Female breadwinner – Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen im Haushaltskontext
Nach wie vor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zwischen den Partnern der Regelfall. Traditionelle familiäre Arrangements werden dabei durch institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen bevorzugt. Die Folge ist, dass Frauen immer noch beruflich zurückstecken - auch wenn sie den Hauptteil des Haushaltseinkommens erarbeiten und damit die Rolle der Familienernährerin übernehmen.
Diese Infoplattform widmet sich den Bedingungen und Auswirkungen der Erwerbsentscheidung von Frauen sowie empirischen Studien, die sich mit der Arbeitsteilung der Partner im Haushaltskontext befassen.
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Literaturhinweis
Wie viel sollten Mütter und Väter arbeiten?: Idealvorstellungen variieren in und nach der Rushhour des Lebens (2024)
Zitatform
Bujard, Martin & Leonie Kleinschrot (2024): Wie viel sollten Mütter und Väter arbeiten? Idealvorstellungen variieren in und nach der Rushhour des Lebens. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell H. 1, S. 3-9.
Abstract
"Der Artikel betrachtet die Rushhour des Lebens, die durch die Doppelbelastung aus Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit für Mütter und Väter insbesondere in der Lebensphase mit kleinen Kindern entsteht. Basierend auf Daten des familiendemografischen Panels FReDA wird gezeigt, dass die von den Befragten als ideal angesehene Erwerbsarbeitszeit für Mütter mit Kindern im Alter von 4 bis 18 Jahren deutlich höher ist als deren tatsächliche Arbeitszeit. Für Väter dagegen werden geringere Erwerbsarbeitszeiten als die tatsächlich von ihnen geleisteten als ideal angesehen, vor allem mit jungen Kindern. Die Studienergebnisse haben familienpolitische und arbeitsmarktbezogene Relevanz, auch vor dem Hintergrund des Arbeitskräftemangels. Mütter könnten durch Politik und Arbeitgebende eine stärkere Unterstützung bei der schrittweisen Erhöhung ihrer Arbeitszeit mit zunehmendem Alter der Kinder erfahren. Während für Väter in der Rushhour des Lebens die Realisierung einer vollzeitnahen Teilzeit hilfreich wäre." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Male and female selection effects on gender wage gaps in three countries (2024)
Elass, Kenza;Zitatform
Elass, Kenza (2024): Male and female selection effects on gender wage gaps in three countries. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102506
Abstract
"A vast literature on gender wage gaps has examined the importance of selection into employment. However, most analyses have focused only on female labor force participation and gaps at the median. The Great Recession questions this approach because of the major shift in male employment that it implied. This paper uses the methodology proposed by Arellano and Bonhomme (2017) to estimate a quantile selection model over the period 2007–2018. Using a tax and benefit microsimulation model, I compute an instrument capturing both male and female decisions to participate in the labor market: the potential out-of-work income. Since my instrument is crucially determined by the welfare state, I consider three countries with notably different benefit systems – the UK, France and Finland. My results imply different selection patterns across countries and a sizeable male selection in France and the UK. Correction for selection bias lowers the gender wage gap and reveals a substantial glass ceiling with different magnitudes. Findings suggest that disparities between these countries are driven by occupational segregation and public spending on families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The female-breadwinner well-being 'penalty': differences by men's (un)employment and country (2024)
Zitatform
Kowalewska, Helen & Agnese Vitali (2024): The female-breadwinner well-being 'penalty': differences by men's (un)employment and country. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 293-308. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad034
Abstract
"This article examines the relationship between female breadwinning and life satisfaction in heterosexual couples. We extend previous research by treating the man’s employment status as a variable that helps to explain rather than confounds this relationship, and by comparing multiple countries through regression analyses of European Social Survey data (Rounds 2–9). Results provide evidence of a female-breadwinner well-being ‘penalty’: men and women are less satisfied with their lives under the female-breadwinner arrangement versus the dual-earner and male-breadwinner alternatives. The penalty is marginal when the male partner is part-time employed but sizeable when he is jobless. However, there are gender differences: after controls for composition, gender-role attitudes, and partners’ relative incomes, the penalty becomes negligible for women while remaining large for men. Analyses suggest these gender differences are linked to high male unemployment among female-breadwinner couples: whereas women appear roughly equally adversely affected by a male partner’s unemployment as by their own, men report substantially higher well-being when she is unemployed instead of him. Country comparisons indicate that while this female-breadwinner well-being penalty is largest in more conservative contexts, especially Germany, it is fairly universal across Europe. So, even in countries where women’s employment is more widespread and cultural and institutional support for the male-breadwinner model is weaker, unemployed men with breadwinner wives are not immune from the social stigma and psychological difficulties associated with their gender non-conformity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Adjustments in women's labour force participation in response to the deterioration of the labour market situation of the male partner (2024)
Zitatform
Matysiak, Anna, Anna Kurowska & Alina Maria Pavelea (2024): Adjustments in women's labour force participation in response to the deterioration of the labour market situation of the male partner. (SocArXiv papers), 86 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/bn4re
Abstract
"Earnings constitute one of the most important sources of income for most of the European families. In this context, growing instability of employment relations and the spread of nonstandard employment – which is usually less secure and less paid than standard employment – pose serious financial risks to families, especially the traditional and modernised male breadwinner couples which rely on one income. Such couples still constitute around 20%-50% of couples in the European Union. In this report, we examined one particular resilience strategy these couples may develop in case of men's entry to unemployment or involuntary nonstandard employment, namely woman's increase in her labor supply. We also investigate the role of country-specific policies in moderating her response. To this end, we conducted three empirical studies based on EU-SILC and EU LFS data which were complemented with policy indicators derived from EUROMOD and UKMOD. Our findings suggest that women living in (modernized) male breadwinner couples indeed react to the deterioration in men’s employment situation though this reaction is relatively weak. Namely, not more than 10% of women who were inactive or worked part-time prior to the deterioration of his employment situation increase their labor supply. This response is stronger in countries with better public childcare (though only in case of his entry into involuntary nonstandard employment and not unemployment) and lower marginal tax rates. Notably, it is not affected by the generosity of the social benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Do Households Respond to Job Loss? Lessons from Multiple High-Frequency Datasets (2023)
Andersen, Asger Lau; Jensen, Amalie Sofie; Leth-Petersen, Søren; Sheridan, Adam; Johannesen, Niels; Kreiner, Claus Thustrup ;Zitatform
Andersen, Asger Lau, Amalie Sofie Jensen, Niels Johannesen, Claus Thustrup Kreiner, Søren Leth-Petersen & Adam Sheridan (2023): How Do Households Respond to Job Loss? Lessons from Multiple High-Frequency Datasets. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 1-29. DOI:10.1257/app.20210206
Abstract
"How much and through which channels do households self-insure against job loss? Combining data from a large bank and from government sources, we quantify a broad range of responses to job loss in a unified empirical framework. Cumulated over a two-year period, households reduce spending by 30 percent of their income loss. They mainly self-insure through adjustments of liquid balances, which account for 50 percent of the income loss. Other channels—spousal labor supply, private transfers, home equity extraction, mortgage refinancing, and consumer credit—contribute less to self-insurance. Both overall self-insurance and the channels vary with household characteristics in intuitive ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household-level Prevalence and Poverty Penalties of Working in Non-teleworkable and Non-essential Occupations: Evidence from East and West Germany in 2019 (2023)
Zitatform
Fasang, Anette Eva, Emanuela Struffolino & Hannah Zagel (2023): Household-level Prevalence and Poverty Penalties of Working in Non-teleworkable and Non-essential Occupations: Evidence from East and West Germany in 2019. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 85-117. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2022-0107
Abstract
"In Haushalten werden Risiken gepoolt und umverteilt. Das heißt, inwiefern Krisen wie die Covid-19 Pandemie oder steigende Inflation im Haushalt abgefedert werden können, wird unter anderem durch die Anzahl der Erwerbstätigen im Haushalt und deren Berufe bestimmt. Für Ost- und Westdeutschland lassen sich aufgrund der weiterhin bestehenden Differenzen in der Berufsstruktur und der soziodemographischen Zusammensetzung von Haushalten Unterschiede in dieser Kapazität von Haushalten erwarten. Vor dem Hintergrund steigender Erwerbsarmut in den letzten Jahren erweitern wir den ‚prevalence and penalties‘ Ansatz (Brady et al. 2017) aus der internationalen Armutsforschung um zwei berufsspezifische Risiken, die in Post-Covid-19 Arbeitsmärkten an Relevanz gewannen. Wir fragen: 1) Wie verbreitet waren Haushaltskonstellationen, in denen die einzige oder beide erwerbstätige Personen in Haushalt in einem nicht-telearbeitsfähigen und nicht-systemrelevanten Beruf gearbeitet haben in Ost- und Westdeutschland 2019? 2) Inwiefern unterschieden sich die Armutsrisiken dieser Haushaltskonstellationen in Ost- und Westdeutschland 2019? Für die Analyse kombinieren wir die aktuellste Welle des Mikrozensus (2019, N=179,755 Haushalte) mit einem neu erhobenen Datensatz zur Telearbeitsfähigkeit von Berufen und der Klassifikation von Systemrelevanz aus Länderdekreten, die im Zuge der Covid-19 Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 verabschiedet wurden. Anhand deskriptiver Analysen und Regressionsmodellen zeigen wir, dass die Verbreitung (prevalence) von Haushaltskonstellationen, in denen die einzige oder beide erwerbstätige Personen in Haushalt in einem nicht-telearbeitsfähigen und nicht-systemrelevanten Beruf gearbeitet haben, in Ost- und Westdeutschland relativ ähnlich war. Allerdings zeigt sich auch, dass das Armutsrisiko dieser Haushaltskonstellationen in Ostdeutschland stark erhöht war. Unter Kontrolle bekannter beruflicher Nachteile wie niedrige Bildung, befristeter Arbeitsvertrag, Schichtarbeit und geringe Führungsverantwortung verringern sich die festgestellten Unterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland zwar leicht, bleiben aber deutlich sichtbar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)
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Literaturhinweis
Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age (2023)
Zitatform
Gambaro, Ludovica, C. Katharina Spieß, Katharina Wrohlich & Elena Ziege (2023): Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-14
Abstract
"Employment among mothers has been rising in recent decades, although mothers of young children often work fewer hours than other women do. Parallel to this trend, approval of maternal employment has increased, albeit not evenly across groups. However, differences in attitudes remain unexplored despite their importance for better understanding mothers’ labour market behaviour. Meanwhile, the employment of fathers has remained stable and attitudes towards paternal employment do not differ as much as attitudes towards maternal employment do between socio-economic groups. This paper examines attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. It focuses on Germany, drawing on data from the German Family Demography Panel Study (FReDA). The survey explicitly asks whether mothers and fathers should be in paid work, work part-time or full-time, presenting respondents with fictional family profiles that vary the youngest child’s age. Unlike previous studies, the analysis compares the views of respondents with different origins: West Germany, East Germany, immigrants from different world regions, and second-generation migrants in West Germany. The results highlight remarkable differences between respondents from West and East Germany, with the former group displaying strong approval for part-time employment among mothers and fathers of very young children and the latter group reporting higher approval for full-time employment. Immigrant groups are far from homogenous, holding different attitudes depending on their region of origin. Taken together, the results offer a nuanced picture of attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. We discuss these findings in relation to labour markets participation in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The end of the golden age: on growing challenges for male workers and their partners to secure a family income (2023)
Zitatform
Gerlitz, Jean-Yves (2023): The end of the golden age: on growing challenges for male workers and their partners to secure a family income. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 247-261. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcac039
Abstract
"Thanks to the male breadwinner model with wages sufficient to support a family, working-class families used to be financially secure. The transformation towards the adult worker model (AWM) saw an accumulation of adverse employment characteristics—especially among manual and non-manual routine occupations—and a rise in poverty risks. However, there is a lack of research that combines these strands. I ask to what extent male Western German workers and their partners’ ability to secure labour earnings that support a family has changed, and to what degree this was hampered by various adverse employment characteristics. Focusing on service and production workers with cohabiting partners, I analyse whether their individual and combined labour income is sufficient to support a family. Performing descriptive trend analysis and linear probability models with German Socio-Economic Panel data for 1985–2013, I compare class effects of four periods. I find that since the end of the 1990s, male service and production workers increasingly struggle to secure a family income—mainly driven by low wages and low work intensity, while partners’ labour market participation has gained relevance. The transformation towards the AWM coincided with a devaluation of the most privileged group among workers and thus the working class as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Couples' joint retirement by household type: Evidence from Finland (2023)
Zitatform
Haapanen, Mika, Jaakko Pehkonen & Ville Seppälä (2023): Couples' joint retirement by household type: Evidence from Finland. In: Labour, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 409-436. DOI:10.1111/labr.12253
Abstract
"This study examines joint retirement in Finland. Employing a regression discontinuity design, the study leverages the exogenous variation provided by the eligibility age for earnings-related pensions. The analysis yields three key findings. First, reaching the eligibility age has a significant effect on an individual's retirement. Second, male spouses' retirement at the age of 63 has a spillover effect on their female spouses. Third, disaggregated analyses show that older spouses in low-income households delay their retirement, older male (female) spouses with female (male) primary earners postpone their retirement, and younger female spouses with male primary earners expedite their retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Changes in Perceived Fairness of Division of Household Labor Across Parenthood Transitions: Whose Relationship Satisfaction Is Impacted? (2023)
Zitatform
Hiekel, Nicole & Katya Ivanova (2023): Changes in Perceived Fairness of Division of Household Labor Across Parenthood Transitions. Whose Relationship Satisfaction Is Impacted? In: Journal of Family Issues, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 1046-1073. DOI:10.1177/0192513X211055119
Abstract
"Using a nationally representative, prospective study of young German adults, we address two research questions: First, are changes in the perceptions of the fairness of (un)paid labor division associated with changes in men’s and women’s partnership satisfaction across fertility transitions? Second, is this association moderated by men and women’s pre-birth gender role attitudes? Our results indicate that differences between respondents in changes in relationship satisfaction after fertility transitions could be observed across perceptions of the fairness of the division of labor, rather than across differing actual divisions of household labor. That effect was found for women, but not men. Across gender role attitudes, the perception of a stable fair arrangement was detrimental to traditional men’s relationship satisfaction, whereas the perception of increased fairness protected against declines in relationship satisfaction only for egalitarian women. We discuss how the mismatch between imagined and lived realities might affect relationship dynamics across fertility transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Closing the gap? Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern nach 15 Jahren Elterngeld (2023)
Keller, Matthias; Körner, Thomas;Zitatform
Keller, Matthias & Thomas Körner (2023): Closing the gap? Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern nach 15 Jahren Elterngeld. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 88-101.
Abstract
"Erwerbsbeteiligung und Arbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern unterscheiden sich stark; das ist einer der Hauptgründe für die geringeren Verdienste von Frauen im Vergleich zu Männern. Wie sich die Erwerbstätigkeit und die Aufteilung der Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern seit dem Jahr 2005 entwickelt haben, insbesondere seit der Einführung des Elterngelds im Jahr 2007, hat das Statistische Bundesamt auf Grundlage von Ergebnissen des Mikrozensus untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen hierbei die Erwerbskonstellationen von Paaren mit und ohne Kinder. Ergebnisse zur Erwerbssituation alleinerziehender Mütter und Väter ergänzen die Analyse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)
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Literaturhinweis
Geschlechterrollen, Hausarbeit, Paarkonflikte: Ein erster Blick in „FReDA – Das familiendemografische Panel“ (2023)
Zitatform
Lück, Detlev, Lena C. Frembs, Martin Bujard & Ulrich Weih (2023): Geschlechterrollen, Hausarbeit, Paarkonflikte. Ein erster Blick in „FReDA – Das familiendemografische Panel“. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 3-8.
Abstract
"Die neue familiendemografische Panelstudie FReDA bietet mit etwa 30.000 Befragten und einer repräsentativen Datengrundlage vielfältige Möglichkeiten für empirische Studien, unter anderem zum Beziehungsleben und zu den Geschlechterrollen in Deutschland. Erste Analysen zeigen, dass vor allem Hausarbeit und Freizeitgestaltung häufige Konfliktthemen in Partnerschaften sind und dass eine einseitige Aufteilung der Hausarbeit zu großer Unzufriedenheit führt. Die Geschlechterrollen unterscheiden sich bezüglich der als ideal angesehenen Erwerbsarbeitszeit von Eltern erheblich. Auch die Sorgen durch die Corona-Pandemie weisen deutliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Father Parental Leave Use in Spain: The Role of the Female Partner Labour Situation (2023)
Zitatform
Moreno-Mínguez, Almudena, Ángel L. Martín-Román & Alfonso Moral (2023): Father Parental Leave Use in Spain: The Role of the Female Partner Labour Situation. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 293-305. DOI:10.1177/09500170211062808
Abstract
"This article presents novel empirical evidence of fathers’ parental leave usage by introducing a family dimension in Spain. To test this hypothesis, a bivariate probit estimation was used to analyse the effect of the mother’s labour force participation on the father’s decision to take parental leave. This procedure allowed us to address the issue of simultaneous factors affecting the decisions of both the man and the woman, which were relevant to interpreting for the phenomenon. The results suggested that successfully using fathers’ paternity leave as a tool to promote gender equality depends on the family household’s characteristics and the woman’s connection to the job market. The bivariate probit estimation revealed that the effect of the woman’s decision on the man’s choice is much stronger than a naive regression would suggest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Marriage patterns and the gender gap in labor force participation: Evidence from Italy (2023)
Zitatform
Righetto, Giovanni (2023): Marriage patterns and the gender gap in labor force participation: Evidence from Italy. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102359
Abstract
"The Italian rate of gender participation gap, defined as the differential between female and male rates of labor force participation, was 18.2% in 2020, the second highest among EU countries. In this paper, we present evidence highlighting a new possible determinant of this unbalance in the labor force: endogamy intensity. We define endogamy as “marriage within the community”, and we argue that it helps preserve and reinforce social norms stigmatizing working women, along with reducing the probability of divorce, which in turn disincentivizes women's participation in the labor force. We proxy the endogamy rate of a community by the degree of concentration of its surnames' distribution, and we provide evidence that a more intense custom of endogamy contributed to enlarging gender participation gaps across Italian municipalities in 2001. In order to deal with endogeneity issues, we make use of an instrumental variable strategy, by instrumenting the endogamy measure of a municipality by the degree of ruggedness of its territory: the asperity of a municipality's surface indeed contributes to its geographical isolation, thus incentivizing in- marriage. In our main 2SLS result, a standard deviation increase in our proxy of endogamy is linked to roughly a 0.3 standard deviation increase in the gender participation gap of 2001. In addition, we provide evidence supporting our main hypothesis, documenting how higher rates of in-marriage are linked to the preservation of social norms and to greater marriage stability, with a lower probability of divorce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die langfristigen Folgen von ehelicher Spezialisierung bei Scheidung (2022)
Albrecht, Clara; Herold, Elena; Steigmeier, Jennifer;Zitatform
Albrecht, Clara, Elena Herold & Jennifer Steigmeier (2022): Die langfristigen Folgen von ehelicher Spezialisierung bei Scheidung. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 10, S. 41-46.
Abstract
"Bei einem Großteil der deutschen Ehepaare herrscht eine traditionelle Arbeitsteilung vor, in der der Mann Hauptverdiener ist, während die Ehefrau ihre Arbeitszeit reduziert und sich auf den Haushalt konzentriert. In der Familienökonomik wird diese Spezialisierung mit durch komparative Vorteile entstehenden Effizienzgewinnen begründet. Es bleibt jedoch unberücksichtigt, dass damit für den*die Zweitverdiener*in, im Falle einer Ehescheidung, als Folge der Haushaltsspezialisierung, Humankapitalverluste einhergehen, die zu einer verschlechterten Arbeitsmarktposition führen und somit langfristige negative finanzielle Konsequenzen haben. Dieses finanzielle Risiko wurde durch die Unterhaltsreform von 2008 insbesondere für alleinerziehende geschiedene Mütter verstärkt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How does intrahousehold bargaining power impact labor supply? European cross-country evidence (2004-2019) (2022)
Zitatform
Belloc, Ignacio, José Alberto Molina & Jorge Velilla (2022): How does intrahousehold bargaining power impact labor supply? European cross-country evidence (2004-2019). (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1132), Essen, 35 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes how intrahousehold bargaining power impacts labor supply, for seventeen European countries. To that end, we estimate a collective model using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the period 2004-2019, and we study the validity of several potential distribution factors; that is to say, variables that impact labor supply only through intrahousehold bargaining power. Results show some degree of heterogeneity in the responses of labor supply to intrahousehold bargaining power. Spouses' education and the age gap operate as distribution factors in central European countries, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and Switzerland. On the other hand, in the Mediterranean South countries, the share of unearned income of the wife operates as a distribution factor in Italy, Portugal, and Spain, and in countries of Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, and Lithuania), the sex ratio, wives' non-labor income share, spouses' age and education gap, and the fertility rate all operate as distribution factors. In northern economies, such as Denmark and Estonia, we find evidence for share of unearned income, age gap, and fertility rate, while in islands, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, the sex ratio, the share of unearned income, the age and education gap, and the fertility rate are suitable bargaining power variables. The results are consistent with theoretical sharing rules, and distribution factors that empower a given spouse are mainly positively correlated with increases in the share of income they attract from intrahousehold bargaining." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female self-employment: prevalence and performance effects of having a high-income spouse (2022)
Zitatform
Bjuggren, Carl Magnus & Magnus Henrekson (2022): Female self-employment: prevalence and performance effects of having a high-income spouse. In: Small business economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 163-181. DOI:10.1007/s11187-021-00526-0
Abstract
"Little is known about self-employment as a career choice for women who marry a high-income spouse. Using rich Swedish register data, we show that Swedish women who are married to a high-income spouse are, on average, highly educated and more likely to pursue self-employment than those married to a spouse in the middle of the income distribution. Our results indicate that the likelihood of entering self-employment increases by 128-176% for women who marry a spouse in the top of the income distribution, and the shift into self-employment is associated with a lower income. This can be interpreted as a career choice that produces a more flexible work schedule in return for lower income. In a Nordic welfare state, where work is the norm for women, self-employment offers a way to avoid the stay-at-home stigma. It allows one to stay in the workforce while enjoying approval from society and being in control of one's work schedule and personal demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Was macht Frauen in Deutschland zu Familienernährerinnen (2022)
Brehmer, Wolfram; Klenner, Christina; Schmidt, Tanja;Zitatform
Brehmer, Wolfram, Christina Klenner & Tanja Schmidt (2022): Was macht Frauen in Deutschland zu Familienernährerinnen. (WSI-Report 70), Düsseldorf, 28 S.
Abstract
"Das Spektrum der Arrangements, in denen sich Paare Erwerbs- und Fürsorgearbeit teilen, wandelt sich. Jeder zehnte (Erwerbs-)Paarhaushalt in Deutschland hat eine weibliche Haupteinkommensbezieherin. Dabei liegt der Anteil in Westdeutschland deutlich niedriger als in Ostdeutschland. Dieser Report geht mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels der Frage nach, was dazu führt, dass Frauen den größten Teil des Haushaltseinkommens erwirtschaften und somit Familienernährerinnen werden. Werden Frauen zu Familienernährerinnen, weil Paare auf der Basis ihrer Einstellungen und nicht-traditionellen Geschlechterrollenorientierungen ein solches Arrangement wählen? Oder führen andere Umstände zu Familienernährerinnen-Konstellationen? Unsere Analysen zeigen: Viel spricht dafür, dass die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/09 die Tendenz zu Familienernährerinnen-Haushalten verstärkt hat. Dort, wo Frauen die Familienernährerinnen sind, steht das häufig mit Arbeitslosigkeit oder atypischer Beschäftigung des Mannes im Zusammenhang und von 2007 an wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Familienernährerinnen-Haushalte von Jahr zu Jahr signifikant größer. Für den Einfluss der Wirtschaftskrise - wie sich die Coronakrise auswirkt, ist bisher nicht klar - spricht auch, dass Familienernährerinnen-Haushalte überdurchschnittlich häufig arm sind oder armutsnah leben. In vielen Fällen müssen Familienernährerinnen auch mit unterer beruflicher Stellung, in Teilzeit und mit entsprechend niedrigen Einkünften die Familie ernähren. Dass Familienernährerinnen-Konstellationen auf bewusst gewählten Strategien der Paare beruhen, lässt sich anhand der verfügbaren Daten nicht bestätigen. Allerdings haben Frauen, die Familienernährerinnen sind, häufiger egalitäre Einstellungen. Sie haben auch häufiger eine hohe Bildung, eine hohe berufliche Stellung und sind überdurchschnittlich in Vollzeit, in Großbetrieben und im öffentlichen Dienst tätig. Das heißt, dass berufliche Positionen von Frauen mit guten Einkommenschancen also ebenfalls das Überwiegen des weiblichen Einkommensanteils begünstigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave within the Workplace: A Re-assessment of Opposite Educational Gradients for Women and Men (2022)
Zitatform
Eriksson, Helen, Sunnee Billingsley & Maria Branden (2022): Parental Leave within the Workplace: A Re-assessment of Opposite Educational Gradients for Women and Men. In: Sociology, Jg. 56, H. 5, S. 1032-1044. DOI:10.1177/00380385221109743
Abstract
"Educational gradients in parental leave length are opposite for women and men: highly educated women return to work faster than those with low education while highly educated men are absent longer than less educated men. Explanations for the opposite gradients are typically made at the individual- or couple-level. To date, no quantitative study has documented whether the opposite educational gradients hold also within workplaces. In this study, we use employer-employee matched Swedish register data with fixed-effects models to examine whether the educational gradient applies also among co-workers in the same workplace. The results show that three-quarters of the educational effect typically attributed to the individual father disappeared when comparing fathers within workplaces. The educational gradient of mothers remained largely unchanged. These findings provide the first population-level evidence for the primacy of the workplace in determining fathers? care choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Caregiving Dads, Breadwinning Mums: Transforming Gender in Work and Childcare? (2022)
Zitatform
Gaunt, Ruth, Ana Jordan, Anna Tarrant, Nicola Chanamuto, Mariana Pinho & Agata Wezyk (2022): Caregiving Dads, Breadwinning Mums. Transforming Gender in Work and Childcare? 61 S.
Abstract
"This mixed methods study investigates opposite-sex couples who share childcare equally or reverse roles so that the father is the primary caregiver. Comparing these couples with traditional couples, the project will explore what exactly their work and care arrangements look like, and what effects these arrangements have on their well-being and relationship satisfaction. A new survey questionnaire will be distributed online to collect quantitative data on time investment and the allocation of tasks from samples of mothers and fathers of young children with either traditional family roles (male breadwinner, female caregiver), reversed roles (male caregiver, female breadwinner), or equal sharing arrangements. A novel aspect of the research is the consideration of the socio-psychological processes that may contribute to a decision to adopt non-gendered arrangements – for example, the survey will also measure respondents’ identities, ideologies, and implicit gender attitudes. In addition to the quantitative data, ten couples from each of the three sample groups will be recruited for an in-depth face-to-face interview, with the partners interviewed separately. Interviews will more fully uncover the complex dynamics involved in the construction and maintenance of different work and care arrangements, and further explore the facilitators and barriers to downplaying gender-based considerations in parenting arrangements. The findings will inform discussions on better ways to support fathers’ caring responsibilities through workplace policies and legislation around paternity and shared parental leave. Ultimately, this project seeks to identify the means to create more balanced, fulfilling lives for both men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))