Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Can Wage Transparency Alleviate Gender Sorting in the Labor Market? (2025)
Zitatform
Bamieh, Omar & Lennart Ziegler (2025): Can Wage Transparency Alleviate Gender Sorting in the Labor Market? In: Economic Policy, Jg. 40, H. 122, S. 401-426. DOI:10.1093/epolic/eiae025
Abstract
"A large share of the gender wage gap can be attributed to occupation and employer choices. If workers are not well informed about these pay differences, increasing wage transparency might alleviate the gender gap. We test this hypothesis by examining the impact of mandatory wage postings. In 2011, Austria introduced a policy that requires firms to provide a minimum wage offer in job postings. To compare the pay prospects of vacancies before and after the introduction, we predict posted wages using detailed occupation-firm cells, which explain about 75 percent of the variation in wage postings. While we estimate a substantial gender gap of 15 log points, mandatory wage postings do not affect gender sorting into better-paying occupations and firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Immigration and Adult Children's Care for Elderly Parents: Evidence from Western Europe (2025)
Zitatform
Berlanda, Andrea, Elisabetta Lodigiani & Lorenzo Rocco (2025): Immigration and Adult Children's Care for Elderly Parents: Evidence from Western Europe. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17984), Bonn, 41 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we use the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), complemented with register data on the share of the foreign population in the European regions, to examine the effects of migration on the level of informal care provided by children to their senior parents. Our main results show that migration decreases informal care among daughters with a university degree, while it increases the provision of informal care among daughters with low-to-medium levels of education. Viceversa, migration has practically no effect on sons’ care provision who remain little involved in care activities. These results depend on the combination of two supply effects. First, migration increases the supply of domestic and personal services, making formal care more affordable and available. Second, as immigrants compete with low-to-medium-educated native workers, while improve the labor market opportunities of the better educated, the supply of informal care can increase among the less educated daughters and decrease among the more educated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
How Do Firms Respond to Parental Leave Absences? (2025)
Zitatform
Brenøe, Anne Ardila, Urša Krenk, Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimüller (2025): How Do Firms Respond to Parental Leave Absences? (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20140), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"How do firms adjust their labor demand when a female employee takes temporary leave after childbirth? Using Austrian administrative data, we compare firms with and without a birth event and exploit policy reforms that significantly altered leave durations. We find that (i) firms adjust hiring, employment, and wages around leave periods, but these effects fade quickly; (ii) adjustments differ sharply by gender, reflecting strong gender segregation within firms; (iii) longer leave entitlements extend actual leave absences but have only short-term effects; and (iv) there is no impact on firm closure up to five years after birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als IZA discussion paper 17845 -
Literaturhinweis
Gendered labour market dynamics across generations: Parental and local determinants of the daugther-son pay gap (2025)
Zitatform
Böheim, René, David Pichler & Christine Zulehner (2025): Gendered labour market dynamics across generations: Parental and local determinants of the daugther-son pay gap. (Working paper / Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler Universität of Linz 2025-05-00), Linz, 29 S.
Abstract
"We examine how parental and local factors shape the gender pay gap between daughters and sons. Maternal labor market attachment significantly reduces gender disparities as it increases daughters' earnings in adulthood relative to that of sons. We find that maternal employment has minimal effects on pre-parenthood earnings gaps. However, it substantially mitigates post-parenthood disparities as daughters return to the labour market more quickly after childbirth. Paternal employment in manufacturing and construction is linked to larger gender pay gaps and lower likelihoods of sons taking paternity leave. At the municipal level, higher female employment rates and education levels are associated with narrower gender gaps, whereas conservative norms and manufacturing employment exacerbate them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Predicting the Uptake of Long-Term Care Benefits in Austria (2025)
Zitatform
Famira-Mühlberger, Ulrike & Klaus Nowotny (2025): Predicting the Uptake of Long-Term Care Benefits in Austria. (WIFO working papers 707), Wien, 32 S.
Abstract
"We use administrative microdata and statistical learning methods to analyse how personal characteristics and the consumption of healthcare services help predict the first-time receipt of "long-term care allowance" (LTCA), a needs-tested cash-for-care benefit in Austria. Our findings suggest that short-term information from the health-care sector, particularly in the quarter prior to LTCA enrolment, provides substantial explanatory power. Apart from old age, the most influential predictors include the frequency of doctor visits and hospital stays as well as diagnoses such as dementia, cerebral infarction, and hypertension. Our findings emphasise the importance of data-driven approaches in anticipating the uptake of long-term care benefits and informing policy, especially against the background of the demographic transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination (2025)
Zitatform
Gerich, Joachim & Martina Beham-Rabanser (2025): Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2025.2453175
Abstract
"Parental discrimination has been shown to be related to several risks, including impaired health, increased job stress, and decreased job satisfaction, which calls for increased awareness of parental discrimination. This paper analyzes fairness and legitimacy judgments of unequal treatment based on parental status at work and the antecedents that influence these judgments. Stereotypes of symbolic vilification that suggest lower commitment due to caring responsibilities, and symbolic amplification, which refers to rational economic organizational needs, are expected to rationalize discrimination. Moreover, we expect specific values and ideologies to be related to judgments of fairness and legitimacy, mediated by resonance with symbolic vilification and amplification. Analyses are based on survey data from a sample of employees aged between 20 and 45 years (n = 376). Respondents' evaluations of parental discrimination were measured using two fictional cases. The results suggest that greater acceptance of vilifying and amplifying justifications is triggered by a stronger preference for the ideal worker norm and traditional gender role expectations. Women tend to view discrimination as more unfair and illegitimate than men, while men's judgments are more strongly driven by economic reasoning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Increased childcare to promote mothers’ employment in selected EU countries (2025)
Zitatform
Narazani, Edlira, Ana Agúndez García, Michael Christl & Francesco Figari (2025): Increased childcare to promote mothers’ employment in selected EU countries. In: Journal of Policy Modeling, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 492-511. DOI:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2024.12.005
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence of the maternal labor supply effects of increased childcare availability in a set of EU Member States based on the behavioural microsimulation model EUROLAB, that uses a labor market equilibrium model to encompass the demand side. Our findings indicate that achieving higher childcare participation rates would result in an overall increase in the labor supply of mothers with children below 3, with variations across countries. Furthermore, the labor demand side moderates slightly the final employment effect, but employment is still expected to rise substantially vis a vis the baseline situation. In countries like Hungary and Poland, where formal childcare and female labor participation are low, the expected impact on employment is likely to be higher. Conversely, in countries like Portugal the changes in employment are more modest. These findings indicate that universal, one-size-fits-all targets may not be efficient in the EU, given significant variations across countries in terms of labor market participation and childcare systems. Thus, tailored childcare policies that account for country-specific contexts within the EU are recommended." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Demographic Change on Spousal Caregiving and Future Gaps in Long-term Care: Microsimulation Projections for Austria and Italy (2025)
Warum, Philipp ; Famira-Mühlberger, Ulrike; Pohl, Pauline; Culotta, Fabrizio; Horvath, Thomas ; Spielauer, Martin ; Leoni, Thomas ;Zitatform
Warum, Philipp, Fabrizio Culotta, Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger, Thomas Horvath, Thomas Leoni, Pauline Pohl & Martin Spielauer (2025): The Impact of Demographic Change on Spousal Caregiving and Future Gaps in Long-term Care: Microsimulation Projections for Austria and Italy. (WIFO working papers 709), Wien, 60 S.
Abstract
"As populations age, the sustainability of long-term care systems increasingly depends on the availability of informal care, particularly from partners. This paper addresses the question of how much care we may expect partners to provide in the future by projecting demand for long-term care (LTC), the care supply mix based on current patterns, and the resulting care gaps up to 2070. Using a comparative dynamic microsimulation model, we contrast the results for Austria and Italy, two countries at very different stages in the ageing process and with pronounced institutional differences. Our results suggest that delayed widowhood due to improvements in mortality is a mitigating factor for the increased need for formal care in ageing societies, although it can only offset this increase to a limited extent. Even under optimistic assumptions, potential care gaps substantially increase in both countries, primarily due to demographic change. The size of these gaps is influenced by institutional settings, partnership patterns and gains in longevity, but no scenario reverses the overall upward trend. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive LTC reforms that extend beyond merely promoting informal care and highlight the necessity for substantial investment in formal care infrastructure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Does pay disclosure in job offers remove gender differences in pay estimations? Evidence from an experiment with students and job seekers in the context of Austria (2025)
Zitatform
Yilmaz, Levent & Julia Brandl (2025): Does pay disclosure in job offers remove gender differences in pay estimations? Evidence from an experiment with students and job seekers in the context of Austria. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 279-306. DOI:10.1177/23970022241240589
Abstract
"Pay disclosure aims at closing the gender pay gap by providing employees especially women with better salary knowledge, yet the effectiveness of employers’ practices is little understood. We use a lab-in-the-field experiment where participants estimate the salaries for several common pay statements for job offers which employers use in the context of the legislation in Austria. Our study with management students ( n = 385) shows that employer practices offer no solution to the problem of gender differences, except for the practice of salary range. The replication of the experiment with the real job seekers ( n = 242) demonstrates that gender differences disappear also for some practices, but not for the practice of mentioning excess payment (or overpay) options, which is common in Austria. This means that legislation addresses the gender gap most effectively when it encourages employers to display the salary range." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Does a flexible parental leave system stimulate maternal employment? (2025)
Zitatform
Ziegler, Lennart & Omar Bamieh (2025): Does a flexible parental leave system stimulate maternal employment? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102762
Abstract
"While many women stop working for an extended period after the birth of a child, well-designed parental leave policies can incentivize mothers to return to the labor market sooner. This study examines the effect of two recent parental leave reforms in Austria that allow parents to choose leave schemes with varying duration. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that the introduction of more flexible scheme choices led mothers to take, on average, 1-2 months less of leave. This decrease in leave duration, however, was not accompanied by an employment increase of similar magnitude. To understand the absence of labor supply effects, we examine data on work preferences from the Austrian Microcensus. Child care duties are cited as the primary reason for not seeking work but few mothers indicate that they would start working if better access to formal childcare were available. Switching to the more flexible leave system had a minimal effect on the labor market choices of mothers, as the majority continue to prioritize child care responsibilities and do not consider nurseries as a desirable alternative. Our findings suggest that policy efforts to shorten parental leave may not be effective in the presence of strong family norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Publishedby Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Persistence of Gender Pay and Employment Gaps in European Countries (2024)
Zitatform
Afonso, António & M. Carmen Blanco-Arana (2024): The Persistence of Gender Pay and Employment Gaps in European Countries. (CESifo working paper 11315), München, 18 S.
Abstract
"The gender pay gap and the gender gap in employment remains persistent in Europe despite the basic assertion of gender equality under EU law. We assess the factors that influence the gender pay gap and gender employment gap across European countries. Therefore, we use an unbalanced panel of 31 European countries over the period 2000-2022, and estimate a system generalized method of moment model (GMM). The main conclusions confirm that tertiary education significantly reduces gender pay gap and part-time and temporary contracts significantly increase this gap. Moreover, part-time reduces significantly gender employment gap. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita does not affect these gaps and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) saw a narrowing of the gender pay and employment gaps in European countries. The results are robust when using a fixed effects (FE) model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The labor and health economics of breast cancer (2024)
Zitatform
Ahammer, Alexander, Gerald J. Pruckner & Flora Stiftinger (2024): The labor and health economics of breast cancer. (Working paper / Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler Universität of Linz 2024-09), Linz, 60 S.
Abstract
"We estimate the long-run labor market and health effects of breast cancer among Austrian women. Compared to a random sample of same-aged non-affected women, those diagnosed with breast cancer face a 22.8 percent increase in health expenses, 6.2 percent lower employment, and a wage penalty of 15 percent five years after diagnosis. Although affected women sort into higher quality jobs post-diagnosis, this is offset by a reduction in working hours. We argue that the hours reduction is more likely driven by an increase in the time preference rate, meaning that patients increasingly value the present over the future, rather than by an incapacitation effect or employer discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich von 2011 bis 2022 (2024)
Zitatform
Böheim, René, Marian Fink & Christine Zulehner (2024): Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich von 2011 bis 2022. (WIFO Research Briefs 2024,03), Wien, 10 S.
Abstract
"Wir untersuchen die Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich von 2011 bis 2022 auf Basis des Mikrozensus. Im Jahr 2011 lag der durchschnittliche Lohn von Frauen im öffentlichen und privaten Sektor 19,6% unter dem der Männer. Bis zum Jahr 2022 verringerte sich der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied auf 13,5%. Auch der bereinigte Lohnunterschied sank in diesem Zeitraum von 7,8% auf 6,4%. Determinanten des Lohnunterschieds sind u. a. Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern bei Merkmalen, die die Berufserfahrung beschreiben, der ausgeübte Beruf und die Branche sowie die vertikale Segregation. Die Annäherung der Lohnniveaus lässt sich im Wesentlichen durch eine Angleichung dieser Merkmale erklären. Der Anteil der nicht beobachteten Merkmale, die zu Lohnunterschieden führen, wie z. B. systematische Unterschiede bei Lohnverhandlungen oder auch eine systematische Unterbezahlung von Frauen, ist ebenfalls gesunken, allerdings in geringerem Ausmaß." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
National family policies and the association between flexible working arrangements and work-to-family conflict across Europe (2024)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2024): National family policies and the association between flexible working arrangements and work-to-family conflict across Europe. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 36, S. 229-249. DOI:10.20377/jfr-1002
Abstract
"Objective: This paper explores how national family policies moderate the association between flexible working arrangements and work-to-family conflict across countries. Background: Although flexible working is provided to enhance work-family integration, studies show that it can in fact increase work-to-family conflict. However, certain policy contexts can help moderate this association by introducing contexts that enable workers to use of flexible working arrangements to better meet their family and other life demands. Method: The paper uses the European Working Conditions Survey of 2015 including data from workers with caring responsibilities from across 30 European countries. It uses a multilevel cross-level interaction model to examine how family policies, such as childcare and parental leave policies, can explain the cross-national variation in the association between flexible working arrangements, that is flexitime, working-time autonomy, and teleworking, and work-to-family conflict. Results: At the European average, flexible working was associated with higher levels of work-to-family conflict for workers, with working-time-autonomy being worse for men’s, and teleworking being worse for women ’s conflict levels. In countries with generous childcare policies, flexitime was associated with lower levels of work-to-family conflict, especially for women. However, in countries with long mother’s leave, working-time-autonomy was associated with even higher levels of work-to-family conflict for men. Conclusion: The results of this paper evidence how flexible working arrangements need to be introduced in a more holistic manner with possible reforms of wider range of family policies in order for flexible working to meet worker’s work-family integration demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Effects of Parental Workplace Discrimination on Sickness Presenteeism (2024)
Zitatform
Gerich, Joachim & Martina Beham-Rabanser (2024): Effects of Parental Workplace Discrimination on Sickness Presenteeism. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 13, H. 1. DOI:10.3390/socsci13010070
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the association between experienced and observed parental workplace discrimination and sickness presenteeism. Following stress theoretical approaches and reactance theory, we expected that both experienced and observed parental discrimination of others at the workplace would lead to a reactance behavior and could increase sickness presenteeism, especially in those individuals who deny arguments of justification. Based on survey data from employees aged between 20 and 45 years (n = 347), we confirmed experienced discrimination as a double risk factor that goes along with increased sickness, as well as an increased sickness presence propensity. Although observed discrimination against others was unrelated to sickness, it was similarly associated with increased presenteeism. For respondents with their own children, the association between experienced discrimination and presenteeism was amplified in those who disagree with economic justifications of discrimination. The relationship between presenteeism and observed discrimination in childless respondents was amplified in those who appraise discrimination as unfair. In accordance with a stress theoretical approach, we confirm negative health effects of parental discrimination. In accordance with reactance theory, it is concluded that discrimination encourages workers’ presenteeism in the sense of a self-endangering behavior to counter inappropriate stereotypes held against them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Regional government institutions and the capacity for women to reconcile career and motherhood (2024)
Zitatform
Giannantoni, Costanza & Andrés Rodríguez-Pose (2024): Regional government institutions and the capacity for women to reconcile career and motherhood. (Papers in evolutionary economic geography 2024,35), Utrecht, 44 S.
Abstract
"Declining fertility and the persistent underrepresentation of women in the labor market are key concerns of our time. The fact that they overlap is not fortuitous. Traditionally, women everywhere have faced a conflict in balancing their career ambitions with family responsibilities. Yet, the pressures arising from this conflict vary enormously from one place to another. Existing research has tended to overlook the geographical features of this dilemma, which could result in an inadequate understanding of the issue and lead to ineffective policy responses. This paper examines how variations in the quality of regional institutions affect women's capacity to reconcile career and motherhood and, consequently, gender equality within Europe. Using panel data from 216 regions across 18 European countries, we uncover a positive effect of regional institutional quality on fertility rates, taking into account variations in female employment. Moreover, we show that European regions with better government quality provide a more reliable environment for managing the career/motherhood dilemma often faced by women. In contrast, women living in regions with weaker government institutions are more constrained in both their career and childbearing options." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Do Family Policies Reduce Gender Inequality? Evidence from 60 Years of Policy Experimentation (2024)
Zitatform
Kleven, Henrik, Camille Landais, Johanna Posch, Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimüller (2024): Do Family Policies Reduce Gender Inequality? Evidence from 60 Years of Policy Experimentation. In: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 110-149. DOI:10.1257/pol.20210346
Abstract
"Do family policies reduce gender inequality in the labor market? We contribute to this debate by investigating the joint impact of parental leave and childcare, using administrative data covering Austrian workers over more than half a century. We start by quasi-experimentally identifying the causal effects of all family policy reforms since the 1950s on the full dynamics of male and female earnings. We then map these causal estimates into a decomposition framework to compute counterfactual gender inequality series. Our results show that the enormous expansions of parental leave and childcare have had virtually no impact on gender convergence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Über die (Nicht‑) Akzeptanz in Anwesenheit des Kindes zu arbeiten. Wie Eltern das Kind und ihre elterlichen Verantwortlichkeiten konstruieren (2024)
Zitatform
Mikats, Jana (2024): Über die (Nicht‑) Akzeptanz in Anwesenheit des Kindes zu arbeiten. Wie Eltern das Kind und ihre elterlichen Verantwortlichkeiten konstruieren. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 439-459. DOI:10.1007/s11614-024-00574-2
Abstract
"The work-family literature suggests a contradictory relationship between working parenthood and (good) childhood, with disruptive or neglected children on the one side and absent or overburdened parents on the other. While the child occupies a complicated space in this relation, their position is rarely examined. Against this background, I explore the position of the child by turning to children’s copresence during parents’ performance of home-based paid work and ask how parents construct the child and their corresponding parental responsibilities. Following a practice-theoretical framework, I approach parents’ accounts as practices of representation in which the boundaries of what was perceived as (not) acceptable ways of doing family and work were sketched out. For this purpose, I analyzed 25 qualitative interviews with and about home-based working parents in the Austrian creative industries with positional maps. The parents had between one and three children in kindergarten or primary school. Parents’ constructions of the child were complex and ambiguous, as were the corresponding parental responsibilities. Meeting the child’s needs and not harming the child emerged as a common ground, yet the parents’ commitment to paid work was not questioned. Conversely, home-based work was seen as a way to meet both work and care demands. These findings suggest that home-based work may bridge ideas of good childhood and working parenthood. The paper contributes to an understanding of work and family that goes beyond simple dualism and offers new insights into parental home-based work, which remains relevant in the post-pandemic era." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg (2023)
Zitatform
Bacher, Johann, Martina Beham-Rabanser & Thomas Lankmayer (Hrsg.) (2023): Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg. Wiesbaden: Springer, 247 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-38040-3
Abstract
"Der österreichische Arbeitsmarkt ist durch eine starke Geschlechtersegregation geprägt, die sich dadurch charakterisiert, dass Frauen andere, häufig schlechter bezahlte Berufe ausüben als Männer und in hohem Ausmaß Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn sie Kinder haben, mit der Folge, dass sie weniger verdienen und auch geringere Pensionen beziehen werden. Diese Geschlechterunterschiede sind in der einschlägigen Literatur vielfach beleuchtet und zeigen Benachteiligungen von Frauen gegenüber Männern am Arbeitsmarkt auf. Demgegenüber lässt sich für den österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt eine höhere Arbeitslosigkeit der Männer gegenüber den Frauen beobachten. Forschungsbefunde deuten zudem darauf hin, dass Frauen ein beruflicher Wiedereinstieg leichter gelingt als Männern. Obwohl diese Geschlechterunterschiede in vielen Evaluierungen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Österreich gefunden wurden, wurden sie bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Dementsprechend fehlen auch (empirisch gesicherte) Erklärungsansätze. An diese Forschungslücke knüpft die vorliegende Publikation an. Sie basiert auf einem breit angelegten Forschungsprojekt und verfolgt das Ziel, Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg systematisch zu beleuchten und Erklärungsansätze für diese empirisch zu prüfen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich von 2005 bis 2021 (2023)
Zitatform
Böheim, René, Marian Fink & Christine Zulehner (2023): Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich von 2005 bis 2021. (WIFO Research Briefs 2023,04), Wien, 8 S.
Abstract
"Schätzungen zeigen, dass der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied von 11,3% des durchschnittlichen Frauenlohns 2021 niedriger als in den Vorjahren war. Der bereinigte Lohnunterschied betrug 6,4% des durchschnittlichen Frauenlohns und unterschied sich damit kaum vom Vorjahreswert (6,2%). Maßgebliche Gründe für die beobachteten Lohnunterschiede sind, dass Frauen im Durchschnitt weniger Berufserfahrung als Männer haben und systematisch andere Berufe als Männer ergreifen. Ein weiterer Grund sind Unterschiede in unbeobachteten Merkmalen, wie beispielsweise unterschiedliches Verhalten bei individuellen Lohnverhandlungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Campaña, Juan Carlos, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2023): Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 165, H. 2, S. 519-553. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-03026-0
Abstract
"This paper explores the gender gap in time allocation in European countries, offering a comparison of the 2000s and the 2010s, along with an explanation of the documented gender gaps, based on social norms and institutional factors. The results show that the gender gap in both paid and unpaid work has decreased in most countries, but with a significant level of cross-country heterogeneity in the size of the gender gaps. More traditional social norms are related to greater gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work, while countries with better family-friendly policies and a greater representation of women in politics and in the labour market exhibit smaller gender inequalities. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, and attempts to monitor the progress towards the elimination of gender inequalities. Despite that some degree of gender convergence in paid and unpaid work has taken place, there remain inequalities in the distribution of labour in European countries, and possible solutions may be related to social norms and family-friendly policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
External Pay Transparency and the Gender Wage Gap (2023)
Zitatform
Frimmel, Wolfgang, Bernhard Schmidpeter, Rene Wiesinger & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2023): External Pay Transparency and the Gender Wage Gap. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16233), Bonn, 36 S.
Abstract
"We show that providing publicly available wage information in vacancies, so-called external pay transparency, can reduce the gender wage gap. There is an increasing interest in pay transparency policies as a tool to combat unequal pay. We exploit a reform of Austria's Equal Treatment Law to evaluate how providing wage information in vacancies affects the gender wage gap. To take into account that the value of providing such external pay information is likely to be heterogeneous along the wage distribution, we implement a Quantile Difference-in-Difference model. The reform led to a small overall reduction of the gender wage gap. Our main results highlight that reductions in the wage gap are larger in circumstances where women are likely to hold misspecified beliefs about their labor market options and when needing to make job acceptance decisions under pressure. The reduction in the gender wage gap was caused by an increase in women's earnings, particularly at the lower part of the distribution. Earnings of men, on the other side, remained largely constant. Our results lend support to policy proposals aimed at increasing external pay transparency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als RF Berlin - CReAM Discussion Paper Series 2407 -
Literaturhinweis
Does Pay Transparency Affect the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from Austria (2023)
Zitatform
Gulyas, Andreas, Sebastian Seitz & Sourav Sinha (2023): Does Pay Transparency Affect the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from Austria. In: American Economic Journal. Economic Policy, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 236-255. DOI:10.1257/pol.20210128
Abstract
"We study the 2011 Austrian pay transparency law, which requires firms above a size threshold to publish internal reports on the gender pay gap. Using an event-study design, we show that the policy had no discernible effects on male and female wages, thus leaving the gender wage gap unchanged. The effects are precisely estimated, and we rule out that the policy narrowed the gender wage gap by more than 0.4 p.p.. Moreover, we do not find evidence for wage compression within establishments. We discuss several possible reasons why the reform did not reduce the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender wage gap trends in Europe: The role of occupational skill prices (2023)
Zitatform
Kaya, Ezgi (2023): Gender wage gap trends in Europe: The role of occupational skill prices. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 162, H. 3, S. 385-405. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12338
Abstract
"This paper explores gender wage gap trends by assessing the role of changing wage returns to occupational skills, brains - cognitive and interpersonal skills, and brawn - motor-skills and physical strength. Using harmonised data for six European countries and comparable data for the US, this paper finds substantial variation in the impact of occupational skill prices across countries. However, in all countries, a considerable portion of the change in the gender wage gap cannot be explained by changes in occupational skill prices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gendered employment patterns: Women's labour market outcomes across 24 countries (2023)
Zitatform
Kowalewska, Helen (2023): Gendered employment patterns: Women's labour market outcomes across 24 countries. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 151-168. DOI:10.1177/09589287221148336
Abstract
"An accepted framework for ‘gendering’ the analysis of welfare regimes compares countries by degrees of ‘defamilialization’ or how far their family policies support or undermine women’s employment participation. This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly spotlights women’s labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24 industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with further differences by class. The three core ‘worlds’ of welfare (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide – likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining – place it with Anglophone countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are ‘better’ overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying on ‘headline’ indicators or gender equality indices, matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators (2023)
Köppl-Turyna, Monika; Graf, Nikolaus;Zitatform
Köppl-Turyna, Monika & Nikolaus Graf (2023): Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators. (Policy note / EcoAustria - Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 54), Wien, 21 S.
Abstract
"Die Verfügbarkeit qualitativ hochwertiger, örtlich erreichbarer, zeitlich flexibler Kinderbetreuung stellt eine Grundvoraussetzung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie dar. Österreich weist eine überdurchschnittliche Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern auf, zugleich findet diese Erwerbsbeteiligung sehr häufig in Form von Teilzeitbeschäftigung statt. Teilzeitbeschäftigung stellt wieder mit, eine Ursache für geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt dar. Institutionelle Kinderbetreuung kann die Arbeitsmarktteilnahme von Müttern befördern und zu einer Ausweitung der Arbeitszeit führen. Zugleich gehen von Kinderbetreuung positive Effekte auf die Bildungsergebnisse und auf die schulische Integration bildungsbenachteiligter Kinder aus. In Anbetracht der aktuellen Arbeitskräfteknappheit kann eine Ausweitung der Erwerbsintegration von Müttern eine Option darstellen, die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften zu decken. Kurzum: Von Kinderbetreuung gehen viele positive, gesellschaftlich und politisch erwünschte Effekte aus. Dennoch: Trotz der in der jüngeren Vergangenheit erzielten Fortschritte sind etwa bei der Betreuung von Kleinkindern unter drei Jahren und im Hinblick auf verlängerte flexible Öffnungszeiten am Tagesrand sowie Schließtage während den Ferien Aufholpotenziale insbesondere in ländlichen Regionen gegeben. [...]" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Women's Involuntary Part-Time Employment and Household Economic Security in Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Maestripieri, Lara (2023): Women's Involuntary Part-Time Employment and Household Economic Security in Europe. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 223-251. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2023.2251991
Abstract
"The rate of involuntary part-time work among women has increased sharply. Scholars have demonstrated its links with diminished career opportunities, deteriorated working conditions, and low pay at an individual level. However, less attention has been paid to the effects of these contracts on economic security at the household level. This article investigates to what extent women being in part-time work involuntarily hinders their household's ability to attain reasonable living standards and examines whether this would be any different if women were in part-time employment voluntarily. The results show that part-time work in itself does not necessarily constitute a threat to household economic security, but when it is involuntary, part-time employment jeopardizes a household's financial well-being. This occurs in countries that deregulated peripheral corners of their labor markets, or "dualized" countries such as Italy, Spain, and France, and fully liberalized countries, such as Switzerland and the United Kingdom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Paid Parental Leave Reforms and Mothers’ Employment in Austria, France and Hungary (2023)
Zitatform
Makay, Zsuzsanna (2023): Paid Parental Leave Reforms and Mothers’ Employment in Austria, France and Hungary. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-17
Abstract
"This study focuses on changes in the length of paid parental leave in Austria, France and Hungary between the 1960s and the first decade of the 2000s. Its aim is to analyse to what extent extensions and reductions of the duration of paid parental leave affect mothers’ labour market entry after childbirth. For each country, periods according to the different policy reforms are analysed and data from the Generations and Gender Survey are used to account for changes in mothers’ labour market entry. Scholars have argued that too long periods of paid parental leave might act as work-reducing policy in that they hinder women’s labour market entry while short leaves have positive effects on labour market participation and wages. This phenomenon is studied in three countries with very different conciliation policies. Results for Austria show that the introduction of more flexibility into the leave legislation in 2008 increased mothers’ relative risks of labour market entry especially among higher educated women. In France, the extension of paid leave for second born children in 1994 reduced labour market entry. We found however, no significant effect of the 1986 reform for third children and the 2004 reform introducing a paid leave of six months for first-born children. In Hungary, labour market entry of mothers was influenced by structural changes which accompanied the political transition of 1989 and resulted in longer leave take up of mothers. Labour market entry before the transition was more intensive than ever since that." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen von Berufswahl, Erwerbsunterbrechungen und Teilzeitarbeit auf das Lebenseinkommen von Frauen: Zentrale Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen einer aktuellen Studie im Auftrag des AMS Österreich (2023)
Mayrhuber, Christine;Zitatform
Mayrhuber, Christine (2023): Auswirkungen von Berufswahl, Erwerbsunterbrechungen und Teilzeitarbeit auf das Lebenseinkommen von Frauen: Zentrale Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen einer aktuellen Studie im Auftrag des AMS Österreich. (AMS-Info / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 576), Wien, 4 S.
Abstract
"(...) Die vorliegende Studie ist eine Aktualisierung wie auch Erweiterung einer Studie aus 2017. Im ersten Abschnitt wird die Arbeitsmarktintegration der Frauen in Österreich entlang der Dimensionen Arbeitszeit und Einkommen analysiert. Die Datengrundlage sowie die Annahmen zu den modellierten Erwerbs- und Einkommensverläufen finden sich im zweiten Abschnitt. Der dritte Abschnitt behandelt die strukturellen Unterschiede der Erwerbseinkommens- summen entlang unterschiedlicher Wirtschaftsbranchen und Berufe, die Frauen ohne Erwerbsunterbrechungen haben. Ein Vergleich der Erwerbseinkommen bei durchgängigen Erwerbsverläufen zeigt, dass die strukturellen Verdienstunterschiede zwischen den Wirtschaftsklassen im Hinblick auf die Lebenseinkommensmöglichkeiten bedeutender sind, als die Effekte von vorübergehenden Teilzeitphasen. Im vierten Abschnitt sind die Ergebnisse der modellierten elf hypothetischen Erwerbsbiographien auf die Erwerbs- und Pensionseinkommen der Frauen festgehalten. Im ersten Teil sind die Unterschiede der summieren Erwerbseinkommen diskutiert, die Vollzeit- und Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit nach sich zieht. Des Weiteren wird gezeigt, welche Auswirkungen sowohl Erwerbsunterbrechungen als auch Teilzeitarbeitsphasen auf das Lebenseinkommen in fünf unterschiedlichen Berufen und fünf unterschiedlichen Wirtschaftsbranchen haben. (...)" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Frauen im Brennpunkt der Arbeitsmarktforschung des AMS Österreich: Ausgewählte Forschungsergebnisse der Jahre 2014 bis 2023 (2023)
Putz, Sabine; Sturm, René;Zitatform
Putz, Sabine & René Sturm (Hrsg.) (2023): Frauen im Brennpunkt der Arbeitsmarktforschung des AMS Österreich. Ausgewählte Forschungsergebnisse der Jahre 2014 bis 2023. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 172), Wien, 213 S.
Abstract
"Die in der Bundesgeschäftsstelle des AMS Österreich angesiedelte Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation (ABI) begleitet seit vielen Jahren erfolgreich diese arbeitsmarkt- wie sozialpolitischen Bemühungen und kann hier auf zweierlei Art wirken: Erstens durch ihre berufs- und arbeitsmarktkundliche Expertise, die durch Print- wie Online-Materialien sowie durch das österreichweite, niederschwellig gestaltete Angebot der BerufsInfoZentren einen Transfer in Richtung der Zielgruppenangehörigen findet. Und zweitens, wiederum in enger Abstimmung mit den AMS-Landesorganisationen, den Sozialpartnern und dem Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Wirtschaft (BMAW), durch die Durchführung einschlägiger Evaluationsprojekte, die sowohl der Qualitätssicherung von Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch deren Planung und Weiterentwicklung dienen. Darüber hinaus dient das durch die Abteilung erbrachte sorgfältige statistische Monitoring des österreichischen Arbeitsmarktes diesen beiden Intentionen. Gemeinsam und in steter Absprache mit der Abt. Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen1 in der Bundesgeschäftsstelle sowie den AMS-Landesorganisationen erfolgen daher regelmäßig Forschungs- bzw. Evaluationsprojekte, welche im oben genannten Sinne auf die arbeitsmarktpolitische Zielgruppe »Frauen« fokussieren. Um hier einen raschen und repräsentativen Überblick bereitstellen zu können, wurden im vorliegenden AMS report für den Zeitraum der letzten zehn Jahre die einschlägigen Publikationen der von der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation herausgegebenen Reihe AMS info vereinigt. Wie hoffen, allen Interessierten damit einen leichten Zugriff auf die in diesem Zeitraum entstandenen frauenspezifischen Arbeiten des AMS zu ermöglichen" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsarbeitszeitmodelle und deren Potenzial für Geschlechtergleichstellung (2023)
Zitatform
Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2023): Erwerbsarbeitszeitmodelle und deren Potenzial für Geschlechtergleichstellung. In: WISO, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 15-29.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag analysiert Entwicklungen bei Arbeitszeitmodellen und im Erwerbsarbeitsverhalten von Frauen in Österreich in Zusammenhang mit zugrundeliegenden Leitvorstellungen. Gleichstellung wird durch die dadurch fortgeschriebene Koppelung von Kinderbetreuungsverantwortung an Frauen und Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit an Männer eher behindert. Datengrundlage sind die Arbeitskräfteerhebungen 2008–2018 sowie Gruppendiskussionen und Interviews mit Arbeitgeber:innen und Arbeitnehmer:innen österreichweit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku, © ISW-Linz)
-
Literaturhinweis
Väterkarenz in Österreich – eine Typologie (2023)
Zainzinger, Julia;Zitatform
Zainzinger, Julia (2023): Väterkarenz in Österreich – eine Typologie. In: SWS-Rundschau, Jg. 63, H. 4, S. 386-402.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Inanspruchnahme von Väterkarenz in Österreich. Mit Hilfe der Daten des von L & R Sozialforschung durchgeführten Wiedereinstiegsmonitorings im Zeitraum 2006–2018 werden Karenzväter auf Basis der Art der Inanspruchnahme typisiert. Im Wesentlichen kristallisieren sich dabei vier unterschiedliche Typen von Karenzvätern heraus. Diese werden als Teilzeit-Karenzväter, Kurzzeit-Karenzväter, fortgeschrittene Karenzväter und Langzeit-Karenzväter bezeichnet. Eine genauere Analyse zeigt einerseits, dass sich diese Typen in Bezug auf ihre soziodemografischen Merkmale unterscheiden. Andererseits kommt die Forschung zu dem Schluss, dass Ansätze der Verhaltensökonomie für Menschen mit hohem Einkommen und Ausbildung bei der Wahl von Teilzeit-Karenzen durch Männer aus kleineren Betrieben und bei längerer Karenzdauer von Vätern, die seltener erwerbstätig sind, eine Rolle zu spielen. Die Opportunitätskosten-Theorie schlägt sich bei Vätern mit niedrigem Einkommen, die ebenfalls längere Karenzzeiten aufweisen, nieder. Die Ergebnisse sollen helfen, potenzielle Zielgruppen für Väterkarenz zu identifizieren und Strategien zu definieren, um die Inanspruchnahme von Väterkarenz zu erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
What Drives Paternity Leave: Financial Incentives or Flexibility? (2023)
Zitatform
Ziegler, Lennart & Omar Bamieh (2023): What Drives Paternity Leave: Financial Incentives or Flexibility? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15890), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"Despite changing gender norms, few fathers decide to take parental leave after the birth of a child, and when they do, their leave spells are substantially shorter compared to mothers. This study examines how paternal leave-taking is affected by two key features of leave policies: flexibility in leave duration and financial incentives. To disentangle their impact, we exploit recent changes to the Austrian parental leave system, which initially offered flat monthly benefits for 36 months after childbirth. The first reform added considerably shorter leave options; the second reform introduced income-dependent benefits, increasing net income replacement rates to 80 percent. Using a regression discontinuity design based on eligibility cutoff dates, we find that both reforms had a strong impact on leave take-up of fathers. The availability of shorter leave options increased leave-taking by 23 percent, while the introduction of income-dependent benefits raised take-up by another 13 percent relative to pre-reform means. Despite these increases, the share of leave taken by fathers relative to mothers remained similar. Comparing the impact of the two reforms across different income groups, we conclude that higher flexibility is more effective than stronger financial compensation in raising the number of leave-taking fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Does a Flexible Parental Leave System Stimulate Maternal Employment? (2023)
Zitatform
Ziegler, Lennart & Omar Bamieh (2023): Does a Flexible Parental Leave System Stimulate Maternal Employment? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16172), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the effect of two recent parental leave reforms in Austria that allow parents to choose leave schemes with varying duration. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that the introduction of more flexible scheme choices led mothers to take, on average, 1-2 months less of leave. This decrease in leave duration, however, was not accompanied by an employment increase of similar magnitude. To understand the absence of labor supply effects, we examine data on work preferences from the Austrian Microcensus. Child care duties are cited as the primary reason for not seeking work but few mothers indicate that they would start working if better access to formal childcare were available. Switching to the more flexible leave system had a minimal effect on the labor market choices of mothers, as the majority continue to prioritize child care responsibilities and do not consider nurseries as a desirable alternative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Can Wage Transparency Alleviate Gender Sorting in the Labor Market? (2022)
Zitatform
Bamieh, Omar & Lennart Ziegler (2022): Can Wage Transparency Alleviate Gender Sorting in the Labor Market? (IZA discussion paper 15363), Bonn, 20 S.
Abstract
"Wage decompositions suggest that a large share of the gender wage gap can be explained by differences in occupation and employer choices. If female workers are not well informed about these pay differences, increasing wage transparency might alleviate the gender gap. We test this hypothesis by examining the impact of the 2011 Pay Transparency Law in Austria, which requires companies to state a wage figure in job advertisements. For the analysis, we combine vacancy postings from the largest Austrian job board with social security spells that record the gender of new hires. To compare the pay level of vacancies before and after the reform, we predict wage postings using detailed occupation-employer cells, which explain about 75 percent of the variation in posted wages. While we estimate a substantial gender wage gap of 15 log points, pay transparency did not affect gender sorting into better-paid occupation and firms. To study job transitions, we focus on a subsample of workers whose previous employment is also observed. Our estimates show that switching occupations is common, and it often entails significant wage changes. Yet, in line with our main estimates, we do not find that women become more likely to switch to better-paid jobs. We interpret the absence of effects as evidence that limited transparency does not explain the persistence of gender sorting in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Austrian Pay Transparency Law and the Gender Wage Gap (2022)
Zitatform
Böheim, René & Sarah Gust (2022): The Austrian Pay Transparency Law and the Gender Wage Gap. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 25-28.
Abstract
"In our study (Böheim and Gust 2021), we analyzed the effect of the Austrian pay transparency law on men’s wages, women’s wages, and the gender wage gap. Austria was among the first countries in Europe to introduce pay transparency. This allowed us to study medium run effects as wages often need time to adjust. We also assessed if the law affected other labor market outcomes such as firm growth, turnover, and the share of female employees. We find no evidence that the Austrian pay transparency law reduced the gender pay gap. Our results are in line with Gulyas et al. (2021), who also studied the pay transparency law in Austria but focused on smaller firms which were subject to the law from 2014 onwards." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsangebot in der COVID-19-Krise und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich (2022)
Zitatform
Böheim, René, Marian Fink & Christine Zulehner (2022): Arbeitsangebot in der COVID-19-Krise und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich. (WIFO Research Briefs 2022,05), Wien, 12 S.
Abstract
"Schätzungen zeigen, dass der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied mit 12,1% des mittleren Frauenlohnes 2020 niedriger als in den Vorjahren war. Der bereinigte Lohnunterschied blieb mit 6,1% des mittleren Frauenlohnes im Vergleich zum Vorjahr stabil. Im privaten Sektor ist der bereinigte Lohnunterschied von 5,8% auf 6,6% des mittleren Frauenlohnes gestiegen. Ein maßgeblicher Faktor für die beobachteten Lohnunterschiede ist die geringere Berufserfahrung von Frauen. Ein weiterer Faktor sind in den Daten nicht beobachtbare Merkmale wie beispielsweise Unterschiede bei Lohnverhandlungen. Eine detaillierte Untersuchung zeigt negative Effekte der Krise auf das Arbeitsangebot von Frauen und Männern, jedoch keine zusätzlichen Effekte für Eltern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Parental leave, (in)formal childcare and long-term child outcomes (2022)
Zitatform
Danzer, Natalia, Martin Halla, Nicole Schneeweis & Martina Zweimüller (2022): Parental leave, (in)formal childcare and long-term child outcomes. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 6, S. 1826-1884. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.2.0619-10257R1
Abstract
"We evaluate the effect of an Austrian parental leave extension from the child’s first to its second birthday on long-term child outcomes. Exploiting a sharp birthday cutoff-based discontinuity in the eligibility for extended leave, we find that longer parental leave improves on average child health outcomes, but has no effect on the child’s labor market outcomes. When accounting for the counterfactual mode of care, we find significant gains in all outcomes for children for whom the reform most likely induced a replacement of informal childcare with maternal care. This highlights the importance of the counterfactual scenario in such evaluations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Grandmothers' Labor Supply (2022)
Zitatform
Frimmel, Wolfgang, Martin Halla, Bernhard Schmidpeter & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2022): Grandmothers' Labor Supply. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 5, S. 1645-1689. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.1.0419-10144R1
Abstract
"We use high-quality administrative data from Austria to estimate the effect of grandmotherhood on the labor supply decision of older workers. Assuming that grandmothers cannot predict the exact date of conception of their grandchild, we identify the effect of the first grandchild on employment. Our Timing-of-Events approach shows that a first grandchild increases the probability of leaving the labor market by 9 percent. This effect is stronger when informal childcare is more valuable, and when grandmothers live close to the grandchild. To assess the effect of an additional grandchild, we also use twin-births among the first grandchild as instruments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Revisiting the Gender Revolution: Time on Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Total Work in East Asian and Western Societies 1985–2016 (2022)
Kan, Man-Yee ; Yoda, Shohei ; Jun, Jiweon; Hertog, Ekaterina ; Kolpashnikova, Kamila ; Zhou, Muzhi ;Zitatform
Kan, Man-Yee, Muzhi Zhou, Kamila Kolpashnikova, Ekaterina Hertog, Shohei Yoda & Jiweon Jun (2022): Revisiting the Gender Revolution: Time on Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Total Work in East Asian and Western Societies 1985–2016. In: Gender & Society, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 368-396. DOI:10.1177/08912432221079664
Abstract
"We analyze time use data of four East Asian societies and 12 Western countries between 1985 and 2016 to investigate the gender revolution in paid work, domestic work, and total work. The closing of gender gaps in paid work, domestic work, and total work time has stalled in the most recent decade in several countries. The magnitude of the gender gaps, cultural contexts, and welfare policies plays a key role in determining whether the gender revolution in the division of labor will stall or continue. Women undertake more total work than men across all societies: The gender gap ranges from 30 minutes to 2 hours a day. Our findings suggest that cultural norms interact with institutional contexts to affect the patterns of gender convergence in time use, and gender equality might settle at differing levels of egalitarianism across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship (2022)
Zitatform
Oggero, Noemi, Francesco Devicienti, Mariacristina Rossi & Davide Vannoni (2022): You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship. (Carlo Alberto notebooks 675), Turin, 33 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we investigate how the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship varies between sons and daughters, and whether such a process depends on living in a country characterized by a high gender gap. Using the SHARE dataset, we find that the effect on daughters’ entrepreneurial choices of having an entrepreneur as father is lower than the one on sons only in countries with a high gender gap. Moreover, it is just in countries with high gender inequality that the effect of having an entrepreneurial mother is different between sons and daughters, with the impact being positive for daughters only. We also develop an individual-level indicator of gender gap within countries that corroborates our findings, which we interpret as evidence of the presence of a role modeling mechanism. However, we find evidence of convergence across time of the intergenerational transmission process to the gender-independent transfer typical of more gender equal countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (2021)
Zitatform
Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2021): Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1969), Berlin, 61 S.
Abstract
"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual’s earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for breadwinners and secondary earners separately, according to their potential earnings rather than gender. Our results show an average participation elasticity of 0.0-0.1 among breadwinners and 0.1-0.4 among secondary earners in the EU as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Frauen in technischen Ausbildungen und Berufen: Fokus auf förderliche Ansätze (2021)
Bergmann, Nadja; Lachmayr, Norbert; Mayerl, Martin; Pretterhofer, Nicolas;Zitatform
Bergmann, Nadja, Norbert Lachmayr, Martin Mayerl & Nicolas Pretterhofer (2021): Frauen in technischen Ausbildungen und Berufen. Fokus auf förderliche Ansätze. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 157/158), Wien, 224 S.
Abstract
"Der ungleiche Anteil an Frauen und Männern in handwerklichen/technischen Berufen ist ein beharrliches Phänomen. Geschlechterstereotype, die geschlechtsbezogene Konnotation von Berufen und Berufsgruppen sowie durch Inszenierung von Geschlechtszugehörigkeit geprägte Arbeitsumfelder stellen immer noch wirkmächtige Barrieren dar, die einem Eintritt in eine Ausbildung oder einen Beruf im handwerklich-technischen Feld von Frauen im Wege stehen. Diese Barrieren haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zwar etwas verschoben, hielten jedoch im Großen und Ganzen den Bemühungen unterschiedlichster AkteurInnen, die um deren Abbau bemüht waren, stand. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das AMS Oberösterreich eine Studie zur Wirksamkeit bestehender Maßnahmen und Programme zur Förderung von Frauen und Mädchen in technischen Berufen in Auftrag gegeben. Diese Auftragsvergabe hat die vorliegende Studie zum Ergebnis, mit der dem AMS Oberösterreich – und allen anderen interessierten AkteurInnen – eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage zur Bewertung bestehender sowie Entwicklung neuer arbeitsmarktpolitischer Projekte mit dem Ziel der Begeisterung (junger) Frauen für den handwerklichen/technischen Bereich an die Hand gegeben wird. Bei der Erstellung der Studie wurden, im Sinne einer ganzheitlichen Bearbeitung des Themas, möglichst viele AkteurInnengruppen in die Erhebung miteinbezogen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Die Entwicklung des Lohnunterschiedes zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich von 2005 bis 2019 (2021)
Zitatform
Böheim, René, Marian Fink & Christine Zulehner (2021): Die Entwicklung des Lohnunterschiedes zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich von 2005 bis 2019. (WIFO Research Briefs 2021,2), Wien, 9 S.
Abstract
"Wie wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen regelmäßig belegen, gibt es in Österreich geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede. Der vorliegende Research Brief untersucht auf Basis von EU-SILC-Daten die Entwicklung dieser Unterschiede im Zeitraum 2005 bis 2019. Während der Stundenlohn von Frauen im Jahr 2005 um etwa 20,5% geringer war als jener der Männer, sank diese Differenz bis 2019 auf 15,3%. Auch der um bestimmte Merkmale wie etwa die Schulbildung und Berufserfahrung "bereinigte" Lohnunterschied ging je nach statistischer Methode bis 2019 auf 6% bis 11% zurück (2005: 9% bis 17%). Der Hauptgrund für den Rückgang ist eine Angleichung der Merkmale von Frauen und Männern, die auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nachgefragt werden. Die größte Bedeutung für den Lohnunterschied kommt neben nicht beobachteten Merkmalen der Berufswahl und der Berufserfahrung zu, die im Fall von Frauen durch Kinderbetreuungszeiten eingeschränkt wird. Der vorliegende Research Brief ist eine Aktualisierung von Böheim, R., Fink, M., Zulehner, C., "About time: the narrowing gender wage gap in Austria", Empirica, 2020." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Mothers' Job Search After Childbirth (2021)
Zitatform
Lafférs, Lukáš & Bernhard Schmidpeter (2021): Mothers' Job Search After Childbirth. (Ruhr economic papers 915), Essen, 52 S. DOI:10.4419/96973061
Abstract
"We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers’ labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new employer after childbirth leads to an increase in re-employment earnings only for mothers at the upper part of the earnings distribution. For these mothers, initial job search also increases long-term earnings. We provide evidence that earnings gains are the result of higher geographical mobility and longer commutes to work. Successful mothers are also more likely to move to faster growing firms and firms offering better opportunities to women. Our results do not suggest that husbands play an important role in supporting successful job search of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Beyond Wage Gap, Towards Job Quality Gap: The Role of Inter-Group Differences in Wages, Non-Wage Job Dimensions, and Preferences (2021)
Zitatform
Ledic, Marko & Ivica Rubil (2021): Beyond Wage Gap, Towards Job Quality Gap: The Role of Inter-Group Differences in Wages, Non-Wage Job Dimensions, and Preferences. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 155, H. 2, S. 523-561. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02612-y
Abstract
"Wage is not the only thing people care about when assessing the quality of their jobs. Non-wage job dimensions, such as autonomy at work and work-life balance, are important as well. Nevertheless, there is vast literature comparing groups of employed people that focuses on the inter-group wage gaps only. We go beyond the wage gap by proposing a framework for analysing inter-group gaps in multidimensional job quality. Job quality is measured by the so-called equivalent wage, a measure combining wage and multiple non-wage job dimensions in accordance with preferences over jobs as combinations of job dimensions. We derive a decomposition of the inter-group equivalent wage gap into three components: (1) the standard wage gap, (2) the gap in non-wage dimensions, and (3) inter-group preference heterogeneity. In an illustrative empirical application, we focus on the gender gap for recent university graduates using survey data from 19 countries. Men's equivalent wages are substantially higher than women's, and the equivalent wage gaps are significantly larger than the wage gaps. This is because the non-wage job dimensions are on average to men's advantage, and the preference heterogeneity is such that men care about the non-wage dimensions less than women do, and thus suffer less from having the non-wage dimensions at levels below the perfect level. This type of decompositions broadens information about labour market inequalities available to policy makers, but it is up to them to decide which of the three components of the equivalent wage gap are normatively relevant for them and whether they should aim to eliminate them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Angebot an Öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung und Einkommenseinbussen bei Mutterschaft (2021)
Zitatform
Zweimüller, Josef, Henrik Kleven, Camille Landais, Johanna Posch & Andreas Steinhauer (2021): Angebot an Öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung und Einkommenseinbussen bei Mutterschaft. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 309-328.
Abstract
"Der Artikel diskutiert den Effekt der Ausweitung des Angebots an öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung auf den child penality, die Einkommenseinbussen bei Mutterschaft. Die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse basieren auf der Arbeit von Kleven, Landais, Posch, Steinhaer und Zweimüller (2020), welche den Effekt der Familienpolitik auf diese Einkommenseinbussen untersucht. Diese Studie kommt unter anderem zum Ergebnis, dass der starke Ausbau öffentlicher Betreuungsangebote für Kinder im Vorschulalter (Kindergrippen und Kindergärten) sich nicht in einer Reduktion des child penalty niedergeschlagen hat. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine leicht zugängliche Darstellung dieses Ergebnisses sowie der zugrunde liegenden Messkonzepte und Methoden. Am Ende der Arbeit zeihen wir Schlussfolgerungen für die Familienpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Gespannte Arbeits- und Geschlechterverhältnisse im Marktkapitalismus (2020)
Zitatform
Becker, Karina, Kristina Binner & Fabienne Decieux (Hrsg.) (2020): Gespannte Arbeits- und Geschlechterverhältnisse im Marktkapitalismus. (Geschlecht und Gesellschaft 72), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 286 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-22315-1
Abstract
"Dass sich Arbeits- und Lebenswelten und damit zusammenhängend Geschlechterverhältnisse im Umbruch befinden, ist mittlerweile sowohl in der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung als auch in der Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie ‚state of the art‘. Die Beobachtung eines tiefgreifenden sozialstrukturellen und ökonomischen Umbruchs zu einer marktkapitalistischen Gesellschaft wird von VertreterInnen beider Disziplinen diagnostiziert. Der vorliegende Band unterzieht diese Thesen einer Revision und Aktualisierung anhand von empirisch innovativen Feldern sowie theoretischen Konzeptionen." (Verlagsangaben)
-
Literaturhinweis
COVID-19: Ökonomische Effekte auf Frauen (2020)
Bock-Schappelwein, Julia; Mayrhuber, Christine; Famira-Mühlberger, Ulrike;Zitatform
Bock-Schappelwein, Julia, Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger & Christine Mayrhuber (2020): COVID-19: Ökonomische Effekte auf Frauen. (WIFO Research Briefs 2020,3), Wien, 6 S.
Abstract
"Die COVID-19-Pandemie bewirkt auf dem Arbeitsmarkt Beschäftigungseinbußen wie zuletzt vor rund 70 Jahren und einen massiven Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit. Der Beschäftigungsrückgang der Frauen fällt zwar geringer aus als jener der Männer, konzentriert sich aber auf für die Frauenbeschäftigung bedeutende Wirtschaftsbereiche. Auch der Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit ist unter Frauen geringer, betrifft aber eher Höherqualifizierte, während bei den Männern Geringqualifizierte stärker betroffen sind. Die Doppelbelastung durch Beruf und Betreuungspflichten, infolge von Home-Office oder einer Beschäftigung in den systemrelevanten Wirtschaftsbereichen, trifft Frauen stärker als Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender wage gap and the role of skills and tasks: evidence from the Austrian PIAAC data set (2020)
Zitatform
Christl, M. & Monika Köppl-Turyna (2020): Gender wage gap and the role of skills and tasks: evidence from the Austrian PIAAC data set. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 113-134. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2019.1630707
Abstract
"We analyze the gender differences in skills, tasks and skill matching of workers, and the impact of these factors on the gender wage gap, using the Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). We show that data on these characteristics, not available in traditional data sets, explain a substantial part of the gender wage gap. Based on up-to-date econometric methodology, the unexplained part of the gender wage gap is reduced by six to nine percentage points across the whole wage distribution when we add skill and occupational task variables and control for sample selection. We show that this result stems from gender differences in returns on tasks and skills, and gender differences in skill endowments and occupational tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug