Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2023): Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 6, S. 1-58., 2021-12-30. DOI:10.3368/jhr.0720-11051R1
Abstract
"We provide comprehensive evidence on Germany’s home care subsidy for one and two year-old children. In West Germany, take-up was 60% and the subsidy reduced mothers’ probability to work within three years after childbirth by 1.4 percentage points and increased exclusive parental care by 6.5 percentage points. The subsidy improved children’s development at age six, with the exception of children who do not speak German at home. In East Germany, 30% of families used the subsidy, neither affecting maternal employment nor exclusive parental care. As an income transfer, the subsidy did not benefit families with the least economic resources most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Wisconsin Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender inequality in the one percent: A look under the hood of high incomes in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias (2023): Gender inequality in the one percent: A look under the hood of high incomes in Germany. In: The British journal of sociology, Jg. 74, H. 3, S. 501-519., 2023-02-13. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.13008
Abstract
"Gender differences in economic outcomes are important topics in social science research. However, the study of gender differences among economic elites—“the top one percent”—has received surprisingly little attention, likely also due to a lack of empirical data. This paper investigates gender differences in individual and household income among the top one percent of individual monthly net incomes and top two percent of net household incomes using data from the German Microcensus from 2006 to 2016 covering more than 3.3 million individuals. I find that women account for only around 14% of the one percent in individual incomes. Additionally, regarding the household level, women's incomes are sufficient to achieve two percent status in fewer than 10% of all households. Both numbers did hardly change over the decade from 2006 to 2016. Furthermore, women's pathways to belonging to a high-income household are far more dependent on their partner's education and employment status than men's. Overall, the findings thus show dramatic gender differences among the German economic elite that do not narrow over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lohnungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern: In Betrieben mit Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen ist die Verdienstlücke kleiner (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias & Florian Zimmermann (2023): Lohnungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern: In Betrieben mit Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen ist die Verdienstlücke kleiner. (IAB-Kurzbericht 17/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2317
Abstract
"Die Ungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern am Arbeitsmarkt ist ein viel beachtetes Thema in der politischen Debatte. In den letzten Jahren richtete sich das Augenmerk der Diskussion verstärkt darauf, welche Rolle Betriebe in diesem Zusammenhang spielen und wie sie zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern beitragen können. Die Autoren zeigen in ihrer Studie, dass die Einführung betrieblicher Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Gleichstellung mit einer Verringerung der Verdienstlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern im Betrieb einhergeht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Subsidized small jobs and maternal labor market outcomes in the long run (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Kamila Cygan-Rehm & Regina T. Riphahn (2023): Subsidized small jobs and maternal labor market outcomes in the long run. (LASER discussion papers 148), Erlangen, S. 56.
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether incentives generated by public policies contribute to motherhood penalties. Specifically, we study the consequences of subsidized small jobs, the German Minijobs, which are frequently taken up by first-time mothers upon labor market return. Using a combination of propensity score matching and an event study applied to administrative data, we compare the long-run child penalties of mothers who started out in a Minijob employment versus unsubsidized employment or non-employment after birth. We find persistent differences between the Minijobbers and otherwise employed mothers up to 10 years after the first birth, which suggests adverse unintended consequences of the small jobs subsidy program for maternal earnings and pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Frauen sind im höchsten Einkommenssegment stark unterrepräsentiert (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias (2023): Frauen sind im höchsten Einkommenssegment stark unterrepräsentiert. In: IAB-Forum H. 04.08.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230804.01
Abstract
"Von denjenigen Personen, deren monatliches Nettoeinkommen 5.500 Euro übersteigt, ist nur jede siebte eine Frau. Auch auf der Haushaltsebene scheint die Lohnlücke in diesem Einkommenssegment besonders groß. Eine Trendwende ist nicht in Sicht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How to support adult caregivers?: Caregiving for older adults is detrimental to caregivers' well-being and requires policy interventions to support them (2023)
Costa-Font, Joan;Zitatform
Costa-Font, Joan (2023): How to support adult caregivers? Caregiving for older adults is detrimental to caregivers' well-being and requires policy interventions to support them. (IZA world of labor 510), Bonn, 9 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.510
Abstract
"Some studies estimate that the value of time spent on unpaid caregiving is 2.7% of the GDP of the EU. Such a figure exceeds what EU countries spend on formal long-term care as a share of GDP (1.5%). Adult caregiving can exert significant harmful effects on the well-being of caregivers and can exacerbate the existing gender inequalities in employment. To overcome the detrimental cognitive costs of fulfilling the duty of care to older adults, focus should be placed on the development of support networks, providing caregiving subsidies, and enhancing labor market legislation that brings flexibility and level-up pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Search for Parental Leave and the Early-Career Gender Wage Gap (2023)
D'Angelis, Ilaria;Zitatform
D'Angelis, Ilaria (2023): The Search for Parental Leave and the Early-Career Gender Wage Gap. (Working paper / University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Economics 2023-01), Boston, 45 S.
Abstract
"I show that highly educated millennial Americans search for employers that provide parental leave, and that women's stronger willingness to pay for this benefit contributes to the early-career growth in the gender wage gap. Using an hedonic job search model, I estimate that workers are offered higher wages when hired by employers providing paid and unpaid parental leave, but women are willing to pay, respectively, 40% more and 56% more than men for these benefits. While all workers search for jobs and experience wage growth by entering firms offering both high pay and valuable benefits, the gender wage gap increases as young women accept lower wages, compared to men, upon receiving job offers from employers who provide parental leave. While the early-career growth in the gender wage gap would decline by 75% if willingness to pay for parental leave did not differ across genders, a policy mandating and subsidizing parental leave provision could itself halve the early-career wage-gap growth. The widespread availability of parental leave would lessen workers' need to accept lower wages in exchange for its provision, reducing the gap in accepted wages between men and women entering leave-providing firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer-provided childcare across the 50 United States: the normative importance of public childcare and female leadership (2023)
Zitatform
Daiger von Gleichen, Rosa (2023): Employer-provided childcare across the 50 United States: the normative importance of public childcare and female leadership. In: Journal of Social Policy online erschienen am 23.10.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1017/S0047279423000491
Abstract
"Employer family policy tends to be conceived as employers’ response to economic pressures, with the relevance of normative factors given comparatively little weight. This study questions this status quo, examining the normative relevance of public childcare and female leadership to employer childcare. Logistic regression analyses are performed on data from the 2016 National Study of Employers (NSE), a representative study of private sector employers in the United States. The findings show that public childcare is relevant for those forms of employer childcare more plausibly explained as the result of employers’ normative as opposed to economic considerations. The findings further suggest that female leaders are highly relevant for employer childcare, but that this significance differs depending on whether the form of employer childcare is more likely of economic versus normative importance to employers. The study provides an empirical contribution in that it is the first to use representative data of the United States to examine the relevance of state-level public childcare and female leadership. Its theoretical contribution is to show that normative explanations for employer childcare provision are likely underestimated in U.S. employer family policy research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The EU's work-life balance directive: Institutional change of father-specific leave across member states (2023)
Zitatform
De La Porte, Caroline, Zhen Jie Im, Brigitte Pircher & Dorota Szelewa (2023): The EU's work-life balance directive: Institutional change of father-specific leave across member states. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 549-563. DOI:10.1111/spol.12920
Abstract
"This paper examines institutional change in father-specific leave - a centre-piece of the EU's work-life balance directive (WLBD) - from the perspective of gradual institutional change. The WLBD, a highly contentious directive, represents a litmus test for the possible impact of the European pillar of social rights (EPSR), on welfare state institutions, which are responsible for the organisation, financing and delivery of social rights in member states. The analysis comprises in-depth case studies in Denmark, Germany, France and Poland, with different combinations of family and parental leave policies prior to the WLBD. The findings reveal that the EU's directive is leading to convergence in paternity leave, but to divergence in parental leave. Our study is important because it shows that even if EU directives in social policy in principle can lead to upwards social convergence across the EU, when they are relatively weak in terms of precise constraint, for instance, for the level of remuneration for leave, this leads to differentiated integration. This could undermine the very purpose of the EPSR, which seeks to improve social rights for all citizens across the EU. Similar dynamics are likely to be present in other areas at the welfare state-labor market nexus, such as minimum wages or platform work, where the EU is also developing regulation under the auspices of the EPSR." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
An examination of 'instrumental resources' in earmarked parental leave: The case of the work–life balance directive (2023)
Zitatform
De La Porte, Caroline, Zhen Im, Brigitte Pircher, Nuria Ramos Martin & Dorota Szelewa (2023): An examination of 'instrumental resources' in earmarked parental leave: The case of the work–life balance directive. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 525-539. DOI:10.1177/09589287231207557
Abstract
"This article examines factors that could contribute to explaining variation in take-up of leave among fathers in the light of the EU’s Work–Life Balance Directive (WLBD). The WLBD seeks to equalize care responsibilities between fathers and mothers, especially through reserved leave, with high compensation. The article begins with a cross-country overview of take-up of leave among eligible fathers, considering earmarking and the degree of compensation. Our results show variation, which cannot fully be explained by policy design (presence of high compensation with reserved leave for fathers). The article then theorizes that instrumental resources – information and accessible administrative application procedures – could be a missing link to understand the actual shift from de jure to de facto social rights. The article then carries out embedded case studies on these two aspects of instrumental resources, using original qualitative data collected during the implementation of the WLBD. The most striking finding is that countries with similar formal implementation of earmarked paid parental leave, display significant differences in commitment to instrumental resources. Put differently, the WLBD is being implemented differently, not regarding formal social rights, but on instrumental resources. This finding is important because it means that EU-initiated legislation on parental leave, could lead to differences in outcomes, that is, take-up of leave among fathers. The implication of our findings is that decision-makers and policy actors at EU level and in member states, should focus more on instrumental resources in the implementation process. This is particularly important for enhancing the de facto legitimacy of the EU in social policy, given that EU social regulation is increasing via the European Pillar of Social Rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time Use and Life Satisfaction within Couples: A Gender Analysis for Belgium (2023)
Zitatform
De Rock, Bram & Guillaume Périlleux (2023): Time Use and Life Satisfaction within Couples: A Gender Analysis for Belgium. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505
Abstract
"This article looks at the time allocation of individuals with a focus on paid and unpaid work, its division within households, and its link with life satisfaction. The study uses the cross-sectional MEqIN database for Belgium in 2016 and corrects for heterogeneity by using measures of the personality traits. The division of time appears to be quite gendered. Women are found to be more satisfied when working part time. This could be because a majority of working women still undertake most of the unpaid work so that they end up operating a double shift. Looking at the link of time allocation of both partners on the individuals' life satisfaction, men's behavior appears to be in accordance with a conservative gender attitude, and even a breadwinner version, while women's behavior is closer to an egalitarian gender attitude. The study further observes that those behaviors are softened by the presence of children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effects of After-School Programs on Maternal Employment (2023)
Zitatform
Dehos, Fabian T. & Marie Paul (2023): The Effects of After-School Programs on Maternal Employment. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 1644-1678. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.5.0120-10651R1
Abstract
"We evaluate the effects of a massive expansion of after-school programs (ASPs) on maternal employment in West Germany, where full-time employment rates are relatively low. Using an instrumental variables approach, we exploit regional and temporal variation in the provision of federal ASP expansion grants through a nationwide investment program. The results suggest that increasing ASP availability had hardly any effect on the working hours and employment probability of mothers with primary school children. We discuss the mechanisms why the reform did not enhance employment. Based on time-use data, we descriptively investigate how mothers use their additional child-free time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How fathers' values matter for work–family decisions and partner support: a capability approach (2023)
Zitatform
Den Brinker, J. S. M., T. A. M. Kooij, M. L. Van Engen, P. Peters & J. J. L. Van der Klink (2023): How fathers' values matter for work–family decisions and partner support: a capability approach. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 06.02.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2022.2157248
Abstract
"This qualitative study identified the values of 26 Dutch dual-earner fathers underlying their actual division of paid and unpaid work, and the role work decisions favoring their family, referred to as Family Relatedness of Work Decisions (FRWD), and received partner support played in realizing these values. We used the capability approach as theoretical framework to compare individuals on the kind of lives they value, and what constrains or enables them herein. Results showed different patterns in what is valued related to fathers’ paid workhours. Work-oriented fathers primarily valued income provision and received substantial partner support in caregiving and housework. Work–family fathers valued gender-equality in the division of labor with support from their partners both in earning and caregiving. Family–work fathers’ lack of substantially paid work hampered them in realizing their valued equal division of labor. Our results illustrated that fathers’ values shaped their time-allocation in paid and unpaid work, in synergy with FRWD and received partner support. Moreover, FRWD were more closely related to fathers’ values than to their employment type. We conclude that partner support needs to be incorporated into the FRWD framework." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from an adult worker model? Gender inequality in couples' daily time use in Germany across time and social classes (2023)
Deuflhard, Carolin;Zitatform
Deuflhard, Carolin (2023): Who benefits from an adult worker model? Gender inequality in couples' daily time use in Germany across time and social classes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1391-1419. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac065
Abstract
"This article investigates how mothers' and fathers' daily time use changed across social classes from 1990 to 2013 in Germany. In the 2000s, Germany's adherence to the male breadwinner model was eroded by labor and family policy reforms typical of the adult worker model, which assumes individual self-sufficiency. The implications for gender and class inequality have been heatedly discussed. Drawing on the German Time Use Survey, I find that gender equality in the division of labor is greatest among full-time dual-earner couples with standard schedules. The prevalence of this pattern increased among the middle- and upper-class in historically conservative western Germany, but declined across classes in formerly socialist eastern Germany. In parallel, nonstandard work patterns and dual-joblessness gained in importance among lower-class couples, particularly in eastern Germany. I conclude that the adult worker model benefited mothers with access to standard full-time jobs but at the cost of greater class polarization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered effects of minimum wage (2023)
Di Nola, Alessandro; Wang, Haomin; Haywood, Luke;Zitatform
Di Nola, Alessandro, Luke Haywood & Haomin Wang (2023): Gendered effects of minimum wage. (Working Paper Series / Universität Konstanz, Cluster of Excellence 'The Politics of Inequality' 14), Konstanz, 52 S.
Abstract
"Women are more likely to work in jobs with low hours than men. Low-hour jobs are associated with lower hourly wages and are more likely impacted by minimum wages that set a floor on hourly wages. We document that the first German minimum wage significantly increased women's transition towards jobs with higher weekly hours. We construct and estimate an equilibrium search model with demographic and firm productivity heterogeneity. The model replicates observed gender gaps in employment, hours and wage and the positive relationship between hours and hourly wages. We implement the minimum wage in our model with a penalty to address non-compliance. Based on our model, the minimum wage primarily reduces the gender income gap through the gender wage gap. At its 2022 level, the German minimum wage reduces the gender employment and hours gap due to an upward reallocation effect, resulting in women's increased participation in higher-hour jobs with lower separation rates. The upward reallocation effect is the strongest for women with children and varies by marital state and spousal income. While the minimum wage only modestly discourages firms from posting jobs, it shifts job offers toward full-time positions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Uncovering the Roots of Obesity- Based Wage Discrimination: The Role of Job Characteristics (2023)
Dolado, Juan; Guerra, Airam; Minale, Luigi;Zitatform
Dolado, Juan, Luigi Minale & Airam Guerra (2023): Uncovering the Roots of Obesity- Based Wage Discrimination: The Role of Job Characteristics. (CReAM discussion paper 2023,12), London, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the roots of potential labour-market discrimination underlying the negative correlation between obesity and hourly wages. Using a panel dataset of white individuals drawn from the U.S. 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), we test whether residual wage gaps could be attributed to prejudice (taste-based discrimination) and/or statistical discrimination. To this end, we examine how these two types of discrimination hinge on a wide range of obese individuals' specific job and occupational characteristics (drawn from the O*Net Online database). In particular, our analysis sheds light on whether discrimination originates from clients' attitudes, fellow workers or employers. Our findings are consistent with taste-based discrimination against obese females, especially as they become older, in jobs requiring frequent communication with either clients or employers. However, the evidence on this issue is weaker for males. We conjecture that these differences may originate from both an over-representation of males among employers and different image concerns against people of the same gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Will Childcare Subsidies Increase the Labour Supply of Mothers in Ireland? (2023)
Zitatform
Doorley, Karina, Dora Tuda & Luke Duggan (2023): Will Childcare Subsidies Increase the Labour Supply of Mothers in Ireland? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16178), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"The cost of childcare has a significant impact on the decision of parents – particularly mothers – to work. Prior to the introduction of subsidies for formal childcare in Ireland in 2019 through the National Childcare Scheme (NCS), the cost of full-time centre-based childcare was among the most expensive in the OECD. Doorley et al. (2021) show that the introduction of the subsidy scheme improved childcare affordability. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the scheme on the labour supply and childcare choices of mothers. We model the joint decision of labour supply and childcare for lone and coupled mothers of children under six. Mothers are likely to respond to the introduction of childcare subsidies in 2019 by switching from informal childcare to formal childcare (11ppt), but not by increasing their participation in the labour market. We estimate that recent (2023) reforms of the NCS, which increase the generosity and the scope of the subsidy, will increase mothers' participation by 3% and full-time work by 4%, but also substantially decrease the demand for informal childcare. A hypothetical abolition of all childcare costs would close the gender employment gap, increasing mothers' participation by 30 ppt." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do men and women really have different gender role attitudes? Experimental insight on gender-specific attitudes toward paid and unpaid work in Germany (2023)
Düval, Sabine;Zitatform
Düval, Sabine (2023): Do men and women really have different gender role attitudes? Experimental insight on gender-specific attitudes toward paid and unpaid work in Germany. In: Social science research, Jg. 112. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102804
Abstract
"This article uses a novel experimental approach to measure whether men and women actually differ in their gender role attitudes. Recent research has shown that operationalizing gender role attitudes on a unidimensional scale ranging from “egalitarian” to “traditional” is problematic. Instead, their multidimensionality must to be taken into account. Similarly, an ideal measurement tool should consider that gender norms are applied conditionally, i.e., extensive information on the situational context must be provided. In this article, both preconditions are met by using a multifactorial survey experiment. The vignettes used in the survey experiment contain extensive contextual information on fictional couples' division of paid and unpaid work. In addition, the experimental variation of this information (e.g., the vignette persons' gender, the presence and age of children, and the partners' shares of paid and unpaid work) allows to disentangle the different dimensions that may influence (different) gender role attitudes of men and women. Results show no gender difference in attitudes: On average, men and women have “classical” egalitarian gender role attitudes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Progress towards gender equality in paid parental leave: an analysis of legislation in 193 countries from 1995–2022 (2023)
Zitatform
Earle, Alison, Amy Raub, Aleta Sprague & Jody Heymann (2023): Progress towards gender equality in paid parental leave: an analysis of legislation in 193 countries from 1995–2022. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 14.07.2023, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2226809
Abstract
"Gender inequality in infant caregiving contributes to gender inequality in paid work, especially since workers often become parents during pivotal career stages. Whether women and men have equal access to paid leave for infant care can meaningfully shape patterns of caregiving in ways that have long-term economic impacts. We used a longitudinal database of paid leave policies in 193 countries to examine how the availability of paid leave for infant caregiving for each parent, the duration of leave reserved for each parent, and the existence of any incentives to encourage gender equity in leave-taking changed globally from 1995 to 2022. We find that the share of countries globally providing paid paternity leave increased four-fold from 13% to 56%, while the share providing paid maternity leave increased from 89% to 96%. Nevertheless, substantial gender disparities in leave duration persist: only 6% of the total paid leave available to families was reserved for fathers and an additional 11% of paid leave was available to either parent. Building on the global progress in providing paid leave to fathers over the past three decades will be critical to advancing gender equality at home and at work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment (2023)
Zitatform
Eckstein, Zvi, Michael P. Keane & Osnat Lifshitz (2023): What Explains the Growing Gender Education Gap? The Effects of Parental Background, the Labor Market and the Marriage Market on College Attainment. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16612), Bonn, 58 S.
Abstract
"In the 1960 cohort, American men and women graduated from college at the same rate, and this was true for Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. But in more recent cohorts, women graduate at much higher rates than men. To understand the emerging gender education gap, we formulate and estimate a model of individual and family decision-making where education, labor supply, marriage and fertility are all endogenous. Assuming preferences that are common across ethnic groups and fixed over cohorts, our model explains differences in all endogenous variables by gender/ethnicity for the '60-'80 cohorts based on three exogenous factors: family background, labor market and marriage market constraints. Changes in parental background are a key factor driving the growing gender education gap: Women with college educated mothers get greater utility from college, and are much more likely to graduate themselves. The marriage market also contributes: Women's chance of getting marriage offers at older ages has increased, enabling them to defer marriage. The labor market is the largest factor: Improvement in women's labor market return to college in recent cohorts accounts for 50% of the increase in their graduation rate. But the labor market returns to college are still greater for men. Women go to college more because their overall return is greater, after factoring in marriage market returns and their greater utility from college attendance. We predict the recent large increases in women's graduation rates will cause their children's graduation rates to increase further. But growth in the aggregate graduation rate will slow substantially, due to significant increases in the share of Hispanics – a group with a low graduation rate – in recent birth cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Association between Family Care and Paid Work among Women in Germany: Does the Household Economic Context Matter? (2023)
Zitatform
Ehrlich, Ulrike (2023): The Association between Family Care and Paid Work among Women in Germany: Does the Household Economic Context Matter? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 117-136. DOI:10.1177/09500170211069841
Abstract
"Previous studies found contradictory results on whether women benefit in terms of earnings from having a female manager. This mixed-method study draws on survey data from the Netherlands to determine whether female employees have higher wages if they work under a female manager and combines these with data from interviews with Dutch female managers to interpret and contextualize its findings. The survey data show that having a female manager does not affect the wages of female (or male) employees in the Netherlands. The interviews revealed different ways in which managers can improve outcomes for female employees and suggest several reasons as to why some female managers experience a lack of motivation to enhance female employees’ earnings. This detailed focus on mechanisms that underlie female managers position to act as ‘cogs in the machine’ emphasizes the importance of incorporating context and looking at outcomes other than earnings in future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From public to private: the gendered impact of COVID-19 pandemic on work-life balance and work-family balance (2023)
Zitatform
Elhinnawy, Hind, Morag Kennedy & Silvia Gomes (2023): From public to private: the gendered impact of COVID-19 pandemic on work-life balance and work-family balance. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 11.10.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2265044
Abstract
"This article provides insights into the ways flexible, hybrid and work-from-home arrangements have impacted women during COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK. Based on 10 in-depth interviews with women living and working in the East Midlands, England, who turned to work from home during COVID lockdowns, this study found that despite heightened care needs and the additional burdens women faced during the pandemic, one silver lining was that flexible and hybrid work has positively impacted some. All women spoke about how the pandemic and associated restrictions have altered their conceptualisation of space both positively and negatively. Life during the pandemic gave participants extra care needs and added burdens, but it also gave them more space to be with family and to manage their lives more effectively. This sense of increased space for social and family bonding and life and time management was reduced (again) after the pandemic due to the difficulties women had to bear in balancing the demands of work and family obligations. This article contributes to the studies on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on women's work-life-balance (WLB) and work-family-balance (WFB),demonstrating the need to think of innovative ways to support women's flexible work in the long term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Making Parenting Leave Accessible to Fathers: Political Actors and New Social Rights, 1965–2016 (2023)
Zitatform
Engeman, Cassandra (2023): Making Parenting Leave Accessible to Fathers: Political Actors and New Social Rights, 1965–2016. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 1137-1161. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxac038
Abstract
"In recent decades, governments have created and expanded paid leave rights for fathers, but policies have developed along different timelines and trajectories. Using event history methods, this research investigates the timing of fathers’ leave rights adoption across twenty-two countries from 1965 to 2016. With a focus on “first laws,” the findings support explanations of family policy development that emphasize political actors. Specifically, results suggest leftist parties and institutions are important for the adoption of nontransferable leave, a hallmark of gender egalitarian family policy models. However, new leave rights-adoption is sensitive to incremental increases in confessional-right party power, indicating possible negotiations between partisan actors. Finally, results suggest a role for women lawmakers but only for transferable parenting leave, which is often taken by mothers, complicating previous research on the role of women lawmakers in family policy development. Overall, results underscore the need to distinguish between social provisions when examining their drivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
My mum is on strike! Social reproduction and the (emotional) labor of 'mothering work' in neoliberal Britain (2023)
Zitatform
English, Claire & Gareth Brown (2023): My mum is on strike! Social reproduction and the (emotional) labor of 'mothering work' in neoliberal Britain. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 1941-1959. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13027
Abstract
"This article will explore the ways mothers and carers use the term ‘emotional labor’ to describe the exhaustion and burnout associated with socially reproductive tasks, rather than the performance of affective labor in the workplace. Scholars of social reproduction theory claim that emotion is key to understanding the specificities of gendered alienation, yet it remains under‐theorised. This article seeks to understand how the emotional lives of carers have been transformed by neoliberal processes that have intensified labor both within and beyond the home. Drawing on interviews with participants from the 2019 ‘My Mum is on Strike’ stay and play event, alongside ethnographic insights from online mothering blogs, sometimes referred to as the ‘mamasphere’ (Wilson et al., 2017), this article seeks to contextualizethe experiences of carers who narrate their reproductive labor as emotional ‘work’. Given the conditions of neoliberal rationality and the marketization of society, where every ‘field of activity… and entity (whether public or private, whether person, business, or state) is understood as a market and governed as a firm’ (Brown, 2015), emotional labor and the associated gendered expectations may begin to ‘feel like’ work, and we argue that this is felt in a specific way by those carrying out mothering labor, warranting further academic investigation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding Patterns and Trends in Income Mobility through Multiverse Analysis (2023)
Zitatform
Engzell, Per & Carina Mood (2023): Understanding Patterns and Trends in Income Mobility through Multiverse Analysis. In: American sociological review, Jg. 88, H. 4, S. 600-626. DOI:10.1177/00031224231180607
Abstract
"Rising inequalities in rich countries have led to concerns that the economic ladder is getting harder to climb. Yet, research on trends in intergenerational income mobility finds conflicting results. To better understand this variation, we adopt a multiverse approach that estimates trends over 82,944 different definitions of income mobility, varying how and for whom income is measured. Our analysis draws on comprehensive register data for Swedish cohorts born 1958 to 1977 and their parents. We find that income mobility has declined, but for reasons neglected by previous research: improved gender equality in the labor market raises intergenerational persistence in women?s earnings and the household incomes of both men and women. Dominant theories that focus on childhood investments have blinded researchers to this development. Methodologically, we show how multiverse analysis can be used with abduction?inference to the best explanation?to improve theory-building in social science." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Discrimination in Evaluation Criteria: The Role of Beliefs versus Outcomes (2023)
Erkal, Nisvan; Gangadharan, Lata; Koh, Boon Han;Zitatform
Erkal, Nisvan, Lata Gangadharan & Boon Han Koh (2023): Discrimination in Evaluation Criteria: The Role of Beliefs versus Outcomes. (Department of Economics discussion papers / University of Exeter, Business School 2023,16), Exeter, 32 S.
Abstract
"Using incentivized experiments, we investigate whether different criteria are used in evaluating male and female leaders when outcomes are determined by unobservable choices and luck. Evaluators form beliefs about leaders' choices and make discretionary payments. We find that while payments to male leaders are determined by both outcomes and evaluators' beliefs, those to female leaders are determined by outcomes only. We label this new source of gender bias as the gender criteria gap. Our findings imply that high outcomes are necessary for women to get bonuses, but men can receive bonuses for low outcomes as long as evaluators hold them in high regard." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Knowing your place: the role of occupational status in fathers' flexible working (2023)
Zitatform
Ewald, Alina, Emilee Gilbert & Kate Huppatz (2023): Knowing your place: the role of occupational status in fathers' flexible working. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 08.05.2023, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2207717
Abstract
"This study explored how fathers’ occupational status shapes their constructions, experiences, and negotiations of Flexible Working. In particular, we examined whether occupational status impacted men’s access to, and the acceptability of using FWAs for the purposes of care. Data from semi-structured interviews with 43 working fathers from diverse occupational roles within the Australian financial sector were analysed using Foucauldian discourse analysis. Findings suggest that fathers’ access to flexibility is contingent upon and shaped by their position in the organisational hierarchy. Fathers in ‘higher-status’ roles reported significant power and agency in their access to and adoption of FWAs. However, a major barrier to their use of flexibility was the discursively constructed expectation that men in these positions should be dedicated to their paid work role and career progression rather than caring for their child(ren). In contrast, men in ‘lower-status’ roles lacked autonomy, agency, and power in relation to accessing flexibility for caring purposes. These fathers reported being closely monitored in their paid working roles, having little flexibility available to them in these roles, and felt trepidatious about even requesting FWAs for caring for their child(ren)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Commuting time and the gender gap in labor market participation (2023)
Zitatform
Farré, Lídia, Jordi Jofre-Monseny & Juan Torrecillas (2023): Commuting time and the gender gap in labor market participation. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 847-870. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lbac037
Abstract
"In this article, we investigate the contribution of increasing travel times to the persistent gender gap in labor market participation. In doing so, we estimate the effect of commuting times on the labor supply of men and women in the USA using microdata from the censuses of the last two decades. To address endogeneity concerns, we adopt an instrumental variables approach that exploits the shape of cities as an exogenous source of variation for travel times. Our estimates indicate that a 10-min increase in commuting time decreases the probability of married women participating in the labor market by 4.4 percentage points. In contrast, the estimated effect on men is small and statistically insignificant. When exploring potential mechanisms behind the gender asymmetry in our results, we do not find evidence that differences in labor market productivity within couples contribute to the larger penalty of commuting times on women. However, we do find that the negative effect on women increases with the number of children and is larger among those originating from countries with more gendered social norms. Based on this evidence, we conclude that in a context of increasing commuting costs the presence of gender norms that attribute to women the role of main caregivers may prevent gender convergence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Household-level Prevalence and Poverty Penalties of Working in Non-teleworkable and Non-essential Occupations: Evidence from East and West Germany in 2019 (2023)
Zitatform
Fasang, Anette Eva, Emanuela Struffolino & Hannah Zagel (2023): Household-level Prevalence and Poverty Penalties of Working in Non-teleworkable and Non-essential Occupations: Evidence from East and West Germany in 2019. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 69, H. 2, S. 85-117. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2022-0107
Abstract
"In Haushalten werden Risiken gepoolt und umverteilt. Das heißt, inwiefern Krisen wie die Covid-19 Pandemie oder steigende Inflation im Haushalt abgefedert werden können, wird unter anderem durch die Anzahl der Erwerbstätigen im Haushalt und deren Berufe bestimmt. Für Ost- und Westdeutschland lassen sich aufgrund der weiterhin bestehenden Differenzen in der Berufsstruktur und der soziodemographischen Zusammensetzung von Haushalten Unterschiede in dieser Kapazität von Haushalten erwarten. Vor dem Hintergrund steigender Erwerbsarmut in den letzten Jahren erweitern wir den ‚prevalence and penalties‘ Ansatz (Brady et al. 2017) aus der internationalen Armutsforschung um zwei berufsspezifische Risiken, die in Post-Covid-19 Arbeitsmärkten an Relevanz gewannen. Wir fragen: 1) Wie verbreitet waren Haushaltskonstellationen, in denen die einzige oder beide erwerbstätige Personen in Haushalt in einem nicht-telearbeitsfähigen und nicht-systemrelevanten Beruf gearbeitet haben in Ost- und Westdeutschland 2019? 2) Inwiefern unterschieden sich die Armutsrisiken dieser Haushaltskonstellationen in Ost- und Westdeutschland 2019? Für die Analyse kombinieren wir die aktuellste Welle des Mikrozensus (2019, N=179,755 Haushalte) mit einem neu erhobenen Datensatz zur Telearbeitsfähigkeit von Berufen und der Klassifikation von Systemrelevanz aus Länderdekreten, die im Zuge der Covid-19 Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 verabschiedet wurden. Anhand deskriptiver Analysen und Regressionsmodellen zeigen wir, dass die Verbreitung (prevalence) von Haushaltskonstellationen, in denen die einzige oder beide erwerbstätige Personen in Haushalt in einem nicht-telearbeitsfähigen und nicht-systemrelevanten Beruf gearbeitet haben, in Ost- und Westdeutschland relativ ähnlich war. Allerdings zeigt sich auch, dass das Armutsrisiko dieser Haushaltskonstellationen in Ostdeutschland stark erhöht war. Unter Kontrolle bekannter beruflicher Nachteile wie niedrige Bildung, befristeter Arbeitsvertrag, Schichtarbeit und geringe Führungsverantwortung verringern sich die festgestellten Unterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland zwar leicht, bleiben aber deutlich sichtbar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Pay Gap: Vom Wert und Unwert von Arbeit in Geschichte und Gegenwart (2023)
Fattmann, Rainer; Wolf, Johanna; Wiede, Wiebke;Zitatform
Fattmann, Rainer, Johanna Wolf & Wiebke Wiede (Hrsg.) (2023): Gender Pay Gap. Vom Wert und Unwert von Arbeit in Geschichte und Gegenwart. (Politik- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte 113), Bonn: Dietz, 287 S.
Abstract
"Der Gender Pay Gap ist ein vielschichtiges historisches Phänomen. Es ist verknüpft mit ungleichen Bewertungen von Arbeit auf den Arbeitsmärkten, mit Geschlechterbildern, die sich im Zeitverlauf nur langsam wandeln, und einer ungleichen Verteilung von Haus-, Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit. Die Autorinnen zeichnen die Bedingungen der ungleichen Bezahlung aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven exemplarisch nach. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verdienten Frauen im Jahr 2021 pro Arbeitsstunde etwa 18 Prozent weniger als Männer. Der Abstand in der Entlohnung wird seit Langem politisch und wissenschaftlich diskutiert. Dennoch verringert sich die Ungleichheit nur langsam. Existenz und Dauerhaftigkeit des Phänomens sind allerdings länderübergreifend. Der Band fragt aus der Perspektive von Geschichtswissenschaft, Soziologie, Rechts- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften nach historischen und gegenwärtigen Ausprägungen und Ursachen des Gender Pay Gaps" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Dietz)
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Literaturhinweis
Betreuungsgeld – familienpolitische Leistung oder Hindernis bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration? (2023)
Zitatform
Fendel, Tanja & Beate Jochimsen (2023): Betreuungsgeld – familienpolitische Leistung oder Hindernis bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 5, S. 309-313., 2023-05-10. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0096
Abstract
"Deutschland steuert seit einigen Jahren auf einen gravierenden Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangel zu. Dabei gibt es nach wie vor erhebliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung. Die Bemühungen, die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zu steigern, spielen eine zentrale Rolle. Dennoch gab es von 2013 bis 2015 in Deutschland ein bundesweites Betreuungsgeld für Eltern, die keine öffentliche Kinderbetreuung für Kinder im Alter von einem oder zwei Jahren in Anspruch nahmen. Auch nach 2015 gab es ein Betreuungsgeld oder vergleichbare Leistungen in mehreren Bundesländern. Es stellt sich die Frage, welchen Einfluss ein Betreuungsgeld auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Couples' housework division among immigrants and natives – the role of women's economic resources (2023)
Zitatform
Fendel, Tanja & Yuliya Kosyakova (2023): Couples' housework division among immigrants and natives – the role of women's economic resources. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 17, S. 4288-4312., 2022-12-16. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2022.2161495
Abstract
"Previous literature has intensively examined gender differences in housework hours among couples. However, analyses on immigrant couples are rare, despite the highly uneven division of their household labor. By testing competing theoretical explanations, this study focused on the impact of immigrant wives’ labor market integration on couples’ division of housework time. Using longitudinal representative data for Germany from 1995–2019, we applied fixed effects estimations to examine the effect of immigrant and native-born wives’ income and labor market entry on the housework time of both wives and husbands. Immigrant wives barely adjusted their housework times due to relative or absolute income changes, which can be explained by immigrant couples’ traditional orientation together with their lower social and labor market integration. Among native-born wives, increasing housework time with increasing relative income – a behavior also possibly determined by traditional gender values – was observed only when they earned more than 60 percent of the couples’ total income. Furthermore, the high gender differences in housework time gave immigrant husbands flexibility to respond to their wives’ labor market integration, as proposed by the relative resources perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When does gender occupational segregation start? An experimental evaluation of the effects of gender and parental occupation in the apprenticeship labor market (2023)
Zitatform
Fernandes, Ana, Martin Huber & Camila Plaza (2023): When does gender occupational segregation start? An experimental evaluation of the effects of gender and parental occupation in the apprenticeship labor market. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102399
Abstract
"The apprenticeship market is the earliest possible entry point into the workforce in developed economies. Since early labor market shocks are likely magnified throughout professional life, avoiding mismatches between talent and occupations – for example due to gender- or status-based discrimination – appears crucial. This experimental study investigates the effects of applicant gender and its interaction with parental occupation on the probability of receiving an invitation to an interview in the Swiss apprenticeship labor market. We find no robust evidence of differential treatment by employers in most cases. Policies aimed at fostering gender equality across occupations should therefore focus on removing gender related educational or cultural barriers influencing occupational choices at young ages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK (2023)
Zitatform
Ferragina, Emanuele & Edoardo Magalini (2023): Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 871-902. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxad021
Abstract
"Connecting streams of feminist and comparative social policy literature, this article investigates stratification in maternal employment and childcare use along class, contractual, and gender lines across six countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and five family policy models. Detailing the different stratifying factors that intervene in the relation between maternal employment and childcare use offers a concrete analysis of the complex link between social reproduction and work. Employing multivariate regressions and EU-SILC (2007–2018) data, it provides an intersectional perspective to the literature. First, we observe a process of formalization in childcare use with a parallel reduction of nonformal care for couples; this process is slower for single mothers. Second, we document a paradox in relation to the social investment approach: the relation between childcare use and maternal employment is stronger in countries that recently expanded childcare to modify their male-breadwinner orientation, but in these countries childcare use is more stratified along class/contract types, a concern for the outcomes of social investment strategies outside of Scandinavia. Being out of work, being in a lower social class, fulfilling domestic tasks and/or care activities, and having an atypical contract negatively correlates with childcare use in most countries. Third, households where partners have more similar earning levels use childcare to a greater extent. The article also provides models employing different dependent and independent variables, alternative family structures, full and part-time work, formal and nonformal childcare, and rich country details." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19 (2023)
Zitatform
Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2023): The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102402
Abstract
"We investigate the attachment to the labour market of women in their 30s, who are combining career and family choices, through their reactions to an exogenous, and potentially symmetric shock, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that in Italy a large number of women with small children, living in the North, left permanent (and temporary) employment and became inactive in 2020. Despite the short period of observation after the burst of the pandemic, the identified impacts appear large and persistent, particularly with respect to the men of the same age. We argue that this evidence is ascribable to specific regional socio-cultural factors, which foreshadow a potential long-term detrimental impact on female labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers’ Employment in a High- and Low- Maternal Employment Regime – a comparison between France and Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Filser, Andreas, Pascal Achard, Corinna Frodermann, Dana Müller & Sander Wagner (2023): Mothers’ Employment in a High- and Low- Maternal Employment Regime – a comparison between France and Germany. (SocArXiv papers), 29 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/kbwtv
Abstract
"France and Germany, the two biggest EU economies with relatively similar welfare states differ profoundly in how childbirth affects the careers of mothers. Building on newly harmonized administrative data we document differences in mothers’ employment trajectories, show how these differences evolved between 1997-2019, and analyse whether the influence of individual and firm-level characteristics on maternal employment are similarly structured in two countries with such different post-maternal employment regimes. Our results show that previously employed mothers in Germany reducing their employment by over 2.3 years more than their French counterparts in the six years including and following birth. Part-time work increases by over 40% among those continuing to work in Germany and by about 25% in France. We document a common trend towards increased post-maternal employment and increased part-time work in later cohorts in both countries. Individual- and firm-level factors have a much more stratified effect on post-maternal employment in France, with low-income and low-education mothers faring comparatively worse. While mothers’ employment is reduced to a much greater extent in Germany, the high maternal employment French model seems to particularly disfavour the return of mothers with low human capital into the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Influences on Employment Transitions around the Birth of the First Child: The Experience of Italian Mothers (2023)
Zitatform
Fiori, Francesca & Giorgio Di Gessa (2023): Influences on Employment Transitions around the Birth of the First Child: The Experience of Italian Mothers. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 196-214. DOI:10.1177/09500170221082479
Abstract
"Urban and regional research has focused on opportunity entrepreneurship and how cities can promote growth through the ‘right’ type of entrepreneurship. This neglects the increasing risk of precarious self-employment reflected in the compositional change of self-employment towards self-employment with no employees (‘solo self-employment’). This article tests whether precarious self-employment is more prevalent in urban areas, in parallel to more entrepreneurial forms as shown in previous research. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey 2015 and including 30 countries, it proposes a multidimensional empirical framework of precariousness of self-employment. Findings show significant variations in the prevalence of precarious self-employment in urban versus non-urban areas across geographical regions. Some individual characteristics (gender) and job-related characteristics (industry and working at home) are related with an increased risk of precariousness in urban areas. Policies therefore need to go beyond regulatory and legal frameworks and target local conditions of self-employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility, employment and family policy: A cross-country panel analysis (2023)
Fluchtmann, Jonas; Veen, Violetta van; Adema, Willem;Zitatform
Fluchtmann, Jonas, Violetta van Veen & Willem Adema (2023): Fertility, employment and family policy: A cross-country panel analysis. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 299), Paris, 54 S. DOI:10.1787/326844f0-en
Abstract
"This paper analyses the association of labour market outcomes and family policies with fertility trends between 2002 and 2019 in 26 OECD countries. While the average age of mothers at birth of their children continued to increase over the entire period, these years have been marked by an initial catching-up of total fertility rates after marked declines in previous decades. Furthermore, after peaking in 2008, total fertility rates declined substantially, fueling concerns about demographic, economic and fiscal implications. Using panel data models and building on prior work, this paper links these changes in fertility outcomes to changes in the labour market position of men and women as well as with changes in family policies, such as parental leaves and early childhood education and care. This paper provides insights into the complex dynamics between family policies, employment and fertility, shedding light on the factors influencing overall population dynamics in OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts (2023)
Zitatform
Foliano, Francesca, Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska & David Wilkinson (2023): Gender Wage Gap among Young Adults: A Comparison across British Cohorts. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15973), Bonn, 61 S.
Abstract
"We study the evolution of the gender wage gap among young adults in Britain between 1972 and 2015 using data from four British cohorts born in 1946, 1958, 1970 and 1989/90 on early life factors, human capital, family formation and job characteristics. We account for non-random selection of men and women into the labour market and compare the gender wage gap among graduates and non-graduates. The raw and covariate adjusted gender wage gaps at the mean decline over the period among nongraduates, but they rise among young graduates. The gender wage gap across the wage distribution narrows over time for lower wages. Adjusting for positive selection into employment increases the size of the gender wage gap in earlier cohorts, but selection is not apparent in the two most recent cohorts. Thus the rate of convergence in the wages of young men and women is understated when estimates do not adjust for positive selection in earlier cohorts. Differences in traditional human capital variables explain only a very small component of the gender wage gaps among young people in all four cohorts, but occupational gender segregation plays an important role in the later cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Workplace Sex Composition and Appreciation at Work (2023)
Folke, Olle; Rickne, Johanna;Zitatform
Folke, Olle & Johanna Rickne (2023): Workplace Sex Composition and Appreciation at Work. (Working paper / Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI) 2023,05), Stockholm, 24 S.
Abstract
"We study appreciation of one’s work using nationally representative survey data from Sweden linked with employer–employee data. The level of appreciation from colleagues rises sharply with the share of women in the workplace. This strong pattern holds for women and men workers, as well as for subordinates and managers. More appreciation from colleagues is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction and other indicators of worker well-being. These results demonstrate the benefits of workplace gender diversity and inclusion, and suggest new directions for research on gender inequality in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of shortlisting in shifting gender beliefs on performance: experimental evidence (2023)
Fonseca, Miguel A.; McCrea, Ashley;Zitatform
Fonseca, Miguel A. & Ashley McCrea (2023): The role of shortlisting in shifting gender beliefs on performance: experimental evidence. (Department of Economics discussion papers / University of Exeter, Business School 2023,15), Exeter, 65 S.
Abstract
"In labour markets, women are often underrepresented relative to men. This underrepresentation may be due to inaccurate beliefs about ability across genders. Inaccurate beliefs might cause a sampling problem: to have accurate beliefs about a group, one must first collect information about that group. However, inaccurate beliefs may persist due to biased belief updating. We run a stylized hiring experiment to disentangle these two effects. We ask participants to create shortlists from a male and a female pool of workers and give them feedback on the skill of those they shortlist. Based on that information, participants hire workers, and provide us with their beliefs about the distribution of skills in the male and female pots. We study how recruiters update their beliefs as a function of their past shortlisting behaviour, and how they shortlist given their beliefs. As expected, participants were more likely to sample from the pool with the highest subjective mean quality (on average men) and lowest subject variance. Participants were not Bayesian updaters but there were no gender-specific biases in updating. Sampling more from a pool and, somewhat surprisingly, greater time spent engaging in sampling behaviour yield more accurate beliefs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employers and the gender wage gap (2023)
Zitatform
Forth, John & Nikolaos Theodoropoulos (2023): Employers and the gender wage gap. (IZA world of labor 511), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.511
Abstract
"In most developed countries, women have closed the gap in educational attainment and labor market experience, yet gender wage gaps persist. This has led to an increased focus on the role of employers and employment practices. In particular, research has focused on the types of workplace where men and women work, their promotion prospects and the extent to which they are rewarded differently for similar work. Understanding the relative importance of these features, and the mechanisms that generate them, is necessary to design effective policy responses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
External Pay Transparency and the Gender Wage Gap (2023)
Zitatform
Frimmel, Wolfgang, Bernhard Schmidpeter, Rene Wiesinger & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2023): External Pay Transparency and the Gender Wage Gap. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16233), Bonn, 36 S.
Abstract
"We show that providing publicly available wage information in vacancies, so-called external pay transparency, can reduce the gender wage gap. There is an increasing interest in pay transparency policies as a tool to combat unequal pay. We exploit a reform of Austria's Equal Treatment Law to evaluate how providing wage information in vacancies affects the gender wage gap. To take into account that the value of providing such external pay information is likely to be heterogeneous along the wage distribution, we implement a Quantile Difference-in-Difference model. The reform led to a small overall reduction of the gender wage gap. Our main results highlight that reductions in the wage gap are larger in circumstances where women are likely to hold misspecified beliefs about their labor market options and when needing to make job acceptance decisions under pressure. The reduction in the gender wage gap was caused by an increase in women's earnings, particularly at the lower part of the distribution. Earnings of men, on the other side, remained largely constant. Our results lend support to policy proposals aimed at increasing external pay transparency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als RF Berlin - CReAM Discussion Paper Series 2407 -
Literaturhinweis
Elternzeiten von verheirateten Paaren: Mütter kehren meist schneller auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wenn ihre Partner Elternzeit nehmen (2023)
Zitatform
Frodermann, Corinna, Andreas Filser & Ann-Christin Bächmann (2023): Elternzeiten von verheirateten Paaren: Mütter kehren meist schneller auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wenn ihre Partner Elternzeit nehmen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2301
Abstract
"Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbrechen. Dieses stärkere Engagement der Väter geht auch mit einer schnelleren Arbeitsmarktrückkehr von Müttern einher. Paarinterne Aufteilungsmuster zeigen allerdings, dass bei vielen Ehepaaren nach wie vor nur die Mutter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbricht, während der Großteil der Väter keine Elternzeit nimmt. Wenn Väter ebenfalls unterbrechen, dann vorrangig für maximal zwei Monate. Die vorgelegten Befunde machen insgesamt deutlich, dass verheiratete Paare in Deutschland nach wie vor weit davon entfernt sind, Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gleich aufzuteilen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Ein Interview mit den Autorinnen und dem Autor finden Sie im Online-Magazin IAB-Forum Open Access.
- Innerpartnerschaftliche Aufteilung der Elternzeit von Ehepaaren
- Elternzeitunterbrechungen von Ehepaaren im Zeitverlauf
- Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern differenziert nach der Unterbrechungsdauer ihrer Ehepartner
- Rückkehr der Mütter auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechung ihrer Ehepartner
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave Policy and Long-run Earnings of Mothers (2023)
Zitatform
Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2023): Parental Leave Policy and Long-run Earnings of Mothers. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 80 2022-12-05., 2022-11-11. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102296
Abstract
"Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women’s employment rates but to decrease their wages in case of extended leave duration. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers’ long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a ”daddy quota” of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy mix on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-differences approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for mothers with high pre-birth earnings. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in the selection of working mothers, working hours or changes in employer stability. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the ”daddy months”, could have facilitated mothers’ re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low pre-birth earnings, however, we do not find beneficial long-run effects of this parental leave reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Frodermann, Corinna;Weiterführende Informationen
Supplementary Data S1, Open Access -
Literaturhinweis
Lawful Progress: Unveiling the Laws That Reshape Women's Work Decisions (2023)
Fruttero, Anna; Gomes, Diego B. P.; Sharma, Nishtha;Zitatform
Fruttero, Anna, Diego B. P. Gomes & Nishtha Sharma (2023): Lawful Progress: Unveiling the Laws That Reshape Women's Work Decisions. (IMF working papers / International Monetary Fund 2023,252), Washington, DC, 28 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines the impact of women's legal rights on labor force participation decisions made by women and men through a granular analysis of 35 gendered laws. Building on previous literature, it departs from the analysis using aggregate indices due to concerns about (i) the usability of an index for policymaking purposes, (ii) the economic interpretation of an index's average marginal effects, (iii) and the implicit assumption of homogeneous effects underlying regressions with an index. The findings identify nine key laws that can foster female labor force participation. Notably, laws related to household dynamics and women's agency within the family, such as divorce and property rights laws, and laws regarding the ability of women to travel outside the home, are especially important in influencing their decision to work. The paper also shows that improving women's legal rights does not improve their labor force participation through a substitution effect as it has no systematic negative effect on men's labor force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2021 (2023)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2023): Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2021. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 17 S.
Abstract
"Dass Frauen in Deutschland weniger verdienen als Männer, gilt gemeinhin als bekannt. Die nationale Betrachtung verdeckt jedoch große Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Regionen. Im Folgenden zeigen wir diese regionalen Unterschiede mit dem so genannten Gender Pay Gap (GPG) auf. Datengrundlage bildet hierbei der nominale Lohn (brutto), den sozialversicherungspflichtig Vollzeitbeschäftigte zum Stichtag 30.06.2021 in einer bestimmten Region verdient haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Work-Family Trajectories Across Europe: Differences Between Social Groups and Welfare Regimes (2023)
Zitatform
Fırat, Mustafa, Mark Visserm & Gerbert Kraaykamp (2023): Work-Family Trajectories Across Europe. Differences Between Social Groups and Welfare Regimes. (SocArXiv papers), 40 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/nghtq
Abstract
"Work and family trajectories develop and interact over the life course in complex ways. However, previous studies drew a fragmented picture of these trajectories and had limited scope. Here, we provide the most comprehensive study of work-family trajectories to date. Using retrospective data from wave 3 and 7 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we reconstructed work-family trajectories from age 15 to 49 among almost 80,000 individuals born between 1908 and 1967 across 28 countries. We applied multichannel sequence and cluster analysis to identify work-family trajectories and multinomial logistic regression models to uncover their social composition. Our results revealed six common trajectories. The dominant trajectory represents the standard path of continuous full-time employment and having a partner with children. Women, the lower educated and persons from conservative welfare regimes are underrepresented in this trajectory, whereas men, higher educated people and those from social-democratic and Eastern European welfare regimes are overrepresented. Other trajectories denote a deviation from the standard path, integrating a non-standard form of work with standard family formation or vice versa. Women who have a partner and children generally work part-time or do not work at all. When in full-time employment, women are more likely to be divorced. Lower educated persons are less likely to be full-time workers with non-standard families, yet more likely to be non-employed with standard family formation. Younger cohorts are underrepresented in non-employment but overrepresented in part-time employment with a partner and children. Individuals from Southern European regimes are more likely to be non-working partnered parents and those from social-democratic regimes are more likely to be full-time employed separated parents. We also found pronounced gender differences in how educational level, birth cohort and welfare regime areassociated withwork-family trajectories. Our findings largely highlight the socially stratified nature of work-family trajectories in Europe. We conclude by discussing the potential implications for later-life inequalities,and make our code producing the trajectory data publicly available to facilitate future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Recent trends in the gender wage gap in Portugal: a distributional analysis (2023)
Zitatform
Galego, Aurora (2023): Recent trends in the gender wage gap in Portugal: a distributional analysis. In: Applied Economics Letters online erschienen am 16.10.2023, S. 1-4. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2023.2270223
Abstract
"Portugal displays a persistent gender wage gap which increased during the 2010-2013 economic crisis. This paper aims at examining the developments in the gender wage gap for the private sector from 2009 to 2019 using a decomposition across the wage distribution. We conclude that the gap has decreased at the lower and middle quantiles but remains quite wide at the top. The largest part of the gap stems from the structure effect, which suggests persistent discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age (2023)
Zitatform
Gambaro, Ludovica, C. Katharina Spieß, Katharina Wrohlich & Elena Ziege (2023): Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-14
Abstract
"Employment among mothers has been rising in recent decades, although mothers of young children often work fewer hours than other women do. Parallel to this trend, approval of maternal employment has increased, albeit not evenly across groups. However, differences in attitudes remain unexplored despite their importance for better understanding mothers’ labour market behaviour. Meanwhile, the employment of fathers has remained stable and attitudes towards paternal employment do not differ as much as attitudes towards maternal employment do between socio-economic groups. This paper examines attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. It focuses on Germany, drawing on data from the German Family Demography Panel Study (FReDA). The survey explicitly asks whether mothers and fathers should be in paid work, work part-time or full-time, presenting respondents with fictional family profiles that vary the youngest child’s age. Unlike previous studies, the analysis compares the views of respondents with different origins: West Germany, East Germany, immigrants from different world regions, and second-generation migrants in West Germany. The results highlight remarkable differences between respondents from West and East Germany, with the former group displaying strong approval for part-time employment among mothers and fathers of very young children and the latter group reporting higher approval for full-time employment. Immigrant groups are far from homogenous, holding different attitudes depending on their region of origin. Taken together, the results offer a nuanced picture of attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. We discuss these findings in relation to labour markets participation in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug