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Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2019): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. In: Journal of International Economics, Jg. 118, H. May, S. 44-62. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.01.014

Abstract

"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of non-linear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. An independent and important contribution of the paper is that we make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Brimblecombe, Simon & Shea McClanahan (2019): Improving gender outcomes in social security retirement systems. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 327-342. DOI:10.1111/spol.12476

Abstract

"Assessing whether retirement systems meet their varying objectives requires analysing outcomes across different categories of beneficiaries with different working, financial, demographic, and family situations. Policymakers should therefore assess systems on the distribution of outcomes rather than average outcomes.
Much has been written about the gender inequalities inherent in labour markets and how these are reflected and reproduced in pension systems, and there is growing evidence that recent reforms have exacerbated these trends. Recent research has turned to the policy measures available to policymakers to forestall or reverse these trends, but this literature tends to overlook important administrative measures that have the potential to reduce inequalities in access that could improve pension outcomes for women within the current policy framework. This paper examines the main issues surrounding gender inequality in retirement outcomes; explores the implications of recent reform trends in light of the differential outcomes for women, including policy options to mitigate the negative impacts; and concludes with a review of key administrative measures, including streamlining affiliation procedures, improving information, and simplifying payment of contributions and receipt of benefits and better compliance of employers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2019): Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to quantitatively assess the gender pay gap. In: D. Wheatley (Hrsg.) (2019): Handbook of research methods on the quality of working lives, Elgar S. 224-234, 2018-12-07.

Abstract

"In this chapter we present the decomposition technique of Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973), which is one of the most commonly used methods for analysing wage differences between men and women. It provides a comprehensive means to quantify the contribution of observed wage-determining characteristics and of unobserved characteristics to the gender pay gap. After an overview of the basic idea behind the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we discuss its validity for empirical research, the major caveats that go along with its use and some subsequent extensions. This is illustrated with personal experience of using the decomposition for two research questions: first, for decomposing the gender pay gap for the countries of the European Union (EU), and, second, for single regions within Germany. We conclude with a discussion of the scope and limits of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gomez-Herrera, Estrella & Frank Müller-Langer (2019): Is there a gender wage gap in online labor markets? Evidence from over 250,000 projects and 2.5 million wage bill proposals. (CESifo working paper 7779), München, 34 S.

Abstract

"We explore whether there is a gender wage gap in one of the largest EU online labor markets, PeoplePerHour. Our unique dataset consists of 257,111 digitally tradeable tasks of 55,824 hiring employers from 188 countries and 65,010 workers from 173 countries that made more than 2.5 million wage bill proposals in the competition for contracts. Our data allows us to track the complete hiring process from the employers' design of proposed contracts to the competition among workers and the final agreement between employers and successful candidates. Using Heckman and OLS estimation methods we provide empirical evidence for a statistically significant 4% gender wage gap among workers, at the project level. We also find that female workers propose lower wage bills and are more likely to win the competition for contracts. Once we include workers' wage bill proposals in the regressions, the gender wage gap virtually disappears, i.e., it is statistically insignificant and very small in magnitude (0.3%). Our results also suggest that female workers' higher winning probabilities associated with lower wage bill proposals lead to higher expected revenues overall. We provide empirical evidence for heterogeneity of the gender wage gap in some of the job categories, all job difficulty levels and some of the worker countries. Finally, for some subsamples we find a statistically significant but very small ' reverse' gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jungwirth, Ingrid & Carola Bauschke-Urban (Hrsg.) (2019): Gender and Diversity Studies. European Perspectives. Opladen: Budrich, 326 S. DOI:10.3224/84740549

Abstract

"What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and pertinent research and practical fields? On the back drop of current European developments – from the deregulation of economy, a shrinking welfare state to the dissolution and reinforcement of borders – the book examines the development of Gender and Diversity Studies in different European regions as well as beyond and focuses on central fields of theoretical reflection, empirical research and practical implementation policies and politics. Anti-discrimination policies of the EU contribute to an institutionalization of Gender and Diversity Studies and interact with legal, political, societal and economic factors which shape the academic and practical fields. Pressure towards the deregulation of economy, the reduction of welfare state institutions, increased requirements of mobility for individuals and, at the same time, stronger regulations of migration have an impact on research and theory development in the field of Gender and Diversity Studies. While certain rights and anti-discrimination policies are being strengthened within the EU, and while inner borders between member states dissolve and – recently at the same time partially also increase – external borders of Europe are simultaneously being enforced. The large flows of refugee migration towards and into Europe has put these questions on top of the agenda. Taking these processes as well as social and political changes in different European and border regions into account, the state of the art as well as future perspectives of Gender and Diversity Studies are debated from multiple European and border perspectives. What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and fields of studies?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maume, David J., Orlaith Heymann & Leah Ruppanner (2019): National board quotas and the gender pay gap among European managers. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 6, S. 1002-1019. DOI:10.1177/0950017019864509

Abstract

"As European countries have mandated quotas for women's representation on boards, and as women have increasingly entered the ranks of management, a persistent gender gap in managerial pay remains. Drawing a sample of managers in the 2010 European Social Survey, the gender gap in pay was decomposed, finding that employer devaluation of women accounted for the majority of the gender gap in pay. This was especially true in countries without mandated quotas, but in countries that had adopted quotas for female representation on boards, results were consistent with the proposition that quotas moderated the labour market for managers (i.e. the gender gap in managerial pay was smaller as was the portion of the gap attributable to discrimination). As board quotas have increasingly been adopted across Europe, more research is needed on their ameliorative effects on gender inequality in the wider labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sándor, Eszter & Eleonora Clerici (2019): Household composition and well-being. Quality of life. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 70 S. DOI:10.2806/009582

Abstract

"Demographic change, social progress and economic cycles have impacted household composition in Europe. This report provides an overview of household types in the European Union, how they have changed over the period 2007–2017 and how household type relates to outcomes in terms of living conditions and well-being – such as life satisfaction, the feeling of social exclusion and mental well-being. Changes in household structure have a potential impact on demand for public services and social benefits. The report also discusses the policy implications of changing household composition and recent policies responding to the increasing diversity of households. The report underlines the importance of recognition of diverse family forms, of the provision of social support, and of family policy measures complementing income support in reducing inequality of well-being among households. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher (2019): Report on equality between women and men in the EU 2019. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 76 S. DOI:10.2838/776419

Abstract

"On the occasion of this year's International Women's Day, the Commission has published its 2019 report on equality between women and men in the EU.
The report shows some progress in gender equality, but women still continue to face inequalities in many areas:
- The EU employment rate for women reached an all-time high of 66.4 % in 2017, but the situation differs across Member States. Last year, eight Member States received recommendations under the European Semester framework to improve female participation in the labour market (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Italy, Poland, and Slovakia).
- Women are more at risk of poverty, with salaries on average 16% lower than for men. This translates in the pension gap, which stood at 35.7 % in 2017. In some countries, more than 10 % of older women cannot afford necessary health care.
- Women remain largely under-represented in Parliaments and government. Only 6 of the 28 national parliaments across the EU are led by a woman and seven out of ten members of national parliaments in the EU are men. While the current level of 30.5 % female senior Ministers is the highest since data were first available for all EU Member States in 2004, there is still evidence suggesting that women tend to be allocated portfolios considered to have lower political priority.
- The glass-ceiling remains a reality in the business world with only 6.3 % of CEO positions in major publicly listed companies in the EU held by women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cim, Merve & Anica Kramer (2018): Working women and labour market inequality. Research project for the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. Final report. (RWI-Projektbericht), Essen, 54 S.

Abstract

"Ziel des Projektes ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über die geschlechtsspezifische (Un)gleichheit auf europäischen Arbeitsmärkten zu geben. In einer deskriptiven Analyse wird dabei zunächst die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen für alle EU Mitgliedsstaaten dargestellt. In detaillierten Fallstudien werden Faktoren identifiziert, die mögliche Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern erklären können. Insbesondere wird analysiert, inwieweit Bildungssysteme, der Zugang zu Kinderbetreuung, Steuerpolitiken sowie kulturelle und historische Normen mit der Arbeitsmarktpartizipation und der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern korreliert sind. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Analysen werden mögliche Rückschlusse für die Wirtschaftspolitik gezogen sowie eine Reihe von ausgewählten Strategien abgeleitet, die auf EU- und einzelstaatlicher Ebene durchgeführt werden könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Baldini, Massimo, Constanza Torricelli & Maria Cesira Urzì Brancati (2018): Family ties: Labor supply responses to cope with a household employment shock. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 809-832. DOI:10.1007/s11150-017-9375-z

Abstract

"We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) to explore labor responses of individuals (not only the spouse) to a negative employment shock suffered by another household member. We focus on Italy where family ties other than spousal ones are particularly strong and grown up children live in their parents' household till late, especially when they are students. Two main results emerge. First, we find strong and robust evidence that households hit by an employment shock do respond by increasing labor supply. Second, we document an added worker effect that is affecting not only wives, but also teenage children and students independently of their age, with important policy implications in terms of human capital formation. Results are robust across gender, household financial conditions and the crisis, yet they do not point to differential reactions along these dimensions." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Castellano, Rosalia & Antonella Rocca (2018): Gender disparities in European labour markets. A comparison between female and male employees. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 4, S. 589-608. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12052

Abstract

"In recent decades, the dramatic increase in female labour force participation was connected to significant changes in the economic opportunities reserved to women. However, gender disparities in the labour market still persist in many forms.
In this study we want to verify if in the European labour markets higher gender differentials are directly connected with bad economic conditions. Starting from the GGLMI, a composite indicator designed and developed by the authors in a previous study, besides updating the results, we construct other three composite indicators analysing separately female and male conditions in the labour market and the gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chan, Jeff (2018): Does import competition worsen the gender gap? Evidence from matched employer-employee data. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 165, H. April, S. 13-16. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.01.024

Abstract

"Using Italian matched employer-employee-data, I examine how accounting for unobserved worker or firm heterogeneity can impact estimates of import competition's impact on industry-level gender wage gaps, and how this can be driven by changes in the composition of female workers and firms within affected industries. First, in wage regressions, I find that import competition lowers women's wages relative to men, but only in specifications that include worker or firm fixed effects. Accounting for these sources of heterogeneity matters because: (1) women that earn low wages are more likely than men to change industries or leave the sample, and (2) firms that employ women are more likely to exit and shrink due to import competition. My findings illustrate how, using data or methods that do not account for worker and firm heterogeneity, researchers can conclude that import competition can improve gender equality, when in fact gender equality is worsened." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Chung, Heejung (2018): Dualization and the access to occupational family-friendly working-time arrangements across Europe. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 491-507. DOI:10.1111/spol.12379

Abstract

"This article examines outsiders' relative access to occupational level family-friendly policies. I use data from the European Working Conditions Survey of 2015 across 30 European countries examining workers' access to two types of family-friendly working-time arrangements (WTAs): flexitime, and time off work for personal reasons. The article focuses on women with care responsibilities given that their demands for family-friendly policies, as well as their outcomes, have been shown to be distinct from the rest of the working population. In addition to the outsider definition used in the labor market dualization and occupational segmentation literature, i.e., low-skilled workers and those without a permanent contract, this article also defines outsiders as those perceiving their job as insecure. The results of the analysis show a segmentation between workers in their access to family-friendly policies. Unlike statutory policies, occupational policies seem to be selectively provided mostly to workers where employers have a vested interest, i.e., insiders, resulting in a dualized system for most countries. However, rather than their contract status, the skill-level of the job/workers, and their perceived insecurity were found to be important. The results further show that although Northern European and some continental European countries are those where family-friendly WTAs are more readily available, it is in these countries where the division between insiders and outsiders is the greatest. The results of the article contribute to the literature by showing a need to move beyond the national level when examining family-friendly policies, and to examine a more diverse definition of outsiders when examining dualization of working conditions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Cuberes, David & Marc Teignier (2018): Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2017-0031

Abstract

"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation in an occupational choice model with a household sector and endogenous female labor supply. Gender gaps in workforce participation have a direct negative effect on market, while gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively market output not only by reducing wages and labor force participation but also by reducing the average talent of entrepreneurs and aggregate productivity. We estimate the effects of these gender gaps for 37 European countries, as well as the United States, and find that gender gaps cause an average loss of 17.5% in market output and 13.2% in total output, which also includes household output. Interestingly, the total output loss would be similar (12%) in a model without household sector, since the market output loss is larger when the female labor supply is endogenous. Eastern Europe is the region with the lowest income fall due to gender gaps, while Southern Europe is the region with the largest fall. Northern Europe is the region with the largest productivity fall, which is due to the presence of high gender gaps in entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Daly, Mary & Emanuele Ferragina (2018): Family policy in high-income countries: Five decades of development. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 255-270. DOI:10.1177/0958928717735060

Abstract

"This article empirically traces trends in family policy in 23 high-income countries since the 1960s. A range of data on income supports for families with children, family-related leave and early childhood education and care are brought together and analysed. The results show that family policy has developed by layering, in terms of both content and time period. A 'foundational phase' is characterised by investment in cash and tax allowances for families and employment leave for mothers, while a 'consolidation phase' sees states adding to their family policy portfolio, especially through the diversification of family-related leave and augmentation of child-related care services, increasing their overall family policy expenditure and continuing to support families financially but with a preference to direct this through the tax system. There is no inexorable development path though, either within or across countries. A layering development pattern suggests that analysis of family policy over time needs to be oriented to examining both continuity and change and, as the conclusion makes clear, there are many fruitful lines of further research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dilli, Selin & Gerarda Westerhuis (2018): How institutions and gender differences in education shape entrepreneurial activity. A cross-national perspective. In: Small business economics, Jg. 51, H. 2, S. 371-392. DOI:10.1007/s11187-018-0004-x

Abstract

"Previous studies offer evidence that human capital obtained through education is a crucial explanation for cross-national differences in entrepreneurial activity. Recently, scholar attention has focused on the importance of education in subjects such as science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) for the promotion of entrepreneurial activity. To our knowledge, empirical evidence for this link is scarce, despite the emphasis made in the literature and by policy makers on the choice of study at the tertiary level. Given that differences in STEM education are particularly large between men and women, we utilize data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for 19 European countries and the USA. We study the role of these differences in STEM education at the national level for three stages of the entrepreneurial process: entrepreneurial awareness, the choice of sector for entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial growth aspirations. We also test whether the effects of gender differences in education is moderated by the nature of the institutional environment in which entrepreneurs operate. Our findings show that individual-level explanations including education account for the gender differences during all three stages of early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Moreover, countries with greater gender equality in science education are characterized by higher entrepreneurial activity in knowledge-intensive sectors and high-growth aspirations. Thus, next to individual-level education, closing the gender gap in science at the national level can benefit a country as a whole by stimulating innovative entrepreneurial activity." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Hübgen, Sabine (2018): 'Only a husband away from poverty'? Lone mothers' poverty risks in a European comparison. In: L. Bernardi & D. Mortelmans (Hrsg.) (2018): Lone parenthood in the life course (Life course research and social policies, 08), S. 167-189. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-63295-7_8

Abstract

"Over the last 10 years at-risk-of-poverty rates across Europe have been rather stable or rising only slightly. However, certain demographic groups face comparatively high poverty risks. Lone mothers belong usually to the most affected groups by income poverty - but variations are striking. Though, still little research has been done for explaining this vast variation across Europe. It is argued that institutional arrangements in the labor market and the welfare state shaped by existing gender inequalities have an impact on lone mothers' poverty risks. For instance, in countries where women's access to (full time) paid work is low and/or the gender pay gap is high, lone mothers are particularly disadvantaged due to the absent (male) partner. Furthermore, the lack of public childcare and a gendered eligibility to social benefits aggravate lone mothers' poverty risk. I also hypothesize that gendered institutional arrangements mediate the effect of individual characteristics on lone mothers' poverty risks - namely the poverty-reducing effect of employment and the poverty-enhancing effect of children. To prove these hypotheses empirically, I compare 25 European countries running several multi-level models based on pooled EU-SILC data (2009 - 2012). Results show that existing gender inequalities - particularly the access to full time employment for women and gender-specific welfare eligibility - indeed account for country differences in the level of lone mothers' poverty risk. Furthermore, there is empirical evidence that gender inequalities in the labor market shape the poverty-reducing effect of full time employment. Other specific mechanisms modeled in form of cross-level interactions cannot be supported by the data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaboth, Arthur & Martin Brussig (2018): Alterserwerbsbeteiligung in Europa auch in Zeiten der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise im Aufschwung? (Altersübergangs-Report / Institut Arbeit und Qualifikation (IAQ), Universität Duisburg-Essen 2018-01), Duisburg, 18 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/48256

Abstract

"In nahezu allen 28 Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union ist die Erwerbsbeteiligung Älterer von 2005 bis 2016 gestiegen. Trotz dieses praktisch universellen Trends, gibt es erhebliche Unterschiede innerhalb der EU. Die europäischen Beschäftigungsziele von 2010 wurden auch im Jahr 2016 teilweise nicht erreicht.
Große Unterschiede in der Alterserwerbsbeteiligung zeigen sich vor allem zwischen Männern und Frauen. In der Regel sind die Erwerbstätigenquoten der Männer höher als die der Frauen. Die stärkeren Zuwächse sind allerdings auf Seiten der Frauen zu beobachten.
Der Abstand der Erwerbstätigenquoten zwischen jüngeren und älteren Erwerbstätigen - die Alterslücke - wird kleiner. Auch dies ist in nahezu allen Ländern vorzufinden. Die Alterslücken von Männern und Frauen unterscheiden sich in den meisten Ländern der EU nicht wesentlich voneinander. Vor allem die stärkere Erwerbsintegration älterer Frauen lässt die Alterslücke kleiner werden.
Geringqualifizierte (Ältere) sind in den meisten europäischen Ländern benachteiligt, wenngleich in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Es zeigt sich eine starke Streuung innerhalb der EU bei dieser Personengruppe. Mit steigender Qualifikation sinkt hingegen die Alterslücke. Höhere Bildungsabschlüsse erhöhen die Erwerbschancen auch für Ältere.
Die Alterslücke ist nahezu überall in Europa gesunken, auch in Ländern mit langanhaltender rückläufiger wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung. Im Vergleich zu früheren Rezessionen ist die relativ stabile Alterserwerbsbeteiligung in Europa ein Novum, denn in der Vergangenheit wurden bei hoher Arbeitslosigkeit Ältere vielfach vom Arbeitsmarkt verdrängt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Klammer, Ute (2018): Gender und Erwerbsverlauf im Licht der Beschäftigungs- und Sozialpolitikstrategien der EU. In: E. M. Hohnerlein, S. Hennion & O. Kaufmann (Hrsg.) (2018): Erwerbsverlauf und sozialer Schutz in Europa, S. 33-48. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-56033-4_4

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den unterschiedlichen Erwerbsverläufen von Frauen und Männern vor dem Hintergrund des gesellschaftlichen Wandels und untersucht die Beschäftigungs- und Sozialpolitikstrategien der EU im Hinblick auf ihren möglichen Beitrag zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter. Im Rahmen eines konzeptionellen Modells werden Einflussfaktoren auf geschlechtsspezifische Erwerbsmuster über den Lebensverlauf identifiziert und ihr Zusammenwirken beleuchtet. Im Zentrum steht anschließend die Analyse verschiedener beschäftigungs- und sozialpolitischer Initiativen der EU unter Gleichstellungsaspekten. Es wird deutlich, dass die EU zwar ein früher Impulsgeber und Wegbereiter für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter war, dass Geschlechter- und Gleichstellungsfragen aber im Laufe der Zeit - und verstärkt im Kontext der Finanzkrise - an Gewicht verloren bzw. eine stark ökonomisch motivierte Engführung mit dem Ziel einer möglichst umfassenden Erwerbsintegration von Frauen erfahren haben." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Kümmerling, Angelika (2018): Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Arbeitszeiten. Fortschritt auf der einen, Stagnation auf der anderen Seite. (IAQ-Report 2018-08), Duisburg, 23 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/47961

Abstract

"Zwischen 2010 und 2016 sind die durchschnittlichen Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland stabil geblieben. Im Mittel arbeiteten abhängig Beschäftigte 2016 35,2 Stunden in der Woche. Von einem unterschiedlichen Niveau ausgehend, haben sich die Arbeitszeiten von Männern seit 2010 leicht verringert, während Frauen heute länger arbeiten. Als Folge davon hat sich der Gender Time Gap (von 9,3 Std. auf 8,7 Std.) deutlich reduziert. Grund hierfür ist ein Trend zu längerer Teilzeit bei den Frauen, insbesondere bei Müttern. Frauen und Männer und vor allem Mütter und Väter haben weiterhin grundsätzlich andere Arbeitszeitrealitäten. Teilzeit hat sich dabei als die Arbeitszeitform von Müttern weiter manifestiert. Im EU-Vergleich sind die Arbeitszeiten von Frauen in Deutschland die zweitkürzesten. Nur in den Niederlanden arbeiten Frauen weniger Stunden in der Woche. Mütter in Deutschland sind im EU-Vergleich deutlich schlechter in den Arbeitsmarkt eingebunden als Frauen ohne Kinder. Kinder zu haben stellt also einen Risikofaktor für die Erwerbstätigkeit und finanzielle Absicherung von Frauen dar. Das Ehegattensplitting steht im Widerspruch zu familienpolitischen Maßnahmen wie KiTa-Ausbau und Elterngeld und erweist sich als Hemmschuh für eine gleichberechtigte Arbeitsteilung von Frauen und Männern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lurie, Lilach (2018): Unions and unequal pay. The establishment of the "family wage". In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 1, S. 153-167. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12015

Abstract

"Equal pay laws in many OECD countries establish the right of men and women to equal pay for work of equal value. Nevertheless, during the first half of the 20th century, before the enactment of equal pay laws, employers and unions in several countries promoted unequal pay through 'family wage' arrangements. This article seeks to improve understanding of the historical and sociological origins of 'family wage' arrangements through both comparative research and in-depth historical archival research on family wage arrangements in Israel. It shows that unions played a complex role in promoting family wage arrangements. While their action refected their patriarchal understanding of society, they were also guided by socialist principles." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pereira, João & Aurora Galego (2018): Inter-country wage differences in the European Union. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 1, S. 101-128. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12014

Abstract

"This article investigates the determinants of wage gaps between European Union countries along the wage distribution, applying the methodology proposed by Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009) and Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo (2011). The authors conclude that both wage structure and composition effects contribute to explaining wage differentials, but that the wage structure effect is more important. This latter effect would appear to derive from differences between unknown factors, while the composition effect can largely be explained by differences in the following areas: education, proportion of workers with supervisory responsibilities, occupational structure, and, to a lesser extent, industrial structure." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2018): Parenthood and Life Satisfaction in Europe : The Role of Family Policies and Working Time Flexibility. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 387-411. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9433-5

Abstract

"The life satisfaction of parents residing with dependent children varies greatly between countries. This article examines how country-level characteristics -- the provision of family allowances and formal child care, and the level of working time flexibility -- account for these cross-national differences, using data from the European Social Survey from 2004 and 2010 for 27 countries. Parents report greater life satisfaction in countries that offer generous financial benefits to families, high child care provision, and high working time flexibility than parents residing in counties with low levels of support. Results also show that these national contextual factors are associated with lower levels of financial strain and work - life conflicts among parents. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of family benefits, child care provision, and working time flexibility on the psychosocial and financial burdens of parenthood is a key mechanism in the association between national contextual factors and parental life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Sparreboom, Theo (2018): Occupational segregation by hours of work in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 1, S. 65-82. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12017

Abstract

"This paper quantifies levels of occupational segregation between full-time and part-time work and attempts to identify some of the determinants of this segregation. In the first part of the analysis, segregation between full-time and part-time work is measured for all workers as well as within sub-groups of the employed - men, women, youth and adults for 15 European countries, using data from the European Labour Force Survey. The extent to which segregation is driven by constituent sub-groups is also analysed. It is demonstrated that occupational segregation by hours of work is generally higher for males than for females, suggesting that part-time pay penalties may be more important for men than for women, and higher for young workers than for adult workers.
The remainder of the paper uses regression analysis across countries to identify factors which drive segregation by hours of work. Three groups of variables are considered that are related to (1) the quantity of work; (2) the quality of work; and (3) institutional factors. It is found that segregation by hours of work for sub-groups of the employed is driven by different factors. In particular, segregation for men is correlated with the volume of work, while variables from all three groups are important for adult women and young workers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Töpfer, Marina (2018): The age pay gap and labor market heterogeneity. A new empirical approach using data for Italy. (Universität Erlangen, Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik. Diskussionspapiere 105), Erlangen, 25 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht das Lohndifferenzial zwischenälteren (55-64) und erwachsenen (34-54) Arbeitsmarktteilnehmern entlang der Lohnverteilung anhand italienischer Mikrodaten 2005-2016. Die Lohngleichung basiert auf einem 'three-way fixed effects' Modell. Der Beitrag betrachtet die um (beobachtbare und nicht-beobachtbare) Arbeitsmarktheterogenität korrigierte Lohnlücke. Das Lohndifferenzial wird mit OLS und unbedingter Quantilsregression geschätzt. Die drei fixen Effekte (individuell, job- und industriespezifisch) werden mit Hilfe einer Partitionierungsmethode geschätzt. Die Analyse entlang der Lohnverteilung zeigt substanzielle Unterschiede in dem Lohndifferenzial an verschiedenen Quantilen. Dabei ist die Lohnlücke am oberen Ende der Lohnverteilung besonders ausgeprägt. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass individuelle Heterogenität der Hauptverursacher der Lohnlücke ist und die korrigierte Lohnlücke gegen Null geht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wilkens, Mathijn, Jorge Cabrita, Jean-Marie Jungblut & Robert Anderson (2018): Striking a balance: Reconciling work and life in the EU. Working conditions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, IV, 70 S. DOI:10.2806/560184

Abstract

"How to combine work with life is a fundamental issue for many people, an issue that policymakers, social partners, businesses and individuals are seeking to resolve. Simultaneously, new challenges and solutions are transforming the interface between work and life: an ageing population, technological change, higher employment rates and fewer weekly working hours. This report aims to examine the reciprocal relationship between work and life for people in the EU, the circumstances in which they struggle to reconcile the two domains, and what is most important for them in terms of their work - life balance. The report draws on a range of data sources, in particular the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wuiame, Nathalie, herausgegeben von T. Johnson (Hrsg.) Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration (2018): Female (un)employment and work-life balance. A discussion paper from the Employment Thematic Network. (ESF technical dossier 08), Brüssel, 37 S. DOI:10.2767/022588

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to give an updated overview of the different situations of men and women in the labour market. It examines what the contribution of the Structural and Investment Funds - and especially the ESF - can be, in terms of both female employment and work life balance initiatives. The report concludes with some recommendations on how current and future European funds can better support female employment and gender equality through fighting gender stereotypes and gender segregation, changing the prevalent working culture, providing high-quality and affordable care solutions, and supporting women in specific situations such as victims of domestic violence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Gender segregation is a deeply entrenched feature of education systems and occupations across the EU. It refers to the concentration of one gender in certain fields of education or occupations (horizontal segregation) or the concentration of one gender in certain grades, levels of responsibility or positions (vertical segregation). Gender segregation narrows life choices, education and employment options, leads to unequal pay, further reinforces gender stereotypes and limits access to certain jobs while also perpetuating unequal gender power relations in the public and private spheres.
Following the request of the Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU (2017), the present report explores the progress made between 2004 and 2015 in breaking gender segregation in education, training and the labour market in the EU. The report draws on a number of varied data sources, including Unesco-OECD-Eurostat (UOE), the European Labour Force Survey (LFS), Eurofound's European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and the European Skills and Jobs Survey (ESJS) of the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher (2018): Report on equality between women and men in the EU 2018. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 70 S. DOI:10.2838/168837

Abstract

"The Commission is marking International Women's Day with the release of its 2018 report on equality between men and women, as well as a presentation of a report on women in tech. We are not there yet.
The Commission has acted to trigger change. It put forward a proposal to improve the work-life balance of working families, an Action plan to tackle the gender pay gap and called to put an end to violence against women through funding and awareness-raising actions.
The 2018 gender equality report shows that progress has stalled in certain areas: women still take on the majority of caring responsibilities in families, the gender pay gap has stagnated at 16% for years and violence against women remains a problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albrecht, Clara, Anita Fichtl & Peter Redler (2017): Fathers in charge? Parental leave policies for fathers in Europe. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 49-51.

Abstract

"Despite the fact that most parental leave policies in European countries have also entitled men, take-up rates by fathers have been low. In turn, the traditional male breadwinner model has prevailed in the EU, even though the level of education of men and women has converged fully. At the same time, fathers do want to spend time with their newborn children (Huerta et al. 2013). A trend towards the implementation of parental leave policies for fathers - also known as 'daddy months' or 'daddy quotas' - has emerged. The potential goals of these policies are greater gender equality, both in the family and in the labour market, a better work-life-balance for families and stronger bonding between father and child. Encouraged by state regulations and the EU-Directive 2010/18/EU2 parental leave take-up rates have been rising over the past decade, but still remain low." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Auth, Diana, Jutta Hergenhan & Barbara Holland-Cunz (Hrsg.) (2017): Gender and family in European economic policy. Developments in the new millennium. Cham: Springer Palgrave Macmillan, 267 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-41513-0

Abstract

"This collection explores how pioneering gender equality policies have shaped women's economic presence in Europe since 2000. Equal pay policies, parental leave reforms, corporate quotas and electoral quotas have raised pressing questions about the effectiveness in promoting equal participation, as researchers quote both quantitative improvement in gender diversity and qualitative lag in cultural change. The chapters in this book present interlocking cross-national and cross-policy comparisons of the three most controversial reforms: equal pay, parental leave, and quotas for political representatives. The contributors address the cultural context in which reforms arose, internally contradictory policies, and the relative effectiveness of fast-track quotas and incentives compared to long-term efforts to change the overall culture of gender. This critical examination of the new millennium's groundbreaking gender policies will appeal to academics and practitioners interested in the progress of gender equality in the economic, political, and social welfare fields." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bick, Alexander & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2017): Quantifying the Disincentive Effects of Joint Taxation on Married Women's Labor Supply. In: The American economic review, Jg. 107, H. 5, S. 100-104. DOI:10.1257/aer.p20171063

Abstract

"We quantify the disincentive effects of elements of joint taxation in the labor income tax codes of 17 European countries and the US. We analyze the extent to which hours worked of married men and women would change if each country switched to a system of separate taxation of married couples. In this hypothetical tax reform, we keep the average tax burden of married households constant. With the exception of four countries featuring already a system of separate taxation, the model predicts that married women's hours worked increase on average by 115 hours, or 10.5 percent, through this reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bisello, Martina & Massimiliano Mascherini (2017): The gender employment gap. Costs and policy responses. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 24-27. DOI:10.1007/s10272-017-0638-y

Abstract

"This paper will firstly investigate the economic and the social costs associated with the observed gender employment gap. It will then discuss key aspects of the needed policy responses to foster and promote labour market participation among women." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Bičáková, Alena (2017): A note on selection and gender unemployment gaps. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 428-438. DOI:10.1007/s12122-017-9257-4

Abstract

"Previous research has documented the impact of positive selection into employment on the ranking of countries by gender wage gaps. This note focuses on the impact of selection into labor force on cross-country differences in gender unemployment gaps. We construct the Manski bounds for the selection-free gender unemployment gaps in 26 EU countries and show that - without additional assumptions - the observed gender unemployment gaps carry little information about the selection-free gender differences in unemployment. Contrary to the common assumption of positive selection into labor force (similar to positive selection into employment documented in the gender wage gap research), we also point at an example of negative-selection bias. We show that labor force withdrawal of mothers on job-protected family leaves may lead to an overestimation of the selection-free gender unemployment gaps by as much as 1 p.p." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Boll, Christina, Anja Rossen & André Wolf (2017): The EU gender earnings gap. Job segregation and working time as driving factors. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 237, H. 5, S. 407-452., 2017-09-16. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2017-0100

Abstract

"In diesem Papier analysieren wir den Umfang und die Determinanten des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohngefälles in Europa. Hierzu aktualisieren wir die bestehenden Ergebnisse in der Literatur anhand des Structure of Earnings Survey 2010 (SES). Auf Basis eines umfassenden Ländervergleichs (21 EU-Länder plus Norwegen) untersuchen wir die Determinanten der erklärten und unerklärten Lohnlücke mit Hilfe der Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass etwa ein Drittel der Lücke auf den Einfluss der verwendeten Variablen zurückzuführen ist. Humankapitalbezogene Faktoren sind eher von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Vielmehr wird die sektorale Segregation der Geschlechter als das wichtigste Hindernis für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter bei den Löhnen identifiziert. Darüber hinaus trägt die Tatsache, dass Frauen häufiger Teilzeitstellen bekleiden, signifikant zur Lücke bei. Zudem erzielen Frauen niedrigere Sektorprämien als Männer, was auf eine weniger vorteilhafte Jobpositionierung von Frauen innerhalb von Branchen und Firmen hinweisen könnte. Wir schließen daraus, dass Strategien zur Schließung der Lohnlücke zwischen den Geschlechtern die Branchenebene stärker in den Blick nehmen sollten." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Castellano, Rosalia & Rocca Antonella (2017): The dynamic of the gender gap in the European labour market in the years of economic crisis. In: Quality and Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 1337-1357. DOI:10.1007/s11135-016-0334-1

Abstract

"Closing the gender gap in the labour market is one of the main goals of European Union and part of a wider effort to eliminate social inequalities. In recent decades, all developed countries have suffered a deep global economic crisis, that has increased social and economic inequalities. In Europe, the crisis involved problems of European stability and growth, but the crisis did not affect the euro-area countries to the same extent, and the consequences and recovery were correspondingly asymmetrical. In this paper, we analyse the changes that occurred in the gender gap in the European labour markets from 2007 to 2012 to understand if the recession has further increased or reduced the gender differentials. At this aim, we combine the use of two different statistical methodologies. Through the composite indicator methodology, we test how the rank of countries in relation to gender equality has changed in these years. In addition, the Dynamic Factor Analysis allows us to identify the factors that drive these changes. Moreover, the contextual analysis of the measures that were utilized to face the crisis could give policy makers some useful suggestions on the most efficacious actions to take." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Christiansen, Lone, Huidan Lin, Joana Pereira, Petia Topalova & Rima Turk (2017): Unlocking the potential of greater female employment in Europe. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 5-16. DOI:10.1007/s10272-017-0636-0

Abstract

"This paper investigates the drivers of female labour force participation in Europe, as well as the implications of achieving greater gender diversity in senior corporate positions. Re-examining the drivers of women's decisions to work is particularly important in the context of Europe. In many European countries, the process of closing gender gaps in labour force participation has stalled, despite greater gender equality in human capital investment, declining birth rates, changing social norms and equal legal access to employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Gehringer, Agnieszka & Stephan Klasen (2017): Labor force participation of women in the EU - what role do family policies play? In: Labour, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 15-42. DOI:10.1111/labr.12085

Abstract

"We empirically study the role of different family policies in affecting women's labor market behavior in the European Union. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market. Family policies aim to support families in general while a particular focus is on helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity. We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between financial support for four types of family policies and labor force participation as well as (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of expenditures on family policies on overall labor force participation. However, higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits, and daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant positive determinant of women's full-time employment." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ollo-López, Andrea & Salomé Goni-Legaz (2017): Differences in work - family conflict. Which individual and national factors explain them? In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 499-525. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2015.1118141

Abstract

"This paper contributes to cross-cultural literature on work - family relationships by testing not only hypotheses about the impact of work and family demands and gender at individual level on work - family conflict (WFC), but also at country level. Concretely, several theories commonly used in the literature (role conflict, boundary management and social support theory) are used to analyzed how national culture dimensions affects WFC. Using information about employee residents in each of the countries interviewed in the Second European Quality of Life Survey and also GLOBE dimensions of national culture, the paper shows that the relationship between work and family demands and WFC is universal and equal phenomenon throughout Europe. In line with gender role theory, demanding and stressing work have stronger effects on women's WFC than on men's. While opposite to it, household hours also have stronger effect on women's WFC than on men's. Moreover, the paper shows that national culture affects how people perceive work - family relationships. In line with integration/segmentation hypotheses derived from boundary management theory, uncertainty avoidance decreases WFC. Moreover, in line with social support, human orientation decreases the level of WFC, especially for men. Eastern Europe and Mediterranean countries have higher levels of WFC, while Scandinavian countries are those that have lower levels of WFC." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schleutker, Elina (2017): Women's work-life preferences. Reconceptualization and cross-country description over time. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 292-312. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2017.1290266

Abstract

"According to Hakim's preference theory, women can be divided into three groups based on their work - family preferences: home-centered, adaptive and work-centered. Here it is argued that Hakim's conceptualization of the adaptive women is unsatisfactory, as it does not take into consideration how the adaptive women want to combine work and family. The paper offers a reconceptualization of the adaptive group. Based on when women want to return to employment after childbirth, and how many hours they would like to work, three types of adaptive women are distinguished: the home-oriented adaptive women, the truly adaptive women and the work-oriented adaptive women. To demonstrate the fruitfulness of the reconceptualization, a cross-sectional descriptive study of women's preferences over time is conducted by employing data from International Social Survey Programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter zählt zu den Grundwerten der Europäischen Union, doch im Arbeitsleben ist sie noch nicht verwirklicht. In der gesamten Wirtschaft verdienen Frauen in der EU im Durchschnitt über 16 % weniger pro Stunde als Männer. Der Aktionsplan umfasst acht Aktionsschwerpunkte:
1- Die Anwendung des Grundsatzes der Entgeltgleichheit verbessern
2- Die Segregation nach Berufen und Wirtschaftszweigen bekämpfen
3- Die gläserne Decke durchbrechen: Initiativen zur Bekämpfung der vertikalen Segregation
4- Die betreuungsbedingte Benachteiligung beseitigen
5- Größere Wertschätzung für die Kompetenzen, Belastung und Verantwortung von Frauen
6- Den Schleier lüften: Ungleichheiten und Stereotype aufdecken
7- Über das geschlechtsspezifische Lohngefälle aufklären und informieren
8- Partnerschaften zur Bekämpfung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohngefälles fördern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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International Labour Office (2017): World employment and social outlook. Trends for women 2017. (World employment and social outlook. Trends), Genf, 63 S.

Abstract

"This report examines the global and regional labour market trends and gaps, including in labour force participation rates, unemployment rates, employment status as well as sectoral and occupational segregation. It also presents a global in-depth analysis of the key drivers of female labour force participation by investigating the personal preferences of women and the societal gender norms and socio-economic constraints that women face.
A key finding of this report is that closing these labour market gaps would yield significant economic benefits in terms of GDP growth while at the same time improving individual welfare in multiple dimensions. However, the report finds that there are significant socio-economic and gender norm constraints influencing a woman's decision to participate. Accordingly, the report introduces a comprehensive framework to address the drivers of these gender gaps and outlines a series of policy recommendations to improve the labour market outcomes of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2016): Fifty years of change updated. Cross-national gender convergence in housework. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 455-470. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.16

Abstract

"Background: Gendered trends in housework provide an important insight into changing gender inequality. In particular, they shed light on the debate over the stalling of the 'gender revolution'. Additionally, the gender division of housework is significantly related to couple well-being; disagreements over housework are among the major sources of marital conflict.
Objective: The objective is to bring the evidence on gendered trends in time spent on core housework up to date, and to investigate cross-national variation in those trends.
Methods: Using 66 time use surveys from 19 countries, we apply a random-intercept, random-slope model to investigate half a century of change in gender differences in housework (1961-2011).
Results: There is a general movement in the direction of greater gender equality, but with significant country differences in both the level and the pace of convergence. Specifically, there was a slowing of gender convergence from the late 1980s in those countries where men and women's time in housework was already more equal, with steeper gender convergence continuing in those countries where the gender division of housework was less equal.
Conclusions: Our findings support the view that despite short-term stalls, slow-downs, and even reverses, as well as important differences in national policy contexts, the overall cross-national picture shows a continuing trend towards greater gender equality in the performance of housework.
Contribution: We update cross-national time use evidence on the gender division of housework to the end of the first decade of the 21st Century. In a multilevel framework, we show how the gender gap varies across time and between countries, net of other demographic variables." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Baranowska-Rataj, Anna & Anna Matysiak (2016): The causal effects of the number of children on female employment. Do European institutional and gender conditions matter? In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 343-367. DOI:10.1007/s12122-016-9231-6

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the discussion on the effects of the number of children on female employment in Europe. Most previous research has either (1) compared these effects across countries, assuming an exogeneity of family size; or (2) used methods that dealt with endogeneity of family size, but that focused on single countries. We combine these two approaches by taking a cross-country comparative perspective and applying quasi-experimental methods. We use instrumental variable models, with multiple births as instruments, and the harmonized data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). We examine the cross-country variation in the effects of family size on maternal employment across groups of European countries with different welfare state regimes. This step gives us an opportunity to investigate whether the revealed crosscountry differences in the magnitude of the effect of the family size on maternal employment can be attributed to the diversity of European institutional arrangements, as well as the cultural and the structural conditions for combining work and family duties." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Bičáková, Alena (2016): Gender unemployment gaps in the EU. Blame the family. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-31. DOI:10.1186/s40174-016-0072-3

Abstract

"There are considerable differences in gender unemployment gaps across the EU. We use labor force survey data on 21 countries to perform a series of data decompositions and show that the cross-country variation in gender unemployment gaps is primarily driven by the differences in female labor force participation behavior after childbirth, namely, the family leave duration and the subsequent attachment of women to the labor force. Further, in countries where a high share of women permanently withdraw from the labor force after childbirth, the size of gender differences in unemployment strongly correlates with the Eurobarometer measure of perceived overall gender discrimination. Our findings suggest that family leave policies and institutions that facilitate the leave to work transition and the work-family balance are crucial to tackle the gender differences in unemployment in countries where the female unemployment rate exceeds that of men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boll, Christina, Anja Rossen & André Wolf (2016): The EU gender earnings gap. Job segregation and working time as driving factors. (IAB-Discussion Paper 36/2016), Nürnberg, 28 S.

Abstract

"In diesem Papier analysieren wir den Umfang und die Determinanten des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohngefälles in Europa. Hierzu aktualisieren wir die bestehenden Ergebnisse in der Literatur anhand des Structure of Earnings Survey 2010 (SES). Auf Basis eines umfassenden Ländervergleichs (21 EU-Länder plus Norwegen) untersuchen wir die Determinanten der erklärten und unerklärten Lohnlücke mit Hilfe der Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass etwa ein Drittel der Lücke auf den Einfluss der verwendeten Variablen zurückzuführen ist. Die sektorale Segregation der Geschlechter wird als das wichtigste Hindernis für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter bei den Löhnen identifiziert. Darüber hinaus trägt die Tatsache, dass Frauen häufiger Teilzeitstellen bekleiden, signifikant zur Lücke bei. Wir schließen daraus, dass Strategien zur Schließung der Lohnlücke zwischen den Geschlechtern die Branchenebene stärker in den Blick nehmen sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boll, Christina, Julian Leppin, Anja Rossen & Andrè-Renè Wolf (2016): Magnitude and impact factors of the gender pay gap in EU countries. Brüssel, 147 S. DOI:10.2838/273601

Abstract

"This study undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the sources of wage differences between male and female workers in Europe. Its main purpose is to shed light on the interplay of so far neglected explanatory factors as well as to reveal country differences in the roles of these factors. One specific point of interest concerns the impact of gender differences in the incidence of overeducation. For this reason, the study also examines, in an introductory module, the determinants of overeducation in Europe. In this way, we make contributions to two different, highly debated subfields in labour economics: the overeducation and the gender pay gap literature. In both fields, the innovative features of the study are the large number of determinants as well as the large number of countries simultaneously analysed. The study is divided into three modules, which build on each other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boll, Christina, Anja Rossen & André Wolf (2016): The EU gender earnings gap. Job segregation and working time as driving factors. (HWWI research paper 176), Hamburg, 25 S.

Abstract

"This paper estimates size and impact factors of the gender pay gap in Europe. It adds to the literature in three aspects. First, we update existing figures on the gender pay gaps in the EU based on the Structure of Earnings Survey 2010 (SES). Second, we enrich the literature by undertaking comprehensive country comparisons of the gap components based on an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Overall, we analyze 21 EU countries plus Norway, which clearly exceeds the scope of existing microdata studies. Third, we examine the sources of the unexplained gap. We find that about one third of the gap can be traced back to the role of the explanatory factors included in our analysis. The sectoral segregation of genders is identified as the most important barrier to gender pay equality in European countries. In addition, the fact that part-time positions are more frequent among women notably contributes to the gap. We conclude that policies aiming at closing the gender pay gap should focus more on the sector level than on the aggregate economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Breidahl, Karen N. & Christian Albrekt Larsen (2016): The myth of unadaptable gender roles. Attitudes towards women's paid work among immigrants across 30 European countries. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 387-401. DOI:10.1177/0958928716664292

Abstract

"It is a predominant assumption in contemporary political and academic debates that gender roles and attitudes supporting women's paid work among immigrants are deep-rooted and stable over time. However, the actual work - family orientations among immigrants are rarely studied. The purpose of this article is to study to what extent and at what pace immigrants in general adapt to the attitudes towards women's paid work that prevail in the host countries. A cross-national research strategy is applied using the European Social Survey rounds 2 (2004), 4 (2008) and 5 (2010), allowing us to compare and analyse attitudes towards women's paid work among 13,535 foreign-born individuals resident in 30 European countries. The results indicate that immigrants' attitudes towards women's paid work are highly structured by the institutional and cultural context of the host country. Both male and female immigrants, as well as immigrants with and without children, adapt to host country attitudes at a high pace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bünning, Mareike & Matthias Pollmann-Schult (2016): Parenthood, child care, and nonstandard work schedules in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 295-314. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153698

Abstract

"An increasing proportion of the European labor force works in the evening, at night or on weekends. Because nonstandard work schedules are associated with a number of negative outcomes for families and children, parents may seek to avoid such schedules. However, for parents with insufficient access to formal child care, working nonstandard hours or days may be an adaptive strategy used to manage child-care needs. It enables 'split-shift' parenting, where parents work alternate schedules, allowing one of the two to be at home looking after the children. This study examines the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules among parents and nonparents in 22 European countries. Specifically, we ask whether the provision of formal child care influences the extent to which parents of preschool-aged children work nonstandard schedules. Using data from the European Social Survey and multilevel models, we find evidence that the availability of formal child care reduces nonstandard work among parents. This indicates that access to formal child care enables parents to work standard schedules. To the extent that nonstandard work schedules are negatively associated with child wellbeing, access to formal child care protects children from the adverse effects of their parents' evening and night work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))