Zitatform

Bratti, Massimiliano (2023): Fertility postponement and labor market outcomes. Postponed childbearing improves women's labor market outcomes but may reduce overall fertility. (IZA world of labor 117), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.117.v2

Abstract

"Die zeitliche Verlagerung der Mutterschaft kann sich für Frauen ökonomisch positiv auswirken, indem sie vor der Geburt ihr Humankapital vergrößern, ihre Erwerbsbeteiligung intensivieren und ihr Einkommen steigern können. Umgekehrt kann dies die Realisierung von (weiteren) Kinderwünschen verhindern. Empirisch lässt sich zeigen, dass eine Verschiebung der Mutterschaft Arbeitsmarktnähe und Lohnniveau deutlich erhöht, zugleich aber weniger Kinder zu haben wahrscheinlicher macht. Hier sollte die Familienpolitik ansetzen: durch öffentliche Kinderbetreuungsangebote, finanzielle Anreize für Firmen, die betriebliche Angebote schaffen, sowie durch Elternzeitprogramme, die die Kinderbetreuungsaufgaben gerechter auf Väter und Mütter verteilen. Facebook Twitter" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kim, Younga & Ester Rizzi (2020): Who does not intend to retire? Mothers' opportunity costs and compensation at later ages in Europe. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 40, H. 10, S. 2128-2154. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X19000503

Abstract

"Research investigating the association between women's work - family trajectories and their retirement intentions is limited. Studies considering how different institutional conditions affect this association are even more limited. To fill this gap, we use the first three waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, 2004 - 2009, and apply two-level random effects models with country-level fixed effects to a sample of mothers aged 50 - 64 years. Our dependent variable is the intention to retire as early as possible. We found that the following two different mechanisms are associated with mothers' early retirement intentions: (a) strategies to compensate for opportunity costs and (b) work attachment. When all other factors are equal, mothers with a work career characterised by interruptions and part-time work intend to work longer than other mothers, indicating the need to compensate for lower lifelong earnings at older ages. Some compensatory strategies are also observed among mothers who are classified as 'never married', 'divorced' or 'widowed', who wish to continue their careers. In other cases, evidence supporting work attachment mechanisms is found; for instance, working when the youngest child is younger than six years predicts the intention to delay retirement. These results change according to the welfare regime, underlining the importance of family policies and pension benefits to counterbalance the effect of opportunity costs on mothers' earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grunow, Daniela (2019): Comparative analyses of housework and its relation to paid work. Institutional contexts and individual agency. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 71, H. Sonderheft 59, S. 247-284. DOI:10.1007/s11577-019-00601-1

Abstract

"Obwohl sich die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung seit den 1960er-Jahren gewandelt hat, verrichten Frauen noch immer einen weitaus größeren Anteil an unbezahlter Hausarbeit als Männer, während Männer weiterhin mehr Erwerbsarbeit verrichten. Dieser Befund gilt für ein breites Spektrum an Ländern. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden zunächst die zugrundeliegenden Makrotrends der veränderten Beiträge von Frauen und Männern zu Erwerbsarbeit, Routinehaushaltstätigkeiten und Kinderbetreuung in den letzten 70 Jahren beschrieben. Danach wird auf Basis der seit dem Jahr 2000 publizierten vergleichenden Forschungsergebnisse die Rolle institutioneller Kontexte und individueller Agency, d. h. individueller Handlungsspielräume, bei der Verrichtung von Hausarbeit in den Blick genommen. Auf der Makroebene werden in diesem Artikel drei Hauptforschungslinien zur Arbeitsteilung von Männern und Frauen identifiziert: die Rolle von Arbeits- und Familienpolitik, von Wohlfahrtsstaaten und von Geschlechteregalität (Gender Empowerment Measure, GEM; Gender Development Index, GII; und Gender Inequality Index, GDI). Auf der Mikroebene werden die Rolle ökonomischer Abhängigkeiten, ökonomische Verhandlungstheorien, zeitliche Verfügbarkeit, Doing Gender und Devianzneutralisierung untersucht. Aktuell richtet sich die Forschung zudem verstärkt auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen Mikro- und Makrofaktoren. Der Forschungsstand zeigt, dass Frauen ökonomische und nichtökonomische Formen von Agency besser in nationalen Kontexten realisieren können, in denen ein hohes Maß an Geschlechteregalität besteht und in denen es eine unterstützende Arbeits- und Familienpolitik gibt. Beide Randbedingungen sind v. a. in den skandinavischen Ländern zu finden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Day, Creina (2018): Inverse J effect of economic growth on fertility. A model of gender wages and maternal time substitution. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 577-587. DOI:10.1007/s10834-018-9578-3

Abstract

"This paper presented a model where economic growth, via growth in female wages relative to male wages, encouraged households to raise paid female labor supply and have more children by substituting child care for maternal time. A threshold logarithm per capita output, above which fertility decline reverses, was predicted to depend on subsidized child care, maternity pay, and the value placed on children and maternal time spent rearing children. The predictions explained recent evidence and identified cross country differences in gender wages, family policy and willingness to substitute maternal time in childrearing as important factors in an inverse J-shaped effect of economic growth on fertility. The analysis was robust to the introduction of education and cost sharing among children in child rearing. Economies of scale in child rearing reduced the threshold logarithm of per capita output. Demand for child quality continued to rise with wages despite fertility decline reversal." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Brewer, Mike & Sahra Cattan (2017): Universal pre-school and labor supply of mothers. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 8-12.

Abstract

Der Ausbau der Vorschulerziehung wurde in den letzten 30 Jahren in vielen Ländern vorangetrieben. Hiermit sollte die kindliche Entwicklung gefördert, soziale Unterschiede ausgeglichen und die Beschäftigung von Müttern gesteigert werden. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die empirische Literatur zum Zusammenhang von Vorschulerziehung und der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern in OECD-Staaten. Es zeigt sich, dass das Angebot einer subventionierten Vorschulbildung in den untersuchten Ländern sehr unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung hat. So kam es in einigen Ländern, wie Spanien, Argentinien und Kanada zur erheblichen Steigerungen der Müttererwerbstätigkeit, während es in den USA und einigen nordischen Ländern nahezu keinen Einfluss hatte. (IAB)

Zitatform

White, Linda A. (2017): Which ideas, whose norms? Comparing the relative influence of international organizations on paid maternity and parental leave policies in liberal welfare states. In: Social Politics, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 55-80. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxw010

Abstract

"This article examines the adoption of paid maternity and parental leave policies in the liberal welfare states of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom and investigates the domestic and international sources of policy ideas. Through comparative analysis using mainly qualitative techniques of analysis of primary and secondary sources and elite interviews, the article examines the decision-making processes in each of these jurisdictions. It finds the relative influence of international organizations to be rather limited in comparison to domestic sources of influence, including the election of leftist governments under sympathetic party leaders and in the context of human capital concerns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2016): Work - family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 119-177. DOI:10.1177/0730888415615385

Abstract

"Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work - family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Raz-Yurovich, Liat (2014): A transaction cost approach to outsourcing by households. In: Population and Development Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 293-309. DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00674.x

Abstract

"Below-replacement fertility and late marriage reflect, in part, the incompatibility of women's family and paid work roles. The outsourcing of childcare and housework to market and state service providers offers a strategy for reconciling work - family conflicts. By referring to the household as an organizational unit, I use the transaction cost approach (TCA) of organizational economics to discuss the factors that facilitate or impede outsourcing by households. In my analysis the frequency, specificity, and uncertainty level of the transaction, as well as normative and social beliefs, can facilitate or impede the household's decision to outsource. Monetary considerations, preferences, and government policies might moderate the effect of the transaction cost on this decision. The analysis further demonstrates that gender is an important factor, because transaction costs are often not distributed equally within households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Janus, Alexander L. (2013): The implications of family policy regimes for mothers' autonomy. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 34, H. December, S. 96-110. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2013.09.001

Abstract

"This article is concerned with the implications of different state strategies in the area of family policy for mothers' autonomy, which I conceptualize as their freedom to choose between employment and homemaking as alternative means of self-fulfillment and economic independence. Using data on 15 OECD countries from the International Social Survey Program, I examine cross-national variation in 'the gap' between mothers' work-family orientations and employment trajectories. Cross-national variation in support for mothers' choice to work, mothers' choice to stay at home, or mothers' life-course flexibility differs from the broad picture suggest by previous research. Specifically, in contrast to suggestions that the well-developed childcare-related provisions in the Scandinavian countries and Belgium and France offer uniquely strong support for mothers' choice to work, I find that the large majority of countries (13 out of 15) offer at least moderately strong support for 'work-centered' mothers' choice or autonomy. In addition, I find that actual levels of labor force involvement exceeded ideals among the majority of 'home-centered' mothers in 7 out of 15 countries. Single mothers living in policy contexts with underdeveloped maternity leave provisions were especially likely to face incentives to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Laat, Joost de & Almudena Sevilla-Sanz (2011): The fertility and women's labor force participation puzzle in OECD countries. The role of men's home production. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 87-119. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.573484

Abstract

"One effect of Southern Europe's rapid fertility decline is the emergence of a positive cross-country correlation between women's labor force participation and fertility across developed countries, despite the continuing negative correlation between these factors within countries. This study uses individual-level data for several OECD countries to examine how men's participation in home production can explain the positive relationship between fertility and women's labor force participation at the cross-country level. It finds that women living in countries where men participate more in home production are better able to combine having children with market work, leading to greater participation in the labor force at relatively high fertility levels. Within each country however, women with higher relative wages continue to have lower fertility and to participate more in the labor force than lower-paid women due to the higher opportunity cost of remaining at home. This finding an men's home production can thus explain the positive cross-country correlation between female labor force participation and fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Recoules, Magali (2011): How can gender discrimination explain fertility behaviors and family-friendly policies? In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 505-521. DOI:10.1007/s11150-010-9109-y

Abstract

"This paper focuses on the interaction between gender discrimination and household decisions. It develops a model with endogenous fertility, endogenous labor supply and endogenous size of government spending. Family policies which concern childcare services are assumed to reduce the time that parents spend on their children. The model shows that gender discrimination may explain differences in household decisions between countries. The solution shows a U-shaped relationship between fertility and gender discrimination if the quality of childcare services is sufficiently high. In the decreasing part of this U-shaped curve, a decrease in the discrimination level implies a related increase in fertility, women's participation in the labor force and in family-friendly policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2011): Taxing wages 2009-2010. Special feature: Wage income tax reforms and changes in tax burdens 2000-2009. (Taxing wages / OECD 2009-2010), Paris, 588 S. DOI:10.1787/tax_wages-2010-en

Abstract

"Taxing Wages provides information on income tax paid by workers and social security contributions levied on employees and their employers in OECD countries. Calculations also include family benefits paid as cash transfers. Data are provided for different income levels and household types. Results include the average and marginal effective tax burden on employees and the total labour costs of employers. A special feature from the current edition looks into wage income tax reforms and changes in tax burdens during the 2000-2009 period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Despite numerous improvements in women's employment outcomes, there are still many gender gaps that need to be addressed. On average, across OECD countries, the proportion of women in paid work is high (62%). However, women in OECD countries earn 18% less than men, only about one-third of managerial posts are held by a woman, many more women work in part-time jobs than men (25% and 6% respectively). These gender differences are even wider with the presence of children since women are more likely to adjust their employment practices upon the arrival of a child much more than men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))