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Abeliansky, Ana Lucia, Matthias Beulmann & Klaus Prettner (2024): Are they coming for us? Industrial robots and the mental health of workers. In: Research Policy, Jg. 53, H. 3. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2024.104956

Abstract

"How does the increasing use of robots affect the mental health of workers? To investigate this question, we combine individual mental health data from the German Socioeconomic Panel with data on the stock of robots in 14 manufacturing sectors provided by the International Federation of Robotics for the period 2002–2018. Using mediation analysis andan instrumental variable approach, we find that higher robot intensity is associated with deteriorating mental health, an effect that is mainly driven by worries about job security and a lower sense of achievement on the job. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that higher robot intensity has particularly severe negative effects on the mental health of workers close to retirement, in low-skilled occupations and performing routine jobs. Women and men are affected similarly, as are workers of all educational levels. Our results indicate the presence of hidden (health) costs of automation that policymakers need to address." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Abendroth, Anja-Kristin & Mareike Reimann (2024): Organisational inhibition and promotion of flexible working in digitalised work environments. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 39, H. 1, S. 39-62. DOI:10.1111/ntwe.12275

Abstract

"Work-related use of digital information and communication technology (ICT) is not restricted to specific working sites and times. For employees, this can involve opportunities for flexible working, that is, having control over when and where to work. Applying an organisational comparative perspective, we examined whether adherence to the ideal worker norm inhibits and adherence to family-friendliness promotes flexible working as a consequence of ICT use. Linked employer–employee survey data from large German work organisations revealed that employees worked more flexibly in time and place due to work-related ICT use when supervisory work-life support was common. Mixed evidence is provided for the prevalence of ideal worker norm expectations. We conclude that work-life support in the organisation is a required complementary practice of flexible working for employees, promoting its dissemination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alacovska, Ana, Eliane Bucher & Christian Fieseler (2024): A Relational Work Perspective on the Gig Economy: Doing Creative Work on Digital Labour Platforms. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 161-179. DOI:10.1177/09500170221103146

Abstract

"Based on interviews with 49 visual artists, graphic designers and illustrators working on two leading global digital labour platforms, this article examines how creative workers perform relational work as a means of attenuating labour commodification, precarity, and algorithmic normativity. The article argues that creative work on online labour platforms, rather than being entirely controlled by depersonalised, anonymised and algorithm-driven labour market forces, is also infused in relational infrastructures whose upkeep, solidity and durability depends on the emotional efforts undertaken by workers to match economic transactions and their media of exchange to meaningful client relations. By applying a relational work perspective from economic sociology to the study of platform-mediated gig work, the article elucidates the micro-foundations of creative work in the digital gig economy, including how labour inequalities are produced and reproduced within and around micro-level interpersonal interactions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albinowski, Maciej & Piotr Lewandowski (2024): The impact of ICT and robots on labour market outcomes of demographic groups in Europe. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102481

Abstract

"We study the age- and gender-specific labour market effects of two key modern technologies, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and robots. Our sample includes 14 European countries between 2010 and 2018. We use the variation in technology adoption between industries and apply the instrumental variables strategy proposed by Acemoglu and Restrepo (2020) to identify the causal effects of technology adoption. We find that exposure to ICT and robots increased the shares of young and prime-aged women in employment and in the wage bills of particular sectors. However, it reduced the shares of older women and prime-aged men. We do not detect significant effects of technology adoption on the relative wages of most demographic groups. Between 2010 and 2018, the growth in ICT capital played a larger role than robot adoption in the changes in the withinsector labor market outcomes of demographic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, ©2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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(2024): Die Zukunft der Arbeit. (Stellungnahme / Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina Januar 2024), Halle, Saale ; Mainz, 124 S.

Abstract

"Unsere Arbeitswelt verändert sich stark. Digitalisierung und Automatisierung erlauben oft ortsungebundene Arbeit, die Abkehr von fossilen Brennstoffen zwingt uns zum Wirtschaften mit ökologisch nachhaltigen Energien und Technologien, demografischer Wandel und Einwanderung verändern unsere Gesellschaft grundlegend. Aus diesen Entwicklungen erwachsen Chancen und Risiken. Eine interdisziplinäre und interakademische Arbeitsgruppe widmet sich diesen in der Stellungnahme „Die Zukunft der Arbeit“. Die Arbeitsgruppe unter der Leitung von Frau Prof. Dr. h. c. Jutta Allmendinger, Ph.D. (Präsidentin des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, Mitglied der Leopoldina und der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) schlägt vor, Erwerbsarbeit in ihrem Wechselspiel mit anderen Formen des Tätigseins zu betrachten, den Begriff der Arbeit weit zu fassen und unterschiedlichste Formen menschlicher Tätigkeit und deren Zusammenspiel in den Blick zu nehmen. Gesellschaftlicher Wohlstand, individuelles Wohlergehen und sozialer Zusammenhalt beruhen wesentlich auf Erwerbsarbeit. Gleichzeitig bedarf es zahlreicher anderer Tätigkeitsformen, um menschliche Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen, Fähigkeiten zu entwickeln und gesellschaftliche Arbeit zu leisten. Diese erweiterte Sicht auf Arbeit rückt menschliche Potenziale und ein neu auszubalancierendes Verhältnis zwischen sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Erfordernissen in den Mittelpunkt. Mit dem Begriff der „Tätigkeitsgesellschaft“ wird eine Perspektiverweiterung auf das Verständnis von Arbeit vorgeschlagen, bei der neben klassischer Erwerbstätigkeit auch all jene Beschäftigungen berücksichtigt werden, die einen konkreten gesellschaftlichen Nutzen erbringen, wie beispielsweise Sorgearbeit oder auch ehrenamtliche Arbeit. Diese ganz unterschiedlichen Formen von Arbeit sind eng miteinander verbunden und bedingen einander." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Arntz, Melanie, Sabrina Genz, Terry Gregory, Florian Lehmer & Ulrich Zierahn-Weilage (2024): De-Routinization in the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Firm-Level Evidence. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16740), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the extent to which aggregate-level de-routinization can be attributed to firm-level technology adoption during the most recent technological expansion. We use administrative data and a novel firm survey to distinguish frontier technologies from older technologies. We find that adopters of frontier technologies contribute substantially to deroutinization. However, this is driven only by a subset of these firms: large adopters replace routine jobs and less routine-intensive adopters experience faster growth. These scale and composition effects reflect firms' readiness to adopt and implement frontier technologies. Our results suggest that an acceleration of technology adoption would be associated with faster de-routinization and an increase in between-firm heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barišić, Antea, Mahdi Ghodsi & Robert Stehrer (2024): Which Migrant Jobs are Linked with the Adoption of Novel Technologies, Robotization, and Digitalization? (WIIW working paper 241), Wien, 66 S.

Abstract

"In recent decades, the development of novel technologies has intenzified due to globalization, prompting countries to enhance competitiveness through innovation. These technologies have significantly improved global welfare, particularly in sectors like healthcare, where they have facilitated tasks and boosted productivity, for example playing a crucial role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, certain technologies, such as robots, can negatively impact employment by replacing workers and tasks. Additionally, the emergence of artificial intelligence as digital assets not only replaces specific tasks but also introduces complexities that may displace employees who are unable to adapt. While the existing literature extensively explores the heterogeneous effects of these technologies on labor markets, studies of their impact on migrant workers remain scarce. This paper presents pioneering evidence on the effects of various novel technologies on migrant employment in the European Union. The analysis covers 18 EU member states from 2005 to 2019 focusing on the impact of novel innovations, robot adoption, three types of digital assets, and total factor productivity, on migrant employment. The key findings reveal that innovations measured by the number of granted patents increase both the number and proportion of migrant workers relative to the overall workforce. While robots do replace jobs, their impact on native workers surpasses that of migrant workers, resulting in a higher share of migrant workers following robot adoption. Total factor productivity positively influences migrant workers, while the effects of digital assets are heterogeneous. Moreover, the impacts of these technologies on migrant workers vary significantly across different occupation types and educational levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blasco, Sylvie, Julie Rochut & Benedicte Rouland (2024): Displaced or depressed? Working in automatable jobs and mental health. In: Industrial Relations online erschienen am 04.01.2024. DOI:10.1111/irel.12356

Abstract

"Automation may destroy jobs and change the labor demand structure, thereby potentially impacting workers' mental health. Implementing propensity score matching on French individual survey data, we find that working in an automatable job is associated with a 3 pp increase in the probability of suffering from mental disorders. Fear of automation through fear of job loss, expectation of a required change in skills, and fear of unwanted job mobility seem to be relevant channels to explain the findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bożena, Frączek (2024): Challenges for Inclusive Organizational Behavior (IOB) in Terms of Supporting the Employment of People with Disabilities by Enhancing Remote Working. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 171, H. 3, S. 1019-1041. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03290-8

Abstract

"People with disabilities are at a higher risk of loss of work, salary, independence, and thus economic self-sufficiency. The research focuses on the possibilities of implementing the inclusive organizational behavior (IOB) concept in terms of increasing employment of people with disabilities by increasing the scope of remote working for people from this group. The research concerns two aspects related to the challenges for IOB in this area: examining the factors on the side of the employee with special emphasis on features that are important from the perspective of performing remote work, and showing the significance and importance of IOB as an element for narrowing the disability employment gap (DEG) and increasing the inclusion of people with disabilities through their employment (including remote employment). The study uses a macroeconomic approach and was carried out on a macro scale using aggregated data for European Union countries. The regression analysis method (multiple linear regression) was used in the research. The results of the research confirmed the different predictors (in the group of examined factors) of the employment rate in groups of persons with and without a disability. In the first stage of the research, significant predictor was found for the employment rate among the group of factors on the side of the employee that influence the remote work of people with a disability—this was the basic or above basic overall digital skills. However, in the group of people without a disability the predictor was found to be the level of education. Expanding the set of previous factors to the disability employment gap in the second stage of the research changed the significant predictor of the employment rate in the group of people with a disability, but did not change the predictor in the group of people without a disability. In the second stage, the significant predictor of the employment rate proved to be the disability employment gap (among others influenced by inclusive organizational behavior) in the case of people with a disability, and—similarly to the first stage – level of education in the case of people without a disability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Carstensen, Tanja & Kathrin Ganz (2024): Künstliche Intelligenz und Gender - eine Frage diskursiver (Gegen-)Macht? In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 77, H. 1, S. 26-33. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2024-1-26

Abstract

"Mit der Digitalisierung von Arbeit ist häufig die Frage verbunden, ob sich Geschlechterungleichheiten verändern. Aktuell wird dies vor allem mit Blick auf Künstliche Intelligenz (KI ) kontrovers diskutiert. Im betrieblichen Alltag gewinnt KI zunehmend an Relevanz ; in politischen, medialen und wissenschaftlichen Diskursen wird bereits seit einigen Jahren thematisiert, inwiefern KI aus Geschlechterperspektiven relevant ist. Dieser Beitrag untersucht diese Diskurse und widmet sich der Frage, inwiefern sich durch die Anwendung von KI -Technologien geschlechtliche Machtungleichheiten in der Arbeitswelt verändern und ob sich mit KI Ansatzpunkte für die Entwicklung von Gegenmacht erkennen lassen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Chen, Xi, Xiang Wen Cai, Xu Ding, Le Song & Cheng Chen (2024): Intellectualization and substitution elasticity of capital on the labour force in logistics enterprises: evidence from China and the United States. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 395-400. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2136615

Abstract

"This paper addresses the substitution elasticity of capital on the labor force in the context of the development of intellectualization. Given the substitution of capital for labor, China's benchmark listed logistics companies are compared with an American company to discuss the evolution of capital - labor substitution. A large-scale intellectualization process began in 2017, and based on a variable elasticity of substitution, this paper creates an econometric model of substitution elasticity between capital and labor and its evolution between 2017 and 2021. The American logistics company UPS maintains a relatively high level of substitution elasticity, and Chinese logistics companies are quickly catching up. The substitution elasticity of capital on labor in Chinese enterprises trends upward year after year. In 2021, the capital - labor substitution elasticity of logistics enterprises in both countries showed considerable growth. The calculation model of substitution elasticity presented in this paper can be extended to different regions and industries to measure intelligent development levels and the relationship between capital and the labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Damelang, Andreas & Michael Otto (2024): Who is Replaced by Robots? Robotization and the Risk of Unemployment for Different Types of Workers. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 181-206. DOI:10.1177/07308884231162953

Abstract

"We study the effects of robotization on unemployment risk for different types of workers. We examine the extent to which robotization increases inequality at the skill level and at the occupational level using two theoretical frameworks: skill-biased technological change and task-biased technological change. Empirically, we combine worker-level data with information on actual investments in industrial robots. Zooming in on the German manufacturing industry, our multivariate results show that robotization affects different types of workers differently. We do not observe an increase in unemployment risk for low- and medium-skilled, but we find a considerably lower unemployment risk among high-skilled workers. Moreover, the unemployment risk is significantly higher in occupations with highly substitutable tasks, but only in industries that invest largely in robots." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))

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Dauth, Wolfgang, Michael Moritz, Florian Lehmer, Verena Plümpe, Anna Solms, André Diegmann, Christian Schneemann, Britta Matthes, Markus Janser, Anja Bauer, Katharina Grienberger, Oliver Falck, Steffen Müller, Anja Sonnenburg & Bernd Fitzenberger; Florian Lehmer, Verena Plümpe, Anna Solms, André Diegmann, Christian Schneemann, Britta Matthes, Markus Janser, Anja Bauer, Katharina Grienberger, Oliver Falck, Steffen Müller, Anja Sonnenburg & Bernd Fitzenberger (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2024): Wie bewältigen Regionen die digitale und ökologische Transformation von Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt? (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 06.05.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240506.01

Abstract

"Was bedeuten die absehbaren Transformationsprozesse der kommenden Jahrzehnte auf regionaler Ebene und wie können sie gemeistert werden? Antworten auf diese Fragen gab der IWH/IAB-Workshop zur Arbeitsmarktpolitik, der in diesem Jahr erstmals am IAB in Nürnberg stattfand." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Drazic, Ivana & Carsten C. Schermuly (2024): Too old for modern work? An explicit and implicit measure of the modern-work-is-young stereotype. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 59-89. DOI:10.1177/23970022231195061

Abstract

"With organizational practices such as working from home, agile project management, and shared leadership, the world of work is becoming increasingly dynamic and flexible. Simultaneously, the workforce in most industrialized nations is getting older. We hypothesized that both an explicit and implicit stereotype exists that associates modern work practices (MWP) more strongly with younger workers than with older workers (i.e. modern-work-is-young stereotype). With a focus on other-stereotyping, we surveyed participants who identified as younger or middle-aged workers (N = 186). Based on the contact hypothesis, we assumed that contact to older coworkers and contact with MWP are negatively related to both explicit and implicit endorsement of the modern-work-is-young stereotype. Furthermore, we examined differences in résumé evaluations for a job involving MWP, presenting an older and a younger hypothetical applicant. The results indicate the existence of a moderate explicit as well as implicit modern-work-is-young stereotype. The proposed contact hypothesis held true for the explicit but not for the implicit modern-work-is-young stereotype. Lastly, the younger applicant received significantly more positive evaluations than the older applicant, and only the explicit modern-work-is-young stereotype predicted the extent of age discrimination. The results suggest that the explicit modern-work-is-young stereotype can harm older employees and hamper intergenerational collaboration. These findings are especially important in times of demographic change, when workforces are becoming increasingly age-heterogeneous and retaining older workers seems more important than ever." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friedrich, Martin, Ines Helm, Ramona Jost, Julia Lang & Christoph Müller (2024): Gig-Work bei Lieferdiensten in Deutschland: Beschäftigung hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. In: IAB-Forum H. 03.04.2024, 2024-03-28. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240403.01

Abstract

"Die Fahrer*innen von App-basierten Lieferdiensten sind auch in Deutschland aus dem Stadtbild nicht mehr wegzudenken. Gleichzeitig wird in der Öffentlichkeit kontrovers über die Arbeitsbedingungen in der sogenannten Plattform-Ökonomie diskutiert. Das IAB untersucht nun erstmals das Wachstum und die Struktur dieser Beschäftigungsform sowie die individuellen Merkmale der abhängig Beschäftigten bei zehn großen App-basierten Lieferdiensten in Deutschland. Fast die Hälfte dieser Menschen ist geringfügig beschäftigt und ihr Einkommen ist geringer als in vergleichbaren Helferberufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gerlmaier, Anja & Alexander Bendel (2024): Wie kollegial ist Künstliche Intelligenz? Risikowahrnehmungen und Gestaltungsanforderungen aus Sicht von Beschäftigten. (IAQ-Report 2024-01), Duisburg ; Essen, 15 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/81427

Abstract

Zukünftig werden immer mehr Beschäftigte nicht nur in ihrem privaten Umfeld, sondern auch am Arbeitsplatz mit Systemen zusammenarbeiten, die auf Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) basieren. Das IAQ untersuchte im Rahmen des "HUMAINE"-Projektes, wie Beschäftigte die Kooperation mit solchen KI-Systemen bewerten und welche Gestaltungsanforderungen sie an diese neue Form der hybriden Mensch-KI-Zusammenarbeit haben. Es zeigte sich, dass KI-Systeme je nach Interaktionsform unterschiedliche Potenziale und Risiken aufweisen. Um die KI-basierten Risiken zu verringern, sollten Nutzer*innen frühzeitig an der Konzeption und Implementierung beteiligt und dabei arbeitswissenschaftliche Gestaltungskriterien berücksichtigt werden. (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)

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Grienberger, Katharina, Britta Matthes & Wiebke Paulus (2024): Folgen des technologischen Wandels für den Arbeitsmarkt: Vor allem Hochqualifizierte bekommen die Digitalisierung verstärkt zu spüren. (IAB-Kurzbericht 05/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2405

Abstract

"Die Potenziale, dass berufliche Tätigkeiten durch Computer oder computergesteuerte Maschinen vollautomatisch erledigt werden könnten, ändern sich, wenn neue Technologien auf dem Markt verfügbar werden. Bei der Neuberechnung solcher Substituierbarkeitspotenziale wird neben dieser Entwicklung auch berücksichtigt, dass sich die Tätigkeitsprofile in den Berufen verändern, neue Berufe und Tätigkeiten entstehen und Beschäftigte ihren Beruf wechseln. Die Autorinnen zeigen für die technologischen Möglichkeiten im Jahr 2022, wie hoch das Substituierbarkeitspotenzial derzeit ist und wie es sich seit 2013 verändert hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Grienberger, Katharina, Britta Matthes & Wiebke Paulus (2024): Anteil der beruflichen Tätigkeiten, die automatisiert werden könnten, variiert regional erheblich. In: IAB-Forum – Grafik aktuell H. 12.03.2024.

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Guarascio, Dario, Alessandro Piccirillo & Jelena Reljic (2024): Will robot replace workers? Assessing the impact of robots on employment and wages with meta-analysis. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1395), Essen, 31 S.

Abstract

"This study conducts a meta-analysis to assess the effects of robotization on employment and wages, compiling data from 33 studies with 644 estimates on employment and a subset of 19 studies with 195 estimates on wages. We identify a publication bias towards negative outcomes, especially concerning wages. After correcting for this bias, the actual impact appears minimal. Thus, concerns about the disruptive effects of robots on employment and the risk of widespread technological unemployment may be exaggerated or not yet empirically supported. While this does not preclude that robots will be capable of gaining greater disruptive potential in the future or that they are not already disruptive in specific contexts, the evidence to date suggests their aggregate effect is negligible." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hu, Shengming, Kai Lin, Bei Liu & Hui Wang (2024): Does robotization improve the skill structure? The role of job displacement and structural transformation. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 56, H. 28, S. 3415-3430. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2023.2206623

Abstract

"The literature generally focuses on the impact of robots or artificial intelligence on the employment and wages, but ignores the effect of robotization on the skill structure and its underlying mechanisms and lacks empirical evidence from developing countries. We theoretically develop a task model by introducing the skill structure and empirically investigate the effect of robotization on the skill structure based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2006 to 2018. Results show that: (1) the development of robotization in China is conducive to improving the skill structure, and the baseline conclusion still holds even though adopting multiple indexes of skill structure and controlling the endogeneity bias. (2) Robotization generates not only job displacement effect by displacing unskilled workers with robots but also structural transformation effect by increasing the proportion of technology-intensive industries, which can improve the skill structure. (3) In coastal provinces with strong Internet foundation, information transmission capacity and labour protection intensity, high labour cost and ageing rate, robotization plays a stronger role in improving the skill structure. Moreover, robotization can induce the employment polarization. These conclusions can help avoid technical unemployment and promote the upgrading of the skill structure in China." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keppeler, Florian (2024): No Thanks, Dear AI! Understanding the Effects of Disclosure and Deployment of Artificial Intelligence in Public Sector Recruitment. In: Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 39-52. DOI:10.1093/jopart/muad009

Abstract

"Applications based on artificial intelligence (AI) play an increasing role in the public sector and invoke political discussions. Research gaps exist regarding the disclosure effects—reactions to disclosure of the use of AI applications—and the deploymenteffect—efficiency gains in data savvy tasks. This study analyzes disclosure effects and explores the deployment of an AI application in a preregistered field experiment (n = 2,000) co-designed with a public organization in the context of employer-driven recruitment. The linear regression results show that disclosing the use of the AI application leads to significantly less interest in an offer among job candidates. The explorative analysis of the deployment of the AI application indicates that the person–job fit determined by the leaders can be predicted by the AIapplication. Based on the literature on algorithm aversion and digital discretion, this study provides a theoretical and empirical disentanglement of the disclosure effect and the deployment effect to inform future evaluations of AI applications in the public sector. It contributes to the understanding of how AI applications can shape public policy and management decisions, and discusses the potential benefits and downsides of disclosing and deploying AI applications in the public sector and in employer-driven recruitment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kiener, Fabienne, Christian Eggenberger & Uschi Backes-Gellner (2024): The role of occupational skill sets in the digital transformation: how IT progress shapes returns to specialization and social skills. In: Journal of business economics, Jg. 94, H. 1, S. 75-111. DOI:10.1007/s11573-023-01153-9

Abstract

"Workers’ occupational skill sets play a crucial role in successfully handling digital transformation. We investigate whether and how different types of occupational skill sets benefit from digital transformation. We theoretically and empirically analyze wage returns of workers in occupations with more or less specialized skill sets and with more or less social skills when IT increases in their industry. Applying natural language processing methods to the texts of occupational training curricula, we develop measures for occupational specialization and social skills. We use vocational education and training curricula from Switzerland because they cover approx. two-thirds of the working population. Using curricula, industry-level IT data and individual-level administrative wage data, our individual fixed-effects analyses show that IT progress leads to higher wage returns for workers in highly specialized occupations but not for workers in more general occupations. In addition, we find that high levels of social skills cannot make up for this difference when IT advances. However, our results indicate that for workers with high specialization, a combination with high social skills generates additional benefits when IT advances. Overall, our results suggest that, contrary to typical assumptions in educational policy debates, workers with specialized occupational skill sets—possibly in combination with high social skills—appear to be the ones who are particularly well prepared to cope with digital transformation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kristal, Tali, Efrat Herzberg-Druker & Adena White (2024): Is the wage premium on using computers at work gender-specific? In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 89. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2024.100890

Abstract

"Past research on the relationship between computers and wages has revealed two stylized facts. First, workers who use a computer at work earn higher wages than similar workers who do not (termed as ‘the computer wage premium’). Second, women are more likely to use a computer at work than are men. Given the recognized computer wage premium and women’s advantage in computer use at work, we ask: Is the wage premium on using computers at work gender- or non-gender-specific? Given gendered processes operating at both the occupational and within-occupation levels, we expect that returns to computer usage are gender-bias. This contrasts the skill-biased technological change (SBTC) theory assumption that the theorized pathways through which computers boost earnings are non-gender-specific productivity-enhancing mechanisms. Analyzing occupational data on computer use at work from O*NET attached to the 1979–2016 Current Population Surveys (CPS) and individual-level data from the 2012 Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), we find that the computer wage premium is biased in favor of men at the occupation level. We conclude by suggesting that computer-based technologies relate to reproducing old forms of gender pay inequality due to gendered processes that operate mainly at the structural level (i.e., occupations) rather than at the individual level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Livanos, Ilias & Panagiotis Ravanos (2024): Job loss and Covid-19: an analysis on the impacts of remote work and automation. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 31, H. 8, S. 712-723. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2146641

Abstract

"Using a unique dataset from a dedicated Cedefop Skills Forecast scenario on the impacts of COVID-19, this paper explores two possible determinants of expected job loss in the European Union (EU) due to the pandemic, namely the potential of work from home and the impacts of automation. Our findings suggest that less remote work and more automation are both related to future job losses across countries and occupations. These links are stronger in 2020–2021 at the country level, while becoming significant at the occupation level after 2022 when several protective measures taken by EU governments are expected to have been lifted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Loumpourdi, Maria (2024): The future of employee development in the emerging fourth industrial revolution: a preferred liberal future. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 25-44. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2021.1998793

Abstract

"The Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is a socio-technical, ideological, and rhetorical construction rooted in the neoliberal discourse that reflects key tenets of global capitalism, is believed to have considerable implications for the development of employees in advanced manufacturing environments. This paper aims to explore the ways in which the learning needs of employees in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution could be appropriately identified and how employees could further develop their skills through the design of suitable development curricula. To this end , the paper seeks to interrogate the ways in which the employees’ learning needs are likely to be identified in the middle-range future, and problemate the focus of highly specialised and exclusively focused on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) curricula that are likely to be designed to help employees respond to the perceived demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The paper further seeks to explore a preferred liberal future, drawing on the work of Martha Nussbaum, to create the possibility for an alternative future guided by a more holistic conception of employee development through the establishment of learner-centred, liberal – and liberating – interdisciplinary Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) curricula." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maffie, Michael David (2024): Visible hands: How gig companies shape workers' exposure to market risk. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 59-79. DOI:10.1111/irel.12337

Abstract

"How do gig platforms prevent workers from defecting to a competitor? Drawing on 40 original interviews and survey data from 210 ride-hail drivers, the author finds that platform companies calibrate workers' exposure to market risk using gamified reward systems. These rewards protect compliant workers from changes in market conditions, raising the costs of accepting work from a competitor. Yet those who do not comply are “pushed” to the periphery, increasing their market risk. This article illustrates how platform companies can use their “visible hands” to harness and control market forces, shaping worker behavior within and across platforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Markert, Cornelius & Marc Amlinger (2024): Geschichte und Zukunft der Arbeit: Ende oder Halbzeit des großen Produktivitätssprungs? In: IAB-Forum H. 04.01.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240104.01

Abstract

"Die Welt steht in den kommenden Jahrzehnten vor einem deutlichen Produktivitätssprung. Zu dieser Einschätzung gelangt das Institut für die Geschichte und Zukunft der Arbeit auf Basis einer umfassenden interdisziplinären Studie. Sie nimmt die historische Entwicklung der Arbeit und der mit ihr zusammenhängenden Dimensionen Technik, Energie, Kommunikation, Wissenschaft, Alltagsleben, Wirtschaft, Herrschaft, Bevölkerung und Klima in den Blick." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Orth, Barbara (2024): Stratified pathways into platform work: Migration trajectories and skills in Berlin's gig economy. In: Environment and planning. A, Economy and space, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 476-490. DOI:10.1177/0308518X231191933

Abstract

"Platform labour scholars have noted the prevalence of migrant workers in the gig economy. This paper builds on this research but interrogates the broad concept of 'migrant labour'. The study draws on biographical interviews with platform workers in grocery delivery and domestic work platforms in Berlin, Germany as well as expert interviews with union representatives, migrant organisations and white-collar platform company employees. Through an examination of the mobility strategies of platform workers in this subset of the platform economy, the study reveals a stratification of migrant trajectories and of skills needed to engage in platform work across different types of labour platforms. The study finds that platform companies draw on a workforce that consists of recently arrived young migrants with comparatively high education, language skills and digital literacy. Through close analysis of an understudied section of the gig economy, the paper contributes to the ongoing theorisation of the nexus of migration regimes and platform-mediated labour regimes. The findings complicate the notion of 'accessibility' of platform work and call for the inclusion of visa regimes, immigration categories and particular skill sets in future research on platform labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 a Pion publication) ((en))

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Pfeiffer, Sabine (2024): KI im Unternehmen – Herausforderungen an die betriebliche Gestaltung moderner Arbeit. In: Faktor Arbeitsschutz H. 11, S. 34-39.

Abstract

"Eine Befragung von Beschäftigten zu ihrer Einstellung gegenüber der Nutzung von KI bei der Arbeit ergab – entgegen immer wieder behaupteter Angstzuschreibung – ein abgewogenes „Es kommt darauf an“. Wichtig ist es, Beschäftigte von Anfang an bei der Installation von KI im Betrieb zu beteiligen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pulignano, Valeria, Stefania Marino, Mathew Johnson, Markieta Domecka & Me-Linh Riemann (2024): 'Digital Tournaments': the colonisation of freelancers' 'free' time and unpaid labour in the online platform economy. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 133-150. DOI:10.1093/cje/bead042

Abstract

"This article challenges positive views of the assumed relationships between skills, productivity and rewards in self-employed digital freelancing. It suggests that the upfront investments made by freelancers to build up positive platform ratings are not necessarily recouped in the form of increased autonomy, guaranteed work or more lucrative ‘gigs’. Drawing on 38 autobiographical narrative interviews and 12 audio working diaries with diverse online freelancers in Europe, we show how the low barriers to enter platform work provide opportunities for those with limited work experience and other commitments outside of work. However, the intense competition between an ever-expanding pool of (both skilled and unskilled) task freelancers within ‘digital tournaments’ results in the colonisation of worker’s free time, and the normalisation of unpaid labour. This implies that ‘free time’ for freelancers is largely an illusion. Furthermore, the significant ‘sunk costs’ that freelancers make in terms of time, platform-specific skills, reputation and networks are not fully recovered and cannot be transferred to other platforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reinke, Kathrin, Lisa Niederkrome & Sandra Ohly (2024): Boundary Work Tactics and Their Effects on Information and Communication Technology Use After Hours and Recovery. In: Journal of Personnel Psychology, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 36-48. DOI:10.1027/1866-5888/a000335

Abstract

"With an increasing use of work-related technologies after hours and mobile working, boundaries between work and personal life domains blur more and more, impairing recovery. Qualitative studies have shown that individuals use various boundary work tactics to actively manage their work–nonwork boundaries. However, it remains largely unknown how the use of such tactics contributes to recovery. This research differentiates types of availability-related boundary work tactics and organizes them according to their underlying motives: preventive, restrictive, and rejecting tactics. The results of a cross-sectional study (N = 249) and a validation study (N = 175) support the proposed motive-oriented structure of tactics and show differential prediction of psychological detachment and relaxation. Implications for practice and future research are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Hogrefe Verlag) ((en))

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Saam, Marianne (2024): The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Productivity and Employment – How Can We Assess It and What Can We Observe? In: Intereconomics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 22-27. DOI:10.2478/ie-2024-0006

Abstract

"Technological optimists have been predicting the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution since the beginning of the past decade. This expectation contrasts with low productivity growth in many countries. The commercial release of ChatGPT in late 2022 has lead to rising expectations about a dramatic shift at least equivalent to the one associated with the commercial introduction of the Internet. But what is AI from an economic point of view? How can we observe the diffusion of AI in the economy and assess its effects in order to the draw conclusions for economic policy?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Scheffer, Jörg (2024): Mirrored Spaces. Social Inequality in the Digital Age. (Geographies of Media), Wiesbaden: Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan, XVII, 166 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-42793-1

Abstract

"This open access book critically examines discussions on digitalization and individual opportunities for socio-economic advancement. Contrary to the prevailing narratives of “digital empowerment” and opportunities for every individual, this book argues that digitalization massively curtails social advancement opportunities, consolidating existing social relations. From a spatial perspective, Scheffer demonstrates how socially disadvantaged groups are faced with reproducing mechanisms as part of a new data economy. Surprisingly, the more intensively digital services are used, the more this happens. Building on Löw´s sociology of space and Bourdieu´s concept of habitus, this book shows how practices of social exclusion are transferred to the digital present in an innovative way. The image of “mirrored” spaces describes a new mechanism that explains social exclusion in the age of digitalization. This book is an essential resource for researchers and students interested in socio-economic inequalities, processes of digitalisation, and digital geographies." (Provided by publisher)

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Schlottmann, Philipp (2024): Digitale Welt, digitale Berufe – welche digitalen Kompetenzen werden von Fachkräften gefordert? In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online, S. 1-19.

Abstract

"Die rasante Entwicklung digitaler Technologien hat die Art und Weise, wie Unternehmen arbeiten und Geschäfte tätigen, revolutioniert. Unternehmen müssen nun verstärkt auf digitale Kompetenzen achten, um die Nutzung digitaler Tools und Plattformen effektiv zu nutzen, Prozesse zu optimieren, Kunden zu erreichen und der Konkurrenz voraus zu sein. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, welche digitalen Kompetenzen im Bereich der Betriebswirtschaft genannt werden, um die wesentlichen Fähigkeiten, Kenntnisse und Einstellungen zu ermitteln, die in der heutigen Unternehmenslandschaft gefragt sind. Mit Hilfe von Text Mining werden digitale Kompetenzen aus einem umfangreichen Datensatz von 25.000 Stellenanzeigen zu betriebswirtschaftlichen Berufsbildern extrahiert. Die daraus resultierenden empirischen Daten werden analysiert, um zu strukturieren, welche digitalen Kompetenzen im Bereich der Betriebswirtschaft beschrieben werden. Die Studie zeigt, dass zwei spezifische digitale Kompetenzen besonders gefragt sind: die analytische Auswertung mit Hilfe verschiedener Software-Tools und die Kommunikation über soziale Medien. Darüber hinaus besteht ein wachsender Bedarf an der Analyse und Optimierung von Geschäftsprozessen, die ebenfalls überdurchschnittlich wichtig gewertet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schludi, Martin, Anna Wallheinke, Laura Deckbar, Reint Gropp, Marcus König, Andrea Heilmaier, Bernd Fitzenberger, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Monika Schnitzer & Markus Lötzsch; Reint Gropp, Marcus König, Andrea Heilmaier, Bernd Fitzenberger, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Monika Schnitzer & Markus Lötzsch (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2024): Nürnberger Gespräche: Wie bewältigen Regionen die digitale und ökologische Transformation? (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 06.05.2024 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240506.02

Abstract

"Energiewende, Mobilitätswende, Digitalisierung, Künstliche Intelligenz: Die aktuellen Herausforderungen sind gewaltig. Die digitale und die ökologische Transformation setzen Staat und Unternehmen unter massiven Anpassungsdruck. Zugleich ist jede Region in unterschiedlicher Weise mit den Chancen und Risiken der Transformation konfrontiert. Resultieren daraus auch unterschiedliche regionale Anpassungsstrategien? Wie effektiv ist regionale Wirtschaftsförderung? Und führen die Transformationsprozesse zu einer Reorganisation von Wirtschaftsräumen? Diese und weitere Fragen diskutierten Expertinnen und Experten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Regionalpolitik am 13. März dieses Jahres bei den „Nürnberger Gesprächen“." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Souto-Otero, Manuel & Phillip Brown (2024): The rise of the digital labour market: characteristics and implications for the study of education, opportunity and work. In: Journal of education and work online erschienen am 13.02.2024, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2024.2310263

Abstract

"How the labor market operates in an increasingly digital context has remained under-researched. The article explains why the digital labor market is in urgent need of study, as digitalisation transforms how labor markets are structured and shape the competition for jobs. Digital tools give job seekers new ways of describing themselves and give employers access to new sources of data on candidates, in real-time and at low cost. We identify three dimensions of digital labor markets that distinguish them from earlier ‘analogue’ models – Information, Control and Engagement (ICE). We explain how changes in these dimensions contribute to a restructuring of the recruitment process, and outline implications for theories on the education–work relationship and for the analysis of social opportunity and inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zhao, Yong, Da Yin, Lili Wang & Yihua Yu (2024): The rise of artificial intelligence, the fall of human wellbeing? In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 75-105. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12586

Abstract

"Concerns exist regarding the impact on our lives of the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). Using a large dataset of 137 countries over the period 2005–2018 from multiple sources, we estimate the causal effect of AI on individual-level subjective wellbeing. Our identification strategy is inferred from the gravity framework and uses merely the variation in exogenous drivers of a country's AI development. We find a significant negative effect of AI on an individual's wellbeing, in terms of current levels or expectations of future wellbeing. The results are robust to alternative measures of AI, identification strategies, and sampling. Moreover, we find evidence of significant heterogeneity in the impact of AI on individual wellbeing. Further, this dampening effect on individual wellbeing resulting from the use of AI is more prominent among young people, men, high-income groups, high-skilled groups, and manufacturing workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Acemoglu, Daron & Simon Johnson (2023): Rebalancing AI. In: Finance and development, S. 26-29.

Abstract

"Optimistic forecasts regarding the growth implications of AI abound. AI adoption could boost productivity growth by 1.5 percentage points per year over a 10-year period and raise global GDP by 7 percent ($7 trillion in additional output), according to Goldman Sachs. Industry insiders offer even more excited estimates, including a supposed 10 percent chance of an “explosive growth” scenario, with global output rising more than 30 percent a year. All this techno-optimism draws on the “productivity bandwagon”: a deep-rooted belief that technological change— including automation—drives higher productivity, which raises net wages and generates shared prosperity. Such optimism is at odds with the historical record and seems particularly inappropriate for the current path of “just let AI happen,” which focuses primarily on automation (replacing people). We must recognize that there is no singular, inevitable path of development for new technology. And, assuming that the goal is to sustainably improve economic outcomes for more people, what policies would put AI development on the right path, with greater focus on enhancing what all workers can do?" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Acemoglu, Daron, Hans R. A. Koster & Ceren Ozgen (2023): Robots and Workers: Evidence from the Netherlands. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31009), Cambridge, Mass, 60 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the effects of robot adoption on firm-level and worker-level outcomes in the Netherlands using a large employer-employee panel dataset spanning 2009-2020. Our firm-level results confirm previous findings, with positive effects on value added and hours worked for robot-adopting firms and negative outcomes on competitors in the same industry. Our worker-level results show that directly-affected workers (e.g., blue-collar workers performing routine or replaceable tasks) face lower earnings and employment rates, while other workers indirectly gain from robot adoption. We also find that the negative effects from competitors' robot adoption load on directly-affected workers, while other workers benefit from this industry-level robot adoption. Overall, our results highlight the uneven effects of automation on the workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Agarwal, Ayushi & Sreejith Alathur (2023): Metaverse revolution and the digital transformation: intersectional analysis of Industry 5.0. In: Transforming Government : People, Process and Policy, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 688-707. DOI:10.1108/TG-03-2023-0036

Abstract

"Purpose: This study aims to investigate metaverse elements affecting digital transformation and examine how the metaverses ’ enabled digital transformation affects Industry 5.0. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts intersectional research methodologies to understand how metaverse technologies facilitate digital transformation and contribute to Industry 5.0. The Metaverse literature is bibliometrically analyzed to identify the intersection of digital transformation and components of Industry 5.0. Findings The conceptualization of the metaverse, its ecosystem and its enabling technologies are consistent with the human-centric, resilient and sustainable vision of the industrial revolution. The findings show that scientific research into digital transformation contributes to refining potential conflicts and tensions that may arise at the intersection of the metaverse and Industry 5.0. Research limitations/implications Study have significant implications for digital transformation research, as transformation studies help to fine-tune emerging technologies such as the metaverse for the industrial revolution. Based on the findings, the authors have provided a threat model for the Sustainable Metaverse Revolution. Social implications The utility of metaverse technologies in industrial revolutions necessitates the formulation of business model policies that promote the metaverse-enabled digital transformation. Policy recommendations for integrated development approaches are also provided in this paper. Originality/value The metaverse-enabled digital transformation and its implications for the industrial revolution are less reported. The current study addresses the importance of such intersectional studies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Agrawal, Ajay K., Joshua S. Gans & Avi Goldfarb (2023): The Turing Transformation: Artificial Intelligence, Intelligence Augmentation, and Skill Premiums. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31767), Cambridge, Mass, 12 S.

Abstract

"We ask whether a technical objective of using human performance of tasks as a benchmark for AI performance will result in the negative outcomes highlighted in prior work in terms of jobs and inequality. Instead, we argue that task automation, especially when driven by AI advances, can enhance job prospects and potentially widen the scope for employment of many workers. The neglected mechanism we highlight is the potential for changes in the skill premium where AI automation of tasks exogenously improves the value of the skills of many workers, expands the pool of available workers to perform other tasks, and, in the process, increases labor income and potentially reduces inequality. We label this possibility the “Turing Transformation.” As such, we argue that AI researchers and policymakers should not focus on the technical aspects of AI applications and whether they are directed at automating human-performed tasks or not and, instead, focus on the outcomes of AI research. In so doing, our goal is not to diminish human-centric AI research as a laudable goal. Instead, we want to note that AI research that uses a human-task template with a goal to automate that task can often augment human performance of other tasks and whole jobs. The distributional effects of technology depend more on which workers have tasks that get automated than on the fact of automation per se." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahlers, Elke (2023): New Work(Load)? Gestaltungsansätze für selbstorganisierte Formen der Arbeitsorganisation. (WSI policy brief 78), Düsseldorf, 15 S.

Abstract

"Ziel dieses Policy Briefs ist, die veränderten Arbeitskulturen der digitalen Arbeitswelt und die dadurch entstehenden Arbeitsbelastungen aufzuzeigen. Kapitel 2 gibt dazu einen einführenden Überblick. Im Anschluss daran wird auch das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Selbstorganisation, Eigenverantwortung, Leistung und den entstehenden sozialen und gesundheitlichen Risiken thematisiert (Kapitel 3). Darauf aufbauend werden passende Gestaltungsansätze Guter Arbeit (Kapitel 4) sowie ein partizipationsorientiertes Betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement (Kapitel 6) skizziert. Zusammenfassend werden in einem Fazit Gestaltungsnotwendigkeiten aufgezeigt" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Albanesi, Stefania, Antonio Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo & Alena Wabitsch (2023): New Technologies and Jobs in Europe. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16227), Bonn, 58 S.

Abstract

"We examine the link between labour market developments and new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and software in 16 European countries over the period 2011- 2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digit level in Europe, we find that on average employment shares have increased in occupations more exposed to AI. This is particularly the case for occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers. This evidence is in line with the Skill Biased Technological Change theory. While there exists heterogeneity across countries, only very few countries show a decline in employment shares of occupations more exposed to AI-enabled automation. Country heterogeneity for this result seems to be linked to the pace of technology diffusion and education, but also to the level of product market regulation (competition) and employment protection laws. In contrast to the findings for employment, we find little evidence for a relationship between wages and potential exposures to new technologies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alberti, Gabriella & Simon Joyce (2023): Mutualism, class composition, and the reshaping of worker organisation in platform work and the gig economy. In: Global Labour Journal, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 220-235. DOI:10.15173/glj.v14i3.5332

Abstract

"This article contributes an understanding of mutualism as a foundational element in emergent worker collectivism. We challenge mainstream institutionalist accounts in industrial relations, especially from the Global North, that downplay processes of bottom-up regeneration of working-class organization. We discuss compositional accounts of class formation and examine previous understandings of mutualism, then apply our conceptual framework to evidence from international literature and our own research on platform work in Italy and the UK. Three important themes emerge in understanding worker self-organization: the demographics of the workforce, including migration backgrounds and social ties beyond the workplace; the existence of social relations in the ethnic/political/local community; and the relevance of free spaces of resource sharing and recomposition in the absence of a fixed place of work. We conclude that an understanding of mutualism can help to grasp emergent solidarities among new groups of workers within and beyond both platform work and trade unions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Allmendinger, Jutta & Wolfgang Schroeder (2023): Souveränitätsgewinne oder Freiheitsverluste – wohin treibt der Arbeitsmarkt? In: J. Legrand, B. Linden & H.-J. Arlt (Hrsg.) (2023): Transformation und Emanzipation, S. 113-124. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-39911-5_10

Abstract

"Die Arrangements der Plattformökonomie stehen für eine weitreichende Transformation, an deren Ende sich das rechtliche und soziale Band der Erwerbsarbeit auflöst. Solange die Plattformarbeit eher ein Randphänomen bleibt, wird die regulierte Arbeitsgesellschaft nicht grundlegend infrage gestellt. Entwickelt sich dieses Phänomen aber in der heutigen Form ungezügelt weiter, werden unsere Prinzipien des Sozialversicherungsstaats bedroht. Die neuen Konstellationen von Beschäftigung, Managementstrategien und Interessenvertretung führen dann zu Veränderungen, die das etablierte Akteurs- und Institutionengefüge sprengen und sich herkömmlichen sozialpartnerschaftlichen Aushandlungsformen und politischer Regulierung entziehen. Eine Arbeitspolitik der Souveränität braucht Antworten, die den Kontext der Akteure und Institutionen stärkt. Davon wird es abhängen, ob die Freiheitspotenziale erschlossen werden können. Dafür gibt es Ansätze, wie die bald weltweit verortete Initiative von Fairwork zeigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer)

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Andrulli, Rémi & Ruud Gerards (2023): How new ways of working during COVID-19 affect employee well-being via technostress, need for recovery, and work engagement. In: Computers in Human Behavior, Jg. 139. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107560

Abstract

"COVID-19 led to a surge in employees experiencing New Ways of Working (NWW), as many had to work from home supported by ICT. This paper studies how experiencing NWW during COVID-19 affected job-related affective well-being (JAWS) for a sample of employees of the Dutch working population. Hypotheses are tested using Preacher and Hayes' (Behav Res Methods 40 (3):879–891, 2008) bootstrap method, including technostress, need for recovery and work engagement as serial mediators. The results show that higher levels of NWW relate to higher JAWS, to more feelings of positive well-being (PAWS), and less feelings of negative well-being (NAWS). Much of these relations is indirect, via reduced technostress and need for recovery, and increased work engagement. Distinguishing the separate facets of NWW and their relations to PAWS/NAWS, the results show that NWW facets management of output, access to colleagues and access to information directly relate to less negative well-being. However, as the NWW facet time- and location-independent work negatively relates to feelings of positive well-being, NWW as a bundle of facets is not a set-and-forget strategy. Therefore, this study recommends that NWW be supplemented with regular monitoring of employees' well-being, technostress, need for recovery and work engagement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Antón, José-Ignacio, Enrique Fernández-Macías & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2023): Does Robotization Affect Job Quality? Evidence from European Regional Labour Markets. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 233-256. DOI:10.1111/irel.12324

Abstract

"Whereas there are recent papers on the effect of robot adoption on employment and wages, there is no evidence on how robots affect non-monetary working conditions. We explore the impact of robot adoption on several domains of non-monetary working conditions in Europe over the period 1995–2005 combining information from the World Robotics Survey and the European Working Conditions Survey. In order to deal with the possible endogeneity of robot deployment, we employ an instrumental variables strategy, using the robot exposure by sector in other developed countries as an instrument. Our results indicate that robotization has a negative impact on the quality of work in the dimension of work intensity and no relevant impact on the domains of physical environment or skills and discretion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Arntz, Melanie, Franz Donner, Michaela Evans, Alexandra Friedrich, Sinischa Horvat, Anna Kaiser, Luitwin Mallmann, Mathias Möreke, Sabine Pfeiffer, Isabel Rothe, Wolfgang Schroeder, Sascha Stowasser & Ulrich Walwei (2023): Transformation in bewegten Zeiten. Nachhaltige Arbeit als wichtigste Ressource. Berlin, 129 S.

Abstract

"Der erste Bericht des Rats der Arbeitswelt im Mai 2021 stand vor allem unter dem Eindruck der Covid19-Pandemie. Spätestens seit dem Angriff auf die Ukraine fokussieren sich Diskussionen zu Wirtschaft und Arbeitswelt auf den Umgang mit steigenden Energiepreisen und zunehmenden Lieferengpässen. Die kurzfristige Krisenbewältigung geht einher mit einer umfassenden und langfristigeren Transformation der Arbeitswelt vor dem Hintergrund des sich verschärfenden demografischen Wandels, der Digitalisierung und Dekarbonisierung. Unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Krisenproblematiken stehen diese Auswirkungen der digitalen und ökologischen Transformation auf die Arbeitswelt in Zeiten der Arbeitskräfteknappheit im Mittelpunkt des zweiten Arbeitswelt-Berichts. Der Bericht setzt sich erstens mit übergeordneten Fragen von Angebot und Nachfrage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Zuge der beiden Transformationen auseinander und untersucht in diesem Zusammenhang auch, inwiefern sich Anforderungen an Kompetenzen und Qualifikationen verändern. Da es vor allem die Betriebe und ihre Beschäftigten sind, die die Transformation umsetzen und bewältigen müssen, steht zweitens der Betrieb als Transformationsort sowie die betriebliche Gestaltung von Transformationsprozessen im Mittelpunkt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Arntz, Melanie, Cäcilia Lipowski, Guido Neidhöfer & Ulrich Zierahn-Weilage (2023): Computers as Stepping Stones? Technological Change and Equality of Labor Market Opportunities. In: Journal of labor economics online erschienen am 21.08.2023, S. 1-41. DOI:10.1086/727490

Abstract

"This paper analyzes whether technological change improves equality of labor market opportunities by increasing the returns to skills relative to the returns to parental background. We find that in Germany during the 1990s, the introduction of computer technologies improved the access to technology-adopting occupations for workers with low-educated parents, and reduced their wage penalty within these occupations. We also show that this significantly contributed to a decline in the overall wage penalty experienced by workers from disadvantaged parental back-grounds over this time period. Competing mechanisms, such as skill-specific labor supply shocks and skill-upgrading, do not explain these findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Atrian, Armita & Saleh Ghobbeh (2023): Technostress and Job Performance: Understanding the Negative Impacts and Strategic Responses in the Workplace. (arXiv papers), 13 S.

Abstract

"This study delves into the increasingly pertinent issue of technostress in the workplace and its multifaceted impact on job performance. Technostress, emerging from the rapid integration of technology in professional settings, is identified as a significant stressor affecting employees across various industries. The research primarily focuses on the ways in which technostress influences job performance, both negatively and positively, depending on the context and individual coping mechanisms. Through a blend of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including surveys and in-depth interviews, the study examines the experiences of employees from diverse sectors. It highlights how technostress manifests in different forms: from anxiety and frustration due to constant connectivity to the pressure of adapting to new technologies. The paper also explores the dual role of technology as both a facilitator and a hindrance in the workplace. Significant findings indicate that technostress adversely impacts job performance, leading to decreased productivity, diminished job satisfaction, and increased turnover intentions. However, the study also uncovers that strategic interventions, such as training programs, supportive leadership, and fostering a positive technological culture, can mitigate these negative effects. These interventions not only help in managing technostress but also in harnessing the potential of technology for enhanced job performance. Furthermore, the research proposes a model outlining the relationship between technostress, coping mechanisms, and job performance. This model serves as a framework for organizations to understand and address the challenges posed by technostress. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, particularly in exploring the long-term effects of technostress and the efficacy of various coping strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Avery, Mallory, Andreas Leibbrandt & Joseph Vecci (2023): Does Artificial Intelligence Help or Hurt Gender Diversity? Evidence from Two Field Experiments on Recruitment in Tech. (Discussion paper / Monash University, Department of Economics 2023-09), Clayton, 69 S.

Abstract

"The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in recruitment is rapidly increasing and drastically changing how people apply to jobs and how applications are reviewed. In this paper, we use two field experiments to study how AI in recruitment impacts gender diversity in the male-dominated technology sector, both overall and separately for labor supply and demand. We find that the use of AI in recruitment changes the gender distribution of potential hires, in some cases more than doubling the fraction of top applicants that are women. This change is generated by better outcomes for women in both supply and demand. On the supply side, we observe that the use of AI reduces the gender gap in application completion rates. Complementary survey evidence suggests that this is driven by female jobseekers believing that there is less bias in recruitment when assessed by AI instead of human evaluators. On the demand side, we find that providing evaluators with applicants' AI scores closes the gender gap in assessments that otherwise disadvantage female applicants. Finally, we show that the AI tool would have to be substantially biased against women to result in a lower level of gender diversity than found without AI." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baber, Ashley (2023): Labour Market Engineers: Reconceptualising Labour Market Intermediaries with the Rise of the Gig Economy in the United States. In: Work, Employment and Society online erschienen am 22.02.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1177/09500170221150087

Abstract

"Gig work – accessing job opportunities through an app – has brought renewed attention to precarious non-standard labour arrangements. Scholars have begun to consider the intermediary role that platforms such as Uber, Lyft and Doordash play in exploiting and controlling workers. Yet, literature on labour market intermediaries has muddied conceptions of their role, impact and outcomes for workers by lumping a variety of institutions under the same umbrella term. Drawing from previous theoretical and empirical works throughout the temporary help and gig industries, this article proposes a reconceptualisation of labour market intermediaries as labour market engineers highlighting four mutually reinforcing features. This sociological reconceptualisation updates the understanding of for-profit labour market intermediaries by demonstrating the market making behaviours of firms of on-demand labour in the US context. Likewise, this reconceptualisation notes how gig firms have adapted and expanded these features in ways that increase precarity for workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Babina, Tania, Anastassia Fedyk, Alex X. He & James Hodson (2023): Firm Investments in Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Changes in Workforce Composition. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31325), Cambridge, Mass, 47 S.

Abstract

"We study the shifts in U.S. firms' workforce composition and organization associated with the use of AI technologies. To do so, we leverage a unique combination of worker resume and job postings datasets to measure firm-level AI investments and workforce composition variables, such as educational attainment, specialization, and hierarchy. We document that firms with higher initial shares of highly-educated workers and STEM workers invest more in AI. As firms invest in AI, they tend to transition to more educated workforces, with higher shares of workers with undergraduate and graduate degrees, and more specialization in STEM fields and IT skills. Furthermore, AI investments are associated with a flattening of the firms' hierarchical structure, with significant increases in the share of workers at the junior level and decreases in shares of workers in middle-management and senior roles. Overall, our results highlight that adoption of AI technologies is associated with significant reorganization of firms' workforces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baecker, Dirk, Uwe Elsholz, Maximilian Locher & Martina Thomas (Hrsg.) (2023): Post-digitales Management. Arbeit an den Schnittstellen einer Produktionsorganisation. Wiesbaden: Imprint: Springer VS, XII, 300 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-40707-0

Abstract

"Diese Open-Access-Publikation handelt von Digitalisierungsprojekten in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen. Es werden Forschungsergebnisse und Praxisbeobachtungen in Beiträgen, Interviews und Handouts von Wissenschaftlern und Praktikern präsentiert. Die Herausgebenden Prof. Dr. Dirk Baecker ist Seniorprofessor für Organisations- und Gesellschaftstheorie an der Zeppelin Universität. Prof. Dr. Uwe Elsholz lehrt am Institut für Bildungswissenschaft und Medienforschung an der FernUniversität in Hagen. Maximilian Locher, M.A., ist Transformationssekretär in der Bezirksleitung der IG Metall Baden-Württemberg. Martina Thomas, M.A., ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin im Lehrgebiet Lebenslanges Lernen an der FernUniversität in Hagen." (Verlagsangaben)

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Baek, Seungjin & Deokjae Jeong (2023): Factors Influencing Labor Share: Automation, Task Innovation, and Elasticity of Substitution. (MPRA paper 118730), München, 51 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores the underlying factors contributing to the recent decline in labor share, focusing specifically on the roles of automation and the development of new tasks that are exclusive to humans. First, our paper strengthens the argument that automation has a negative impact on labor share. Second, we are the first to empirically estimate the influence of new human-exclusive tasks on labor share. Our findings suggest that the positive impact of human-exclusive tasks dominates the negative impact brought about by automation. Third, we find that the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital is less than one, offering a coherent framework for predicting how various factors ---capital price, robot price, and wages--- impact labor share. We identify two distinct mechanisms through which robots negatively affect labor share: automation and a reduction in the price of robots. Our general equilibrium model predicts that the latter will gain increasing importance in the future as robots become more prevalent. Lastly, we estimate the elasticity of substitution between tasks to be one, empirically validating an assumption that many existing studies have made." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Barrero, José María, Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis (2023): The Evolution of Work from Home. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 23-49. DOI:10.1257/jep.37.4.23

Abstract

"Full days worked at home account for 28 percent of paid workdays among Americans 20–64 years old, as of mid-2023. That’s about four times the 2019 rate and ten times the rate in the mid-1990s. We first explain why the big shift to work from home has endured rather than reverting to prepandemic levels. We then consider how work-from-home rates vary by worker age, sex, education, parental status, industry and local population density, and why it is higher in the United States than other countries. We also discuss some implications for pay, productivity, and the pace of innovation. Over the next five years, US business executives anticipate modest increases in work-from-home rates at their own companies. Other factors that portend an enduring shift to work from home include the ongoing adaptation of managerial practices and further advances in technologies, products, and tools that support remote work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Becker, Marco, Carl Heinz Daube & Ernst Reinking (2023): Industrie 5.0. (EconStor Preprints 270296), Kiel, 12 S.

Abstract

"Spätestens seit der Etablierung von ChatGPT als eine für die breite Masse sowohl der Unternehmen als auch der Bevölkerung gleichermaßen interessante Anwendung der Künstlichen Intelligenz im November 2022 neigt sich die Epoche der Industrie 4.0 dem Ende entgegen. In diesem Working Paper werden die Grenzen der Industrie 4.0 aufgezeigt und die Potenziale der Industrie 5.0 analysiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Berg, Janine, Francis Green, Laura Nurski & David A. Spencer (2023): Risks to job quality from digital technologies: Are industrial relations in Europe ready for the challenge? In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 347-365. DOI:10.1177/09596801231178904

Abstract

"We examine job quality effects of new digital technologies, using the European frame of seven job quality domains: Pay, Working Time Quality, Prospects, Skills and Discretion, Work Intensity, Social Environment, and Physical Environment. Theoretical effects are ambivalent across all domains. The analysis of these effects confirms that digital technologies can both improve and harm job quality depending on how they are used. In light of this analysis and to think through the challenge of regulating digital technologies, we review emerging regulations across several European countries. Drawing on the principles of human-centred design, we argue that worker participation is important for securing good job quality outcomes, at both the innovation and adoption stages. We also consider the application of data protection legislation to the regulation of job quality. Overall, the paper extends debate about the future of work beyond employment and pay, on to a consideration of job quality more broadly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Alexandra (2023): Coworking Atmospheres. On the Interplay of Curated Spaces and the View of Coworkers as Space-acting Subjects. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 475 S.

Abstract

"The study by Alexandra Bernhardt deals with coworking spaces and their atmospheres. In addition to a comprehensive consideration of the role of atmospheres, the special significance of community in the context of these work spaces is examined in more detail. Two case studies in urban coworking spaces form the core of the investigation, following a qualitative research design oriented towards ethnography and a plurality of methods. In the context of the analysis, on the one hand, what constitutes coworking in everyday life and thus the new communality at work is considered: relevant practices and rituals, spatial arrangements and atmospheres are elaborated in their composition. On the other hand, coworkers, their spatial actions, and the attitudes associated with them come into closer focus: It is shown how users access coworking spaces as work and community spaces and what role atmospheres play. In addition, social entities are highlighted that are taken up by coworkers in relation to their coworking space and that help shape everyday coworking space life. Tensions that arise from the coexistence of community and service logic are also uncovered, and how they are dealt with is examined in more detail." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Annette, Lisa Kresge & Reem Suleiman (2023): The Data-Driven Workplace and the Case for Worker Technology Rights. In: ILR review, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 3-29. DOI:10.1177/00197939221131558

Abstract

"Employers increasingly use digital technologies in the workplace to capture and analyze worker data, electronically monitor their workers, and manage them using algorithms. In this article, the authors analyze employers’ use of data-driven systems in a diverse set of industries and identify a range of potential harms to workers, including bias and discrimination, de-skilling, unsafe work speeds, and loss of autonomy and dignity. In light of the current absence of regulation or oversight, the authors argue that workers deserve a robust set of 21st-century labor standards regarding digital technologies. They lay out a detailed public policy framework that establishes worker rights and employer responsibilities to ensure that the data-driven workplace benefits, rather than harms, workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertschek, Irene (2023): Jetzt bloß nicht den Anschluss verlieren! – Status quo, Potenziale und Herausforderungen von Künstlicher Intelligenz. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 8, S. 518-520. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0149

Abstract

"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is likely to be the next general purpose technology. The U.S. and China are important players in the development of AI. Germany has a vibrant AI startup scene and is among the first third of EU countries in applying AI technologies. In order not to lose touch with international developments, Germany should work toward creating research- and innovation-friendly framework conditions. Appropriate measures include improving data availability, building AI expertise and enabling flexible regulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bischoff, Thore Sören & Anita Thonipara (2023): Digitalisierung des Handwerks auf dem Land. Ergebnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen. (ifh Forschungsbericht / Volkswirtschaftliches Institut für Mittelstand & Handwerk an der Universität Göttingen 12), Göttingen, 18 S. DOI:10.47952/gro-publ-129

Abstract

"Die Digitalisierung ländlicher Handwerksbetriebe hat eine große Bedeutung für deren zukünftige Innovations- und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und spielt damit eine wichtige Rolle für die Entwicklung ländlicher und strukturschwacher Regionen. Die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojektes „Digitalisierung des Handwerks auf dem Land – DiHaLa“ zeigen die spezifische Handwerksstruktur des ländlichen Raumes, charakterisieren die Digitalisierung in Handwerksbetrieben als einen schrittweisen Prozess, zeigen die Heterogenität im Digitalisierungsverhalten der Betriebe und identifizieren die spezifischen Treiber der Digitalisierung des ländlichen Handwerks. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen können für die Digitalisierungsförderung ländlicher Handwerksbetriebe drei übergeordnete Handlungsrahmen abgeleitet werden: Diese umschließen die digitale Infrastruktur, die Handwerksstruktur im ländlichen Raum sowie die Ausrichtung einer Förderstrategie zwischen Breiten- und Spitzenförderung. Innerhalb dieser Handlungsrahmen kann die Digitalisierung des Handwerks auf dem Land innerhalb von vier Handlungsfeldern gefördert werden: Handlungsfeld 1: Einstieg in die Digitalisierung. Der Einstieg in die Digitalisierung löst häufig weitere Digitalisierungsschritte aus. Die Unterstützung des Digitalisierungseinstiegs ländlicher Handwerksbetriebe muss sich daher am Ausgangspunkt der Digitalisierung des Betriebes orientieren. Dieser unterscheidet sich häufig stark nach Gewerk. Handlungsfeld 2: Digitale Kompetenzen. Die Digitalisierungsförderung ländlicher Handwerksbetriebe sollte insbesondere den Aufbau digitaler Kompetenzen fördern. Diese sind wesentliche Treiber der Digitalisierung im Allgemeinen und fehlen häufig in ländlichen Betrieben. Ein konsequenter Ausbau der digitalen und hybriden Weiterbildungs- und Lernformate ist unabdingbar, um die Betriebe und Mitarbeitenden in ländlichen Räumen zu erreichen. Handlungsfeld 3: Überblick über Möglichkeiten. Die Förderung der Digitalisierung ländlicher Handwerksbetriebe umschließt das Aufzeigen der gewerke- und betriebsspezifischen Möglichkeiten für Digitalisierungsmaßnahmen und bestehende Fördermaßnahmen. Bei der Verfolgung einer Breitenförderung sollten Unterstützungsformate und die Digitalisierungsberatung den Betrieben dabei helfen, einen besseren Überblick über die Digitalisierung, deren Nutzen für den Betrieb, und Fördermöglichkeiten zu bekommen. Handlungsfeld 4: Geschäftsführende als Gatekeeper. Die Förderung der Digitalisierung ländlicher Handwerksbetriebe sollte insbesondere bei den Kompetenzen und der Bereitschaft für die Digitalisierung der Geschäftsführenden ansetzen. Diese sind in ländlichen Handwerksbetrieben meist zentrale Akteure bei der Digitalisierung und für den Austausch von Wissen verantwortlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Blien, Uwe, Oliver Ludewig & Anja Rossen (2023): Contradictory effects of technological change across developed countries. In: Review of International Economics, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 580-608., 2022-08-31. DOI:10.1111/roie.12638

Abstract

"Will productivity gains lead to technological unemployment in a region or to new prosperity? In our article, we formally show that under general assumptions the price elasticity of demand on product markets is decisive: technological change leads to employment growth if product demand is elastic and it leads to employment decline if product demand is inelastic. In our empirical analysis, we use industry-level time series data on output, prices, employment, wages, and national income for nine countries (including Germany, UK, USA) to estimate aggregate Marshallian product demand functions based on IV regressions and state space models with time-varying coefficients. The resulting income and price elasticities are used as inputs in a second step in which we estimate the employment effects of productivity changes as interactions with the elasticities. The results correspond to theoretical expectations: demand is generally inelastic and the employment effect of technological progress is therefore moderately negative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))

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Bogodistov, Yevgen, Jürgen Moormann & Mirjam Schweigkofler (2023): Burnout im Homeoffice: Auswirkungen von Arbeitsanforderungen und Arbeitsressourcen im Homeoffice auf Burnout und Schlafqualität. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 77, H. 3, S. 375-389. DOI:10.1007/s41449-023-00373-7

Abstract

"Die Zahl der Abwesenheiten von Mitarbeitenden aufgrund von Burnout steigt mit jedem Jahr weiter an. Gleichzeitig hat sich aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie der Trend zum Homeoffice als neue Arbeitsform massiv verstärkt. Für Unternehmen entsteht daraus die Notwendigkeit, ihre Mitarbeitenden darin zu unterstützen, mit diesen Veränderungen umzugehen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen von Arbeitsanforderungen (Job Demands) und Arbeitsressourcen (Job Resources) im Homeoffice auf Burnout und Schlafqualität untersucht. Die empirischen Ergebnisse, die mittels einer Online-Umfrage erhoben wurden, zeigen, dass die Arbeitsanforderungen zum Auftreten von persönlichem und arbeitsbezogenem Burnout beitragen, während die Arbeitsressourcen keinen Effekt auf die Linderung von Burnout haben. Die Studie zeigt zudem, dass ein arbeitsbezogener Burnout das Risiko eines persönlichen Burnouts erhöht. Persönlicher Burnout erhöht die Schlaflosigkeit, während arbeitsbezogener Burnout die Schlaflosigkeit nur indirekt beeinflusst. Arbeitsanforderungen und Arbeitsressourcen erhöhen die Schlafprobleme nicht direkt; allerdings verschärfen die Arbeitsanforderungen indirekt (über Burnout) die Schlaflosigkeit. Die in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Ergebnisse bilden den Grundstein für zukünftige Studien zum Themenbereich Neue Arbeitsformen, Burnout und Schlafqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bogusz, Honorata, Anna Matysiak & Michaela Kreyenfeld (2023): Structural Labour Market Change, Cognitive Work, and Fertility in Germany. (Working papers / Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw 2023-08), Warsaw, 44 S.

Abstract

"Technological change and globalisation have been transforming the structure of labour demand in favour of workers performing cognitive tasks. Even though past research has found that labour force participation is an important determinant of fertility behaviour, few studies have addressed the fertility effects of the long-term structural changes of labour market. To fill this gap, we measure the cognitive task content of work at the occupation level using data from the Employment Survey of the German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BiBB). We link this contextual information with employment and fertility histories of women and men from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1984-2018 (GSOEP). With event history models, we find that fertility transitions of men working in occupations characterised by high cognitive task intensity are accelerated. We also observe elevated birth risks among women in occupations requiring cognitive labour. However, this pattern is more ambiguous, as we find that non-working women also experience elevated birth rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bonfiglioli, Alessandra, Rosario Crinò, Gino Gancia & Ioannis Papadakis (2023): Artificial Intelligence and Jobs: Evidence from US Commuting Zones. (CESifo working paper 10685), München, 41 S.

Abstract

"We study the effect of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on employment across US commuting zones over the period 2000-2020. A simple model shows that AI can automate jobs or complement workers, and illustrates how to estimate its effect by exploiting variation in a novel measure of local exposure to AI: job growth in AI-related professions built from detailed occupational data. Using a shift-share instrument that combines industry-level AI adoption with local industry employment, we estimate robust negative effects of AI exposure on employment across commuting zones and time. We find that AI's impact is different from other capital and technologies, and that it works through services more than manufacturing. Moreover, the employment effect is especially negative for low-skill and production workers, while it turns positive for workers at the top of the wage distribution. These results are consistent with the view that AI has contributed to the automation of jobs and to widen inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bornschein, Christoph, Sebastian Cleemann, Benjamin Hermann, Donata von der Leyen, Enzo Weber & Yasemin Yilmaz (2023): Das digitale Deutschland - eine Bestandsaufnahme. (BDA-Digitalrat), Berlin, 15 S.

Abstract

"In einer zunehmend vernetzten Welt ist die digitale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von entscheidender Bedeutung. In einer umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme analysieren wir Deutschlands aktuelle Positionierung in verschiedenen Bereichen der Digitalisierung, von Infrastruktur und Wirtschaft bis hin zur Bildung und Verwaltung […] Trotz einiger Erfolge schließt Deutschland in Fragen der Digitalisierung und des technologischen Fortschritts ernüchternd ab. Die digitale Bildung hinkt hinterher, der Bedarf an Fachkräften wird nicht gedeckt. Um die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu sichern, sollte die Wirtschaftskraft im Dienst der Transformation mobilisiert werden, wobei der Fokus auf Bildung, Ausbildung und Weiterbildung liegt. Eine durchdachte und nachhaltige Migrationsstrategie könnte den Fachkräftemangel lindern, doch dafür muss Deutschland als Standort attraktiver werden. Ein moderner Staat muss die Digitalisierung und Optimierung seiner Prozesse vorantreiben und seine Daten nutzbar machen. Eine erfolgreiche digitale Zukunft erfordert grundlegende, weitreichende und konsequente Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bowlus, Audra, Lance Lochner, Chris Robinson & Eda Suleymanoglu (2023): Wages, Skills, and Skill-Biased Technical Change. The Canonical Model Revisited. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 6, S. 1783-1819. DOI:10.3368/jhr.0617-8889r1

Abstract

"While influential, the canonical supply–demand model of the wage returns to skill has faced challenges, including theoretically wrong-signed elasticities of substitution, counterintuitive paths for skill-biased technical change (SBTC), and an inability to account for observed deviations in college premia for younger versus older workers. We show that using improved estimates of skill prices and supplies that account for variation in skills across cohorts helps to explain the college premium differences between younger versus older workers and produces better out-of-sample predictions, positive elasticities of substitution between high- and low-skill workers, and a more modest role for SBTC. We further show that accounting for recession-induced jumps and trend adjustments in SBTC and linking SBTC to direct measures of information technology investment expenditures yield an improved fit, no puzzling slowdown in SBTC during the early 1990s, and a higher elasticity of substitution between high- and low-skill workers than previous ad hoc assumptions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Bracha, Anat & Mary A. Burke (2023): Informal Work and Official Employment Statistics: What’s Missing? (Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Boston 2023-15), Boston, 59 S.

Abstract

"Using eight consecutive waves of the Survey of Informal Work Participation (SIWP) spanning 2015 through 2022, we investigate informal “gig” work participation in the United States— broadly defined to include online and offline activities—and its implications for the measurement of employment. Our results suggest that employment rates among US household heads were consistently understated in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Under conservative estimates, we find that the employment-to-population ratio would have been 0.25 to 1.1 percentage points higher over the 2015–2022 period and as much as 5.1 percentage points higher under more generous estimates. Along the intensive margin, we find evidence that a significant number of informal work hours are missing from official employment surveys, partly because employed individuals do not fully report their informal hours. Comparing informal workers who are classified as employed by the CPS with those who are arguably misclassified as nonemployed, we find that the latter are, on average, older, less educated, and less likely to cite income as a motivation for gig work, and an elevated share are disabled. The data also indicate that certain types of income-earning activities, such as renting and selling, are less likely to be perceived as “work.” These results suggest ways to improve official surveys to better capture those employed in gig work and obtain a fuller picture of the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brall, Franziska & Ramona Schmid (2023): Automation, Robots and Wage Inequality in Germany. A decomposition Analysis. In: Labour, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 33-95. DOI:10.1111/labr.12236

Abstract

"We conduct a decomposition analysis based on recentred influence function (RIF) regressions to disentangle the relative importance of automation and robotization for wage inequality in the manufacturing sector in Germany between 1996 and 2017. Our measure of automation threat combines occupation-specific scores of automation risk with sector-specific robot densities. We find that besides changes in the composition of individual characteristics, structural shifts among different automation threat groups are a non-negligible factor associated with wage inequality between 1996 and 2017. Moreover, the increase in wage dispersion among the different automation threat groups has contributed significantly to higher wage inequality in the 1990s and 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))

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Broecke, Stijn, Marguerita Lane & Morgan Williams (2023): The impact of AI on the workplace: Main findings from the OECD AI surveys of employers and workers. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 288), Paris, 156 S. DOI:10.1787/ea0a0fe1-en

Abstract

"New OECD surveys of employers and workers in the manufacturing and finance sectors of seven countries shed new light on the impact that Artificial Intelligence has on the workplace —an under-researched area to date due to lack of data. The findings suggest that both workers and their employers are generally very positive about the impact of AI on performance and working conditions. However, there are also concerns, including about job loss—an issue that should be closely monitored. The surveys also indicate that, while many workers trust their employers when it comes to the implementation of AI in the workplace, more can be done to improve trust. In particular, the surveys show that both training and worker consultation are associated with better outcomes for workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brynjolfsson, Erik & Gabriel Unger (2023): The macroeconomics of artificial intelligence. In: Finance and development, S. 20-25.

Abstract

"Economists have a poor track record of predicting the future. And Silicon Valley repeatedly cycles through hope and disappointment over the next big technology. So a healthy skepticism toward any pronouncements about how artificial intelligence will change the economy is justified. Nonetheless, there are good reasons to take seriously the growing potential of AI—systems that exhibit intelligent behavior, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving —to transform the economy, especially given the astonishing technica ladvances of the past year. AI may affect society in a number of areas besides the economy—including national security, politics, and culture. But in this article, we focus on the implications of AI on three broad areas of macroeconomic interest: productivity growth, the labor market, and industrial concentration. AI does not have a predetermined future. It can develop in very different directions. The particular future that emerges will be a consequence of many things, including technological and policy decisions made today. For each area, we present a fork in the road: two paths that lead to very different futures for AI and the economy. In each case, the bad future is the path of least resistance. Getting to the better future will require good policy—including • Creative policy experiments • A set of positive goals for what society wants from AI, not just negative outcomes to be avoided • Understanding that the technological possibilities of AI are deeply uncertain and rapidly evolving and that society must be flexible in evolving with them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brynjolfsson, Erik, Danielle Li & Lindsey R. Raymond (2023): Generative AI at Work. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31161), Cambridge, Mass, 56 S.

Abstract

"We study the staggered introduction of a generative AI-based conversational assistant using data from 5,179 customer support agents. Access to the tool increases productivity, as measured by issues resolved per hour, by 14 percent on average, with the greatest impact on novice and low-skilled workers, and minimal impact on experienced and highly skilled workers. We provide suggestive evidence that the AI model disseminates the potentially tacit knowledge of more able workers and helps newer workers move down the experience curve. In addition, we show that AI assistance improves customer sentiment, reduces requests for managerial intervention, and improves employee retention." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brühl, Volker (2023): Künstliche Intelligenz – wo stehen wir in Deutschland? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 8, S. 521-524. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0150

Abstract

"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is widely regarded as a technology which will impact the future competitiveness of the German economy. Looking at the research productivity of German scientists and universities in AI, we find that Germany definitively belongs to the top performers in AI research globally, although the United States and China are somewhat ahead. This is not surprising taking into account the sheer size of their talent pools. Furthermore, the majority of promising AI startups are based in the United States, while Germany is clearly underrepresented in the group of excellent AI startups given Germany’s excellence in AI research. Hence, it is obviously more challenging for Germany to translate research excellence into successful entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologieberufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Hamburg (Tabellenband). (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Nord 06/2023), Nürnberg, 42 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REN.2306

Abstract

"Das Wissen um Kompetenzen, die für die Ausübung eines Berufs notwendig sind, ist eine wichtige Informationsgrundlage für das Handeln verschiedener Akteur*innen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In diesem Tabellenband stellen wir Informationen über die fachlichen und überfachlichen Kompetenzen zur Verfügung, die von Unternehmen in Stellenanzeigen für Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologieberufe (IKT-Berufe) in Hamburg formuliert wurden. Neben Informationen zu den Berufen insgesamt werden die Kompetenzanforderungen für verschiedene Anforderungsniveaus innerhalb der Berufe ausgewiesen. So lassen sich Unterschiede in den Kompetenzanforderungen zwischen den IKT-Berufen wie auch zwischen verschiedenen Anforderungsniveaus identifizieren. Gleichzeitig können fachliche und überfachliche Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse ermittelt werden, die in mehreren IKT-Berufsgruppen und über verschiedene Anforderungsniveaus hinweg eine hohe Relevanz haben. Ein Vergleich mit den im bundesweiten Durchschnitt geforderten Kompetenzanforderungen zeigt, ob regionale Besonderheiten in den Kompetenzanforderungen vorliegen. Die in diesem Tabellenband zusammengefassten Informationen sollen helfen, regionsspezifisch bedarfsgerechte und passgenaue Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen zu planen und in angemessenem Umfang anzubieten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologieberufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Schleswig-Holstein (Tabellenband). (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Nord 04/2023), Nürnberg, 42 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REN.2304

Abstract

"Das Wissen um Kompetenzen, die für die Ausübung eines Berufs notwendig sind, ist eine wichtige Informationsgrundlage für das Handeln verschiedener Akteur*innen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In diesem Tabellenband stellen wir Informationen über die fachlichen und überfachlichen Kompetenzen zur Verfügung, die von Unternehmen in Stellenanzeigen für Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologieberufe (IKT-Berufe) in Schleswig-Holstein formuliert wurden. Neben Informationen zu den Berufen insgesamt werden die Kompetenzanforderungen für verschiedene Anforderungsniveaus innerhalb der Berufe ausgewiesen. So lassen sich Unterschiede in den Kompetenzanforderungen zwischen den IKT-Berufen wie auch zwischen verschiedenen Anforderungsniveaus identifizieren. Gleichzeitig können fachliche und überfachliche Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse ermittelt werden, die in mehreren IKT-Berufsgruppen und über verschiedene Anforderungsniveaus hinweg eine hohe Relevanz haben. Ein Vergleich mit den im bundesweiten Durchschnitt geforderten Kompetenzanforderungen zeigt, ob regionale Besonderheiten in den Kompetenzanforderungen vorliegen. Die in diesem Tabellenband zusammengefassten Informationen sollen helfen, regionsspezifisch bedarfsgerechte und passgenaue Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen zu planen und in angemessenem Umfang anzubieten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologieberufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Tabellenband). (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Nord 05/2023), Nürnberg, 42 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REN.2305

Abstract

"Das Wissen um Kompetenzen, die für die Ausübung eines Berufs notwendig sind, ist eine wichtige Informationsgrundlage für das Handeln verschiedener Akteur*innen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In diesem Tabellenband stellen wir Informationen über die fachlichen und überfachlichen Kompetenzen zur Verfügung, die von Unternehmen in Stellenanzeigen für Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologieberufe (IKT-Berufe) in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern formuliert wurden. Neben Informationen zu den Berufen insgesamt werden die Kompetenzanforderungen für verschiedene Anforderungsniveaus innerhalb der Berufe ausgewiesen. So lassen sich Unterschiede in den Kompetenzanforderungen zwischen den IKT-Berufen wie auch zwischen verschiedenen Anforderungsniveaus identifizieren. Gleichzeitig können fachliche und überfachliche Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse ermittelt werden, die in mehreren IKT-Berufsgruppen und über verschiedene Anforderungsniveaus hinweg eine hohe Relevanz haben. Ein Vergleich mit den im bundesweiten Durchschnitt geforderten Kompetenzanforderungen zeigt, ob regionale Besonderheiten in den Kompetenzanforderungen vorliegen. Die in diesem Tabellenband zusammengefassten Informationen sollen helfen, regionsspezifisch bedarfsgerechte und passgenaue Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen zu planen und in angemessenem Umfang anzubieten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in ausgewählten Berufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Hamburg (Tabellenband). Nürnberg, 38 S.

Abstract

"Digitalisierung und ökologische Transformation gehen mit einer Änderung der Kompetenzanforderungen einher. Für die technischen Berufe in Hamburg haben Buch et al. (2023a) eine Studie zu den in Stellenanzeigen formulierten Kompetenzanforderungen vorgelegt. Für die Berufe der Informatik, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT-Berufe) liegt ein entsprechender Tabellenband vor (Buch et al. 2023b). Der vorliegende nicht veröffentlichte Tabellenband ergänzt die genannten Publikationen um Kompetenzanforderungen in vier weiteren Berufsgruppen: Hochbau; Lagerwirtschaft, Post, Zustellung, Güterumschlag; Immobilienwirtschaft, Facility-Management; Werbung und Marketing. Bei der Dokumentation der Kompetenzanforderungen unterscheiden wir auch nach dem Anforderungsniveau der ausgeschriebenen Stellen. Im Kapitel 2 beschreiben wir die Datenbasis und die Methodik der Analyse ausführlicher. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 6 erfolgt dann die detaillierte Darstellung der Kompetenzbedarfe in den einzelnen ausgewählten Berufsgruppen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in ausgewählten Berufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Schleswig-Holstein (Tabellenband). Nürnberg, 38 S.

Abstract

"Für die technischen Berufe in Schleswig-Holstein haben Buch et al. (2023a) eine Studie zu den in Stellenanzeigen formulierten Kompetenzanforderungen vorgelegt. Für die Berufe der Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT-Berufe) liegt ein entsprechender Tabellenband vor (Buch et al. 2023b). Der vorliegende nicht veröffentlichte Tabellenband ergänzt die genannten Publikationen um Kompetenzanforderungen in vier weiteren Berufsgruppen: Hochbau; Lagerwirtschaft, Post, Zustellung, Güterumschlag; Immobilienwirtschaft, Facility-Management; Werbung und Marketing. Bei der Dokumentation der Kompetenzanforderungen unterscheiden wir auch nach dem Anforderungsniveau der ausgeschriebenen Stellen. Zur Einordnung der Resultate verweisen wir auf die Studie von Buch et al. (2023a) für die technischen Berufe. Im Kapitel 2 beschreiben wir die Datenbasis und die Methodik der Analyse ausführlicher. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 6 erfolgt dann die detaillierte Darstellung der Kompetenzbedarfe in den einzelnen Berufsgruppen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buch, Tanja, Annekatrin Niebuhr, Michael Stops & Andrea Stöckmann (2023): Kompetenzanforderungen in ausgewählten Berufen – Ergebnisse aus dem Kompetenz-Kompass Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Tabellenband). Nürnberg, 39 S.

Abstract

"Digitalisierung und ökologische Transformation gehen mit einer Änderung der Kompetenzanforderungen einher. Für die technischen Berufe in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern haben Buch et al. (2023a) eine Studie zu den in Stellenanzeigen formulierten Kompetenzanforderungen vorgelegt. Für die Berufe der Informatik-, Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT-Berufe) liegt ein entsprechender Tabellenband vor (Buch et al. 2023b). Der vorliegende nicht veröffentlichte Tabellenband ergänzt die genannten Publikationen um Kompetenzanforderungen in vier weiteren Berufsgruppen: Hochbau; Lagerwirtschaft, Post, Zustellung, Güterumschlag; Immobilienwirtschaft, Facility-Management; Werbung und Marketing. Bei der Dokumentation der Kompetenzanforderungen unterscheiden wir auch nach dem Anforderungsniveau der ausgeschriebenen Stellen. Zur Einordnung der Resultate verweisen wir auf die Studie von Buch et al. (2023a) für die technischen Berufe. Im Kapitel 2 beschreiben wir die Datenbasis und die Methodik der Analyse ausführlicher. In den Kapiteln 3 bis 6 erfolgt dann die detaillierte Darstellung der Kompetenzbedarfe in den einzelnen Berufsgruppen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bughin, Jacques (2023): Does artificial intelligence kill employment growth: the missing link of corporate AI posture. In: Frontiers in artificial intelligence, Jg. 6. DOI:10.3389/frai.2023.1239466

Abstract

"Introduction An intense debate has been on-going about how artificial intelligence (AI) technology investments have an impact on employment. The debate has often focused on the potential of AI for human task automation, omitting the strategic incentive for firms to cooperate with their workers as to exploit AI technologies for the most relevant benefit of new product and service innovation. Method We calibrate an empirical probit regression model of how changes in employment relate to AI diffusion, based on formalizing a game-theoretical model of a firm exploiting the twin role of AI innovation and AI automation for both absolute and competitive advantage. Results The theoretical game-theory prediction is that employment following AI technology adoption is not negative, and ultimately depends on how AI leads to new success in innovation, competition which defines the competitive reward of innovation and profit sharing between workers and firms. Our estimation, is based on a global survey of 3,000 large companies across 10 countries, demonstrates that a firm employment growth depends on two strategic postures, that is, the firm relative maturity of AI adoption as well as its relative bias toward AI-based product innovation. Discussion The contribution of this research is to highlight the twin role of firm and workers in shaping how technology will affect employment. AI in particular marries the potential of task automation with even more potential for expansion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burstedde, Alexander, Anika Jansen, Sarah Pierenkemper, Paula Risius, Matthias Siemen & Dirk Werner (2023): Fachkräfte für die digitale Transformation : Potenziale heben im Inland und Ausland. München, 130 S.

Abstract

"Unternehmen konnten ihre Beschäftigten- und Ausbildungszahlen zwar steigern, allerdings fällt die Rekrutierung in den digitalen Transformationsberufen schwerer als in anderen Berufen. Für Familienunternehmen ist die Fachkräftesuche tendenziell noch schwieriger als für Nicht-Familienunternehmen. Diese Studie stellt für vier Berufsfelder eine nach Berufen und Regionen differenzierte Analyse der Fachkräftesituation in Deutschland auf, benennt vorhandene Potenziale und stellt passgenaue Handlungsempfehlungen bereit. In den zurückliegenden fünf Jahren seit Publikation der Vorgängerstudie hat sich vieles verändert, nur eines bleibt klar: Der Fachkräftemangel wird die Familienunternehmen weiter begleiten. Im Berufsfeld Maschinenbau- und Fahrzeugtechnikberufe bestehen noch überregionale Rekrutierungspotenziale, die Familienunternehmen durch einen größeren Suchradius und Mobilitätshilfen nutzen können. Für dieses Berufsfeld sind Fachkräfte mit Berufsausbildung zentral, die Ausbildungszahlen sind jedoch mit der Coronapandemie nachhaltig eingebrochen. Durch die Verrentung der Babyboomer dürfte sich der Mangel an Fachkräften hier noch deutlich verschärfen. Familienunternehmen sollten mit strategischer Personalplanung frühzeitig ihre Bedarfe ermitteln und ihre Personalentwicklung darauf ausrichten. Im Berufsfeld der Mechatronik-, Energie- und Elektroberufe ist der Fachkräftemangel nahezu flächendeckend, sehr intensiv und das schon sehr lange. Unternehmen halten auch in Krisen an ihren qualifizierten Mitarbeitern fest und bilden trotz schwacher Bewerberlage verstärkt aus. Familienunternehmen sollten sich hier verstärkt um internationale Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland bemühen. Die Bundespolitik sollte für die Elektro-Berufe Erleichterungen bei der Zuwanderung analog zu den IT-Berufen schaffen. In den IT-Berufen ist die Nachfrage nach hoch qualifizierten Experten sehr groß und stark steigend. Die stark gestiegene Zahl an Hochschulabsolventen kann den Bedarf dennoch nicht decken. Da IT-Experten international mobil sind, sollte diese Zielgruppe verstärkt im Ausland rekrutiert werden. Auch die Anzahl der Beschäftigten auf Fachkraftniveau steigt. Im Inland kann die Berufsausbildung noch ausgeweitet werden, da es vielerorts noch Bewerberüberhänge gibt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Burstedde, Alexander, Paula Risius, Jurek Tiedemann & Dirk Werner (2023): Weiterbildungsbedarfe der Automobilbranche in der Transformation. Befragungsergebnisse aus dem IW-Zukunftspanel, Gutachten im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK) für den Expertenkreis Transformation der Automobilwirtschaft (ETA). (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2023,56), Köln, 22 S.

Abstract

"Aufgrund des ökologischen und digitalen Wandels befinden sich weite Teile der deutschen Wirtschaft mit dem Schwerpunkt auf der Industrie derzeit in einer Transformation. So auch die Automobilindustrie, welche eine zentrale Rolle in der deutschen Volkswirtschaft einnimmt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buxmann, Peter & Anne Zöll (2023): Ökonomische Effekte von ChatGPT. In: Controlling & Management Review, Jg. 67, H. 5, S. 16-21. DOI:10.1007/s12176-023-1066-4

Abstract

Der Beitrag beleuchtet aus ökonomischer Perspektive die Auswirkungen des auf verschiedenen Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens beruhenden Chatbots ChatGPT sowie die Potenziale einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen Menschen und Künstlicher Intelligenz. Die bei einer ökonomischen Bewertung der Nutzung digitaler Technologien unterschiedenen substitutiven Effekte (Kosten- sowie Zeiteinsparungen) und komplementären Effekte (Verbesserung der Qualität) lassen sich auch bei der Anwendung von ChatGPT und anderen Sprachmodellen feststellen. Referiert werden hierzu u.a. die Ergebnisse einer Studie des 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), die die verschiedenen Anwendungsgebiete aufzeigt und die ökonomischen Vorteile quantifiziert. Entgegen der in der Öffentlichkeit geäußerten Befürchtung einer massiven Vernichtung von Arbeitsplätzen oder Horror-Szenarien durch unkontrollierbare Verselbständigungen der KI heben die Autoren eine andere Perspektive hervor: Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Menschen und KI (Stichwort 'hybride Intelligenz') kann die Entscheidungsfindung (etwa Strategie- und Kaufentscheidungen) beschleunigen und durch den gegenseitigen Austausch und das gegenseitige Lernen voneinander verbessern. Noch ist nicht das ganze Potenzial dieser 'Basistechnologie des 21. Jahrhunderts' zu ermessen, beispielhaft können aber schon heute die Anwendungsbereiche medizinische Diagnostik, Texterstellung und Softwareentwicklung genannt werden. (IAB)

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Büchel, Jan & Barbara Engels (2023): Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft in Deutschland: Digitalisierungsindex 2022. Langfassung der Ergebnisse des Digitalisierungsindex im Projekt „Entwicklung und Messung der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft am Standort Deutschland“. Berlin, 89 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Ergebnisse des Digitalisierungsindex 2022 in detaillierter Form vor. 2021 hatte sich die Digitalisierung infolge der Corona-Pandemie deutlich positiv entwickelt: Menschen wie Unternehmen haben gelernt, intensiver digital miteinander zu interagieren. Unternehmen mussten den Einsatz digitaler Technologien nicht mehr nur planen, sondern auch umsetzen, um diese Krise zu überstehen. Aber es wurden auch digitale Projekte aufgrund von Unsicherheiten, Kostendruck und Liquiditätsproblemen vertagt. Die Frage ist nun, welche Tendenzen dominieren. Wie entwickelt sich die Digitalisierung unter dem Eindruck der multiplen Krisen im Jahr 2022? Kann der Corona-Digitalisierungsschub fortgesetzt werden? Bremst die verschärfte Ausnahmesituation die Digitalisierung aus? Der vorliegende Digitalisierungsindex 2022 versucht, Antworten auf diese Fragen zu geben. Er ermöglicht eine Analyse der jüngsten Entwicklung der Digitalisierung in der deutschen Wirtschaft. Im Jahr 2020 ist der Index zum ersten Mal im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK) erschienen. Er liefert detaillierte Informationen zum Stand der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft in Deutschland, differenziert nach Bundeslandgruppen, Unternehmensgrößenklassen, Branchen sowie Regionstypen. Die vorliegende Aktualisierung gestattet einen Vergleich des Status quo 2022, 2021 und 2020." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Büchel, Jan, Jan Felix Engler & Armin Mertens (2023): Gesuchte Datenkompetenzen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse einer BigData-Analyse. In: IW-Trends, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 3-17. DOI:10.2373/1864-810X.23-02-01

Abstract

"Beschäftigte mit Datenkompetenzen (Datenskills) helfen Unternehmen dabei, Daten effizienter speichern, managen und nutzen zu können. Ihre Bedarfe an Datenskills können Unternehmen decken, indem sie externe Dienstleister beauftragen, bestehende Beschäftigte weiterbilden oder neue Beschäftigte mit Datenskills einstellen. Eine Analyse von Stellenanzeigen in Deutschland aus den Jahren 2019 bis 2023 zeigt, dass Unternehmen in jeder fünften Stellenanzeige Datenskills von neuen Beschäftigten fordern. Das Ergebnis basiert auf einem Machine-Learning-Modell, das mehr als 18 Millionen Stellenanzeigen automatisiert klassifiziert. In 87 Prozent der ausgeschriebenen Datenstellen sollen neue Beschäftigte Unternehmen beim Nutzen ihrer Daten unterstützen, in 84 Prozent beim Speichern und in 67 Prozent beim Managen. Daten zu managen und zu nutzen, wird häufiger von Beschäftigten mit Studienabschluss gefordert, Daten zu speichern eher von Beschäftigten, die eine Berufsausbildung abgeschlossen haben. Dabei möchten Unternehmen Beschäftigte mit Datenskills in 59 Prozent der aktuellen Datenstellen als Allrounder für alle drei Einsatzbereiche einsetzen. Die hohe Schnittmenge zeigt, wie universell Datenskills eingesetzt werden können. Insgesamt sind die wachsenden Bedarfe an Datenskills der Unternehmen ein positives Signal für die Entwicklung der Datenökonomie in Deutschland. Angesichts des sich verschärfenden Fachkräftemangels in Digitalisierungsberufen kann es für Unternehmen jedoch herausfordernd sein, ihre Datenkompetenzbedarfe langfristig zu decken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Büchel, Jan, Jan Engler & Armin Mertens (2023): KI-Einsatzbereiche in Deutschland. Eine Analyse von KI-Stellenanzeigen : Gutachten im Projekt „Entwicklung und Messung der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft am Standort Deutschland". Berlin, 31 S.

Abstract

"Zwei Studien untersuchten bereits anhand von KI-Stellenanzeigen, wie die KI-Bedarfe in Deutschland einerseits regional verteilt sind (Büchel/Mertens, 2022) und andererseits welche Anforderungsprofile neue Beschäftigte mit KI-Kompetenzen erfüllen sollten (ebenda, 2021). Unklar bleibt bislang jedoch, für welche Zwecke ausschreibende Unternehmen KI-Kompetenzen primär benötigen und einsetzen möchten. Erkenntnisse darüber schaffen eine größere Transparenz darüber, wofür Unternehmen KI-Talente überhaupt einsetzen und an welchen Stellen im Unternehmen KI relevant ist. Damit ergänzt die vorliegende Analyse Studien zum Einsatz von KI in Unternehmen (Rammer, 2020) und zu KI-Gründungen in Deutschland (Rammer, 2022). Im Folgenden wird untersucht, welche Einsatzbereiche in aktuellen KI-Stellenanzeigen relevant sind, wie häufig sie jeweils auftreten und wie sich die Bedarfe in den einzelnen Einsatzbereichen im Zeitverlauf entwickeln. Dafür erläutert Abschnitt 2 zunächst das methodische Vorgehen, mit dem die Autoren selbst mithilfe von KI, beziehungsweise einer Kombination aus einem Machine-Learning-Modell und einem regelbasierten Ansatz, automatisiert KI-Einsatzbereiche in jeder der etwa 73.000 KI-Stellenanzeigen aus den ersten Quartalen der Jahre 2019 bis 2023 identifizieren konnten. Die KI-Einsatzbereiche, die für die ausschreibenden Unternehmen relevant sind, werden in Kapitel 3 analysiert. Es wird zudem untersucht, wie hoch die KIBedarfe pro Einsatzbereich sind sowie welche typischen Überschneidungen und regionalen Besonderheiten auftreten. Kapitel 4 gibt ein Fazit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Calvino, Flavio & Luca Fontanelli (2023): A portrait of AI adopters across countries: Firm characteristics, assets' complementarities and productivity. (OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2023,02), Paris, 85 S. DOI:10.1787/0fb79bb9-en

Abstract

"This report analyses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in firms across 11 countries. Based on harmonised statistical code (AI diffuse) applied to official firm-level surveys, it finds that the use of AI is prevalent in ICT and Professional Services and more widespread across large – and to some extent across young – firms. AI users tend to be more productive, especially the largest ones. Complementary assets, including ICT skills, high-speed digital infrastructure, and the use of other digital technologies, which are significantly related to the use of AI, appear to play a critical role in the productivity advantages of AI users." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cano, Melissa Renau, Ricard Espelt & Mayo Fuster Morell (2023): Working Conditions in Platform Work: Testing Digital Platform Workers' Rights on Platform Cooperatives. (SocArXiv papers), [Charlottesville, VA], 28 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/9aycp

Abstract

"The emergence of platform work has provided new opportunities for job creation, yet it also poses numerous challenges, thereby placing the topic at the centre of the policy debate. At the same time, discussion of the platform economy usually fails to acknowledge the coexistence of different platform models and their diverse socioeconomic impact with regard to the SDGs and the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR). This paper aims to contribute to the debate on regulating platform work by testing the ‘Charter of digital workers’ rights’ arising from the Platform Labour in Urban Spaces (PLUS) European project, in three platform cooperatives: Fairbnb.coop, SMart, and Katuma. The empirical analysis and testing are based on qualitative surveys, co-creation sessions and interviews. The analysis could prove useful for further EU policy, national transposition of EU legislation and potential legislation worldwide. The results show the importance of providing a clear-cut definition of platform work, as well as considering different platform models. More specifically, the paper reflects on the definition and fair scheduling of working time (total amount of working hours, scheduling and disconnection), fair and decent remuneration, the right to information on contractual conditions and the right to transparency in algorithmic systems, and training rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carbonero, Francesco, Enzo Weber & Christian J. Offermanns (2023): The Fall of the Labor Income Share: the Role of Technological Change and Hiring Frictions. In: Review of Economic Dynamics, Jg. 49, S. 251-268., 2022-01-09. DOI:10.1016/j.red.2022.09.001

Abstract

"Die Veränderungen in der funktionalen Einkommensverteilung erhalten in der Forschung viel Aufmerksamkeit. Wir dokumentieren einen durchschnittlichen Rückgang des labour share (Anteil des Faktors Arbeit an der Einkommensverteilung) von 8 Prozentpunkten für acht europäische Länder und die USA zwischen 1980 und 2007. Wir untersuchen theoretisch und empirisch zwei Mechanismen: Substitution zwischen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (IKT) und Arbeit sowie Friktionen bei Beschäftigungsanpassungen. Wir finden, dass Substitution zwischen IKT und Arbeit wesentlich den Rückgang des labour share erklären kann. Wenn Arbeitsmarktfriktionen berücksichtigt werden, übernehmen diese allerdings einen Teil der Erklärungskraft. Insbesondere spielen Einstellungskosten in Europa eine größere Rolle als in den USA. Schließlich wird die Subsitutionselastizität zwischen IKT und Arbeit als Funktion institutioneller und struktureller Variablen modelliert und festgestellt, dass sie mit dem Anteil von Routine-Berufen positiv und mit dem Anteil hochqualifizierter Arbeiter negativ korreliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cardi, Olivier & Romain Restout (2023): Why Hours Worked Decline Less after Technology Shocks? (Economics working paper series / The Department of Economics, Lancaster University Management School 2023,07), Lancaster, 187 S.

Abstract

"The contractionary effect of aggregate technology shocks on hours worked has shrunk over time in OECD countries. Our estimates suggest that this finding can be attributed to the increasing share of the variance of technology improvements driven by asymmetric technology shocks across sectors. While technology improvements uniformly distributed across sectors are found empirically to give rise to a dramatic decline in total hours worked, asymmetric technology shocks do the opposite. By depreciating non-traded prices, symmetric technology shocks generate a contractionary effect on non-traded labor and thus on total hours. In contrast, by appreciating non-traded prices, technological change concentrated toward traded industries puts upward pressure on wages which has a strong expansionary effect on total hours worked. A two-sector open economy model with frictions into the movements of inputs can reproduce the time-increasing response of both total and sectoral hours worked we estimate empirically once we allow for factor-biased technological change and we let the share of asymmetric technology shocks increase over time. A model with endogenous technology decisions reveals that two-third of the progression of asymmetric technology shocks is driven by greater exposition of traded industries to the international stock of knowledge." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cardon, Peter W., Kristen Getchell, Stephen Carradini, Carolin Fleischmann & James Stapp (2023): Generative AI in the Workplace: Employee Perspectives of ChatGPT Benefits and Organizational Policies. (SocArXiv papers), [Charlottesville, VA], 17 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/b3ezy

Abstract

"Key Findings and Conclusions : Many US workers in this sample are using ChatGPT for professional purposes. Roughly the following percentages have already used ChatGPT in the following ways: 42% for researching a topic or generating ideas. 32% for drafting messages. 26% for drafting longer documents, such as reports. 22% for editing text. Many US workers in this sample believe ChatGPT can help them become better communicators. This is particularly the case for executives and managers. Roughly two thirds of executives (67%) and managers (64%) believe generative AI can help them communicate more effectively. Early adopters of ChatGPT in this sample hold much different views of generative AI than do non-users of ChatGPT. Early adopters hold the following distinctive views: They are much more likely to think AI is good for society than non-users (64% to 22%) and believe it will make them more productive (82% for early adopters; 26% for non-users); however, they are also more likely to worry about the ethical implications of AI (68% to 55%) in the workplace and worry that their own job will be replaced by AI (41% to 20%). They are much more likely to think generative AI will support them in their work. About 85% of early adopters say that ChatGPT can help them generate ideas for work compared to about 50% of non-users. About 73% of early adopters say it can improve the quality of their work compared to 42% of non-users. About 74% of early adopters say it can help them communicate more effectively compared to 41% of non-users. Executives and managers are slightly more likely to be enthusiastic about the benefits. Employees in organizations with generative AI policies view these policies positively. Those who are aware of an organizational policy about generative AI generally believe it has supported more comfort in using ChatGPT for work, has improved trust, has improved efficiency, and has provided legal protections. Those who are early adopters are generally more positive about each of these benefits of organizational policy than those who are non-users of ChatGPT. Most early adopters of generative AI in organizations without generative AI policies want more guidance about ChatGPT use. Most early adopters believe an organizational policy would make them more comfortable using ChatGPT (61%), that it would increase trust (56%), and that it would improve efficiency (66%)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carls, Kristin, Hinrich Gehrken, Martin Kuhlmann, Barbara Splett & Lukas Thamm (2023): Digitalisierung aus Beschäftigtensicht. Fehlende Mitgestaltung, belastender Zusatzaufwand, mangelnde Wertschätzung. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 76, H. 2, S. 83-92. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2023-2-83

Abstract

"Auf Basis von qualitativen und quantitativen Daten aus vergleichenden Fallstudien werden Beschäftigtenwahrnehmungen von betrieblichen Digitalisierungsprozessen im Hinblick auf Arbeits- und Gesundheitswirkungen analysiert und Ansatzpunkte für eine gesundheitsförderliche Gestaltung von Digitalisierungsprozessen formuliert. Folgende Befunde stehen dabei im Mittelpunkt: Digitalisierung produziert nicht vorrangig neue, sondern verschärft vor allem bestehende körperliche, umgebungs- und leistungsbezogene Belastungen. Grund hierfür sind in erster Linie betriebliche Gestaltungsdefizite in Form fehlender Mitgestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Beschäftigten und eines nicht ausreichend an den Arbeitsprozess angepassten Technikeinsatzes. Diese Konstellation ist nicht nur für das Wohlbefinden der Beschäftigten belastend ; sie führt außerdem zu Missachtungserfahrungen bezogen auf subjektive Anerkennungs- und Gestaltungsansprüche. Für eine gesundheitsförderlichere Gestaltung von Digitalisierungsprozessen ist es somit zentral, dass institutionalisierte Organisationsformen für Technikmitgestaltung geschaffen und so ein unmittelbarer Arbeitsbezug von Gestaltungsprozessen hergestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Carstensen, Tanja (2023): Digitalisierung der Arbeit – eine Zwischenbilanz aus Geschlechterperspektiven. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 76, H. 5, S. 374-382. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2023-5-374

Abstract

"Die Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt seit der Mitte der 2010er Jahre wurde früh mit weitreichenden Hoffnungen und Befürchtungen für Veränderungen in den Geschlechterverhältnissen diskutiert. Mittlerweile liegen diverse, ein breites Feld an Fragen umspannende empirische Studien vor. Nach einigen Vormerkungen zum Verhältnis von Gender und Technik resümiert der Beitrag die bisherigen Befunde entlang von fünf Themenfeldern, die sich als Schwerpunkte der Digitalisierungsforschung aus Geschlechterperspektiven herausgebildet haben: 1. Ortsflexibilisierung / Homeoffice, 2. Plattformen, 3. Automatisierung und neue Anforderungen, 4. Diskriminierung durch Algorithmen und KI und 5. mangelnde Diversität und (globale) Ungleichheiten in der Technikentwicklung. Die Autorin schließt mit einer Zwischenbilanz dieser bisher vorliegenden Befunde und benennt weiteren Forschungsbedarf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Caunedo, Julieta, David Jaume & Elisa Keller (2023): Occupational Exposure to Capital-Embodied Technical Change. In: The American economic review, Jg. 113, H. 6, S. 1642-1685. DOI:10.1257/aer.20211478

Abstract

"We study differences in exposure to factor-biased technical change among occupations by providing the first measures of capital-embodied technical change (CETC) and of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor at the occupational level. We document sizable occupational heterogeneity in both measures, but quantitatively, it is the heterogeneity in factor substitutability that fuels workers' exposure to CETC. In a general equilibrium model of worker sorting across occupations, CETC accounts for almost all of the observed labor reallocation in the US between 1984 and 2015. Absent occupational heterogeneity in factor substitutability, CETC accounts for only 17 percent of it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cavounidis, Costas, Qingyuan Chai, Kevin Lang & Raghav Malhotra (2023): Obsolescence Rents: Teamsters, Truckers, and Impending Innovations. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31743), Cambridge, Mass, 47 S.

Abstract

"We consider large, permanent shocks to individual occupations whose arrival date is uncertain. We are motivated by the advent of self-driving trucks, which will dramatically reduce demand for truck drivers. Using a bare-bones overlapping generations model, we examine an occupation facing obsolescence. We show that workers must be compensated to enter the occupation - receiving what we dub obsolescence rents - with fewer and older workers remaining in the occupation. We investigate the market for teamsters at the dawn of the automotive truck as an á propos parallel to truckers themselves, as self-driving trucks crest the horizon. As widespread adoption of trucks drew nearer, the number of teamsters fell, the occupation became 'grayer', and teamster wages rose, as predicted by the model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cetrulo, Armanda, Giovanni Dosi, Angelo Moro, Linnea Nelli & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2023): Automation, digitalization and decarbonization in the European automotive industry: a roadmap towards a just transition. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2023,36), Pisa, 30 S.

Abstract

"This position paper outlines the characteristics of the trends at stake in affecting the twin transition in the European automotive industry, and the political economy of the actors behind such transition. We first describe the automation and digitalization processes in the automotive sector and their effects on employment. Possible scenarios are analysed, illustrating actual cases of electrification conversion of some European plants of the key OEMs companies as practical examples to understand the employment effects. We then consider the role of the regulatory push in fostering the transition of the automotive sector towards electrification, highlighting the non-neutrality of the process and the risk of a quite limited space for decarbonization. Finally, we discuss the space and capacity of trade unions' actions to orient the twin transition toward social and climate justice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chrisp, Joe, Aida Garcia-Lazaro & Nick Pearce (2023): Technological chance and growth regimes: Assessing the case for universal basic income in an era declining labour shares. (FRIBIS discussion paper series 2023,1), Freiburg, 60 S.

Abstract

"In recent decades, most OECD countries have seen a significant decline in the labour share, as well as an increase in inequality. The decline in the labour share and the rise in inequality poses several problems for such countries, whether related to distributive justice, economic and social outcomes, such as deficient aggregate income and demand, or democratic politics. In this report, we focus on the role of technological change as a central driver of the decline in the labour share and explore its contingency: both across contexts and across definitions/operationalisations of technology. With respect to the latter, we distinguish between perspectives that place physical capital and investment in automation and ICT at the centre of technological change on the one hand, and the growth of the knowledge economy and intangible capital on the other. Meanwhile, following work by Baccaro and Pontusson (2016), and more recently Hassel and Palier (2021), we utilise the concept of 'growth regimes' to analyse how the effects of technology are mediated and moderated by national political-economic institutions. This approach allows us to test more nuanced arguments about the role of technological change in the decline in the labour share and to discuss the likely effects, and political feasibility, of policy solutions such as universal basic income (UBI) that are often advanced as an answer to increased automation and lower returns to labour. The following issues provide the basis for our research questions: 1. To what extent is technological change responsible for the decline in the labour share? 2. What is the role of growth regimes in moderating the effect of technology on the labour share? 3. Are results consistent across different conceptions and definitions of technological change? 4. What policy solutions are available to tackle these trends and issues? 5. Does technological change strengthen the case for and the feasibility of a universal basic income? This work builds on previous policy briefs and reports by the Institute for Policy Research (IPR) on UBI and technological change, namely the September 2019 report by Dr Luke Martinelli entitled 'Basic income, automation and labour market change' (Martinelli, 2019a). That report summarised the evidence regarding the effects of technology on labour markets and the case for UBI in such a light. Empirical analysis, however, focused on political economy questions concerning the political constituency for a UBI and policy trade-offs in design across EU countries using microsimulation analysis. Here, our empirical strategy is instead focused on questions about the effect of technology on the labour share, enabling us to re-pose the question of how a UBI could serve as a tool for combating growing inequality, income and demand deficiency, and labour market dysfunction in global economies. Future empirical research at the IPR will focus more comprehensively on the fifth and final research question above, namely estimating the macroeconomic effects of a UBI, including one funded using sovereign money. Next, we introduce three central ideas in the report - the decline in the labour share, technological change and growth regimes - before briefly outlining the consequences for policy debates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Corrocher, Nicoletta, Daniele Moschella, Jacopo Staccioli & Marco Vivarelli (2023): Innovation and the Labor Market: Theory, Evidence and Challenges. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16199), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper deals with the complex relationship between innovation and the labor market, analyzing the impact of new technological advancements on overall employment, skills and wages. After a critical review of the extant literature and the available empirical studies, novel evidence is presented on the distribution of labor-saving automation (namely robotics and AI), based on natural language processing of US patents. This mapping shows that both upstream high-tech providers and downstream users of new technologies—such as Boeing and Amazon—lead the underlying innovative effort." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Czarnitzki, Dirk, Gastón P. Fernández & Christian Rammer (2023): Artificial intelligence and firm-level productivity. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 211, S. 188-205. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.05.008

Abstract

"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often regarded as the next general-purpose technology with a rapid, penetrating, and far-reaching use over a broad number of industrial sectors. The main feature of new general-purpose technology is to enable new ways of production that may increase productivity. However, to date, only a few studies have investigated the likely productivity effects of AI at the firm-level, presumably due to limited data availability. We exploit unique survey data on firms' adoption of AI technology and estimate its productivity effects with a sample of German firms. We employ both a cross-sectional dataset and a panel database. To address the potential endogeneity of AI adoption, we also implement IV estimators. We find positive and significant associations between the use of AI and firm productivity. This finding holds for different measures of AI usage, i.e., an indicator variable of AI adoption, and the intensity with which firms use AI methods in their business processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))