Zitatform

Briel, Stephanie, Aderonke Osikominu, Gregor Pfeifer, Mirjam Reutter & Sascha Satlukal (2022): Gender differences in wage expectations: the role of biased beliefs. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 187-212. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02044-0

Abstract

"We analyze gender differences in expected starting salaries along the wage expectations distribution of prospective university students in Germany, using elicited beliefs about both own salaries and salaries for average other students in the same field. Unconditional and conditional quantile regressions show 5–15% lower wage expectations for females. At all percentiles considered, the gender gap is more pronounced in the distribution of expected own salary than in the distribution of wages expected for average other students. Decomposition results show that biased beliefs about the own earnings potential relative to others and about average salaries play a major role in explaining the gender gap in wage expectations for oneself." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Christl, Michael, Silvia De Poli & Viginta Ivaškaitė-Tamošiūnė (2022): The lock-in effect of marriage: Work incentives after saying, "Yes, I do.". (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1142), Essen, 23 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we use EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model of the European Union, to investigate the impact of marriage-related tax-benefit instruments on the labour supply of married couples. For each married partner, we estimate their individual marginal effective tax rate and net replacement rate before and after marriage. We show that the marriage bonus, which is economically significant in eight European countries, decreases the work incentives for women and, particularly, on the intensive margin. In contrast, the incentives on the intensive margin increase for men once they are married, pointing to the marriage-biased and gender-biased taxbenefit structures in the analysed countries. Our results suggest that marriage bonuses contribute to a lock-in effect, where second earners, typically women, are incentivised to work less, with negative economic consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Costantini, Anastasia & Alessia Sebillo (2022): Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in Social Economy Enterprises: Enablers and Barriers. (Working paper / CIRIEC 2022,02), Liège, 34 S.

Abstract

"Women remain underrepresented in the labour market. In the EU, they earn 14,1% less than men, and they still experience barriers to access and remain at the labour market (Eurostat, 2021a). Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the gender dimension of social and economic inequalities, producing a severe gender impact and the risk of economic marginalisation of women. Why do we expect the social and solidarity economy to improve gender equality at work? Therefore, the paper will discuss the potential and limits of the SEEs in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. The analysis has referenced existing literature and available information on the sector, including interviews with experts and illustrative cases within Diesis Network2, one of the broadest European networks supporting the social economy and social enterprise development. The aim is to show impactful solutions of SEEs and bring social and solidarity economy closer to the gender perspective to increase their impact in supporting inclusive and sustainable growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Doepke, Matthias, Anne Hannusch, Fabian Kindermann & Michèle Tertilt (2022): The Economics of Fertility: A New Era. (HCEO working paper / Human capital and economic opportunity global working group 2022,012), Chicago, Ill., 130 S.

Abstract

"In this survey, we argue that the economic analysis of fertility has entered a new era. First-generation models of fertility choice were designed to account for two empirical regularities that, in the past, held both across countries and across families in a given country: a negative relationship between income and fertility, and another negative relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility. The economics of fertility has entered a new era because these stylized facts no longer universally hold. In high-income countries, the income-fertility relationship has flattened and in some cases reversed, and the cross-country relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility is now positive. We summarize these new facts and describe new models that are designed to address them. The common theme of these new theories is that they view factors that determine the compatibility of women's career and family goals as key drivers of fertility. We highlight four factors that facilitate combining a career with a family: family policy, cooperative fathers, favorable social norms, and flexible labor markets. We also review other recent developments in the literature, and we point out promising new directions for future research on the economics of fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Drouvelis, Michalis & Mary L. Rigdon (2022): Gender Differences in Competitiveness. The Role of Social Incentives. (CESifo working paper 9518), München, 36 S.

Abstract

"The provision of social incentives in the workplace, where performance benefits a charitable cause, has been frequently used in modern organizations. In this paper, we quantify the impact of social incentives on performance under two incentive schemes: piece rate and a winner-take-all tournament. We introduce social incentives by informing individuals that 50% of their performance earnings will be donated to a charity of their own choice. Our findings indicate that, in the presence of social incentives, women increase their performance by approximately 23% and 27% in the piece rate and tournament payment schemes, respectively. These effects are sizable and significant. Despite the fact that women also become more confident when social incentives are used, their willingness to compete is not affected due to their general lack of willingness to take financial risks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Erosa, Andrés, Luisa Fuster, Gueorgui Kambourov & Richard Rogerson (2022): Hours, Occupations, and Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 543-590. DOI:10.1257/mac.20200318

Abstract

"Goldin (2014) offers a narrative in which gender differences in home production responsibilities create gender gaps in labor market outcomes. We carry out a model-based quantitative assessment of this narrative and find that it can account for a significant share of gender gaps in occupational choice, wages, and hours. Our analysis emphasizes the quantitative significance of two key elements not highlighted by Goldin: heterogeneity in comparative advantage and multimember households. Gender differences in nonmarket responsibilities have important aggregate effects on welfare and productivity, similar to those emphasized by Hsieh et al. (2019)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grossbard, Shoshana, Lucia Mangiavacchi, William Nilsson & Luca Piccoli (2022): Spouses' earnings association and inequality: A non-linear perspective. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 611-638. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09539-5

Abstract

"We analyze the association between spouses' earnings taking account of non-linearities along both spouses' distribution of earnings. We also document the non-linearity of the relationships between earnings and labor force participation, earnings and couple formation, and earnings and number of children. Using simulations, we then analyze how changes in spouses' rank-dependence structure, labor force participation and couple formation contribute to the upsurge in inequality in the U.S between 1967 and 2018. We find that an increased tendency towards positive sorting contributed substantially to the rise in inequality only among dual-earner couples, while it contributed little to overall inequality across households. Temporal and distributional heterogeneity are important, as earnings association had a more substantial role in the bottom of the earnings distribution and in recent years. The decline in couple formation contributed substantially to the rise in inequality, while the increase in female labor force participation and the fertility decline had equalizing effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Hamjediers, Maik & Paul Schmelzer (2022): Marriage, the Risk of Overeducation, and Selection into Both: Evidence from Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 73-87. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcab030

Abstract

"Two competing theories of social support and role specialization have been invoked to explain how marital status affects labour market outcomes. Whereas evidence of beneficial labour market outcomes among married men and employed married women favours a social support perspective, evidence of married women’s reduced labour market participation corresponds to a role specialization perspective. We make two contributions to this literature. First, we apply both theories to first jobs in positions for which the employee is overeducated (educational attainment exceeding job requirements). Second, we employ preference theory to show how selection into marriage shapes its association with being in a position of overeducation. To account for potential selection, we model the probability of being married and the risk of starting a career in overeducation simultaneously based on retrospective data from the German National Educational Panel Study. In line with the theory of role specialization, married women seem to be more likely to start in overeducation than unmarried women. However, adjusting for selection into marriage yields lower risks of overeducation for married women and men in comparison to their unmarried counterparts. This supports the social support perspective on overqualification and highlights how selection into marriage shapes its association with labour market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Harris, Deborah A. (2022): Women, work, and opportunities: From neoliberal to feminist mentoring. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 16, H. 3. DOI:10.1111/soc4.12966

Abstract

"Women-focused mentoring programs are often cited as an important tool to help address gender inequality at work. Despite their popularity, there remain questions about how useful they are at improving women’s career trajectories or transforming gender demographics at the organizational or industry level. A frequent critique of current women-focused mentoring efforts is that they reflect and uphold neoliberal feminism and have shifted from collective support to an individualized focus on competition and accruing human and social capital. These programs encourage women to internalize neoliberal subjectivities and prescribe individual change while shoring up ideas about meritocracy that are utterly divorced from gender. I discuss how feminist mentoring, which takes central tenets of feminism including focusing on collective action and organizational change, can serve as a countermeasure to neoliberal feminism and how this form of mentorship can help address gender inequality at work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Hild, Judith & Anica Kramer (2022): Should I stay or should I go? Frauen arbeiten nach einem MINT-Studium seltener in einem MINT-Beruf als Männer (Serie "Frauen in MINT-Berufen"). In: IAB-Forum H. 17.03.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-03-08. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220317.01

Abstract

"Absolut studieren heute dreimal mehr Frauen ein Fach aus dem Bereich Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaft und Technik (MINT) als noch vor 20 Jahren. Zugleich entscheiden sich Frauen nach einem abgeschlossenen MINT-Studium seltener als Männer dafür, tatsächlich einen MINT-Beruf zu ergreifen. Dies dürfte auch an fehlenden Rollenvorbildern und unklaren Berufsvorstellungen liegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jessen, Jonas, Sophia Schmitz & Felix Weinhardt (2022): Immigration, Female Labour Supply and Local Cultural Norms. (Discussion paper / Berlin School of Economics 1), Berlin, 47 S. DOI:10.48462/opus4-4647

Abstract

"We study the local evolution of female labour supply and cultural norms in West Germany in reaction to the sudden presence of East Germans who migrated to the West after reunification. These migrants grew up with high rates of maternal employment, whereas West German families mostly followed the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. We find that West German women increase their labour supply and that this holds within households. We provide additional evidence on stated gender norms, West-East friendships, intermarriage, and child care infrastructure. The dynamic evolution of the local effects on labour supply is best explained by local cultural learning and endogenous child care infrastructure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keldenich, Carina & Andreas Knabe (2022): Women's labor market responses to their partners' unemployment and low-pay employment. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 134-162. DOI:10.1007/s12122-022-09327-0

Abstract

"Using bivariate random-effects probit estimation on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel we show that women respond to their partners' unemployment with an increase in labor market participation, which also leads to an increase in their employment probability. Our analysis considers within and between effects separately, revealing differences in the relationships between women's labor market statuses and their partners' unemployment in the previous period (within effect) and their partners' overall probability of being unemployed (between effect). Furthermore, we contribute to the literature by demonstrating that a partner's employment in a low-paid job has an effect on women's labor market choices and outcomes similar to that of his unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Latshaw, Beth A. & Deniz Yucel (2022): Work-family conflict and partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples: Does women's employment status matter? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1151-1174. DOI:10.20377/jfr-689

Abstract

"Objective: This study tests the effects of work-family conflict, in both directions, on partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples, as well as whether this relationship varies by women's employment status. Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between work-family conflict and fertility preferences. Given the high percentages of women working part-time in Germany, it is important to investigate the role working women’s employment status plays to further understand this relationship. Method: Using data from 716 dual-earner couples in Wave 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we use dyadic data analysis to test whether work-family conflict impacts one’s own ("actor effects") and/or one’s partner’s ("partner effects") reports of agreement on fertility preferences. We also run multi-group analyses to compare whether these effects vary in "full-time dual-earner" versus "modernized male breadwinner" couples. Results: There are significant actor effects for family-to-work conflict in both types of couples, and for work-to-family conflict in modernized male breadwinner couples only. Partner effects for family-to-work conflict exist only among modernized male breadwinner couples. While there are no gender differences in actor or partner effects, results suggest differences in the partner effect (for family-to-work conflict only) between these two couple types. Conclusion: These findings indicate that work-family conflict is associated with greater partner disagreement on fertility preferences and highlight the differential impact incompatible work and family responsibilities have on fertility decisions when women work full-time versus part-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Rennie (2022): Gendered Pathways: Employment Behavior among Family-Based and Skill-Based Immigrants in the United States. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1177/23780231221144354

Abstract

"The United States is the only country to admit the majority of its immigrants on the basis of kinship ties. Although policy makers typically view family migration as less favorable and assume that family immigrants do not contribute to the U.S. economy, this argument is oversimplified and ignores the role of gender and the various ways that family immigration works. This study captures the multiple aspects of immigrants’ entry visas and its intersection with gender to examine the employment behavior of college-educated immigrant men and women who arrived in the United States via several family-based and skill-based categories. Using nationally representative data from 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that immigrants’ initial entry pathways into the United States continue to stratify their employment behavior and trajectories, especially for immigrant women. The conditions of family-sponsored immigration matter; temporary migration as a spouse is negatively associated with immigrant women’s employment but not permanent family migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lott, Yvonne, Dietmar Hobler, Svenja Pfahl & Eugen Unrau (2022): Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (WSI-Report 72), Düsseldorf, 49 S.

Abstract

"Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland? Und wie hat sich der Stand der Gleichstellung entwickelt? Anhand zentraler Indikatoren auf Basis des WSI GenderDatenPortals (www.wsi.de/ genderdatenportal) liefert der vorliegende Report eine knappe und zusammenfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der Geschlechtergleichstellung in Deutschland mit einem Fokus auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich positive Trends vor allem bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung und den Einkommen von Frauen fortgesetzt haben. Bei der Mitbestimmung und den Arbeitszeiten baut sich Geschlechterungleichheit zwar ab, aber nur sehr langsam und in sehr kleinen Schritten. Bei der Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung und der vertikalen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes stagniert die Geschlechterungleichheit jedoch auf hohem Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lundberg, Shelly (2022): Gender Economics and the Meaning of Discrimination. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 112, S. 588-591. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20221086

Abstract

"Advances in economics hold much promise for an improved understanding of complex issues concerning gender and gender inequalities. A more realistic economics of choice based on behavioral economics, evidence of social influences on economic outcomes, and a recognition of the role of cultural persistence in patterns of behavior have blurred our traditional separation of preferences and constraints. However, in the analysis of gender gaps, we have continued to focus on the discrimination versus preferences dichotomy that this work has rendered both conceptually and empirically irrelevant. As the domain of economics continues to broaden, our approach to discrimination needs to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Dana, Andreas Filser & Corinna Frodermann (2022): Update: Identifying mothers in administrative data. (FDZ-Methodenreport 01/2022 (en)), Nürnberg, 13 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZM.2201.en.v1

Abstract

"Die administrativen Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit bieten eine wichtige Datenbasis für die Arbeitsmarktforschung. Welche Informationen gesammelt werden, ist über die Aufgaben der Bundesagentur für Arbeit definiert. Daher sind nicht alle Informationen in den Daten enthalten, die für verschiedene Forschungsfragen relevant sind. Das betrifft zum Beispiel Informationen zu der Geburt von Kindern, die wichtig für die Analyse der Erwerbsbiografien von Frauen sein können. Nach wie vor unterbrechen insbesondere Mütter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit, um sich der Kinderbetreuung zu widmen. Diese Erwerbsunterbrechungen können unterschiedliche Effekte auf die Erwerbsbiografien von Müttern haben, wie z.B. Lohneinbußen, Karrierenachteile oder vermehrte Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Der FDZ-Methodenreport 13/2017 (Müller/Strauch 2017) zeigte eine Möglichkeit auf, familienbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen mit Hilfe indirekter Identifikatoren in den administrativen Daten zu ermitteln. Mit dem vorliegenden FDZ-Methodenreport wurde diese Identifikationsstrategie aktualisiert und an neue Datensatzversionen angepasst. Wir validieren unsere Identifikationsstrategie mit Hilfe offizieller Geburtsstatistiken. Der Programmcode wird als Anhang zur Verfügung gestellt und kann nach Bedarf angepasst werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Papmeyer, Kathrin & Nicole Böhmer (2022): Die Vereinbarkeit von Berufs- und Privatleben als Teil eines kontext- und gendersensiblen Talent Managements. In: Gender, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 134-150. DOI:10.3224/gender.v14i2.10

Abstract

"Trotz wachsender Bedeutung von Talent Management (TM) in Unternehmen gelingt es nicht, der Talentknappheit zu begegnen. Die Corona-Pandemie verschärft die Situation. Denn der bislang nicht ausgeschöpfte Anteil qualifizierter Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt wächst u. a., weil sich anteilig mehr Frauen als Männer zur Erfüllung von Sorgeaufgaben vom Arbeitsmarkt zurückziehen. Gleichzeitig werden Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Berufs- und Privatleben bislang bei der Rekrutierung und Bindung von Talenten nicht oder unzureichend thematisiert. Auf der Basis der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird daher die Frage untersucht, inwiefern sich Vereinbarkeitsangebote von Talenten karriereunschädlich nutzen lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Roth, Steffen J. (2022): Das Ehegattensplitting steht der Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen nicht im Weg. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 102, H. 12, S. 965-970. DOI:10.1007/s10273-022-3347-5

Abstract

"Das Splittingverfahren dient dazu, horizontale Steuergerechtigkeit zu schaffen. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Splittingverfahren selbst nicht Ursache für die Zurückhaltung von Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt ist. Mit diesem Verfahren bleibt der Gesetzgeber neutral gegenüber den privaten Entscheidungen von Paaren über ihre Arbeitsteilung. Seine Abschaffung hingegen dient der Förderung eines bestimmten Lebensmodells und verstößt gegen den Grundsatz der horizontalen Gerechtigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Sandner, Malte & Frederik Wiynck (2022): The Fertility Response to Cutting Child Related Welfare Benefits. (IAB-Discussion Paper 01/2022), Nürnberg, 57 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2201

Abstract

"Bereits seit langer Zeit wird untersucht, ob Sozialleistungen die Fertilität anregen. Dennoch ist die Forschung bisher nicht konsistent. Dieses Papier trägt zu ebendieser Debatte bei, indem es den Fertilitätseffekt einer deutschen Sozialleistungsreform untersucht. Die Reform verringerte das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien mit Sozialhilfebezug um 18 Prozent im ersten Jahr nach Geburt ihres Kindes. Die Analyse exklusiver Sozialversicherungsdaten von über 460.000 betroffenen Frauen ergibt, dass die Reform zu einer Verringerung der Fertilität von 6,8 Prozent führt. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass für sozialhilfebeziehende Mütter Fertilität eine Einkommenselastizität von 0,38 hat. Das ist wesentlich kleiner als in bisherigen Untersuchungen zur Gesamtbevölkerung angenommen. Unsere Befunden lassen darauf schließen, dass die Fertilität von Sozialhilfeempfängern weniger stark auf finanzielle Anreize reagiert, als die der Gesamtbevölkerung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmitz, Sophia & C. Katharina Spieß (2022): The intergenerational transmission of gender norms - why and how adolescent males with working mothers matter for female labour market outcomes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 281-322. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwab023

Abstract

"Social norms are put forward as a prominent explanation for the changing labour supply decisions of women. This paper studies the intergenerational transmission of these norms, examining how they affect subsequent female labour supply decisions, taking into account not only the early socialization of women but also that of their partner. Using large representative panel data sets from West Germany, results suggest that women with partners who grew up with a working mother are more likely to participate in the labour force, work longer hours and earn higher labour income. The main contribution of our study is that we assess a variety of potential mechanisms for this intergenerational link. We find no evidence that this finding reflects assortative mating; rather, analysis suggests that the partner's preferences are based on their experiences with the employment of their mothers and play a decisive role for the labour supply decision of partnered women. Moreover, we identify various effect heterogeneities, finding stronger associations for women with potentially less bargaining power. Our results suggest that policy measures supporting the labour force participation of today's mothers will increase the female labour force participation of the next generation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schrenker, Annekatrin & Katharina Wrohlich (2022): Gender Pay Gap ist in den letzten 30 Jahren fast nur bei Jüngeren gesunken. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 89, H. 9, S. 149-154. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2022-9-3

Abstract

"Der Gender Pay Gap, also die Verdienstlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern, ist in den vergangenen Jahren langsam, aber kontinuierlich auf 18 Prozent gesunken. Wie dieser Bericht auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) anlässlich des bevorstehenden Equal Pay Days zeigt, unterscheidet sich der Rückgang allerdings sehr stark nach dem Alter: Während der Gender Pay Gap bei den unter 30-Jährigen von durchschnittlich rund 15 Prozent in den Jahren 1990 bis 1999 auf acht Prozent im Durchschnitt der Jahre 2010 bis 2019 fiel, verharrte er in den Altersgruppen ab 40 Jahren bei deutlich über 20 Prozent. Daran zeigt sich, wie einschneidend die Phase der Familiengründung für die Erwerbsbiografien und Gehälter vieler Frauen nach wie vor ist. Sie legen ab der Geburt des ersten Kindes längere Pausen vom Job ein und arbeiten fortan häufiger in Teilzeit. Die Folge: Männer ziehen mit ihren Stundenlöhnen insbesondere im Alter von 30 bis 40 Jahren davon. Will die Familienpolitik daran etwas ändern, muss sie Anreize für eine egalitärere Aufteilung der Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern schaffen. Ansatzpunkte sind eine Ausweitung der Väter-Monate beim Elterngeld bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Lohnersatzrate sowie eine Reform des Ehegattensplittings und der Minijobs." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schulz, Florian & Mareike Reimann (2022): Parents' experiences of work-family conflict. Does is matter if coworkers have children? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1056-1071. DOI:10.20377/jfr-780

Abstract

"Objective: To examine how the perception of work-family conflict relates to the share of parents in women's and men's direct coworking environments. Background: The idea of relational demography posits that individuals' relative positions within their coworking environments have an impact on their wellbeing. Depending on women's and men's parenthood status and the corresponding (dis-)similarity compared to their colleagues, this idea was applied to the perception of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. Method: Time-based and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts were analyzed by gender and parenthood with random effects panel regression models using longitudinal data from the LEEP-B3-survey, a large-scale linked employer-employee survey from Germany (2012/2013 and 2014/2015; 2,228 women and 2,656 men). The composition of the respondents’ working groups was included as a moderating variable. Results: Mothers and fathers of children aged 0-11 years reported higher work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts than parents of older children and childless women and men. For mothers of children aged 0-11 years, a higher share of parents in their working groups was associated with less time-based family-to-work conflict. For fathers of children aged 0-11 years, the same associations were found for overall work-to-family conflict, strain-based work-to-family conflict as well as for all dimensions of family-to-work conflict. Conclusion: Similarity between the team members regarding parenthood seemed to reduce mothers' and fathers' perceptions of work-family conflict beyond several other characteristics of the individuals and the workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sprengholz, Maximilian, Anna Wieber & Elke Holst (2022): Gender identity and wives' labor market outcomes in West and East Germany between 1984 and 2016. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 257-279. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaa048

Abstract

"We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany resulted in differing gender norms regarding who should be the family breadwinner. We use data for three periods between 1983 and 2016 from the German Socio-Economic Panel. Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner norm seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender egalitarian East Germany. Our work provides evidence that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity norms that influence household economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tocchioni, Valentina, Anna Rybińska, Monika Mynarska, Anna Matysiak & Daniele Vignoli (2022): Life-Course Trajectories of Childless Women: Country-Specific or Universal? In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 38, H. 5, S. 1315-1332. DOI:10.1007/s10680-022-09624-5

Abstract

"While existing research has documented complexities in biographies of childless women, few studies to date have systematically examined the life-course pathways of the childless from a comparative, cross-country perspective. In this paper, we analyse biographies of childless women in four countries - Germany, Italy, Poland, and the United States - in order to investigate whether pathways into childlessness are country-specific or commonly shared across institutional, cultural, and geographical settings. Partnership, education, and employment histories are examined using sequence analysis with dynamic Hamming distance and cluster analysis. Discrepancy analysis indicates a country-effect in women’s biographies although life-course patterns identified in each country share similarities. Overall, seven life-course trajectories have been identified, with the most numerous cluster comprising single, working women who completed their education at a relatively young age. The results highlight a marked variation in the life-courses of childless women. Put together, these findings provide descriptive evidence for both country-specificity and cross-country similarity in the pathways to childlessness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Winkler, Anne E. (2022): Women's labor force participation. Family-friendly policies increase women's labor force participation, benefiting them, their families, and society at large. (IZA world of labor 289), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.289.v2

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmarktaktivitäten von Frauen steigern deren „wirtschaftlichen Wert“ für die Familie und die Gesellschaft. Während die weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung weltweit zugenommen hat, bleibt sie in einigen Ländern und Regionen nach wie vor niedrig. In den USA sind die Frauenerwerbsquoten seit den 1990er Jahren weitgehend konstant geblieben, im Vergleich zu anderen Staaten jedoch gefallen. Angesichts der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Vorteile sollte die Politik ein starkes Interesse daran haben, Maßnahmen zur Förderung der weiblichen Erwerbsbeteiligung durchzusetzen. Elternzeit und subventionierte Kinderbetreuung sind zwei Schritte in die richtige Richtung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2021): The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Job Quality Components in Determining Welfare Exit. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 79-103. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000977

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit means tested public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labor market. Studies on welfare use determinants that traced these policy changes focused on individuals’ characteristics, economic condition, and various policy components. Little attention was paid to welfare recipients’ job quality or its role in determining welfare exit. The present study examined the contribution of various job quality aspects, beyond wages, to welfare exit among welfare recipients in Israel. We considered the use of workers’ own skills and occupation, existence of standard employment contract (versus temporary), irregular work schedule, and application of mandatory and non-mandatory non-wage compensation attributes. The data derive from a national panel survey of 2,800 single-mother recipients of welfare in 2003. The results indicate the importance of these job components for welfare exit, above and beyond wages. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahrsjö, Ulrika, René Karadakic & Joachim Kahr Rasmussen (2021): Intergenerational Mobility Trends and the Changing Role of Female Labor. (CEBI working paper series 2021,19), Copenhagen, 54 S.

Abstract

"We present new evidence on the existence and drivers of trends in intergenerational income mobility using administrative income data from Scandinavia along with survey data from the United States. Harmonizing the data from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, we first find that intergenerational rank associations in income have increased uniformly across Scandinavia for cohorts of children born between 1951 and 1979. These trends are robust to a large set of empirical specifications that are common in the associated literature. However, splitting the trends by gender, we find that father-son mobility has been stable in all three countries, while correlations involving females display substantial trends. Similar patterns are confirmed in the US data, albeit with slightly different timing. Utilizing information about individual occupation, education and income in the Scandinavian data, we find that intergenerational mobility in latent economic status has remained relatively constant for all gender combinations. This suggests that a gradual reduction in gender-specific labor market segregation, increased female labor force participation and increased female access to higher education has strengthened the signal value that maternal income carries about productivity passed on to children. Based on these results, we argue that the observed decline in intergenerational mobility in Scandinavia is consistent with a socially desirable development where female skills are increasingly valued at the labor market, and that the same is likely to be true also in the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alon, Titan, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll & Michèle Tertilt (2021): From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions. (IZA discussion paper 14223), Bonn, 104 S.

Abstract

"We examine the impact of the global recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic on women's versus men's employment. Whereas recent recessions in advanced economies usually had a disproportionate impact on men's employment, giving rise to the moniker "mancessions," we show that the pandemic recession of 2020 was a "shecession" in most countries with larger employment declines among women. We examine the causes behind this pattern using micro data from several national labor force surveys, and show that both the composition of women's employment across industries and occupations as well as increased childcare needs during closures of schools and daycare centers made important contributions. While many countries exhibit similar patterns, we also emphasize how policy choices such as furloughing policies and the extent of school closures shape the pandemic's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment impact of the pandemic arise almost entirely among workers who are unable to work from home. Nevertheless, among telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a post-pandemic labor market that will likely continue to be characterized by pervasive telecommuting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bachmann, Ronald, Philipp Jäger & Robin Jessen (2021): A Split Decision: Welche Auswirkungen hätte die Abschaffung des Ehegattensplittings auf das Arbeitsangebot und die Einkommensverteilung? (RWI-Materialien 144), Essen, 29 S.

Abstract

"In diesem Artikel wird mithilfe eines Mikrosimulationsmodells untersucht, inwiefern ein Wechsel von der gemeinsamen Besteuerung ("Ehegattensplitting") zur individuellen Besteuerung das Arbeitsangebot erhöhen würde. Wir zeigen, dass diese Umstellung das Arbeitsangebot um mehr als eine halbe Millionen Vollzeitäquivalente erhöhen würde. Eine solche Reform führt jedoch auch zu finanziellen Verlusten bei manchen Bevölkerungsgruppen, die von der Wirtschaftspolitik berücksichtigt werden sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bald, Fabian & Marcel Henkel (2021): The Role of Local Public Goods for Gender Gaps in the Spatial Economy. (CRED research paper 33), Bern, 58 S.

Abstract

"We assess the role of local public goods provision for gender gaps in the labour market. We find that higher fiscal revenues of local governments are associated with decreasing gender employment gaps in German labour market areas because it decreases labour supply for male workers at a higher rate than for female workers. The results are robust when we include instrumental variables that address the endogeneity of local public goods provision. To assess the impact of fiscal transfers across regions on gender gaps we quantify a spatial general equilibrium model with multiple types of workers, who are differently affected by local public goods provision in their labour supply decision. We find that transfers reduce disparities across regions. This goes along with smaller gender gaps in employment in treated regions because female workers are disproportionately pulled into market work and regions with low productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Balleer, Almut, Monika Merz & Tamás K. Papp (2021): Couples' Time-Use and Aggregate Labor Market Outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 14468), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"We present a model of the time-allocation decision of spouses in order to study the role of heterogeneity in preferences and wages for couples' labor supply. Spouses differ in their tastes for market consumption and non-market goods and activities, and also in their offered or earned wages. They interact in their choices of market hours, homework, and leisure. We estimate the model for married or cohabiting couples in the 2001/02 wave of the German Time-Use Survey using Bayesian techniques. We generate gender-specific own- and cross-wage elasticities of market hours in the cross-section. Elasticities are significantly larger if the wage shock is asymmetric across partners, not symmetric. Aggregating preferences and wages by gender and comparing outcomes for a representative couple with those from heterogenous couples yields a discrepancy between alternative aggregate wage-elasticities. Its size varies with the type of wage shock and the distribution of spouses across the preference-wage space." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bandiera, Oriana, Nidhi Parekh, Barbara Petrongolo & Michelle Rao (2021): Men are from Mars, and women too: a Bayesian meta-analysis of overconfidence experiments. (CEP discussion paper 1820), London, 47 S.

Abstract

"Gender differences in self-confidence could explain women's under representation in high-income occupations and glass-ceiling effects. We draw lessons from the economic literature via a survey of experts and a Bayesian hierarchical model that aggregates experimental findings over the last twenty years. The experts' survey indicates beliefs that men are overconfident and women under-confident. Yet, the literature reveals that both men and women are typically overconfident. Moreover, the model cannot reject the hypothesis that gender differences in self-confidence are equal to zero. In addition, the estimated pooling factor is low, implying that each study contains little information over a common phenomenon. The discordance can be reconciled if the experts overestimate the pooling factor or have priors that are biased and precise." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2021): Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1969), Berlin, 61 S.

Abstract

"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual’s earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for breadwinners and secondary earners separately, according to their potential earnings rather than gender. Our results show an average participation elasticity of 0.0-0.1 among breadwinners and 0.1-0.4 among secondary earners in the EU as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Becker, Sebastian, Hermann Buslei, Johannes Geyer & Peter Haan (2021): Employment Responses to Income Effect: Evidence from Pension Reform. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1941), Berlin, 20 S.

Abstract

"For the design of the pension system, it is crucial to disentangle the employment responses related to the substitution effect and the income effect. In this paper, we provide causal evidence regarding the importance of the income effect, which is generally assumed to be small or non-existent. We exploit a pension reform in Germany that raised pension benefits related to children. For the identification, we exploit the discontinuity induced by the reform: only mothers with children born before 1.1.1992 were affected by the pension reform. Children born after this cut-off date did not change pension income. We use a difference-in-differences estimator based on administrative data from the German pension insurance that includes complete individual employment histories. We find that income effects are significant and economically important. We show that the policy led to a reduction in the employment of affected females. Further, we are able to show effect heterogeneity on different dimensions: by treatment intensity, age of the mother, and pre-reform pension wealth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Behera, Sarthak & Divya Sadana (2021): Differing Labor Supply: A Study on the Role of Culture. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 110753), München, 41 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we study the role of peoples' attitudes on their labor market behavior. Focusing within a household, we estimate how one's labor market decisions are dependent on their partner's labor market outcomes, and how these decisions are driven by their culture component. Historically, man has been associated as the primary earner in a family. We argue that culture might play a role in determining a person's labor market outcomes as it induces an aversion to the situation of when the wife earns more than the husband. We find that husbands increase their participation in the labor market if their wives earn more and this effect is even more prominent if they are from a country where people have the traditional view that man should be the primary bread-winner for the family. However, wives do not exhibit any such behavior. We argue that this irregularity is explained by the role that culture plays on forming labor market decisions. This result is important as it might contribute to the explanation of the slowdown in the convergence of the gender gap in the recent past." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernstein, David H. & Andrew B. Martinez (2021): Jointly Modeling Male and Female Labor Participation and Unemployment. (Working paper series / H. O. Stekler Research Program On Forecasting 2021,6), Washington, DC, 23 S.

Abstract

"The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the most abrupt changes in U.S. labor force participation and unemployment since the Second World War, and with different consequences for men and women. This paper models the U.S. labor market to help interpret the pandemic's effects. After replicating and extending Emerson's (2011) model of the labor market, we formulate a joint model of male and female unemployment and labor force participation rates for 1980-2019 and use it to forecast into the pandemic to understand the pandemic's labor-market consequences. Gender-specific differences were particularly large at the pandemic's outset; lower labor force participation persists." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bhalotra, Sonia, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad & Marten Palme (2021): Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth. Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate. (Warwick economic research paper 1391), Coventry, 92 S.

Abstract

"IVF allows women to delay birth and pursue careers, but IVF massively increases the risk of twin birth. There is limited evidence of how having twins influences women's post-birth careers. We investigate this, leveraging a single embryo transfer (SET) mandate implemented in Sweden in 2003, following which the share of twin births showed a precipitous drop of 70%. Linking birth registers to hospitalization and earnings registers, we identify substantial improvements in maternal and child health and women's earnings following IVF birth, alongside an increase in subsequent fertility. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of SET, relevant given the secular rise in IVF births and growing concerns over twin birth risk. We contribute new estimates of the child penalty imposed by twin as opposed to singleton birth, relevant to the secular rise in the global twin birth rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bloemen, Hans (2021): Labor Market Transitions of Members of Opposite-Sex Couples: Nonparticipation, Unemployed Search, and Employment. (IZA discussion paper 14673), Bonn, 74 S.

Abstract

"An empirical analysis of labor market transitions for spouses in couples is implemented. Object of study are transitions between the states of nonparticipation, unemployed search, and employment. Motivated by a model of household search, the emphasis is on spousal variables and interactions. Additionally, a proxy for the business cycle is included in the analysis, and household specific unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. Results show that female transitions into nonparticipation (both out of unemployed search and employment) are positively affected by the husband's income (while no effect is found for transitions out of nonparticipation). Men seem to move from employment into unemployed search easier the higher is the wife's income. Since the wife having an income is in turn strongly accociated with female participation, this suggests that households with a participating wife are better able to deal with unemployment of the husband. A supplementary analysis with reservation wages and numbers of applications points in the same direction. Husbands' reservation wages are only sensitive to his own unemployment income if the wife is nonparticipating. This implies that unemployment benefits have a different role in households with the husband as a sole earner compared to dual earner households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blömer, Maximilian, Przemyslaw Brandt & Andreas Peichl (2021): Raus aus der Zweitverdienerinnenfalle. Reformvorschläge zum Abbau von Fehlanreizen im deutschen Steuer- und Sozialversicherungssystem. Gütersloh, 45 S. DOI:10.11586/2021077

Abstract

"In der diesem Bericht zugrunde liegenden Studie haben wir häufig diskutierte Vorschläge für Reformen untersucht, die dem Ziel dienen sollen, die Beschäftigungsanreize für Zweitverdienende zu verbessern. Bei den Zweitverdienenden handelt es sich häufig um Ehefrauen und Mütter. Wir haben uns in unserer Analyse auf die Regelungen zum Mini- und Midijob, das Ehegattensplitting und verschiedene Kombinationen der diskutierten Reformelemente konzentriert. Zur Quantifizierung der Wirkungen der vorgeschlagenen Reformen auf das Arbeitsangebot haben wir das ifo-Mikrosimulationsmodell verwendet, ein empirisch geschätztes strukturelles Arbeitsangebotsmodell im Haushaltskontext." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bonin, Holger, Susanne Steffes, Annette Hillerich-Sigg, Annabelle Krause-Pilatus & Ulf Rinne (2021): Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt auf die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen. Kurzexpertise im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. (IZA research report 107), Bonn, 57 S.

Abstract

"Der digitale Wandel verändert die Beschäftigungschancen in einzelnen Branchen und Berufen unterschiedlich, und auch der digitale Wandel am individuellen Arbeitsplatz kann sich in Form und Intensität sehr verschieden gestalten. Wegen der anhaltenden Geschlechterunterschiede in der Arbeitswelt könnten die mit der Digitalisierung einhergehenden Veränderungen die Beschäftigungs- und Einkommenschancen von Frauen systematisch anders verändern als Männer. Dabei schafft der technologische Wandel am Arbeitsmarkt sowohl Risiken, dass sich die Disparitäten zwischen den Geschlechtern vergrößern, als auch Chancen für Frauen, ihre Stellung im Arbeitsmarkt im Verhältnis zu den Männern zu verbessern. Vor diesem Hintergrund gibt diese Kurzexpertise einen fundierten Überblick über die Erkenntnisse der nationalen und internationalen Forschung zu den Chancen und Risiken, die der digitale Wandel am Arbeitsmarkt spezifisch für Frauen mit sich bringen kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Calvo, Paula A., Ilse Lindenlaub & Ana Reynoso (2021): Marriage Market and Labor Market Sorting. (NBER working paper 28883), Cambridge, MA, 67 S. DOI:10.3386/w28883

Abstract

"We build a novel equilibrium model in which households' labor supply choices form the link between sorting on the marriage market and sorting on the labor market. We first show that in theory, the nature of home production – whether partners' hours are complements or substitutes – shapes marriage market sorting, labor market sorting and labor supply choices in equilibrium. We then estimate our model on German data to assess the nature of home production in the data, and find that spouses' home hours are complements. We investigate to what extent complementarity in home hours drives sorting and inequality. We find that the home production complementarity – by strengthening positive marriage sorting and reducing the gender gap in hours and labor sorting – puts significant downward pressure on the gender wage gap and within-household income inequality, but it fuels between-household inequality. Our estimated model sheds new light on the sources of inequality in today's Germany and – by identifying important shifts in home production technology towards more complementarity – on the evolution of inequality over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cavapozzi, Danilo, Marco Francesconi & Cheti Nicoletti (2021): The Impact of Gender Role Norms on Mothers' Labor Supply. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 186, S. 113-134. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.03.033

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Del Rey, Elena, Andreas Kyriacou & José I. Silva (2021): Maternity leave and female labor force participation: evidence from 159 countries. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 803-824. DOI:10.1007/s00148-020-00806-1

Abstract

"In this paper, we account for the direct and indirect effects of maternity leave entitlements on female labor force participation. We first explore theoretically the impact of maternity leave duration on female labor supply in the presence of fertility decisions. We assume that maternity leave duration affects female labor supply through two main channels: reducing the time cost of female market work, and reducing women's earnings. Our theoretical model allows for non-monotonic effects of leave duration on female labor supply. We test the predictions of our model using an unbalanced panel of 159 countries for the years 1994, 2004, and 2011. We confirm the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between maternity leave duration and female participation, and find a maternity leave threshold of around 30 weeks above which female participation falls. Below this threshold, increasing maternity leave increases female labor force participation because the positive effect due to the reduction of work–time cost of employed mothers strongly dominates the negative wage penalty effect. Beyond this threshold, the opposite happens. Our analysis also confirms the relevance of social norms for female labor supply throughout the world." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Dudel, Christian & Sebastian Klüsener (2021): Male-Female Fertility Differentials Across 17 High-Income Countries: Insights From A New Data Resource. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 417-441. DOI:10.1007/s10680-020-09575-9

Abstract

"Obtaining cross-country comparative perspectives on male fertility has long been difficult, as male fertility is usually less well registered than female fertility. Recent methodological advancements in imputing missing paternal ages at childbirth enable us to provide a new database on male fertility. This new resource covers more than 330 million live births and is based on a consistent and well-tested set of methods. These methods allow us to handle missing information on the paternal age, which is missing for roughly 10% of births. The data resource is made available in the Human Fertility Collection and allows for the first time a comparative perspective on male fertility in high-income countries using high-quality birth register data. We analyze trends in male–female fertility quantum and tempo differentials across 17 high-income countries, dating as back as far as the late 1960s for some countries, and with data available for the majority of countries from the 1980s onward. Using descriptive and counterfactual analysis methods, we find substantial variation both across countries and over time. Related to the quantum we demonstrate that disparities between male and female period fertility rates are driven to a large degree by the interplay of parental age and cohort size differences. For parental age differences at childbirth, we observe a development toward smaller disparities, except in Eastern Europe. This observation fits with expectations based on gender theories. However, variation across countries also seems to be driven by factors other than gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Fernández-Kranz, Daniel & Jennifer Louise Roff (2021): The Effect of Alimony Reform on Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey. (IZA discussion paper 14949), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"Reforms that reduce alimony can affect married couples in two different ways. First, reduced alimony lowers the bargaining power of the payee, usually the wife. Second, reduced alimony lowers the incentives of wives to engage in the traditional male breadwinner model of household specialization. Using the American Time Use Survey and exploiting a series of recent reforms in several US states that reduced the entitlements of eligible spouses, we find that wives surprised by the reforms reacted by moving away from the traditional male breadwinner model of household specialization. We also find that highly educated women substituted work for time devoted to housework and childcare, while less educated wives substituted work for leisure and personal time. We find no effects for men. The fact that the reforms reduced fertility only among women with higher education suggests that the difference between them and less educated wives in the response to reduced alimony is due, at least in part, to differences in their preferences and costs for children. The estimated effects are larger among couples with a large difference in the earnings potential of spouses and are robust to several sensitivity tests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ford, Jackie, Carol Atkinson, Nancy Harding & David Collinson (2021): 'You Just Had to Get on with It': Exploring the Persistence of Gender Inequality through Women's Career Histories. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 78-96. DOI:10.1177/0950017020910354

Abstract

"This article examines the career histories of the first generation of UK women to enter professional employment in the 1970s and 1980s in comparatively large numbers. In so doing, it contributes to the sparse literature on older women’s working life histories. Presenting empirical research on women’s experiences in the legal and HR sectors, it reveals how women pioneers were often silenced by requirements to conform with male-dominated norms, values and practices governing masculine career pathways. They learned to speak a predominantly masculine language that in turn constituted a significant barrier to effective resistance and disallowed new ways of speaking about careers. The article argues that these earlier conditions of entry into careers continue to influence the barriers women face at work today. Through this analysis of older women’s working lives, the article also contributes to contemporary debates about intersectionality by illustrating how gender and age interact in ways that reinforce earlier patterns of career disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2021): Where do women earn more than men? Explaining regional differences in the gender pay gap. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 61, H. 5, S. 1065-1086., 2021-03-26. DOI:10.1111/jors.12532

Abstract

"This paper provides new evidence on the magnitude and determinants of regional differences in the gender pay gap. Based on a comprehensive data set of all full‐time employees in Germany, we explain the profound variation of the gender pay gap at a small‐scale level with theory‐based individual and job‐related characteristics. Using the Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition, we find pronounced spatial differences in the impact of the considered determinants. Whereas gender differences in job‐related characteristics are important drivers in regions with a high gender pay gap, individual characteristics come into effect in regions with a low and negative gap. The results underscore the role played by the establishment composition in a region and the kind of jobs provided for gendered earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fuchs, Michaela, Anne Otto & Birgit Fritzsche (2021): Systemrelevante Berufe und das Potenzial für Homeoffice: Eine geschlechtsspezifische Bestandsaufnahme für Thüringen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 01/2021), Nürnberg, 54 S.

Abstract

"Frauen sind von der Corona-Krise weitaus stärker betroffen, als dies in früheren Krisen der Fall war. Unter anderem sind sie stärker in den systemrelevanten Berufen vertreten, also denjenigen Berufen, die als unverzichtbar für das Funktionieren der Gesellschaft und die Aufrechterhaltung der kritischen Infrastruktur gelten. Gleichzeitig aber haben sie in einem größeren Maße als Männer die Möglichkeit, zumindest zeitweise von zu Hause zu arbeiten und damit den Vorgaben des Arbeitsschutzes und der sozialen Distanzierung nachzukommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht die vorliegende Analyse die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern in den systemrelevanten Berufen sowie deren Homeoffice-Potenziale in Thüringen einer umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme. In Thüringen arbeitet rund ein Drittel aller sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten – vorrangig Frauen - in den systemrelevanten Berufen. Die Studie zeichnet ein sehr differenziertes Bild dieser Berufe, in denen Frauen vielfach eine ungünstigere Arbeitsmarktsituation als Männer aufweisen. In einigen Berufen jedoch ist die Situation der Frauen ähnlich oder sogar besser als die der Männer. Frauen arbeiten in frauendominierten Berufen vorwiegend in Teilzeit, während Männer hauptsächlich eine Vollzeittätigkeit ausüben. Männer weisen zudem in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen eine stärkere Spezialisierung auf anspruchsvolle und komplexe Tätigkeitsniveaus auf. Dieser Befund steht in Zusammenhang damit, dass Männer in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen höher entlohnt werden als Frauen. Im Gegenzug sind Frauen in den meisten systemrelevanten Berufen seltener von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. In Thüringen kann theoretisch etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten zumindest zeitweise im Homeoffice arbeiten. Hierbei haben Frauen ein wesentlich höheres Homeoffice-Potenzial als Männer. Diese Diskrepanz beruht hauptsächlich auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Berufssegregation und hiermit verbundenen unterschiedlichen Tätigkeitsstrukturen. In den systemrelevanten Berufen gibt es nur ein geringes Homeoffice-Potenzial, da vielfach die physische Präsenz am Arbeitsplatz erforderlich ist. Demgegenüber bieten Arbeitsplätze mit komplexeren Arbeitsinhalten wie bei Spezialisten- und Experten einen besseren Zugang zu Homeoffice. Um die stärkere Betroffenheit von Frauen in kommenden Krisen, aber auch generell auf lange Sicht zu verringern, sollten die Rahmenbedingungen künftig verbessert werden. Ansatzpunkte hierfür bieten u. a. eine bessere finanzielle Entschädigung für Lohnausfälle der Eltern bei Kita- und Schulschließungen, bessere Voraussetzungen für die ausgewogenere Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Partnern, ein weiterer Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur sowie eine höhere Entlohnung und Wertschätzung in systemrelevanten Berufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fuchs, Michaela, Anne Otto & Birgit Fritzsche (2021): Systemrelevante Berufe und das Potenzial für Homeoffice: Eine geschlechtsspezifische Bestandsaufnahme für Sachsen-Anhalt. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 02/2021), Nürnberg, 53 S.

Abstract

"Frauen sind von der Corona-Krise weitaus stärker betroffen, als dies in früheren Krisen der Fall war. Unter anderem sind sie stärker in den systemrelevanten Berufen vertreten, also denjenigen Berufen, die als unverzichtbar für das Funktionieren der Gesellschaft und die Aufrechterhaltung der kritischen Infrastruktur gelten. Gleichzeitig aber haben sie in einem größeren Maße als Männer die Möglichkeit, zumindest zeitweise von zu Hause zu arbeiten und damit den Vorgaben des Arbeitsschutzes und der sozialen Distanzierung nachzukommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht die vorliegende Analyse die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern in den systemrelevanten Berufen sowie deren Homeoffice-Potenziale in Sachsen-Anhalt einer umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme. In Sachsen-Anhalt arbeitet rund ein Drittel aller sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten – vorrangig Frauen - in den systemrelevanten Berufen. Die Studie zeichnet ein sehr differenziertes Bild dieser Berufe, in denen Frauen vielfach eine ungünstigere Arbeitsmarktsituation als Männer aufweisen. In einigen Berufen jedoch ist die Situation der Frauen ähnlich oder sogar besser als die der Männer. Frauen arbeiten in den systemrelevanten frauendominierten Berufen vorwiegend in Teilzeit, während Männer hauptsächlich eine Vollzeittätigkeit ausüben. Männer weisen zudem in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen eine stärkere Spezialisierung auf anspruchsvolle und komplexe Tätigkeitsniveaus auf. Dieser Befund steht in Zusammenhang damit, dass Männer in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen höher entlohnt werden als Frauen. Im Gegenzug sind Frauen in den meisten dieser Berufe seltener von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. In Sachsen-Anhalt kann theoretisch etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten zumindest zeitweise im Homeoffice arbeiten. Hierbei haben Frauen ein wesentlich höheres Homeoffice-Potenzial als Männer. Diese Diskrepanz beruht hauptsächlich auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Berufssegregation und hiermit verbundenen unterschiedlichen Tätigkeitsstrukturen. In den systemrelevanten Berufen gibt es nur ein geringes Homeoffice-Potenzial, da vielfach die physische Präsenz am Arbeitsplatz erforderlich ist. Demgegenüber bieten Arbeitsplätze mit komplexeren Arbeitsinhalten wie bei Spezialisten und Experten einen besseren Zugang zu Homeoffice. Um die stärkere Betroffenheit von Frauen in kommenden Krisen, aber auch generell auf lange Sicht zu verringern, sollten die Rahmenbedingungen künftig verbessert werden. Ansatzpunkte hierfür bieten u. a. eine bessere finanzielle Entschädigung für Lohnausfälle der Eltern bei Kita- und Schulschließungen, bessere Voraussetzungen für die ausgewogenere Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Partnern, ein weiterer Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur sowie eine höhere Entlohnung und Wertschätzung in systemrelevanten Berufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)