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Böheim, René, Rainer Eppel & Helmut Mahringer (2024): Impact evaluation of a new counselling and support programme for unemployed with multiple placement obstacles. In: International Journal of Social Welfare. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12657

Abstract

"We analyzed a new counselling and support program for people with lowemployment prospects in Austria. The Austrian Public Employment Service introduced regional pilots to investigate whether a new counselling strategycould improve labor market outcomes for this group. Eligible unemployed individuals could opt for third-party counselling and support, access a widerange of low-threshold services, and focus on personal stability rather than jobplacement. The goal was to achieve similar or even better labor market out-comes at lower cost. By comparing pilot and control regions, we found that introducing the offer resulted in higher costs without improving labour market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Hora, Ondrej & Tomáš Sirovátka (2023): Do individualized projects help integrate the long-term unemployed and disadvantaged people? Lessons from the Czech Republic. In: International Journal of Social Welfare online erschienen am 03.10.2023, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12635

Abstract

"This article evaluates a national project for the integration of long‐term unemployed and disadvantaged groups of jobseekers implemented in the Czech Republic since 2019. It discusses how individual work and active labor market policy measures for these groups have changed, and what the outcomes were. We combined a quantitative evaluation of the targeting and outcomes of the measures with a qualitative evaluation of changes in the project implementation through semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions conducted at the Labor Office branches. The findings show the need to broaden the availability of hard measures such as private‐sector placement subsidies for the most disadvantaged jobseekers, and to improve soft measures (counselling and training), especially if front‐line workers do not have sufficient competences for individual work. We are cautious about generalising the findings, as the pandemic complicated the implementation of soft measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Mueller, Andreas I. & Johannes Spinnewijn (2023): The Nature of Long-Term Unemployment: Predictability, Heterogeneity and Selection. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15955), Bonn, 74 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the predictability of long-term unemployment (LTU) and analyzes its main determinants using rich administrative data in Sweden. Compared to using standard socio-demographic variables, the predictive power more than doubles when leveraging the rich data environment. The largest gains come from adding job seekers' employment history prior to becoming unemployed. Applying our prediction algorithm over the unemployment spell, we show that dynamic selection into LTU explains at least half of the observed decline in job finding. While the within-individual declines are small on average, we find substantial heterogeneity in the individual-level declines and thus reject the commonly used proportional hazard assumption. Applying our prediction algorithm over the business cycle, we find that the cyclicality in average LTU risk is not driven by composition but rather by within-individual cyclicality and that individual rankings are relatively persistent across years. Finally, we evaluate the implications of our findings for the value of targeting unemployment policies and how these change over the unemployment spell and the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2021): The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Job Quality Components in Determining Welfare Exit. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 79-103. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000977

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit means tested public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labor market. Studies on welfare use determinants that traced these policy changes focused on individuals’ characteristics, economic condition, and various policy components. Little attention was paid to welfare recipients’ job quality or its role in determining welfare exit. The present study examined the contribution of various job quality aspects, beyond wages, to welfare exit among welfare recipients in Israel. We considered the use of workers’ own skills and occupation, existence of standard employment contract (versus temporary), irregular work schedule, and application of mandatory and non-mandatory non-wage compensation attributes. The data derive from a national panel survey of 2,800 single-mother recipients of welfare in 2003. The results indicate the importance of these job components for welfare exit, above and beyond wages. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kospentaris, Ioannis (2021): Unobserved heterogeneity and skill loss in a structural model of duration dependence. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 39, S. 280-303. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2020.07.008

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Raml, Reinhard & Aleksandra Waldhauser (2021): Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und ihre gravierenden Folgen für die Betroffenen und die Gesellschaft. In: WISO, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 11-28.

Abstract

"Eine Sonderauswertung des Arbeitsklima Index knüpft an der Pionierarbeit „Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal“ an und zeigt, welche Auswirkungen Arbeitslosigkeit auch in der heutigen Zeit noch hat und wie schwierig es für die Betroffenen mit zunehmender Dauer ist, jenes (Selbst-)Vertrauen und jene Fertigkeiten aufrechtzuerhalten, die Voraussetzung für einen selbstständigen Wiedereinstieg in das Berufsleben sind. Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit, die während der Corona-Krise massiv angestiegen ist, ist kein Einzelschicksal, sondern verändert die Gesellschaft auch als Ganzes" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © ISW-Linz)

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2020): Welfare-use accumulation and chronic dependency in Israel. The role of structural factors. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 49, H. 1, S. 81-101. DOI:10.1017/S0047279418000843

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labour market. These policies have substantially changed the trade-offs of employment and welfare-use behaviour, making employment far more attractive than welfare dependency. Despite this new reality, many welfare recipients circulate in and out of the welfare system and the low-wage labour market or become disconnected from both work and welfare. Drawing on longitudinal administrative data of single Israeli mothers who received Income Support Benefit in 2003, this study focuses on the role of structural factors, including local labour market conditions and local availability of subsidised child-care, in explaining the intensity of welfare receipt over a 51-month period. The results indicate notable diversity in welfare-use accumulation. Some mothers were classified as short- to mid-termer recipients while others showed a much more intensive use, and about a third were classified as chronically dependent. Local labour market conditions and their change over time played an important part in explaining welfare accumulation, while local child-care availability had no effect. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arendt, Jacob Nielsen, Henrik Lindegaard Andersen & Morten Saaby (2020): The Relationship between Active Labor Market Programs and Employability of the Long-Term Unemployed. In: Labour, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 154-175. DOI:10.1111/labr.12172

Abstract

"It can be difficult to document whether active labor market programs are effective for the long-term unemployed because their transitions to employment are rare. This study examines whether eight measures of employability are useful intermediate outcome measures for the long-term unemployed. We use a repeated survey linked to administrative register data and estimate three-way fixed-effect models. The results show that self-reported health is a useful outcome measure for the given population of long-term unemployed in the following sense: Only this measure both predicts subsequent employment and is positively associated with prior participation in an active labor market program compared with non-participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Buchner, Elisabeth & Helmut P. Gaisbauer (2020): Unterstützungsangebote für arbeitsmarktferne MindestsicherungsbezieherInnen: Chancen und Barrieren. In: WISO, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 53-70.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag stellt anhand von zwei Projekten aus dem „Salzburger Stufenmodell“ dar, wie besonders arbeitsmarktferne, mehrfach belastete MindestsicherungsbezieherInnen bei der Lebensbewältigung und Stärkung ihrer Teilhabechancen wirksam unterstützt werden können und zeigt Schnittstellenprobleme und Barrieren für die Betroffenen auf. Diese entstehen vor allem aufgrund der fehlenden Durchlässigkeit und Abstimmung zwischen dem arbeitsmarktpolitischen sowie dem Sozial- und Gesundheitssystem." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © ISW-Linz)

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Jarosch, Gregor & Laura Pilossoph (2019): Statistical discrimination and duration dependence in the job finding rate. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 86, H. 4, S. 1631-1665. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdy055

Abstract

"This article models a frictional labour market where employers endogenously discriminate against the long-term unemployed. The estimated model replicates recent experimental evidence which documents that interview invitations for observationally equivalent workers fall sharply as unemployment duration progresses. We use the model to quantitatively assess the consequences of such employer behaviour for job finding rates and long-term unemployment and find only modest effects given the large decline in callbacks. Interviews lost to duration impact individual job finding rates solely if they would have led to jobs. We show that such instances are rare when firms discriminate in anticipation of an ultimately unsuccessful application. Discrimination in callbacks is thus largely a response to dynamic selection, with limited consequences for structural duration dependence and long-term unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pasquini, Alessandra, Marco Centra & Guido Pellegrini (2019): Fighting long-term unemployment: Do we have the whole picture? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 61. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101764

Abstract

"Theoretical literature on active labour market policies underlined as targeted policies can have unplanned consequences (i.e. displacement and postponed hiring effects) on individuals outside the target group. These consequences mostly affect the hiring of those that are more often used in the control group when a counterfactual approach is used to evaluate a policy. They may imply a misestimation of policy effect. Surprisingly, few empirical analysis took into account of this possibility. We tried to fill this gap in the literature evaluating Law 407/90, a hiring subsidies policy targeting long-term unemployed and implemented in one of the most critic European labour markets: the Italian ones. Using administrative data, we applied a regression discontinuity design to determine policy effectiveness. To select the bandwidth we introduced a new methodology motivated by the time-varying forcing variable. We furthermore checked for the presence of displacement and postponed hiring effects using a counterfactual approach. The results show the policy had a positive and significant impact. Moreover, no displacement and postponed hiring effects were detected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Peterie, Michelle, Gaby Ramia, Greg Marston & Roger Patulny (2019): Social isolation as stigma-management: Explaining long-term unemployed people's 'failure' to network. In: Sociology, Jg. 53, H. 6, S. 1043-1060. DOI:10.1177/0038038519856813

Abstract

"Social networks play an important role in helping people find employment, yet extant studies have argued that unemployed 'job-seekers' rarely engage in 'networking' behaviours. Previous explanations of this inactivity have typically focused on individual factors such as personality, knowledge and attitude, or suggested that isolation occurs because individuals lose access to the latent benefits of employment. Social stigma has been obscured in these debates, even as they have perpetuated stereotypes regarding individual responsibility for unemployment and the inherent value of paid work. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 80 unemployed Australians, this article argues that stigma-related shame is an important factor in networking decisions. First, it demonstrates that stigma is ubiquitous in the lives of the unemployed. Second, it identifies withdrawal from social networks and disassociation from 'the unemployed' as two key strategies that unemployed people use to manage stigma-related shame, and shows how these strategies reduce networking activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beck, Vanessa (2018): Capabilities and Choices of Vulnerable, Long-Term Unemployed Individuals. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/0950017016686028

Abstract

"This article discusses the issue of choice as it applies to long-term unemployed and vulnerable individuals. It argues that the combination of poor employment opportunities, requirements, compulsions and sanctions has not merely reduced available choice for individuals with multiple barriers to re-/join the labour market but has also resulted in curtailed decision-making abilities when it comes to their pathways into employment. The outcomes can include protective resistance as a response to the extent of regulation, which may undermine engagement in job search and related activities. Despite attempts by benevolent staff in a charity to provide support and enhance capabilities that result in the overcoming of protective resistance, they operate within a broader institutional framework of choice as set by government policy. The end result is compulsion, not choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Farré, Lídia, Francesco Fasani & Hannes Mueller (2018): Feeling useless: The effect of unemployment on mental health in the Great Recession. In: IZA journal of labor economics, Jg. 7, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5

Abstract

"This article documents a strong connection between unemployment and mental distress using data from the Spanish National Health Survey. We exploit the collapse of the construction sector to identify the causal effect of job losses in different segments of the Spanish labor market. Our results suggest that an increase of the unemployment rate by 10 percentage points due to the breakdown in construction raised reported poor health and mental disorders in the affected population by 3 percentage points, respectively. We argue that the size of this effect responds to the fact that the construction sector was at the center of the economic recession. As a result, workers exposed to the negative labor demand shock faced very low chances of re-entering employment. We show that this led to long unemployment spells, stress, hopelessness, and feelings of uselessness. These effects point towards a potential channel for unemployment hysteresis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina, Thomas Rhein & Thomas Rothe (2018): Ländervergleich Deutschland, Dänemark und Finnland: Kaum mehr Unterschiede bei chronischer Arbeitslosigkeit. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2018), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Personen, deren Arbeitslosigkeit durch kurze Phasen der Beschäftigung, Inaktivität oder Teilnahme an arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen unterbrochen wird, zählen nicht zu den offiziellen Langzeitarbeitslosen, obwohl sie am ersten Arbeitsmarkt nicht dauerhaft Fuß fassen können. Mit dem Konzept der 'chronischen Arbeitslosigkeit' berücksichtigen die Autoren auch diesen Personenkreis und untersuchen für Deutschland, Dänemark und Finnland, wer davon hauptsächlich betroffen ist und welche Rolle aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik bei ihrer Überwindung spielen kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kroft, Kory, Fabian Lange, Matthew J. Notowidigdo & Matthew Tudball (2018): Long time out: Unemployment and joblessness in Canada and the United States. (NBER working paper 25236), Cambrige, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w25236

Abstract

"We compare patterns of unemployment and joblessness between Canada and the U.S. during the Great Recession. Similar to previous findings for the U.S. in Kroft et al. [2016], we document a rise in long-term unemployment in Canada. This increase is not accounted for by changes in the observable composition of the unemployed. We then extend the matching model in Kroft et al. [2016] to exploit the restricted-access panel data from the Canadian Labor Force Survey which contains information on the time since the last job ('joblessness duration') for both unemployed individuals and non-participants. This allows us to model duration dependence in all labor force flows involving either unemployment or non-participation. To calibrate the extended matching model, we create a new historical vacancy series for Canada based on relative employment in 'recruiting industries', allowing us to construct a monthly Beveridge curve for Canada. We find that the calibrated model matches the time series of unemployment fairly well, but does less well matching non-participation. Our results also indicate that allowing for duration dependence in flows between unemployment and non-participation is crucial for explaining overall levels in long-term joblessness, and that changes in the duration distribution among the unemployed and non-participants contributed less to the deterioration of labor market conditions in Canada, relative to the U.S. In part, this difference comes from the fact that the U.S. recession was much more severe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schobesberger, Theresa & Dennis Tamesberger (2018): Herausforderung Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit: Was wäre zu tun? Bericht. In: WISO, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 167-179.

Abstract

"Österreich befindet sich in einem Konjunkturaufschwung. Es gibt mehr offene Stellen, die Arbeitslosigkeit geht zurück und die Staatsschulden sinken. Davon werden aber Langzeitarbeitslose nur in geringem Ausmaß profitieren. Diese Rahmenbedingungen würden rechtfertigen, freiwerdende Ressourcen speziell der Zielgruppe der Langzeitarbeitslosen zukommen zu lassen. Notwendig wäre ein Policy Mix, wo auf der einen Seite sinnvolle Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten für Langzeitarbeitslose öffentlich geschaffen werden und auf der anderen Seite Beratungen sowie Weiterbildungen intensiviert werden. Hierfür braucht das AMS vor allem mehr finanzielle und personelle Ressourcen. Die österreichische Regierung hat aber das Gegenteil vollzogen, die Aktion 20.000 sistiert und die AMS-Mittel für Langzeitbeschäftigungslose ältere Menschen (50+) gekürzt. Dies erscheint ökonomisch unvernünftig und erweckt den Eindruck, dass Ältere und Langzeitarbeitslose von der Regierung benachteiligt werden." (Textauszug, © ISW-Linz)

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van Belle, Eva, Valentina Di Stasio, Ralf Caers, Marijke De Couck & Stijn Baert (2018): Why are employers put off by long spells of unemployment? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 6, S. 694-710. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcy039

Abstract

"Recent evidence from large-scale field experiments has shown that employers use job candidates' unemployment duration as a sorting criterion. In the present study, we investigate what underlies this pattern. To this end, we conduct a survey experiment in which employers make hiring decisions concerning fictitious job candidates who have experienced spells of unemployment of different length. In addition, candidates are rated on several statements that are central to four signals often associated with unemployment: (i) a signal of trainability, (ii) a signal of other fixed skills, (iii) a signal of skill loss, and (iv) a signal of negative evaluation by other employers. We use these ratings to estimate a multiple mediation model, in which the effect of the duration of unemployment on hiring intentions is mediated by the four signals. Our findings indicate that longer unemployment spells are mainly perceived by employers as a signal of lower motivation and, as a result, the long-term unemployed (LTU) have lower chances to be hired or even be invited to a job interview. Understanding the reasons why employers are reluctant to hire the LTU is crucial to devise proper activation measures to facilitate their re-employment. Our study is a contribution in this direction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2018): From long-term unemployment to a matching job. The role of vocational training in sustainable return to work. (CEDEFOP reference series 107), Thessaloniki, 74 S. DOI:10.2801/937641

Abstract

"Skill deficits are a major bottleneck in sustainable activation of the long-term unemployed. Those managing to get back to work often end up in less complex and skill-intensive jobs and have fewer opportunities to develop their potential.
Those long-term unemployed not successful in making a transition to work are likely to face even more severe and complex skill deficits, among other problems. This report makes the case for a more forward-oriented, skills matching approach to activation that aims at sustainable labour market reintegration. Drawing on evidence and diverse practices from around Europe and the views of practitioners and experts, it presents approaches that put sustainable skills matching centre stage. The report shows how at different steps of the journey towards a job - engagement, programme interventions, and job placement, matching and follow-up - innovative principles, policies and tools can make the return to work of the long-term unemployed a long-lasting outcome." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersen, Niklas A., Dorte Caswell & Flemming Larsen (2017): A new approach to helping the hard-to-place unemployed. The promise of developing new knowledge in an interactive and collaborative process. In: European Journal of Social Security, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 335-352. DOI:10.1177/1388262717745193

Abstract

"The reforms of the social and employment services that have swept across most of the developed world since the 1990s have enormously expanded the groups of citizens receiving active employment measures. Nevertheless, up until now, most countries have only seen limited results from enhancing the labour market participation of the most vulnerable groups. We argue that the goal of including a greater share of the harder-to-place unemployed in the labour market is not likely to be achieved through the tried and tested ways of developing knowledge, policy and practice. Rather, we propose a different approach to generating and exchanging the necessary knowledge for developing active employment policy and practice. As an alternative to the evidence-based knowledge paradigm, we set up a model for knowledge production that is made through co-operation between practice and research. This model investigates the potential for integrated services and for co-production by acknowledging the importance of the experiences of frontline professionals and clients in developing employment services." (Author's abstract, © Intersentia, Ltd.) ((en))