards high false positive rates, and so falsely identify those who prove to be frictionally unemployed as likely to be LTU. This has important implications for the effectiveness of spending on ALMPs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Evaluationsbericht Maßnahmenkombination KOMPAKT-Stufenmodell: Zeitraum: 03.05.2023 – 02.05.2025 (2025)
Geisler, Alexandra; Gelbrich, Jonas;Zitatform
Geisler, Alexandra & Jonas Gelbrich (2025): Evaluationsbericht Maßnahmenkombination KOMPAKT-Stufenmodell. Zeitraum: 03.05.2023 – 02.05.2025. Dresden, 102 S., Anhang. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.15839108
Abstract
"Das KOMPAKT-Stufenmodell ist eine arbeitsmarktpolitische Maßnahme zur Aktivierung, beruflichen Orientierung, Qualifizierung und Integration von erwerbsfähigen Leistungsberechtigten gemäß § 16 Abs. 1 SGB II i.V.m. § 45 SGB III. Ziel ist es, Menschen mit vielfältigen Vermittlungshemmnissen – etwa Langzeitarbeitslose, Migrant*innen, gesundheitlich eingeschränkte Personen – systematisch und individuell an den Arbeitsmarkt heranzuführen. Die zweijährige Evaluation dieser Maßnahmenkombination beinhaltet eine sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Überprüfung und Bewertung der Durchführung und Wirkungen der Maßnahmenaktivitäten vorwiegend aus Perspektive der Teilnehmenden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Active labor market policies for the long-term unemployed: New evidence from causal machine learning (2025)
Zitatform
Goller, Daniel, Michael Lechner, Tamara Pongratz & Joachim Wolff (2025): Active labor market policies for the long-term unemployed: New evidence from causal machine learning. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 94, 2025-04-22. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102729
Abstract
"Active labor market programs are important instruments used by European employment agencies to help the unemployed find work. Investigating large administrative data on German long-term unemployed persons, we analyze the effectiveness of three job search assistance and training programs using causal machine learning. In addition to estimating average effects, causal machine learning enables the systematic analysis of effect heterogeneities, thereby facilitating the development of more effective personalized allocation strategies for long-term unemployed. On average, participants benefit from quickly realizing and long-lasting positive effects across all programs, with placement services being the most effective. For women, we find differential effects in various characteristics. Especially, women benefit from better local labor market conditions. The data-driven rules we propose for the allocation of unemployed people to the available labor market programs, which could be employed by decision-makers, show a potential to improve the effects by 6 - 14 percent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Langzeitarbeitslose mit multiplen Beeinträchtigungen: Wer sie sind. Was sie denken – und was sie beeinflusst. Wie mit ihnen umzugehen ist. (2025)
Herteux, Andreas;Zitatform
Herteux, Andreas (2025): Langzeitarbeitslose mit multiplen Beeinträchtigungen. Wer sie sind. Was sie denken – und was sie beeinflusst. Wie mit ihnen umzugehen ist. Karbach: Erich von Werner Verlag, 289 S.
Abstract
"Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit ist eines der drängendsten sozialen Themen unserer Zeit. Kaum ein Bereich steht so sehr im Fokus politischer Debatten, in kaum ein anderes Feld fließen vergleichbar viele finanzielle Mittel – und doch bleibt der nachhaltige Erfolg seit Jahrzehnten aus. Woran liegt das? Vielleicht daran, dass wir diese Menschen zu kennen glauben – in Wahrheit aber nur ihr Umfeld betrachten: Lebenslagen, Bildungsdaten, Gesundheitszustände. Wir analysieren das Können, aber nicht das Wollen. Doch wer sind sie wirklich? Was bewegt sie? Was beeinflusst ihr Denken und Verhalten? Spielt Arbeit in ihrem Leben noch eine Rolle? Und was ist für sie eigentlich normal? Dieses Buch wagt erstmals einen ganzheitlichen Blick – einen, der auch die innere Welt der Betroffenen und die tiefgreifende Prägung durch digitale Einflüsse mitdenkt. Auf Basis eines der umfassendsten empirischen Zugänge der letzten Jahre entwickelt Andreas Herteux neue Kategorisierungen – und gelangt zu einem überraschenden Befund: Die vermeintlich homogene Gruppe ist in Wirklichkeit ein Mosaik unterschiedlicher Milieus – mit eigenen Denkmustern, eigenen Wegen, eigenen Ressourcen. Herteux entwirft nicht nur eine neue wissenschaftliche Klassifikation, sondern schlägt einen Paradigmenwechsel vor: Weg von der Maßnahme – hin zu einem umfassenden Verständnis. Ein Verständnis, das anerkennt, dass heute viele Normalitätskonzepte gleichberechtigt nebeneinander existieren – und dass ein veraltetes Denken in korrigierbaren Normabweichungen an der Realität scheitern muss: bei der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit ebenso wie im gesellschaftlichen Denken insgesamt." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Influence of a Health Promotion Program on Health and Paid Employment Among Long-Term Non-employed Individuals in the Netherlands (2025)
Hijdra, Roos W.; Schuring, Merel ; Kalken, Marike van; de Zeeuw, Stijn; Burdorf, Alex ; Dijkstra, Arie;Zitatform
Hijdra, Roos W., Marike van Kalken, Stijn de Zeeuw, Arie Dijkstra, Alex Burdorf & Merel Schuring (2025): The Influence of a Health Promotion Program on Health and Paid Employment Among Long-Term Non-employed Individuals in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, S. 1-10. DOI:10.1007/s10926-025-10290-7
Abstract
"Purpose: Long-term unemployment is accompanied by worse health, making it challenging to enter paid employment. This study aims to investigate effects of a health promotion program on physical and mental health, work ability, and entering paid employment among long-term non-employed individuals. Methods: In a longitudinal study, Exercise Works participants (N = 208) and a treatment-as-usual group (N = 117) were followed with measurements at baseline, 3 months, and 12 months. The Exercise Works program is a health promotion program that lasts 12 to 18 weeks. It consists of individual- and group-based physical exercises, lifestyle education, and individual coaching for two half days per week. A generalized linear mixed model for repeated measurements was used to investigate changes within individuals in health status, employment participation, and work ability during the Exercise Works program in comparison to the control group. Subgroup analyses were performed based on socio-demographic characteristics and a per protocol analysis. Interviews with 20 participants and 21 professionals were conducted. Results: This study demonstrated no significant improvements in physical and mental health, work ability and being in paid employment participation among participants of Exercise Works compared to the control group. Participants and professionals had a very positive impression of the Exercise Works program. Conclusion: Despite the Exercise Works program being positively received, the effect evaluation did not demonstrate its effectiveness. Complex problems of non-employed persons should be addressed when developing a health promotion program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of an Early-Career Shock on Intergenerational Mobility (2025)
Zitatform
Kaila, Martti, Emily Nix & Krista Riukula (2025): The Impact of an Early-Career Shock on Intergenerational Mobility. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 43, H. 4, S. 1035-1062. DOI:10.1086/730322
Abstract
"Children’s and parent’s incomes are highly correlated, yet little is known about how early career shocks contribute to this correlation. This paper focuses on a consequential labor market shock: job loss. We document three new results. First, adult children born into the Bottom 20% of the income distribution have double the unemployment following job loss compared with those from the top 20%, and 154% higher earnings losses. Second, this increases the rank-rank correlation 30% for those impacted. Third, richer parents provide career opportu-nities to their adult children after job loss, consistent with advantages from wealthy parents persisting well into adulthood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Case Management für Langzeitarbeitslose mit komplexen Problemlagen: Einblicke in ein Modellprojekt für Bürgergeldbeziehende mit Suchtverhalten (2025)
Zitatform
Lauber, Dominique M. (2025): Case Management für Langzeitarbeitslose mit komplexen Problemlagen. Einblicke in ein Modellprojekt für Bürgergeldbeziehende mit Suchtverhalten. In: Sozialmagazin H. 7/8, S. 84-90. DOI:10.3262/SM2508084
Abstract
"Bürgergeldbeziehende mit Suchtverhalten sind zum Teil mit komplexen Problemlagen konfrontiert, die auf ein spezialisiertes, aber zergliedertes Hilfesystem treffen. Hier sind rechtskreisübergreifende Hilfen notwendig, die zum Beispiel durch Case Management realisiert werden können. Der Beitrag zeigt den Blick von Fachkräften verschiedener Träger Sozialer Arbeit auf die Fallarbeit mit Case Management in einem Modellprojekt im Rahmen des Bundesprogramms »Innovative Wege zur Teilhabe am Arbeitsleben – rehapro«." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Examining interindividual differences in unemployment-related changes in subjective well-being: The role of psychological well-being and re-employment expectations (2025)
Zitatform
Lawes, Mario, Clemens Hetschko, Ronnie Schöb, Gesine Stephan & Michael Eid (2025): Examining interindividual differences in unemployment-related changes in subjective well-being: The role of psychological well-being and re-employment expectations. In: European Journal of Personality, Jg. 39, H. 1, S. 24-45., 2024-01-21. DOI:10.1177/08902070241231315
Abstract
"This study examined whether the six trait-like dimensions of psychological well-being (e.g., autonomy and environmental mastery) moderate the effects of unemployment on various facets of subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, satisfaction with life domains, and experienced mood). Further, re-employment expectations during unemployment were investigated as a moderator in this context. The study is based on monthly panel data (Nobservations > 23,000) of two samples of initially employed German jobseekers, who either registered as jobseekers due to (i) mass layoffs or plant closures (N = 552) or (ii) other reasons (N = 988). The results indicate substantial interindividual differences in unemployment-related changes across all examined subjective well-being facets. However, dimensions of psychological well-being did generally not moderate these changes. Only in one unemployment context, environmental mastery was positively related to unemployment-related mood changes. Good re-employment expectations were related to increases in several well-being facets (e.g., leisure satisfaction) compared to being employed, whereas poor re-employment expectations were associated with particularly detrimental effects of unemployment in terms of life satisfaction. Overall, the study provides further evidence that (perceived) contextual features of unemployment seem to be particularly relevant for how individuals experience unemployment, whereas internal (coping) resources only seem to play a negligible role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Relationship Between Stigma-Induced Social Identity Threat and Loneliness: An Investigation Among Unemployed People in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Loreth, Lukas & Bernd Simon (2025): The Relationship Between Stigma-Induced Social Identity Threat and Loneliness: An Investigation Among Unemployed People in Germany. In: Personality and social psychology bulletin, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1177/01461672251330702
Abstract
"Experiences of stigma-induced social identity threat can frustrate one’s need for belonging. No research to date has examined whether stigmatized people experience loneliness as a result. Therefore, we conducted two studies with unemployed people in Germany to test the hypothesis that social identity threat increases feelings of loneliness. In Study 1 (N = 445), we employed a two-wave longitudinal study and found that Time 1 social identity threat positively predicted Time 2 loneliness. Study 2 (N = 329) provided experimental evidence of this link by manipulating exposure to social identity threat cues through mental imagery. Mediation analysis indicated that this is due to amplified feelings of anger and shame as well as a reduced sense of social belonging. These research findings suggest the importance of interventions to foster a sense of social belonging in marginalized groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer Screening and Optimal Unemployment Insurance (2025)
Meier, Mario; Obermeier, Tim;Zitatform
Meier, Mario & Tim Obermeier (2025): Employer Screening and Optimal Unemployment Insurance. In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 135, H. 667, S. 671-711. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueae095
Abstract
"Field experiments show that employers are less likely to consider long-term unemployed job-seekers for interviews. We study the implications for optimal unemployment insurance (UI). Based on a structural model of job search and recruitment, estimated with German data, we analyze the optimal two-tier unemployment system. We find that screening makes the optimal initial benefit level four percentage points higher and the potential benefit duration seven months longer. Using an extended Baily-Chetty formula, we study the mechanisms through which screening affects the consumption smoothing gain and moral hazard cost of providing UI and highlight the role of the externality from endogenous firm behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Struktur und Entwicklung von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und -leistungsbezug
- Ursachen von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit
- Ursachen von Langzeitleistungsbezug nach SGB II
- Folgen und Auswirkungen auf individueller und gesellschaftlicher Ebene
- Maßnahmen und ihre Wirkungen
- Abgänge aus Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und -leistungsbezug
- Regionaler Bezug