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Hu, Yang & Deniz Yucel (2018): What Fairness? Gendered Division of Housework and Family Life Satisfaction across 30 Countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 92-105. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx085

Abstract

"This article sheds new light on the role played by perceived fairness in configuring the relationship between gendered housework division and women's family life satisfaction across 30 countries. This is achieved by distinguishing and comparing two major dimensions of women's fairness comparison -- inter-gender relational comparison between partners and intra-gender referential comparison with other women from the same society. Analysing data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme, we find that women's family life satisfaction is adversely affected by both a lack of relational fairness and unfavourable referential comparison, which operate independently of each other. Supporting the 'self-serving' theory, women are found to rely more on one dimension of fairness comparison to assess their family life satisfaction when they compare unfavourably rather than favourably in the other dimension. Country-level gender equality positively predicts the strength of the association between relational fairness and family life satisfaction. However, it does not seem to moderate the influence of referential comparison on family life satisfaction. In light of these results, scholars are urged to consider the perceived fairness of housework division as a plural construct, and to promulgate gender equality in multiple dimensions -- addressing not just inter-gender (in)equity but also intra-gender (in)equality -- to move the gender revolution forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keldenich, Carina & Andreas Knabe (2018): Women's labor market responses to their partners' unemployment and low-pay employment. (CESifo working paper 7377), München, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper revisits the added worker effect. Using bivariate random-effects probit estimation on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel we show that women respond to their partners' unemployment with an increase in labor market participation, which also leads to an increase in their employment probability. Our analysis considers within- and between-effects separately, revealing differences in the relationships between women's labor market statuses and their partners' unemployment in the previous period (within-effect) and their partners' overall probability of being unemployed (between-effect). Furthermore, we demonstrate that partners' employment in low-paid jobs has an effect on women's labor market choices and outcomes similar to that of his unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Kai-Uwe, Michael Neumann & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Labor supply under participation and hours constraints. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1758), Berlin, 50 S.

Abstract

"The paper extends a static discrete-choice labor supply model by adding participation and hours constraints. We identify restrictions by survey information on the eligibility and search activities of individuals as well as actual and desired hours. This provides for a more robust identification of preferences and constraints. Both, preferences and restrictions are allowed to vary by and are related through observed and unobserved characteristics. We distinguish various restrictions mechanisms: labor demand rationing, working hours norms varying across occupations, and insufficient public childcare on the supply side of the market. The effect of these mechanisms is simulated by relaxing different constraints at a time. We apply the empirical framework to evaluate an in-work benefit for low-paid parents in the German institutional context. The benefit is supposed to increase work incentives for secondary earners. Based on the structural model we are able to disentangle behavioral reactions into the pure incentive effect and the limiting impact of constraints at the intensive and extensive margin. We find that the in-work benefit for parents substantially increases working hours of mothers of young children, especially when they have a low education. Simulating the effects of restrictions shows their substantial impact on employment of mothers with young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nitsche, Natalie & Daniel Grunow (2018): Do economic resources play a role in bargaining child care in couples? Parental investment in cases of matching and mismatching gender ideologies in Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 20, H. 5, S. 785-815. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1473626

Abstract

"This paper examines the factors associated with a gendered division of childcare among parents in Germany. While much is known on the gender division of housework in families and the economic and sociological factors that may be driving it, we still know relatively little about whether and how these factors may affect the division of unpaid childcare in families. We first assess the relevance of partner's combined gender ideologies and relative resources on the division of unpaid childcare. Second, we assess whether the effect of economic resources may be contingent on the partners' agreement or disagreement on gender ideologies concerning maternal employment. We address these questions using data from the German Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam) and MLM Growth Curve Models. Our findings consistently show a significant positive effect of partners' combined gender ideologies and her share of income on his share of childcare. These effects are strongest, and robust, among couples with matching ideologies supporting maternal employment, which we term 'egalitarian island' couples. Economically efficient divisions of childcare thus appear dependent upon the couples' ideological pairing and on mothers' ideologies towards maternal employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stier, Haya, Noah Lewin-Epstein & Michael Braun (2018): Institutional change and women's work patterns along the family life course. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 57, H. October, S. 46-55. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.07.001

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Aisenbrey, Silke & Anette Fasang (2017): The interplay of work and family trajectories over the life course. Germany and the United States in comparison. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 122, H. 5, S. 1448-1484. DOI:10.1086/691128

Abstract

"This article uses sequence analysis to examine how gender inequality in work-family trajectories unfolds from early adulthood until middle age in two different welfare state contexts. Results based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the German National Education Panel Study demonstrate that in Germany, all work-family trajectories are highly gender-specific irrespective of social class. In contrast, patterns of work-family interplay across the life course in the United States are, overall, less gendered, but they differ widely by social class. In fact, work-family patterns characterized by high occupational prestige are fairly equally accessible for men and women. However, women are far more likely than men to experience the joint occurrence of single parenthood and unstable low-prestige work careers in the United States. The authors contribute to the literature by bringing in a longitudinal, process-oriented life course perspective and conceptualizing work-family trajectories as interlocked, multidimensional processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2017): Trends in fathers' contribution to housework and childcare under different welfare policy regimes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 81-108. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxw007

Abstract

"This article brings up to date welfare regime differences in the time fathers spend on childcare and core housework, using Multinational Time Use Study data (1971 - 2010) from fifteen countries. Although Nordic fathers continue to set the bar, the results provide some support for the idea of a catch-up in core housework among Southern regime fathers. The results also suggest an increasing polarization in Liberal countries, whereby fathers who were meaningfully involved in family life were increasingly likely to spend more time doing core housework and, particularly, childcare. Fathers living in Corporatist countries have been least responsive to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arntz, Melanie, Stephan Dlugosz & Ralf A. Wilke (2017): The sorting of female careers after first birth. A competing risks analysis of maternity leave duration. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 79, H. 5, S. 689-716. DOI:10.1111/obes.12158

Abstract

"A number of contributions have found evidence that motherhood is a critical life event for women's employment careers. This study presents a detailed analysis for the duration of maternity leave in which young mothers can make a transition into different types of employment, unemployment as well as the next birth. We provide a comprehensive picture of the sorting mechanisms that lead to the differentiation of women's employment careers after birth. Our empirical evidence is derived from large-linked administrative individual labour market data from Germany for a period of three decades. We obtain unprecedented insights into how women's skills, the quality of the previous job match, firm level characteristics, labour market conditions and leave legislation are related to the length of maternity duration. Expansionary leave policies, e.g. are found to be a key factor for the rising share of women who have their second child out of inactivity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boll, Christina & Andreas Lagemann (2017): Public childcare and maternal labour supply. New evidence for Germany. (HWWI research paper 180), Hamburg, 34 S.

Abstract

"This study explores the linkage between nine policy indicators of public childcare provision and maternal employment in terms of employment propensity and (conditional) working hours. We apply different identification strategies with a two-way fixed effects specification with individual and macro-level confounders as well as year and state fixed effects as our most ambitious specification. Based on German microcensus data for waves 2006-2014, our findings show that identification, particularly in terms of state fixed effects, is crucial for the estimated effects. For three indicators however, we are left with significant associations even in the most complex model: For 1-2 year old children cared for by a childminder (3-5 year old children in daycare centres), an increase in the share of children taken care for less than 25 weekly hours on all same-age children attending public care by 10 percentage points is associated with a decrease of maternal employment propensity by 2 (4) percentage points. Thirdly, the existence of a legal claim on childcare from the age of one is associated with an increase in weekly working hours by 4.3 %, compared to a situation without such an entitlement. Compared to medium-level educated mothers, associations with respect to employment propensity are stronger (weaker) for mothers with a high (low) educational level whereas hours associations are weaker for highly skilled mothers. Compared to mothers in couples, single mothers respond less sensitively concerning both the extensive and the intensive margin of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bratti, Massimiliano, Elena Claudia Meroni & Chiara Pronzato (2017): Motherhood postponement and wages in Europe. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. S, 31-37.

Abstract

Heutzutage ist es nicht ungewöhnlich, dass Frauen ihr erstes Kind erst mit 30 Jahren oder später bekommen. Auf der Grundlage von Daten des Europäischen Haushaltspanels untersuchen die Autoren die Auswirkungen einer späten Mutterschaft auf das Einkommen der Mütter im europäischen Vergleich. Dabei werden auch sozioökonomische, kulturelle und institutionelle Faktoren berücksichtigt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine große Varianz bei den positiven Einkommenseffekten einer aufgeschobenen Mutterschaft. In einigen Ländern führt das Aufschieben der Mutterschaft um ein Jahr zu einem Lohnanstieg von 2,5 Prozent (Deutschland und Polen), während sich in anderen Ländern ein negativer Effekt ergibt. Einkommensgewinne durch eine spätere Mutterschaft sind größer in Ländern mit einer wenig ausgeprägten Familienpolitik und in Gesellschaften mit traditionellen Werten. (IAB)

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Braukmann, Jan, Andreas Heimer, David Juncke, Malte Ristau & Wilhelm Haumann (2017): Gute und verlässliche Ganztagsangebote für Grundschulkinder. Chancen für Vereinbarkeit - Chancen für Kinder. Chartbook. Berlin, 23 S.

Abstract

"Ein Ausbau der Ganztagsangebote in Grundschulen könnte die Chancen von Kindern fördern, Armutsrisiken senken und die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf erleichtern.
Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt das Chartbook 'Gute und verlässliche Ganztagsangebote für Grundschulkinder' der Prognos AG für das Bundesfamilienministerium. Es analysiert den Ist-Zustand der genutzten Ganztagsangebote und definiert Fortschrittsziele.
Mit der Einschulung des Kindes entsteht eine Betreuungslücke, wenn die Schule mittags endet. Auch die Abstimmung der Nachmittagsaktivitäten und die Hausaufgabenbetreuung nimmt viel Zeit in Anspruch. 65 % aller Eltern und 76 % der Eltern mit Kindern im Grundschulalter befürworten daher den weiteren Ausbau von Ganztagsangeboten.
Um die Betreuungslücke zu schließen, müssten lt. Elternbefragungen rund 280.000 Plätze für Kinder geschaffen werden, die bisher kein Angebot haben. Für weitere 275.000 Kinder, die bereits eine nachschulische Betreuung haben, besteht ein zusätzlicher Betreuungsbedarf.
Die Investition würde sich auf mehreren Ebenen auszahlen: Eltern, insbesondere Mütter, könnten im gewünschten Umfang erwerbstätig sein - und so das Familieneinkommen und Teilhabemöglichkeiten für sich und die Kinder sichern. Das würde Armutsrisiken senken und das Fachkräfteangebot für die deutsche Wirtschaft verbessern sowie öffentliche Einnahmen sichern.
Auch die Kinder profitieren. Gute und verlässliche Ganztagsangebote fördern die Lernmotivation und das positive Selbstbild.
Aus diesen Gründen, urteilen die Prognos-Experten, wäre ein Ausbau der Ganztagsangebote der 'nächste große Qualitätssprung in der Familienpolitik'. Er würde die Fortschritte bei der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf absichern, die bisher - insbesondere durch die Einführung des Elterngeldes und den Ausbau der vorschulischen Kinderbetreuung - erreicht wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2017): Families and social security. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 91, H. January, S. 30-56. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.09.007

Abstract

"The present paper quantifies the importance of family insurance for the analysis of social security. We therefore augment the standard overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic labor productivity and longevity risk in that we account for gender and marital status.
We simulate the abolition of pay-as-you-go pension payments, calculate the resulting intergenerational welfare changes and isolate aggregate efficiency effects for singles and families by means of compensating transfers. We find that abolishing social security creates significant efficiency losses which are substantially higher for singles compared to married couples. A decomposition of the efficiency loss reveals that this difference can be almost exclusively attributed to the insurance role of the family with respect to longevity risk. Neglecting differences in family structure when studying the privatization of social security, one overestimates the long run change in the capital stock by about 40 percent, the decline in labor supply by about 30 percent and the aggregate efficiency loss by even 36 percent. Given rising divorce rates and less stable marriages in almost all Western societies, our results also indicate that social security should not be reduced but strengthened in the future." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Gehringer, Agnieszka & Stephan Klasen (2017): Labor force participation of women in the EU - what role do family policies play? In: Labour, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 15-42. DOI:10.1111/labr.12085

Abstract

"We empirically study the role of different family policies in affecting women's labor market behavior in the European Union. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market. Family policies aim to support families in general while a particular focus is on helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity. We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between financial support for four types of family policies and labor force participation as well as (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of expenditures on family policies on overall labor force participation. However, higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits, and daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant positive determinant of women's full-time employment." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Hagqvist, Emma, Katja Gillander Gadin & Mikael Nordenmark (2017): Work-family conflict and well-being across Europe. The role of gender context. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 132, H. 2, S. 785-797. DOI:10.1007/s11205-016-1301-x

Abstract

"This study analysed whether gender context is important to differences in the relationship between work - family conflict (WFC) and well-being across Europe. We hypothesised that in countries that support equality in work life and where norms support women's employment, the relationship between WFC and low well-being is weaker than in countries with less support for gender equality. Cohabiting men and women aged 18 - 65 years from 25 European countries were selected from the European Social Survey. A multilevel analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between well-being and WFC, and two measurements were used to represent gender context: gender equality in work life and norms regarding women's employment. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that the negative relationship was stronger in countries with high levels of gender equality in work life and support for women's employment than in countries with a relatively low level of gender equality in work life and support for traditional gender relations. The context in which gender is constructed may be important when studying the relationship between WFC and well-being. In addition, emphasis should be placed on policies that equalise both the labour market and the work performed at home." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Hondralis, Irina & Sandra Buchholz (2017): Beeinflussen berufstypische Arbeitszeitmerkmale die Unterbrechungsdauer von Frauen? Eine längsschnittliche Analyse der Bedeutung beruflicher Merkmale für die Berufsrückkehr von Müttern in Deutschland. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 156-178. DOI:10.3224/zff.v29i2.02

Abstract

"Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob berufstypische Arbeitszeitmerkmale die Erwerbsunterbrechungsdauer von Frauen nach der Familiengründung beeinflussen und welche Bedeutung berufstypische Arbeitszeitmerkmale für Frauen mit unterschiedlichem Bildungsniveau haben. Dazu wurden die Längsschnittdaten der Erwachsenenkohorte des Nationalen Bildungspanels über ein Daten-Linkage mit aggregierten Berufsdaten aus dem Mikrozensus angereichert. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Analysen zeigen, dass sich berufstypische Arbeitszeiten neben Individualmerkmalen signifikant auf die Berufsrückkehr von Müttern auswirken. Für hochqualifizierte Frauen erwiesen sich lediglich die für einen Beruf typischen Überstunden als einflussreich. Dieses Ergebnis deutet darauf hin, dass die Rückkehr von Akademikerinnen aufgrund von höheren Opportunitätskosten und womöglich auch einer höhere Erwerbsneigung durch die arbeitszeitlichen Gegebenheiten im Austrittberuf kaum tangiert ist. Für mittel- und insbesondere geringqualifizierte Frauen sind jedoch andere Faktoren, nämlich die Arbeitszeitlänge, die Verbreitung von Heimarbeit und - für beruflich nicht qualifizierte Frauen - auch die Verbreitung von Nacht- und Wochenendarbeit relevant. Insgesamt legen unsere Ergebnisse nahe, dass berufstypische Arbeitszeiten insbesondere für die Unterbrechungsdauer von geringgebildeten Müttern eine bedeutende Rolle spielen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kunze, Lars & Nicolai Suppa (2017): The effect of unemployment on social participation of spouses. Evidence from plant closures in Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 898), Berlin, 14 S.

Abstract

"This paper estimates the effect of an individual's unemployment on the level of social participation of their spouse. Using German panel data, it is shown that unemployment has a strong negative effect on public social activities of both directly and indirectly affected spouses. Private social activities of either spouse, however, are only found to increase, if the indirectly affected spouse is not working. Conflict prevention strategies or habituation may help to rationalise this finding. Our results imply that active labour market policies should account for spillovers effects within couples and adopt a family perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schober, Pia & Christian Schmitt (2017): Day-care availability, maternal employment and satisfaction of parents. Evidence from cultural and policy variations in Germany. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 27, H. 5, S. 433-446. DOI:10.1177/0958928716688264

Abstract

"This study investigates how the availability and expansion of childcare services for children aged under 3 years relate to the subjective wellbeing of German mothers and fathers. It extends previous studies by examining in more detail the relationship between day-care availability and use, maternal employment and parental subjective wellbeing during early childhood in a country with expanding childcare services and varying work - care cultures. The empirical analysis links annual day-care attendance rates at the county-level to individual-level data of the Socio-Economic Panel Study for 2007 - 2012 and the 'Families in Germany' Study for 2010 - 2012. We apply fixed-effects panel models to samples of 2002 couples and 376 lone mothers. We find some evidence of a positive effect of the day-care expansion only on satisfaction with family life for lone mothers and for full-time employed partnered mothers. Transitions to full-time employment are associated with reductions in subjective wellbeing irrespective of local day-care availability among partnered mothers in West Germany but not in East Germany. These results suggest that varying work - care cultures between East and West Germany are more important moderators of the relationship between maternal employment and satisfaction than short-term regional expansions of childcare services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stertz, Anna M., Thorana Grether & Bettina S. Wiese (2017): Gender-role attitudes and parental work decisions after childbirth. A longitudinal dyadic perspective with dual-earner couples. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 101, H. August, S. 104-118. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.005

Abstract

"The present research investigates the impact of gender-role attitudes on dual-earner couples' parental work decisions after childbirth. We assumed both parents' length of leave and changes in working hours are associated with individual as well as the partner's attitudes. Dyadic data from two lagged-design studies (Study 1: N = 138 heterosexual couples; Study 2: N = 168 heterosexual couples) were analyzed by using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) to account for interdependencies between spouses. As expected, in Study 1 fathers' individual attitudes predicted their changes in working hours. Fathers with more egalitarian attitudes decreased their working hours to a larger extent. Most importantly with respect to the interdependence between couples' attitudes and each partner's decisions concerning the work and the family domains, results of both studies showed that fathers' attitudes predicted their wives' work decisions: women with more egalitarian partners took shorter leaves and decreased their working hours less. In contrast, mothers' attitudes did not influence their husbands' behavior. Hence, this research highlights the importance of couple dynamics, that is, men's gender-role attitudes, to explain women's work-involvement decisions after childbirth." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))