Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Women's Career Success in the Financial Services Industry: Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Directions (2025)
Zitatform
Baeckström, Ylva, Nina Rezec & Michael E. Clinton (2025): Women's Career Success in the Financial Services Industry: Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Directions. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 32, H. 5, S. 1994-2012. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13253
Abstract
"Notorious for its homogeneous hierarchies, the financial services industry needs, yet haemorrhages, talented women. This, in combination with severe underrepresentation of women in senior leadership roles and an unproportionally large gender pay gap, warrants scholarly attention. To summarize existing work and propose future impactful research directions, this paper provides a systematic review of the literature about women's careers in financial services. Our analysis of 150 articles published between 2000 and 2023 demonstrates the presence of persistent gender stereotyping and pervasive career disadvantages for women and mothers. We illustrate this within an input–process–output–solutions framework that can inform future research and policy formation. Governments have an important role in ensuring equal policies for all genders, regardless of parenting status. Firms need to establish fair policies that support the careers of all employees and embed these values throughout their organizations. Consistent attention to these can challenge the systemic gender inequality in the financial services industry and improve business performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered Labor Markets and Occupational Change in the Nordics (2025)
Berglund, Tomas ; Ólafsdóttir, Katrín ; Svalund, Jørgen ; Alasoini, Tuomo ; Rasmussen, Stine ; Varje, Pekka ; Steen, Johan Røed ;Zitatform
Berglund, Tomas, Jørgen Svalund, Tuomo Alasoini, Katrín Ólafsdóttir, Stine Rasmussen, Johan Røed Steen & Pekka Varje (2025): Gendered Labor Markets and Occupational Change in the Nordics. In: Nordic journal of working life studies, S. 1-23. DOI:10.18291/njwls.160118
Abstract
"Recent research on changes in the occupational structure in the Nordic region points in different directions. Some studies indicate upgrading of jobs with better quality, advanced skill requirements, and higher wages, while others show tendencies toward polarization in the skill distribution of jobs. The present article finds gendered patterns of upgrading or polarization in the occupational structure in the Nordic countries in the years 2012–2019. The changes in the occupational structure have been more beneficial for women, who increasingly occupy higher-level positions. Especially, the public sector has served as a vehicle for high-level female positions. While previous research has stressed technological change, especially digitalization as the primary driver of change, this article argues that developments in the public sector also need to be considered to fully understand occupational change in the Nordic region." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress? (2025)
Zitatform
Blau, Francine D. (2025): Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress? In: ILR review, Jg. 78, H. 2, S. 275-303. DOI:10.1177/00197939241308844
Abstract
"This article examines the trends in women ’s economic outcomes in the United States, focusing primarily on labor force participation, occupational attainment, and the gender wage gap. Considerable progress was made on all dimensions prior to the 1990s followed by a slowing or stalling of gains thereafter, with a plateauing of female labor force participation trends and a slowing of women’s occupational and wage convergence with men. The author considers the likelihood that progress in narrowing gender gaps will resume in these areas, and concludes it is unlikely without policy intervention. She then considers new policy initiatives to address work–family issues and labor market discrimination that may help to increase female labor force participation and narrow gender inequities in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unpacking the Link between Service Sector and Female Employment: Cross-Country Evidence (2025)
Coskun Dalgic, Sena; Sengul, Gonul;Zitatform
Coskun Dalgic, Sena & Gonul Sengul (2025): Unpacking the Link between Service Sector and Female Employment: Cross-Country Evidence. (IAB-Discussion Paper 08/2025), Nürnberg, 25 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2508
Abstract
"Der starke Anstieg der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen war in den letzten Jahrzehnten ein bestimmendes Merkmal der hochentwickelten Volkswirtschaften. Dieses Papier untersucht die länderübergreifenden Unterschiede im Zusammenhang zwischen der Expansion des Dienstleistungssektors und der Beschäftigung von Frauen in Europa und den USA. Wir schätzen die Elastizität der Frauenbeschäftigung im Verhältnis zur Beschäftigung im Dienstleistungssektor und decken erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern hinsichtlich der Stärke auf, mit der der weibliche Anteil an den Arbeitsstunden auf die Expansion des Dienstleistungssektors reagiert. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass diese Elastizität in Ländern mit einem stärkeren Strukturwandel und einer höheren weiblichen Beschäftigungsintensität im Unternehmensdienstleistungssektor höher ist. Darüber hinaus ist eine höhere weibliche Beschäftigungsintensität im Unternehmensdienstleistungssektor mit einem größeren Lebensmittel- und Beherbergungssektor verbunden. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Länder mit einer stärkeren Umverteilung von der Industrie zum Dienstleistungssektor einen stärkeren Anstieg der weiblichen Beschäftigung erlebten, da ihr expandierender Unternehmensdienstleistungssektor zusätzliches Wachstum im Lebensmittel- und Beherbergungssektor erzeugte und Frauen dadurch stärker in die Erwerbsarbeit zog." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Coskun Dalgic, Sena; -
Literaturhinweis
The Transmission of Gender (In-)Equality Through Commercial Links (2025)
Dane, Cemre; Heckl, Pia;Zitatform
Dane, Cemre & Pia Heckl (2025): The Transmission of Gender (In-)Equality Through Commercial Links. In: EconPol Forum, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 58-61.
Abstract
"Global firms employ significantly more women than non-global firms. Commercial ties serve as channels for transmitting social norms from partner countries, influencing workforce composition in global firms. Exposure to gender-equal norms increases the share of female workers across job types – but not in top management positions, where the effect vanishes. In gender-unequal commercial environments, global firms are significantly less likely to have female top managers, suggesting a “race to the bottom” in leadership. To ensure inclusive benefits of globalization, policy interventions should focus on advancing women into senior roles, where equality gains currently fall short." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Partnerships as signposts? The role of spatial mobility in gendered earnings benefits of graduates (2025)
Zitatform
Detemple, Jonas (2025): Partnerships as signposts? The role of spatial mobility in gendered earnings benefits of graduates. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 63. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2024.100656
Abstract
"This study analyzes the gender-specific impact of spatial mobility on earnings after graduation from higher education, extending previous research on graduates’ mobility benefits, which has largely ignored gender-specific mechanisms. Based on household economic and gender role considerations, this study argues that partnerships are associated with solidifying gender differences in mobility-related earnings benefits. The study uses data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), Starting Cohort First-Year Students (SC5), and applies entropy balancing weights to account for the self-selection of mobile graduates. General linear models show a weak correlation between overal graduate mobility and higher earnings and that gender differences are rather small and depend on the type of mobility. However, looking at the role of partnerships, female graduates benefit significantly less from short-distance mobility when cohabiting with a partner than their non-cohabiting counterparts, while cohabiting male graduates benefit significantly more from long-distance mobility. The findings contribute to the literature by highlighting the crucial role of partnerships in the gendered mobility benefits of graduates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI) (2025)
Goldberg, Pinelopi; Gottlieb, Charles ; Lall, Somik V.; Lakshmi Ratan, Aishwarya; Peters, Michael ; Mehta, Meet;Zitatform
Goldberg, Pinelopi, Charles Gottlieb, Somik V. Lall, Meet Mehta, Michael Peters & Aishwarya Lakshmi Ratan (2025): The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI). (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20554), London, 58 S.
Abstract
"The extent to which women participate in the labor market varies greatly across the globe. If such differences reflect distortions that women face in accessing good jobs, they can reduce economic activity through a misallocation of talent. In this paper, we build on Hsieh et al. (2019) to provide a methodology to quantify these productivity consequences. The index we propose, the ”Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI)”, measures the losses in aggregate productivity that gender-based misallocation imposes. Our index allows us to separately identify labor demand distortions (e.g., discrimination in hiring for formal jobs) from labor supply distortions (e.g., frictions that discourage women’s labor force participation) and can be computed using data on labor income and job types. Our methodology also highlights an important distinction between welfare-relevant misallocation and the consequences on aggregate GDP if misallocation arises between market work and non-market activities. To showcase the versatility of our index, we analyze gender misallocation within countries over time, across countries over the development spectrum, and across local labor markets within countries. We find that misallocation is substantial and that demand distortions account for most of the productivity losses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in paid work over time: Developments and challenges in comparative research (2025)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena & Kristin Kelley (2025): Gender differences in paid work over time: Developments and challenges in comparative research. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 20. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0322871
Abstract
"This paper examines gender differences in paid work over time and illustrates the pitfalls encountered by any comparative research that only considers either labor force participation rates or average working hours. To do so, we analyze harmonized survey data from Europe and the United States from 1992 to 2022 (N = 43,283,172) and show that more progress was made in closing gender gaps in labor force participation rates than in working hours. In most countries, women’s labor force participation rates increased considerably, but their average working hours decreased, whereas both men’s labor force participation rates and average working hours decreased or stagnated (but nonetheless still remained much higher than women’s). We show and argue that these countervailing trends in working hours and labor force participation rates make it difficult to paint a coherent picture of cross-national differences in women ’s and men’s paid work and of changes over time. In response, we propose “work volume” as a supplementary or alternative measure for any type of comparative research. Work volume records zero working hours for nonemployed individuals and thus allows straightforward comparisons between women’s and men’s (or any other groups’) involvement in paid work. Using the proposed work volume measure, we show that gender gaps in paid work decreased over time, but that even in 2022, men’s involvement in paid work remained considerably higher than women’s—with gender gaps being lowest in the Scandinavian and the former Communist countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Strukturwandel am Arbeitsmarkt durch die ökologische Transformation - Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt: Expertise für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung (2025)
Zitatform
Hohendanner, Christian, Markus Janser & Florian Lehmer (2025): Strukturwandel am Arbeitsmarkt durch die ökologische Transformation - Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Expertise für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung. Berlin, 94 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Expertise untersucht erstmals quantitativ die strukturellen Veränderungen des Arbeitsmarktes in Deutschland im Hinblick auf geschlechtsbezogene Aspekte, die im Zuge der ökologischen Transformation entstehen. Wir verwenden hierfür einen Tasks-basierten Ansatz zur Identifikation der betroffenen Akteur*innen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Dazu werden der Greenness-of-Jobs Index (GOJI) (Janser 2019, 2024), das IAB-Berufepanel (Version 2012-2022, inkl. GOJI) sowie deskriptive Statistiken auf Basis des IAB-Betriebspanels herangezogen. Das IAB-Berufepanel wie die Auswertungen des IAB-Betriebspanels sind auf der Homepage des IAB öffentlich zugänglich und können für weitere Analysen genutzt werden. Zusätzlich werden Maßnahmen diskutiert, die helfen könnten, mögliche Ungleichheiten in der ökologischen Transformation abzufedern und zu überwinden. Ziel der Expertise ist es, den Sachverständigen für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht eine fundierte empirische Grundlage zu den Veränderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und deren potenziellen Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse durch die ökologische Transformation zu liefern. Die Expertise zeigt auf, inwiefern Frauen und Männer gleichermaßen oder unterschiedlich von den Entwicklungen des Arbeitsmarktes profitieren bzw. betroffen sind. Es wird dargestellt, in welchen Branchen und Berufen sich Tätigkeitsfelder verändert haben und neue Beschäftigungsverhältnisse entstanden bzw. weggefallen sind – jeweils mit besonderem Fokus auf die Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern. Vor dem Hintergrund aller zusammengetragenen Erkenntnisse wird abschließend diskutiert, inwiefern die bisherigen Ergebnisse darauf hindeuten, dass sich geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede bzw. Ungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in der ökologischen Transformation eher angleichen oder weiter auseinanderentwickeln." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Female-Specific Labor Regulation and Employment: Historical Evidence from the United States (2025)
Kattan, Lamis; Haddad, Joanne;Zitatform
Kattan, Lamis & Joanne Haddad (2025): Female-Specific Labor Regulation and Employment: Historical Evidence from the United States. In: Journal of labor economics, S. 1-67. DOI:10.1086/736151
Abstract
"We examine the causal impact of three unexplored female-specific Labor regulation: seating, health and safety and night-work regulations, on female gainful employment. Our findings indicate that laws regulating working conditions and restricting night-work increased female employment by 4% to 8%. Heterogeneous effects reveal that younger and married women without children witnessed the largest increase in employment. Additionally, native,higher-class and educated women were incentivized to join the workforce. The affected categories of women suggest that these regulations played a crucialrole in altering societal norms and women’s attitudes and incentives towards employment, leading to an increase in female labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female Breadwinners’ Health and Well-Being: How Do Individual Gender Attitudes and Societal Gender Culture Matter? (2025)
Zitatform
Lee, Sangsoo (2025): Female Breadwinners’ Health and Well-Being: How Do Individual Gender Attitudes and Societal Gender Culture Matter? In: Social indicators research, Jg. 178, H. 2, S. 961-986. DOI:10.1007/s11205-025-03562-5
Abstract
"It is well-known that female breadwinning is negatively associated with women’s health and well-being, and that this negative relationship tends to be moderated by individuals’ gender attitudes. This study aims to contribute to the existing literature in two ways. First, this study uses a more direct measure of individuals’ aversion to female breadwinning. Second, this study considers societal gender culture beyond individual gender attitudes by applying the gender deviation and gender social stress frameworks from a multilevel perspective. Applying linear regression models with country-fixed effects to approximately 24,045 married women in 61 countries from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey, this study shows that female breadwinners are disadvantaged in their subjective well-being compared to those not serving as breadwinners only when they are averse to female breadwinning. This study also finds that the adverse health and well-being outcomes associated with being the female breadwinner are accentuated in countries with stronger societal aversion to female breadwinning, net of individual gender attitudes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job creation, job destruction, and fertility in Germany (2025)
Luo, Chen; Jarosz, Ewa;Zitatform
Luo, Chen & Ewa Jarosz (2025): Job creation, job destruction, and fertility in Germany. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 52, S. 383-414. DOI:10.4054/demres.2025.52.13
Abstract
"Background: Labor market dynamics, such as job creation and job destruction, bear different associations with fertility. The relationship between job loss and fertility has been a core topic in family demography. However, little attention has been paid to examining how the expansion of some industries is associated with childbearing. Objective: This study investigates how job creation and job destruction are associated with regional-level total fertility rates in Germany. By including gender-specific job creation and destruction, it also aims to explore the drivers behind gender differences in the employment–fertility nexus. Methods: We use data from 400 NUTS 3 regions in Germany covering the period from 2008 to 2020. Spatial panel data modelling is used to examine the association between the creation and destruction of jobs and regional fertility rates. The approach allows us to identify both temporal and spatial processes associated with fertility. Results: We find a positive association between jobs created for female workers and regional fertility rates. Conversely, job destruction among male workers is negatively associated with regional fertility rates. Industry-level analyses suggest that particularly for women, the characteristics of the newly created jobs could matter for childbearing. Contribution: This study provides a nuanced picture of the association between job creation, job destruction, and fertility. In particular, our findings highlight gender differences in the relationship between dynamic labor market processes and childbearing. The relatively high degree of job creation, particularly in the female-dominated industries, might have contributed to the increase in fertility in Germany since 2009." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Singles, Couples, and Their Labor Supply: Long-Run Trends and Short-Run Fluctuations (2025)
Olsson, Jonna;Zitatform
Olsson, Jonna (2025): Singles, Couples, and Their Labor Supply: Long-Run Trends and Short-Run Fluctuations. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1257/mac.20200449
Abstract
"Women's increased involvement in the economy has been an important change in labor markets during the past century. I show that a macroeconomic model taking into account gender and household composition in an otherwise parsimonious off-the-shelf setting captures key historical labor supply facts regarding trend and volatility across subgroups. Evaluating the economy's response to aggregate shocks at different points in time shows that the underlying trend growth in married women's employment contributed to the perceived quick employment recoveries after recessions before 1990, and the absence of growth thereafter consequently helps explain the more recent slower recoveries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female labor force participation and development: improving outcomes for women takes more than raising labor force participation - good jobs are important too (2025)
Zitatform
Verick, Sher (2025): Female labor force participation and development. Improving outcomes for women takes more than raising labor force participation - good jobs are important too. (IZA world of labor 87), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.87.v3
Abstract
"Der Zusammenhang zwischen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung eines Landes und der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen wird durch den Verlauf von Wirtschaftswachstum und Bildungserwerb, durch Geburtenraten, soziale Normen und andere Faktoren geprägt. Die Erwerbsquote zeichnet nur ein Teilbild der Frauenbeschäftigung und lässt Aussagen über ihre Qualität nur eingeschränkt zu. Deren Verbesserung kann nur unter Berücksichtigung von angebots- und nachfrageseitigen Aspekten erreicht werden. Ein erleichterter Zugang zu sekundärer und höherer Bildung ist dabei entscheidend, muss aber mit der Schaffung von passenden Jobs für Frauen einhergehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Arbeitszeitunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern verringern sich nur langsam (Serie "Equal Pay Day 2025") (2025)
Zitatform
Wanger, Susanne (2025): Die Arbeitszeitunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern verringern sich nur langsam (Serie "Equal Pay Day 2025"). In: IAB-Forum H. 18.03.2025. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250318.01
Abstract
"Die Zahl der von berufstätigen Frauen jährlich geleisteten Arbeitsstunden liegt im Schnitt 24 Prozent unter der der Männer. Sie ist damit nur 4 Prozentpunkte niedriger als vor 25 Jahren. Hauptgrund sind die über den gesamten Erwerbsverlauf hinweg deutlich höheren Teilzeitquoten von Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Frauenerwerbstätigkeit, ökonomische Gleichstellung: volkswirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Dimensionen (2025)
Zitatform
Weßler-Poßberg, Dagmar, Claire Samtleben & Evelyn Stoll (2025): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit, ökonomische Gleichstellung: volkswirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Dimensionen. München, 26 S.
Abstract
"Die ökonomische Ungleichheit von Frauen und Männern schwächt die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen Wirtschaft und die Stabilität der öffentlichen Finanzen Deutschlands, insbesondere in den Bereichen Rente und Krankenversicherung. Eine höhere Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen und insbesondere ein größeres Arbeitsvolumen in vollzeitnaher Erwerbstätigkeit könnten bislang ungenutzte Potenziale für das Potenzialwachstum freisetzen. Die substanzielle Erwerbstätigkeit muss auch in Lebensphasen mit Verantwortung für Kinder und mit Verantwortung für pflegebedürftige Angehörige ermöglicht und unterstützt werden. Die vollzeitnahe Erwerbsarbeit von beiden, Müttern und Vätern, sowie Männern und Frauen als häuslich Pflegende fördert ihre wirtschaftliche Eigenständigkeit und eine partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung. Ehe- und familienbezogene Leistungen müssen als ganzheitliches und integriertes System auf wirtschaftliche Eigenständigkeit ausgerichtet sein und Erwerbshürden senken. Aus einer volkswirtschaftlichen Perspektive ist es zielführend, wenn vereinbarkeitsunterstützende Realtransfers (für gute Kindertagesbetreuung und Pflegedienstleistungen) mit Steuerregelungen und monetären Leistungen einhergehen, die gleichfalls die substanzielle Erwerbsarbeit von Frauen und partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung fördern. Wirtschaftliche Eigenständigkeit durch ein eigenes Erwerbseinkommen ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben und wirkt positiv auf die Gesellschaft. Das individuelle psychische Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit von Frauen vermeidet langfristig Folgekosten und fördert das gesamtgesellschaftliche Wohlergehen" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Persistence of Gender Pay and Employment Gaps in European Countries (2024)
Zitatform
Afonso, António & M. Carmen Blanco-Arana (2024): The Persistence of Gender Pay and Employment Gaps in European Countries. (CESifo working paper 11315), München, 18 S.
Abstract
"The gender pay gap and the gender gap in employment remains persistent in Europe despite the basic assertion of gender equality under EU law. We assess the factors that influence the gender pay gap and gender employment gap across European countries. Therefore, we use an unbalanced panel of 31 European countries over the period 2000-2022, and estimate a system generalized method of moment model (GMM). The main conclusions confirm that tertiary education significantly reduces gender pay gap and part-time and temporary contracts significantly increase this gap. Moreover, part-time reduces significantly gender employment gap. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita does not affect these gaps and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) saw a narrowing of the gender pay and employment gaps in European countries. The results are robust when using a fixed effects (FE) model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does gender equality in labor participation bring equality? Evidence from developing and developed countries (2024)
Zitatform
Alfani, Federica, Fabio Clementi, Michele Fabiani, Vasco Molini & Enzo Valentini (2024): Does gender equality in labor participation bring equality? Evidence from developing and developed countries. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 67, H. 1, S. 289-311. DOI:10.1007/s00181-023-02545-0
Abstract
"The female labor force participation (FLFP) has a strong and significant dis-equalizing impact in at least three groups of developing countries, and relatively low initial participation levels, based on a macro- and micro-data comparison, whereas, in developed countries, both a cross-country comparison and a literature review have shown that the relationship is tendentially equalizing. Based on a decile-level data analysis in developing countries, we found that the FLFP showed higher levels of returns among top deciles compared to the lower ones. This evidence emphasizes the importance of developing policies to encourage participation among women belonging to lower deciles of the income distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Einkommen und Erwerbsbeteiligung, wichtige Einflussfaktoren und Ereignisse: Forschungsbericht im Rahmen des Siebten Armuts- und Reichtumsberichts (2024)
Arnemann, Laura; Rehm, Lennart; Riedel, Lukas; Perner, Ina; Stichnoth, Holger;Zitatform
Arnemann, Laura, Lukas Riedel & Holger Stichnoth (2024): Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Einkommen und Erwerbsbeteiligung, wichtige Einflussfaktoren und Ereignisse. Forschungsbericht im Rahmen des Siebten Armuts- und Reichtumsberichts. Mannheim, 120 S.
Abstract
"Der vorliegende Bericht legt geschlechts- und kohortenspezifische Altersprofile von Erwerbseinkommen und Beschäftigung vor, analysiert Einflussfaktoren auf diese Profile (Bildung, Kinderzahl, Migrationshintergrund, Wohnort in Ost- oder Westdeutschland), untersucht die Auswirkungen (erwerbs-)biografischer Ereignisse (Geburt des ersten Kindes, Scheidung, Arbeitslosigkeit, Erwerbsminderung/Schwerbehinderung) auf Erwerbseinkommen und Beschäftigung und arbeitet in einer Lebensverlaufsbetrachtung typische Verläufe der Einkommen, gemessen an der alters- und jahresspezifischen Position in der Einkommensverteilung, sowie die Verteilung der kumulierten Erwerbseinkommen im Alter von 20 bis 45, differenziert nach Geschlecht, Kohorte und weiteren Merkmalen, heraus. Datengrundlage sind das Sozio-oekonomische Panel und die Stichprobe der Integrierten Arbeitsmarktbiografien." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIAB7519.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
DIW Berlin: Technological Progress, Occupational Structure, and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market (2024)
Zitatform
Bachmann, Ronald & Myrielle Gonschor (2024): DIW Berlin: Technological Progress, Occupational Structure, and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1207), Berlin, 52 S.
Abstract
"We analyze if technological progress and the change in the occupational structure have improved women’s position in the labor market. We show that women increasingly work in non-routine manual and in interactive occupations. However, the observed narrowing of the gender wage gap is entirely driven by declining gender wag gaps within, rather than between, occupations. A decomposition exercise reveals that while explained factors have become more important contributors to the gender wage gap, the importance of unexplained factors factors has strongly declined. Therefore, unequal treatment based on unobservables, i.e. discrimination, is likely to have declined over time. Finally, technological change as measured by job tasks plays an ambiguous role. Institutional factors, and in particular part-time employment, are still a major driver of the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When will global gender gaps close? (2024)
Zitatform
Badel, Alejandro & Rishi Goyal (2024): When will global gender gaps close? In: Economics Letters, Jg. 237. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111544
Abstract
"Global gender gaps are commonly expected to gradually close along a deterministic path over time. This paper uses Markov chains as in Quah (1993) to simulate the future dynamic path of the global distribution of gender labor force participation gaps based on country data from the last 30 years. The simulations suggest that global gender gaps will never close. A large share of countries will feature elevated gaps in the long run owing to the potential for individual episodes of increasing gaps found in the data. Absent improved and strengthened policy measures, the observed waste and misallocation of women's skills and talents may persist indefinitely." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership (2024)
Zitatform
Blau, Francine D. & Lisa M. Lynch (2024): Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership. In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 711, H. 1, S. 225-244. DOI:10.1177/00027162241292175
Abstract
"We provide an overview of what has happened for women over the past 50 years as they worked to break through professional barriers in economics, policy, and institutional leadership. We chart the progress of women in higher education at the college level and beyond and then examine women’s representation at the upper levels of academia, government, law, medicine, and management. We begin our description of trends in 1972, when Title IX was enacted to prohibit sex-based discrimination in federally funded educational programs. The data paint a picture of considerable progress but also persistent inequities. We then go on to consider possible explanations for the continuing gender differences and some of the empirical evidence on the factors identified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender equality and economic growth: Past progress and future potential (2024)
Zitatform
Fluchtmann, Jonas, Mark Keese & Willem Adema (2024): Gender equality and economic growth. Past progress and future potential. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 304), Paris, 45 S. DOI:10.1787/fb0a0a93-en
Abstract
"Despite women’s increased participation in the labor market significantly contributing to past economic growth, persistent gender gaps across OECD labour markets hinder full realization of the potential gains of women’s economic participation. This paper analyses the economic implications of these gaps and evaluates the potential for future growth through greater gender equality in labor market outcomes. Utilising two methodological frameworks, the paper first employs growth accounting to measure the contribution of women's employment to past economic growth. The paper then uses a simplified version of the OECD Long-Term Model in conjunction with projections on future labor force dynamics to estimate the impact of greater gender equality on the labor market. These analyses provide insight into the potentially significant economic benefits of closing persistent gender gaps across OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps in perceptions of social protection: Insights from the OECD Risks that Matter Survey (2024)
Zitatform
Frey, Valérie, Jasmin Thomas & Lyydia Alajääskö (2024): Gender gaps in perceptions of social protection: Insights from the OECD Risks that Matter Survey. In: International social security review, Jg. 77, H. 4, S. 23-48. DOI:10.1111/issr.12374
Abstract
"Aufgrund ihres geringeren Verbleibens im Arbeitsmarkt sowie ihres niedrigeren Einkommens verspüren Frauen systematisch eine höhere finanzielle Unsicherheit als Männer in allen Mitgliedsländern der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD). Ähnliche Geschlechterungleichheiten treten bei der Wahrnehmung von Sozialschutzsystemen auf: Hier vertrauen Frauen viel weniger als Männer ihrer Fähigkeit hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu Leistungen und Dienstleistungen sowie des Erhalts angemessener Einkommensunterstützung, sofern sie diese benötigen, sowohl im erwerbsfähigen als auch im hohen Alter. Die Ergebnisse der länderübergreifenden OECD-Umfrage „Risks that Matter“ (Risiken, die wichtig sind – RTM) belegen, dass in allen Ländern durchschnittlich etwa die Hälfte der Frauen das Gefühl hat, im Bedarfsfall keinen leichten Zugang zu öffentlichen Leistungen zu bekommen, im Gegensatz zu 43 Prozent der Männer. Diese wahrgenommene Nichtzugänglichkeit ist wahrscheinlich ein Spiegelbild der Geschlechterungleichheiten bei den wahrgenommenen „Kosten durch Ärger “, die mit den Anträgen zu Sozialprogrammen und der Übernahme des Verwaltungsaufwands im Haushalt verbunden sind, sowie auch der niedrigeren Sozialversicherungsbeiträge von Frauen. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Geschlechterungleichheiten im Entwurf von Sozialprogrammen und zeigt Möglichkeiten für Regierungen auf, um bei der Verbesserung des Zugangs und der Angemessenheit des Sozialschutzes die Geschlechterfrage besser zu berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons)
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Literaturhinweis
De-industrialization, local joblessness and the male-female employment gap (2024)
Fritzsche, Miriam;Zitatform
Fritzsche, Miriam (2024): De-industrialization, local joblessness and the male-female employment gap. (Discussion paper / Berlin School of Economics 0040), Berlin, 74 S. DOI:10.48462/opus4-5427
Abstract
"Across industrialized countries, regional disparities in labor market outcomes and income have increased in recent decades. This paper investigates how one of the largest localized labor demand shocks tied to the beginning of de-industrialization- the decline of the mining industry between 1960 and 2010 - affects labor market outcomes in the long run. The analysis relies on a new panel data set based on digitized census records from Belgium, France, the UK, and Germany that allows to trace labor market adjustments over 60 years for the male and female working-age population separately. For the causal estimation, I use an IV-shift share approach that exploits exogenous variation in the shifts induced by increased seaborne trade of energy substitutes and the share given by geological rock strata to predict mining activity. The male population disproportionately suffered under this (early) de-industrialization shock and the subsequent job loss. For the male population, the employment-population ratio has not yet recovered resulting in persistent local joblessness. In contrast, the female working-age population experienced a strong catch-up in employment and participation. I find that at the aggregate level, a substantial, albeit time-lagged population response paired with a strong increase in female participation rates fully compensate for the loss of male jobs over the decades. As a consequence, the male-female employment gap shrinks over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How many gaps are there? Investigating the regional dimension of the gender commuting gap (2024)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Ramona Jost & Antje Weyh (2024): How many gaps are there? Investigating the regional dimension of the gender commuting gap. In: Papers in Regional Science, Jg. 103, H. 1, 2024-01-15. DOI:10.1016/j.pirs.2024.100005
Abstract
"This paper investigates the gender gap in commuting by differentiating between the place of residence and work in urban and rural regions. Using administrative geo-referenced data for Germany and applying decomposition techniques, we provide evidence for a triple gap in commuting to the disadvantage of women. Apart from the overall gap, the regional disaggregation uncovers a further gap among workers commuting between rather than within regions, with the highest gap among commuters between rural regions. Occupational segregation and establishment size are the most relevant factors for explaining the gender commuting gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours of work and the long-run effects of in-work transfers (2024)
Zitatform
Goll, David, Robert Joyce & Tom Waters (2024): Hours of work and the long-run effects of in-work transfers. In: Economica, Jg. 91, H. 364, S. 1222-1254. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12548
Abstract
"Policymakers have increasingly turned to ‘in-work transfers’ to boost incomes among poorer workers and strengthen work incentives. One attraction of these is that labour supply elasticities are typically greatest at the extensive margin. Because in-work transfers are normally subject to earnings-related phase-outs, they tend to most strongly incentivize part-time work, weakening incentives to increase hours beyond that. But if part-time work generates relatively little in the way of human capital and career progression, then policy design should factor in the longer-term consequences of labour supply choices along the intensive margin. To that end, we use a dynamic model of female labour supply with endogenous human capital accumulation, and study actual and hypothetical welfare reforms in the UK. We show that for a given expansion in the government budget, those reforms that incentivize full-time work can do considerably more to increase incomes, including among poorer households, and to raise welfare. Our results suggest that in-work transfers could be refined by paying greater attention to the intensive margin effects through the design of their phase-outs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female Employment and Structural Transformation (2024)
Zitatform
Kuhn, Moritz, Iourii Manovskii & Xincheng Qiu (2024): Female Employment and Structural Transformation. (CRC TR 224 discussion paper series / EPoS Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224 224), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"Two prominent secular trends characterize the transformation of labor markets in industrialized countries in recent decades. First, employment has shifted from manufacturing to services. Second, the share of female employment in total employment has risen sharply. This paper documents a novel fact linking these two trends: female employment shares within manufacturing and within services have remained virtually constant over time and across developed economies. Constant sectoral gender shares imply that an exogenous increase in female labor supply can by itself induce structural change. We provide empirical evidence for the presence of this effect in the data. We then propose a quantitative theory of structural change with nonhomothetic preferences, differential sectoral productivity growth, gender complementarity in sectoral production, and rising female employment, and calibrate it to the U.S. economy. Quantitatively, we find that the rise in female employment accounts for about two-thirds of structural change in the U.S. over the past five decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female Employment and Structural Transformation (2024)
Zitatform
Kuhn, Moritz, Iourii Manovskii & Xincheng Qiu (2024): Female Employment and Structural Transformation. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17118), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"Two prominent secular trends characterize the transformation of labor markets in industrialized countries in recent decades. First, employment has shifted from manufacturing to services. Second, the share of female employment in total employment has risen sharply. This paper documents a novel fact linking these two trends: female employment shares within manufacturing and within services have remained virtually constant over time and across developed economies. Constant sectoral gender shares imply that an exogenous increase in female labor supply can by itself induce structural change. We provide empirical evidence for the presence of this effect in the data. We then propose a quantitative theory of structural change with nonhomothetic preferences, differential sectoral productivity growth, gender complementarity in sectoral production, and rising female employment, and calibrate it to the U.S. economy. Quantitatively, we find that the rise in female employment accounts for about two-thirds of structural change in the U.S. over the past five decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered Parenthood-Employment Gaps from Midlife: A Demographic Perspective Across Three Different Welfare Systems (2024)
Zitatform
Lorenti, Angelo, Jessica Nisén, Letizia Mencarini & Mikko Myrskylä (2024): Gendered Parenthood-Employment Gaps from Midlife: A Demographic Perspective Across Three Different Welfare Systems. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 40. DOI:10.1007/s10680-024-09699-2
Abstract
"Women’s labor force participation has increased in Western countries, but gender gaps remain, especially among parents. Using a novel comparative perspective, we assess women’s and men’s employment trajectories from midlife onward by parity and education. We provide insights into the gendered parenthood-employment gaps examining the long-term implications of parenthood beyond the core childbearing ages by decomposing years lived between ages 40–74, in years of employment, joblessness, and retirement. Using multistate incidence-based life tables, we compare different cultural and institutional contexts: Finland, Italy, and the USA. Our results document large cross-national variation, with education playing a key role. In Finland, the number of years of employment increases with parity for women and men, and the gender gap is small; in the USA, the relationship between parity and years of employment is relatively flat, although a gender gap emerges among those with two or more children; in Italy, the number of years of employment decreases sharply for women as parity increases, while it increases for men. Notably, education has a similar positive impact on years of employment across all groups in Finland. In contrast, in the USA and Italy, the gender gap is only half as large among highly educated mothers as it is among low educated mothers. The employment trajectories of childless women and men differ greatly across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Full-time employment is all that matters? Quantifying the role of relevant and gender-exclusive life course experiences for gender inequalities (2024)
Zitatform
Rowold, Carla (2024): Full-time employment is all that matters? Quantifying the role of relevant and gender-exclusive life course experiences for gender inequalities. (MPIDR working paper / Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2024-021), Rostock, 95 S. DOI:10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2024-021
Abstract
"Gender Pension Gaps (GPG) represent crucial indicators of gender inequalities over the life course and reflect the value welfare states place on different types of work. Despite reaching higher levels, they receive less attention than other gender inequalities, such as gender wage gaps. More generally, research on gender inequalities typically focuses on selected sets of life course summary measures, predominantly the employment duration, to explain gender inequalities across the life course. Taking a life course perspective and using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) for the Netherlands and West Germany, I propose an innovative combination of machine learning, sequence analysis, and decomposition techniques, allowing for a new perspective on gender inequalities over the life course. The study contributes by disentangling which specific life course elements are most relevant for pension inequalities and quantifies the role of gender-exclusive life-course experiences for gender disparities. I find that the duration, timing, order of life-course states, and overall life course complexity matter for pension income inequalities in both pension systems. Specifically, the duration, timing, and order of care work experiences are more crucial pension predictors than employment duration, which has been the primary focus of previous research. The largest parts of the GPGs are attributable to gender-exclusive life course experiences: There is no male counterpart for the female engagement in care work, which is poorly rewarded in pension systems. Future research and policymakers likely benefit from considering such gender-specific combinations of life-course experiences and applications of the methodological approach to other inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's Labour Market Attachment and the Gender Wealth Gap (2024)
Zitatform
Sierminska, Eva, Daniela Piazzalunga & Markus Grabka (2024): Women's Labour Market Attachment and the Gender Wealth Gap. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 1045-1071. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2023-0259
Abstract
"This article examines the evolution of the gender wealth gap in Germany during the first decade of the XXI century. This period is characterized by an increase in labour supply of women and change in occupational structure due to numerous reforms undertaken by the government. We use the Firpo, Fortin, Lemieux detailed decomposition technique throughout the wealth distribution to identify the main factors explaining the gap over time. Findings indicate that an increase in the labour market participation of women and the resulting changes in the occupational structure are accompanied by positive changes in women’s wealth accumulation, which reduce the gender wealth gap. The role of permanent income decreases due to a reduction both in the gender difference in average permanent income and in gender differences in its returns. There remain substantial differences in the way women and men accumulate wealth. Policy interventions to further reduce the gap are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern 2023 (2024)
Singer, Kirsten; Fleischer, Nicole;Zitatform
Singer, Kirsten & Nicole Fleischer (2024): Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern 2023. (Berichte: Blickpunkt Arbeitsmarkt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 29 S.
Abstract
"Die Erwerbsneigung und Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern sind in Deutschland in den letzten 10 Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Nur in wenigen Ländern Europas ist die Erwerbsbeteiligung insgesamt und insbesondere von Frauen so hoch wie in Deutschland. Frauen und Männer sind unterschiedlich in den verschiedenen Formen der Erwerbstätigkeit vertreten: Rund zwei Drittel der Selbständigen sind Männer. Die sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten sind zu über der Hälfte männlich. Bei den Beamten sind Frauen und Männer je zur Hälfte vertreten und Minijobs sind nach wie vor eine Frauendomäne." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Link zur aktuellen Version, ältere Fassungen online nicht mehr verfügbar. -
Literaturhinweis
2024 report on gender equality in the EU (2024)
Zitatform
(2024): 2024 report on gender equality in the EU. (... report on gender equality in the EU / European Commission, Justice and Consumers), Luxembourg, 75 S. DOI:10.2838/401813
Abstract
"(...) the 2024 report on gender equality in the EU takes stock of the main initiatives from March 2023 until February 2024 to advance gender equality in the Strategy ’s key areas , namely: - Being free from violence and stereotypes; - Thriving in a gender-equal economy; - Leading equally throughout society; - Gender mainstreaming and funding; and - Promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment across the world. The report focuses on the keyactions and achievements of EU institutions in this area. It also provides encouraging examples of legislative and policy developments by Member States (indicated in the boxes), and work by EU-funded projects in the above areas." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Promoting gender equality to strengthen economic growth and resilience (2023)
Andre, Christophe; Causa, Orsetta; Unsal, Filiz; Sutherland, Douglas; Soldani, Emilia;Zitatform
Andre, Christophe, Orsetta Causa, Emilia Soldani, Douglas Sutherland & Filiz Unsal (2023): Promoting gender equality to strengthen economic growth and resilience. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1776), Paris, 23 S. DOI:10.1787/54090c29-en
Abstract
"Women's employment rates and wages are still lagging those of men across OECD countries, with average employment and wage gaps now around 15% and 12% respectively. Gaps narrowed at a relatively modest pace over the past decade, calling for further policy action. A lack of affordable high-quality childcare is often an obstacle to women's participation in the labor market and notably to working full time. A very unequal sharing of parental leave between parents and challenges upon return to work further hampers women's careers. Biases in the tax system may discourage women from working in some countries. Women face disadvantage in accessing management positions and entrepreneurship. A range of policies can help reduce gender gaps, including better childcare provision, incentivizing parents to better share parental leave, re-skilling and upskilling on return from parental leave, encouraging gender equality within firms, integration programs for foreign-born women, promoting women entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, and levelling taxation for second earners. Moreover, the multiple dimensions and root causes of gender inequality call for mainstreaming gender across policy domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Men and women's employment status and union (in)stability: does contextual gender equality matter? (2023)
Zitatform
Bastianelli, Elena, Cristina Solera & Daniele Vignoli (2023): Men and women's employment status and union (in)stability: does contextual gender equality matter? (DISIA working paper / Universit`a degli Studi di Firenze 2023,09), [Firenze], 28 S.
Abstract
"Gender theories agree that the role played by women and men's employment status in the prediction of union dissolution depends on the level of gender equality in the society. Given its strong regional differences, Italy represents an excellent laboratory to study how variations in gender contexts influence the gendered relationship between employment status and union dissolution. We measured regional gender equality by means of an index comprising equality in three spheres: the labor market, the family, and the welfare context. By applying discrete-time event history models to nationally representative data, we estimated the probability of union dissolution for jobless and employed men and women across regions. Our results showed that, as contextual gender equality increases, differences by employment status diminish, and gender differences in the relationship between employment status and union dissolution virtually disappear - even in a country considered 'traditional' in terms of family and gender dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe (2023)
Zitatform
Campaña, Juan Carlos, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2023): Measuring Gender Gaps in Time Allocation in Europe. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 165, H. 2, S. 519-553. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-03026-0
Abstract
"This paper explores the gender gap in time allocation in European countries, offering a comparison of the 2000s and the 2010s, along with an explanation of the documented gender gaps, based on social norms and institutional factors. The results show that the gender gap in both paid and unpaid work has decreased in most countries, but with a significant level of cross-country heterogeneity in the size of the gender gaps. More traditional social norms are related to greater gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work, while countries with better family-friendly policies and a greater representation of women in politics and in the labour market exhibit smaller gender inequalities. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, and attempts to monitor the progress towards the elimination of gender inequalities. Despite that some degree of gender convergence in paid and unpaid work has taken place, there remain inequalities in the distribution of labour in European countries, and possible solutions may be related to social norms and family-friendly policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19 (2023)
Zitatform
Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2023): The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102402
Abstract
"We investigate the attachment to the labour market of women in their 30s, who are combining career and family choices, through their reactions to an exogenous, and potentially symmetric shock, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that in Italy a large number of women with small children, living in the North, left permanent (and temporary) employment and became inactive in 2020. Despite the short period of observation after the burst of the pandemic, the identified impacts appear large and persistent, particularly with respect to the men of the same age. We argue that this evidence is ascribable to specific regional socio-cultural factors, which foreshadow a potential long-term detrimental impact on female labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2021 (2023)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2023): Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2021. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 17 S.
Abstract
"Dass Frauen in Deutschland weniger verdienen als Männer, gilt gemeinhin als bekannt. Die nationale Betrachtung verdeckt jedoch große Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Regionen. Im Folgenden zeigen wir diese regionalen Unterschiede mit dem so genannten Gender Pay Gap (GPG) auf. Datengrundlage bildet hierbei der nominale Lohn (brutto), den sozialversicherungspflichtig Vollzeitbeschäftigte zum Stichtag 30.06.2021 in einer bestimmten Region verdient haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Der Preis von Mutterschaft – die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in Ost- und Westdeutschland (2023)
Lawitzky, Corinna; Weyh, Antje;Zitatform
Lawitzky, Corinna & Antje Weyh (2023): Der Preis von Mutterschaft – die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Gender, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 119-137., 2021-12-07. DOI:10.3224/gender.v15i1.09
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Rollenbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Datengrundlage bildet die Beschäftigtenhistorik des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, die Angaben zu allen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in Deutschland enthält. Vollzeitbeschäftigte Frauen mit Kindern verdienen weniger als Frauen ohne Kinder, wobei dieser Lohnunterschied in Westdeutschland deutlich größer ausfällt als in Ostdeutschland. Mittels einer Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung weisen wir wichtige Einflussfaktoren aus und können einen bereinigten Lohnunterschied ermitteln. Dabei deuten die Ergebnisse der Zerlegungen darauf hin, dass historische Unterschiede bezüglich der gesellschaftlichen Leitbilder zur Mutterrolle in Ost- und Westdeutschland weiterhin bestehen. Die Abkehr vom traditionellen Bild der Mutterrolle ist somit nach wie vor relevant für den Abbau des Lohnnachteils für Mütter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Budrich)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Weyh, Antje; -
Literaturhinweis
Feminization, ageing and occupational change in Europe in the last 25 years (2023)
Mariscal-de-Gante, Álvaro; Fernández-Macías, Enrique ; Grubanov-Boskovic, Sara; Palencia-Esteban, Amaia ;Zitatform
Mariscal-de-Gante, Álvaro, Amaia Palencia-Esteban, Sara Grubanov-Boskovic & Enrique Fernández-Macías (2023): Feminization, ageing and occupational change in Europe in the last 25 years. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2023,04), Sevilla, 23 S.
Abstract
"This paper presents new evidence on the interaction between demographic and occupational change in Europe over the last 25 years. We use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey covering six European countries to make the results representative of the different EU institutional families. The analysis is based on a cross-sectional comparison between the population and employment distributions in 1995 and 2019. This strategy allows us to study the changing demographic dynamics, which have brought a more feminised, aged and educated working population, in a context of structural employment change, where higher job polarisation or occupational upgrading are the main patterns. The results indicate that the increasing female participation has been accompanied by job polarisation, driven especially by the expansion of low-paid jobs among women. Although educational upgrading was particularly relevant for females, a multinomial logistic regression shows that occupational returns to education have declined more for women than men. Finally, despite the fact that the share of young (old) workers has decreased (increased), the occupational profile has changed similarly for both groups and the gender-based differences remain regardless of their age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen des Zugangs zum Homeoffice auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern (2023)
Zitatform
Pauliks, Johanna Elisabeth, Reinhard Schunck & Yvonne Lott (2023): Auswirkungen des Zugangs zum Homeoffice auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 319-340. DOI:10.1007/s11577-023-00910-6
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich die tatsächliche Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern verändert, wenn sie die Möglichkeit erhalten, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Ausgehend von der Principle-Agent-Theorie, der sozialen Austauschtheorie und der Work/Family-Border-Theorie wurde mit längsschnittlichen Daten des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam) geprüft, ob eine Veränderung der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit zu beobachten ist, wenn die Möglichkeit besteht, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Um mögliche Selektionseffekte auszuschließen, wurden sowohl konventionelle Fixed-Effects- als auch Fixed-Effects-Individual-Slope-Modelle zur Schätzung des Effekts vom Zugang zu Homeoffice auf die Arbeitszeit von Vätern und Müttern verwendet. Bei Vätern sind die geschätzten Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Zugang zum Homeoffice und der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit klein und statistisch nicht signifikant. Bei Müttern zeigen sich positive, substanzielle und – in Abhängigkeit von der Modellspezifikation – statistisch signifikante Zusammenhänge." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf den Arbeitsmärkten in West- und Ostdeutschland (2023)
Zitatform
Pfahl, Svenja, Eugen Unrau, Maike Wittmann & Yvonne Lott (2023): Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf den Arbeitsmärkten in West- und Ostdeutschland. (WSI-Report 88), Düsseldorf, 51 S.
Abstract
"Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf den Arbeitsmärkten in West- und Ostdeutschland? Auf Basis aktueller Daten und den im WSI GenderDatenPortal (www.wsi.de/genderdatenportal) vorliegenden Analysen und Zeitreihen untersucht der vorliegende Report anhand von 22 Indikatoren aus den Bereichen Bildung, Erwerbsarbeit, Einkommen, Zeit, Sorgearbeit und Mitbestimmung, wie groß der jeweilige Geschlechterabstand auf den Arbeitsmärkten in West- und Ostdeutschland aktuell ausfällt. Auf dieser Basis wird diskutiert, ob und in welchem Umfang sich die beiden Landesteile hinsichtlich der Geschlechtergleichstellung in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten angenähert haben. Der vorliegende Report aktualisiert damit die Befunde des vorausgegangenen Reports Nr. 60 zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf den Arbeitsmärkten in West- und Ostdeutschland (Hobler et al. 2020) zusätzlich um die Betrachtung der Jahre 2021 bzw. 2022." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Frauen in vielen Branchen mehrfach benachteiligt (2023)
Pfahl, Svenja; Unrau, Eugen;Zitatform
Pfahl, Svenja & Eugen Unrau (2023): Frauen in vielen Branchen mehrfach benachteiligt. In: Gute Arbeit, Jg. 35, H. 10, S. 8-12.
Abstract
"Anhand wichtiger Indikatoren des WSI Gender-Daten-Portals liefert der WSI-Branchenreport erstmals eine Übersicht über den Stand der Gleichstellung in unterschiedlichen Branchen auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Damit liegen amtliche und branchenspezifische Daten zu den Entgelt- und Arbeitszeitbedingungen von Frauen und Männern vor – für Analysen und als Handlungsauftrag." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Changing gender role attitudes and the changing gender gap in labor force participation (2023)
Zitatform
Preston, Alison (2023): Changing gender role attitudes and the changing gender gap in labor force participation. In: The Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 65, H. 5, S. 562-590. DOI:10.1177/00221856231177118
Abstract
"This paper uses micro-data from the Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to examine the relationship between gender role attitudes and the labor supply of men and women. Using the Wellington decomposition technique, the paper also considers how much of the change in the gender gap in labor force participation (LFP) between 2001/5 and 2015/19 may be explained by changes in the gender role attitudes of adult women and men. The results show a 6.5 percentage point convergence in the gender gap in LFP between the two periods. Nearly half the convergence arises from a change in the schooling attainment of men and women. Just over one-third is due to changes in gender role attitudes (faster adoption of egalitarian gender role attitudes by women)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Behind the curtain: How did women's work history vary across Central and Eastern Europe? (2023)
Zitatform
Pérez-Izquierdo, Telmo & Elizaveta Pronkina (2023): Behind the curtain: How did women's work history vary across Central and Eastern Europe? In: Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 465-489. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12345
Abstract
"This paper investigates the differences in female work experience across Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). We use retrospective SHARELIFE data to analyse women's work history from 1950 to 1990. We provide descriptive evidence that women's work experience varied across CEECs. Furthermore, we argue that comparing the former provinces of the Russian Empire in Lithuania and Poland provides a natural experiment, allowing us to disentangle the effect of the differential implementation of the Soviet regime from the pre-existing differences. We find that during communism, Lithuanian women worked 2 years more by age 50 relative to their Polish counterparts. This effect is one-third of that found in the East–West Germany comparison. We propose several potential mechanisms behind this finding: the degree of land collectivization, the Church's influence and the sectoral composition. Accordingly, this study's findings highlight the importance of country differences in CEECs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour Market Participation and Fertility in Seven European Countries: A Comparative Perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Tomatis, Francesca & Roberto Impicciatore (2023): Labour Market Participation and Fertility in Seven European Countries. A Comparative Perspective. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-08
Abstract
"Although evidence suggests a correlation between fertility and employment, comparative studies on this topic are relatively scarce, particularly when considering the diverse ways in which the two variables interact in different countries. The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the employment and reproductive behaviours of women born between 1940 and 1979 in seven European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Georgia, Italy, and Lithuania). Using data from the second wave of Generation and Gender Surveys (GGS) and the Istat survey Famiglia e Soggetti Sociali (FSS) in Italy, we estimated the propensity of first and second childbirth through multi-process modelling. The article’s contribution is both theoretical and methodological. First, this research aims to investigate the correlation between employment and the timing of first and second births in a comparative perspective challenging the traditional East-West divide in Europe and the potential convergence in the impact of employment on fertility behaviours across European countries. Furthermore, the study asks whether the relationship between employment and fertility is changing similarly across European countries or whether differences tend to persist over time. The results are discussed considering women’s emancipation in different institutional settings, highlighting how women’s participation in labour markets affects reproductive behaviour. In particular, the relationship between employment and fertility behaviour is examined in relation to the opposing macro-level thesis, which suggests that the association between employment and fertility changed from negative to positive after the mid-80s. The second contribution of the article is a methodological one. It involves using simultaneous models with three equations to account for potential unobserved factors that influence the timing of the first and second childbirth and the potential endogeneity of employment status on fertility behaviour. The three equations include two log-Hazard equations for the transitions to the first and second birth order and an additional probit model to estimate the probability of being currently employed over the life course. By using this approach, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between employment and fertility, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results suggest relevant national differences. On the one hand, the three Western countries considered in the analysis, France, Germany, and Italy, show a clear incompatibility of work and childbearing. However, in the first two, younger cohorts seem to be less affected by employment, likely because they benefitted from family policies introduced after the mid-1980s. On the other hand, the post-socialist countries are highly heterogeneous. In this area, we can find three different models. First, in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic employment is largely compatible with fertility choices resulting in a higher propensity of having the first and the second childbirth among working women. Second, in Lithuania the positive impact of employment for the first childbirth turns negative for the second one. Third, in Georgia we found a clear postponement of childbirth among working women for both birth orders. Overall, our results show deep differences across countries, suggesting that some European countries are far from demonstrating convergence in the relationship between employment and fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Slowing Women’s Labor Force Participation: The Role of Income Inequality (2022)
Zitatform
Albanesi, Stefania & María José Prados (2022): Slowing Women’s Labor Force Participation: The Role of Income Inequality. (NBER working paper 29675), Cambridge, Mass, 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w29675
Abstract
"The entry of married women into the labor force and the rise in women's relative wages are amongst the most notable economic developments of the twentieth century. The growth in these indicators was particularly pronounced in the 1970s and 1980s, but it stalled since the early 1990s, especially for college graduates. In this paper, we argue that the discontinued growth in female labor supply and wages since the 1990s is a consequence of growing inequality. Our hypothesis is that the growth in top incomes for men generated a negative income effect on the labor supply of their spouses, which reduced their participation and wages. We show that the slowdown in participation and wage growth was concentrated among women married to highly educated and high income husbands, whose earnings grew dramatically over this period. We then develop a model of household labor supply with returns to experience that qualitatively reproduces this effect. A calibrated version of the model can account for a large fraction of the decline relative to trend in married women's participation in 1995-2005 particularly for college women. The model can also account for the rise in the gender wage gap for college graduates relative to trend in the same period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Folgen der Digitalisierung für die Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt – Substituierbarkeitspotenziale und die Beschäftigungsentwicklung bei Frauen und Männern (2022)
Zitatform
Burkert, Carola, Katharina Dengler & Britta Matthes (2022): Die Folgen der Digitalisierung für die Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt – Substituierbarkeitspotenziale und die Beschäftigungsentwicklung bei Frauen und Männern. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 3-27., 2021-09-01. DOI:10.3790/sfo.71.1.3
Abstract
"Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung hat Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitswelt und damit auch auf die bestehenden Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt. Es gibt sowohl Argumente, dass die Digitalisierung zu einer Verschärfung als auch zu einer Nivellierung der bestehenden Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt beitragen kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt deskriptiv, dass Frauen im Durchschnitt seltener als Männer substituierbare Tätigkeiten – auch über alle Anforderungsniveaus hinweg – erledigen. Daraus ist jedoch keineswegs abzuleiten, dass Frauen eher von der Digitalisierung profitieren. Denn nicht nur die technologischen Möglichkeiten variieren in den Berufen sehr stark, sondern die Substituierbarkeitspotenziale werden auch nicht immer und sofort realisiert. In den multivariaten Analysen zeigt sich, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen den Substituierbarkeitspotenzialen und der Beschäftigungsentwicklung für Frauen und für Männer negativ ist. Vor allem in Berufen mit hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzialen und niedrigem Frauenanteil ist die Beschäftigung zwischen 2013 und 2016 gesunken. Insgesamt lässt sich resümieren, dass Digitalisierung einen Beitrag für die Nivellierung von Geschlechterungleichheiten entfalten könnte. Es kommt jedoch darauf an, wie Technologien gestaltet und eingesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The "Gender Face" of Job Insecurity in France: An Individual- and Organizational-Level Analysis (2022)
Zitatform
Coron, Clotilde & Géraldine Schmidt (2022): The "Gender Face" of Job Insecurity in France: An Individual- and Organizational-Level Analysis. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 6, S. 999-1017. DOI:10.1177/0950017021995673
Abstract
"Admittedly, women have a more precarious situation on the job market than men, which would suggest that they feel more insecure. However, literature on subjective job insecurity (JI) is contradictory about the effect of gender on JI. This could be explained by both individual characteristics and labour market gendered segregation – the companies in which women and men work do not have the same characteristics, particularly in terms of strategy and workforce management. Previous literature on JI rarely addresses this phenomenon. We propose to better understand the ‘gender face’ of subjective JI combining individual and organizational characteristics. We utilize data from the 2017 REPONSE survey and generalized linear models, notably multi-level models. Our findings reveal that, although women hold more precarious jobs, they work in more protective organizations. Consequently, while women report an average lower level of JI, this difference disappears when controlling for individual and organizational variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug