Zitatform

Heglum, Mari Amdahl & Wendy Nilsen (2024): A life course perspective on the NEET phenomenon: long-term exclusion across cohorts, gender, and social origin among young adults in Norway. In: Journal of Youth Studies online erschienen am 19.01.2024, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2024.2305907

Abstract

"This study addresses the limitations of the NEET indicator (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) as a measure of the risk of social exclusion. Applying a life course analytical framework and sequence analysis to administrative data from Norway, we investigate the link between NEET status and longer-term exclusion across cohorts, gender, and social origin. Young adults with at least one year of NEET status at ages 22-25 (N = 125 804) are followed for ten years (age 22-31), spanning the years 1993-2017. Results show a mixed picture for individuals with early-career NEET status: 38 percent fare well over the long term, while over one-third face persistent challenges of long-term exclusion or reliance on permanent disability benefits. A deterioration of longer-term prospects, stronger among men than women, is observed across cohorts. An initial large gender gap in long-term exclusion probability in men's favor disappears in the youngest cohorts. Social inequalities remain stable over time. Findings support recent research emphasizing NEET category heterogeneity. Static measures may both exaggerate and underestimate the challenges faced by different sub-populations. The risk of long-term exclusion changes markedly over time, showcasing how the NEET indicator's sensitivity as a measure of at-risk youth depends on the historical-institutional context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Martín-Gutiérrez, Ángela, Elisabet Montoro-Fernández & Ana Dominguez-Quintero (2024): Towards Quality Education: An Entrepreneurship Education Program for the Improvement of Self-Efficacy and Personal Initiative of Adolescents. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 13, H. 1. DOI:10.3390/socsci13010023

Abstract

"In recent decades, youth unemployment has been the focus of attention of international and community bodies in the area of social rights. Specifically, there is a need to promote attitudes and skills to access employment, decent work, and entrepreneurship. The measures implemented have not been effective. In 2023, Spain had the highest youth unemployment rate in the European Union (29.6%). An improvement in the level and quality of education and training of young people would reduce their level of unemployment. Entrepreneurship education is, therefore, a necessary value in the society of the 21st century since it is a tool for the development and growth of the younger population. In the entrepreneurship education model proposed in this study for adolescents, we focus on the capacities of self-efficacy and personal initiative as precursors of entrepreneurial behavior. This paper analyzes the differences between the mean values of the variables before and after the implementation of the educational program and the influence or correlation between the variables. The main results are threefold: (i) the educational program implemented improves the mean values of the two variables analyzed; (ii) self-efficacy exerts a positive or direct influence on personal initiative, and (iii) the educational program improves or reinforces the positive influence of self-efficacy on personal initiative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Robertshaw, David Keith (2024): Lost in Categorisation? Employment Subsidies – Bringing the Beneficiaries Back In. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, S. 86-106. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000216

Abstract

"Employment subsidies are important active labor market policy (ALMP) tools, suited to a variety of labor market challenges. This paper engages with recent ALMP categorisation debates by appraising Cronert’s (2019) recent typology of employment subsidies. It uses empirical material to assess the typology’s explanatory power and produce insights to inform further typological development. The illustrative case of the British ‘ Wage Incentive’ (2012-2014) is used to assess the typology’s analytical purchase. Cronert’s typology helpfully identifies key distinctions in the distributional profiles of employment subsidies, but further understanding of the category is impeded by the practice of defining them as demand-side interventions. The paper argues for a reappraisal of their supply-side characteristics, maintaining that the (potential) worker should be included in the analysis, and that employment subsidies’ relationship with training and job creation should be acknowledged.It proposes a redefinition of employment subsidies reflecting their real-world use, and suggests a framework for further exploring varieties of employment subsidy design from the perspective of beneficiaries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Verd, Joan M., Alejandro Godino, Alejandro González-Heras & Joan Rodríguez-Soler (2024): Escaping the trap of temporary employment: Precariousness among young people before and after Spain's 2021 labour market reform act. In: International Journal of Social Welfare online erschienen am 23.01.2024. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12645

Abstract

"Temporary employment has been the core dimension of employment precariousness in Spain for decades. In December 2021, a labor market reform aimed at reducing the use of fixed‐term contracts, which especially affected young people, was passed. This article compares the situation of young workers before and after this labor market reform, with the objective of identifying internal differences among this age group. The results show a substantial reduction in the prevalence of temporary employment after the reform, although they also show that temporary employment, as well as incipient forms of precariousness such as involuntary part‐time employment, are more concentrated than before among the most disadvantaged in this age group, following traditional patterns of segmentation in the labor market. This article, therefore, provides insights into which profiles of young workers were better off after the reform and which were not, offering valuable lessons for other countries with similar labor market challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

van Vugt, Lynn, Mark Levels & Rolf van der Velden (2024): The low skills trap: the failure of education and social policies in preventing low-literate young people from being long-term NEET. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 217-251. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2118036

Abstract

"This paper investigates to what extent the likelihood of young people being long-term NEET can be explained by low literacy skills, how this varies across advanced countries, and how this cross-national variation can be explained by education and social policies. We use PIAAC data and include macro-level indicators on education and social policies. We analyze the likelihood of being long-term NEET versus being in employment or in education/training among some 34,000 young people aged 20–30 from 25 countries. We find that low-literate young people are more likely to be long-term NEET. While NEET risks are associated with countries’ institutional characteristics, this does not mean that these characteristics and policies always work in favour of low-literate young people. Although high levels of (enabling) ALMP generally reduce the risk of being NEET, they do so less for low-literate young people. Additionally, young people living in social-democratic welfare states are less likely to be NEET, but low-literate young people seem to profit less from this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Adamecz, Anna (2023): Longer schooling with grade retention: The effects of increasing the school leaving age on dropping out and labour market success. In: Finnish Economic Papers, Jg. 97. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102487

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of increasing the compulsory school leaving age from 16 to 18 in Hungary using a difference-in-regression-discontinuities design empirical strategy. While the reform increased the length of schooling, it did not decrease the probability of dropping out of secondary school, either on average or among the most at-risk group of Roma ethnic minority students. Due to grade retentions, marginal students were older than their peers and couldn't have reached the final grade of secondary school by age 18 to earn a degree. The reform also did not affect the probability of employment, hours worked, wages and the probability of working in low-skilled occupations at ages 20 and 25. In education systems that allow grade retention, compulsory education should have the explicit goal of keeping students in school until they earn a secondary degree, rather than just until a certain age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Alves, Daniele Evelin, Jannike Gottschalk Ballo, Wendy Nilsen, Camilla Stub Lundberg, Andreas Lillebråten & Vilde Hoff Bernstrøm (2023): Which companies hire NEET? Organisational characteristics of hiring NEET in a Norwegian full-population registry study. In: Journal of Youth Studies online erschienen am 14.12.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2023.2290112

Abstract

"Which types of organizations hire NEET? We use longitudinal national registry data from Norway to investigate four types of organizational characteristics: (a) staff proportion with low pay and low education, (b) staff size and (c) staff proportion from groups with lower rates of work participation, and (d) private/public sector. Full-population registry data with all newly hired-employees in Norway aged 15 –30 years, yielded a sample of approximately 120,000 new hires in 2018 from 22,621 organizations. Organizational characteristics were measured the previous year. After controlling for individual and organisational level variables in logistic regression models, we found that: private organizations and those predominated by staff with low income, incomplete secondary school, NEET history and immigrant background were more likely to hire new NEET the following year. Organisation size was unrelated to the likelihood of hiring NEET. This study applies an innovative method to study demand side characteristics in a full population registry study. It also contributes to disentangling which of these characteristics lose their expected effect when the dataset is large and complete enough to control for individual and organizational factors- adjusted for organisation clustering. These characteristics can guide us towards which companies can serve as gate-openers for NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Assmann, Marie-Luise (2023): Personalized Support in Youth Labor Market Policy. The Role of Youth Career Agencies. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 231 S.

Abstract

"In the face of increasing youth unemployment across Europe, innovative approaches to youth labor market policy are crucial. One such approach is the introduction of ‘one-stop shops’ for young people. Here, employment offices and other actors, such as youth social services, cooperate to offer young people coordinated advice from a single source. The impact of their introduction upon the young people that use them is, thus far, under-researched. This study begins to fill this gap by outlining the support approach of the German ‘youth career agencies’ that centers on gaining a more complete picture of the young person’s life situation in order to offer them a range of possible support programs. The study interrogates whether the youth career agencies do offer more personalized advice for young people during their transition to employment than classical job center teams. It argues that, if the cooperative relationships between the actors involved in the youth career agencies are of good quality, more personalized support is likely to be offered there. However, personalized support in youth career agencies is still limited by the diverse specifications and target figures demanded of job centers by the Federal Employment Agency and also influenced by the professional background of the individual caseworkers." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brozsely, Beverly & Darren Nixon (2023): Pinball transitions: exploring the school-to-work transitions of 'the missing middle'. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 26, H. 8, S. 980-995. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2058357

Abstract

"This paper responds to the call for more research on the ‘missing middle’ by reporting the findings of a small-scale qualitative longitudinal study in the North of England exploring the labour market transitions of young people completing compulsory schooling with mid-level qualifications and seeking employment. It found that participants desired training which aligned with their skills, interests and future work intentions. Participants were drawn to seek apprenticeships because they offered ‘earning and learning’ in a real-life work environment. However, for the vast majority, apprenticeships were not available, so they turned to college to articulate their choices and gain work-related training. Qualifications were gained in order to gain leverage in the job market and help them achieve ‘getting on’ work. However, often a period of ‘pinballing’ between their ambitions and the reality of the labour market ensued due to the lack of desirable quality work available. The majority of participants were still resisting ‘going nowhere’ work and making efforts to achieve ‘getting on’ work when interviewed, however, some had stopped making the effort and resigned themselves to on-going poor quality work. The process of biographicity was, for them, a reconciliation with on-going low-quality work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Buck, Pia (2023): Chance vertan: Die 'Ausbildungsgarantie' als Antwort auf Ausbildungsteilhabeförderung und Hebung von Fachkräftepotenzialen? In: Berufsbildung, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 32-35.

Abstract

"Das Ziel, berufliche Teilhabechancen "für Alle" anzubieten und auch der sich zuspitzende Fachkräfteengpass bringen u. a. den Übergangssektor und die steigende NEET-Quote in den Fokus bildungspolitischer Diskurse, in welchen in neuerer Zeit auch über eine Ausbildungsgarantie nachgedacht wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Cefalo, Ruggero & Rosario Scandurra (2023): What, for whom, and under what circumstances: Do activation policies increase youth employment in the EU? In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 391-406. DOI:10.1177/09589287231199568

Abstract

"Activation measures have assumed a prominent role within policy perspectives aimed at increasing labour market participation to support welfare sustainability. Most comparative studies on active labour market policies (ALMPs) have been conducted at the national level, although several scholars recently stressed the need to consider more carefully the territorial dimension of social policies. This article addresses this research gap by providing quantitative estimates of the territorial effect of national ALMPs provision on youth employment in European regions. We find that regional contextual traits, which can present a variety of configurations, play a significant role in moderating the effects of ALMPs. Divergent outcomes per type and level of education also highlight the complexity of the landscape for ALMPs' design and implementation. Our analysis helps identify the institutional and contextual conditions that require evaluation when designing and implementing policies targeting young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dahl, Espen S. & Øystein Hernæs (2023): Making activation for young welfare recipients mandatory. In: Labour, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 96-121. DOI:10.1111/labr.12238

Abstract

"Activation policies to promote self-sufficiency among recipients of welfare and other types of benefits are becoming more common in many welfare states. We evaluate a law change in Norway making welfare receipt conditional on participation in an activation program for all welfare recipients below the age of 30. Analysing the program's staggered implementation across municipalities with several modern event study estimators, we estimate that the law change had quite precise 0-effects on benefit receipt, work and education. We also do not find any effects on the probability of being out of work or of being in employment, education or labour market programs. Qualitative evidence suggests that the zero effect may be due to the law change only impacting the participation of recipients with low expected gain from activation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Dohmen, Dieter (2023): Lieber Jobben als Ausbildung? 15- bis 24-Jährige zwischen Schule, Ausbildung & Co. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 78), Köln, 21 S.

Abstract

"Wie gehen Jugendliche mit schlechter werdenden Ausbildungschancen um? Eine detaillierte Analyse vorliegender Daten mit problematischen Befunden: Das Bildungsniveau sinkt, mehr Jugendliche jobben oder werden zu NEETUs (not in employment, education & training nor unemployed)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Emmanouil, Effie, Georgios Chatzichristos, Andrew Herod & Stelios Gialis (2023): In what way a 'Guarantee for youth'? NEETs entrapped by labour market policies in the European Union. In: Journal of Youth Studies online erschienen am 16.05.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2023.2211943

Abstract

"Following the economic crisis of 2008/2009, the European Union developed the Youth Guarantee (YG) Action Plan to tackle youth labour market disengagement by ‘fostering employability’ and ‘removing barriers’ to employment. The current study adopts a Geographical Political Economy approach to analysing the YG's underpinnings and the conditions that differentiate its application on a regional level to explore whether – and, if so, how – the YG helps young people in the Southern EU to enter the labour market. The article introduces the first comparative, cross-regional investigation of the YG programme, targeting the NUTS-II regions of Spain and Italy. It uses mixed methods, supplementing quantitative analysis with in-depth interviews with key informants. We show that in Spanish and Italian regions the YG is closely entwined with socio-spatial inequality and labour precarity, which is reflected in the growing rates of temporary employment and inactive youth. Crucially, we conclude, such outcomes are not simply the result of the institutional/operational misapplications of the YG, as is often assumed. Rather, these misapplications are systematically reinforced by the mechanics of labour flexibilisation within a recessionary and crisis-prone environment, one whose geographical unevenness means that the YG is playing out in quite different ways in different places." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Faißt, Christian, Silke Hamann, Daniel Jahn & Rüdiger Wapler (2023): Junge Menschen ohne Berufsausbildung. Welches Fachkräftepotenzial verbirgt sich in dieser Gruppe? (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Baden-Württemberg 02/2023), Nürnberg, 42 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REBW.2302

Abstract

"In Baden-Württemberg haben zwischen 2013 und 2021 mehr als 236.000 junge Menschen zwischen 15 und 25 Jahren eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung aufgenommen, ohne über eine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung zu verfügen. Ausbildungslosigkeit kann sich für die jungen Menschen langfristig negativ bezüglich ihrer Arbeitsmarktbiografien auswirken und ist darüber hinaus auch deshalb überaus problematisch, weil in Baden-Württemberg Fachkräfte besonders knapp sind. Unter den jungen Menschen ohne Abschluss finden sich relativ viele Hauptschüler*innen (22 Prozent) und ausländische Beschäftigte (24 Prozent). Weniger als 1 Prozent der Ausländer*innen verfügen über einen nicht anerkannten Berufsabschluss. Zu den am häufigsten gewählten Berufen der männlichen Ungelernten gehören Verkehrs- und Logistikberufe, Maschinen- und Fahrzeugtechnikberufe, die Metallberufe und die Mechatronik-, Energie- und Elektroberufe. Für die weiblichen Ungelernten stehen Verkaufsberufe an oberster Stelle, gefolgt von den Sekretariatsberufen und den Verkehrs- und Logistikberufen. Die Zeitarbeitsbranche nimmt ebenfalls zunächst viele formal nicht qualifizierte Männer und Frauen auf. Von den 136.000 Personen, die zwischen 2013 und 2017 ohne berufliche Qualifizierung eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung begonnen haben, bleiben rund 50.000 auch langfristig ohne beruflichen Abschluss. Dies geht einher mit einer geringeren Beschäftigungsstabilität, einem niedrigeren Einkommen und selteneren beruflichen Aufstiegen verglichen mit denjenigen, die noch formale Qualifikationen erwerben. Das Risiko dauerhafter Ausbildungslosigkeit ist für zwei Typen von Erwerbsverläufen besonders kennzeichnend: für die nach Schulabschluss direkte Einmündung in sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung und in deren Verbleib sowie für die heterogenen Arbeitsmarktbiografien. Diese zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass auf längere Orientierungsphasen relativ selten Zeiten in Ausbildung folgen, sondern vielmehr deutlich häufiger Arbeitslosigkeit zu beobachten ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hardoy, Ines & Kristine von Simson (2023): Pressing the right button—labour market odds for youth with mental illness. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 36, H. 7-8, S. 592-607. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2023.2289952

Abstract

"Mental disorders threaten the chances of finishing secondary school and can hinder the school-to-work transitions of afflicted youths. Earlier onset depression predicts the chronicity, recurrence, and severity of episodes throughout life. Using rich, objective mental health data and a battery of variables covering personal and family characteristics, we investigate the impact of Norway’s vocational rehabilitation programs on youths aged 18–23 who are registered as unemployed. Our results indicate that the impact vary with mental health in adolescence, a variable often unavailable in such analyses. Separate analyses for age group 19–21 and 20–23 show that the younger ones with previous diagnosed mental disorders were likely to pursue further education after participating in programs providing work practice; those with no earlier diagnosed mental disorders were prone to pursue ordinary education after completing a training program. For the older age cohorts, aged 20–23, vocational rehabilitation programmes seem counterproductive, irrespective of program type and of whether they were diagnosed with mental health problems in adolescence or not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kalinowski, Michael & Harald Pfeifer (2023): Junge Menschen ohne Berufsabschluss – durch Stärkung der Ausbildungsbeteiligung zu mehr Fachkräften. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 12, S. 3-6.

Abstract

"Auswertungen des BIBB (Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung 2023, Kapitel A11) zeigen, dass die Zahl der jungen Erwachsenen ohne formalen Berufsabschluss im Alter von 20 bis unter 35 Jahren in den vergangenen Jahren angestiegen ist. Im Jahr 2021 waren dies 2,6 Mio. Personen und damit der höchste Wert seit mehr als 25 Jahren. Der Anteil junger Erwachsener ohne formalen Berufsabschluss an der gleichaltrigen Bevölkerung lag im Jahr 2021 bei 17,8 % (vgl. Abb. 1). Die Quote der nicht formal Qualifizierten (nfQ) ist auch ein wichtiger arbeitsmarktpolitischer Indikator. Personen ohne Berufsausbildung bzw. nicht formal Qualifizierte haben z.B. ein höheres Risiko der Arbeitslosigkeit, insbesondere der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2022a), und verdienen im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als Beschäftigte mit einem Berufsabschluss (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2022b). Letzteres erhöht auch das Risiko, am Ende des Erwerbslebens von Altersarmut betroffen zu sein." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kunze, Astrid, Marta Palczynska & Iga Magda (2023): The Employment Effects of a Wage Subsidy for the Young during an Economic Recovery. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16196), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates the employment effects of a large-scale wage subsidy programme for the young unemployed that was introduced in 2016, during a period of recovery in the Polish economy. The focus is on the question of whether the effects differed between men and women. The study employs a large population administrative data set from the unemployment register, and exploits for identification the fact that firms were only eligible to participate in the wage subsidy programme if the newly recruited worker was below age 30 and was previously unemployed. A challenge in this research is that before 2016, standard packages of active labour market programmes for all unemployed and specific programmes for unemployed below age 30 had been in place. Exploiting the long period and broad data coverage, we estimate the differential impact of the new programme using a difference-in-discontinuities design. The main finding is that over the medium term, the new wage subsidy programme was effective for low- and middle-skilled eligible young women, but not for men. We discuss the policy implications of such programmes targeting young unemployed people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Malo, Miguel A., Chiara Mussida, Begona Cueto & Maurizio Baussola (2023): Being a NEET before and after the Great Recession: persistence by gender in Southern Europe. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 319-339. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwab043

Abstract

"This article adds to the scant literature on the time persistence of being a young Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) by including four main novelties: we distinguish short- and long-term persistence; we use estimations before (2004–2007) and after the Great Recession (2013–2016); we analyse four Southern European countries that are relatively similar and were significantly affected by the Great Recession (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain); and all analyses are disaggregated by gender. The descriptive analysis shows a convergence in NEET rates by gender in the four countries due to a worsening of the male NEET rate and no improvement among young females. The econometric estimations show that long-term persistence is smaller than short-term persistence and that the latter increased after the Great Recession, especially for male NEETs. Policy implications for the design of the Youth Guarantee and lessons from the coronavirus pandemic are also discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mussida, Chiara & Dario Sciulli (2023): Being poor and being NEET in Europe: Are these two sides of the same coin? In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 463-482. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09561-7

Abstract

"We implement a dynamic bivariate probit model to explore the possible relation between at-risk-of-poverty and NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) in 21 European countries using 2016–2019 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions panel data. We identify genuine state dependence and account for possible feedback effects from past poverty to the NEET status. We also consider two alternative definitions of NEET, i.e. unemployed and inactive NEET and inactive NEET only. We find that both poverty and NEET are characterized by significant genuine state dependence. We also observe a vicious circle between the phenomena, especially when adopting the definition that includes unemployed and inactive NEETs. This suggests a leading role of unemployment in the detrimental effect of being NEET on poverty. We offer supplementary analyses and further insights on country heterogeneity by looking at the role of social protection expenditure. Finally, we stress that for young NEETS living outside of the family of origin, the NEET condition is not detrimental for poverty, conditional on the provision of adequate youth support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Mühlemann, Samuel (2023): Übergang von der Schule in die Berufs(bildungs)welt: Alles besser in der Schweiz? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 12, S. 24-27.

Abstract

"Sowohl in Deutschland als auch in der Schweiz ist der Anteil junger Erwachsener ohne Berufsabschluss seit dem Jahr 2017 relativ stabil geblieben (vgl. Abb. 1). Der Anteil der Personen ohne Berufsabschluss, die nicht die Schweizer oder die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit besitzen, ist zudem in beiden Ländern mehr als dreimal so hoch wie bei Personen mit der entsprechenden Staatsangehörigkeit. In Deutschland haben jedoch auch 10 % der Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit keinen Berufsabschluss, während dies für weniger als 4 % der Schweizer zutrifft." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Odoardi, Iacopo, Dario D'Ingiullo & Davide Quaglione (2023): Gender disparities between young and adult NEETs: do we need a more refined policy approach? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 56, S. 6685-6699. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2161991

Abstract

"Italy has the highest rate of individuals Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) in Europe, and its NEET has the highest gender bias in Western Europe. A marked heterogeneity, however, accompanies the age sub-groups, and women’s conditions become systematically worse with advancing age. Using data from 2019, we investigate the association between the probability of being NEET and a set of individual and regional (socioeconomic and institutional) characteristics, examining whether and to what extent the role of these determinants varies depending on gender within two distinct age groups: young (15?24) and adult (25?34) NEETs. In general, we find clear evidence that women are at a relative disadvantage compared to men and, as age increases, both positive and negative determinants show relations that tend to weaken for men and to worsen for women. The results of our analyses also suggest that social/family obligations affect men and women differently, to the detriment of women, and that this disparity widens with age. The contrast between the position of men and women within marriage is empirically confirmed and perfectly captured by marginal effects with opposite signs. The policy implications of our analysis are discussed in the concluding section of this paper." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Oeynhausen, Stephanie, Alexander Christ, Eric Schuß, Bettina Milde & Ralf-Olaf Granath (2023): Die Entwicklung des Ausbildungsmarktes im Jahr 2023. Analysen auf Basis der BIBB-Erhebung über neu abgeschlossene Ausbildungsverträge und der Ausbildungsmarktstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit zum Stichtag 30. September. (BIBB-Preprint), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"Die Zahl neu abgeschlossener Ausbildungsverträge ist im Berichtsjahr 2023 erneut gestiegen. Bundesweit wurden 489.200 Ausbildungsverträge neu abgeschlossen, das entspricht einem Plus von 3,0 % (+14.000) im Vergleich zur Vorjahreserhebung. Insgesamt liegt die Zahl der neu abgeschlossenen Ausbildungsverträge jedoch weiterhin deutlich unter dem Niveau von 2019 vor Ausbruch der Coronapandemie (-35.900 Verträge bzw. -6,8 %). Nach Rückgängen in den Vorjahren stieg die Nachfrage der Jugendlichen nach Ausbildung um 17.300 auf 552.900 (+3,2 %). Auch das Angebot an dualen Berufsausbildungsstellen nahm in vergleichbarem Umfang zu (+18.600 bzw. +3,4 %) und lag nun bei 562.600. Damit übertraf das Angebot zum zweiten Mal in Folge die Nachfrage der Jugendlichen. Allerdings nahmen auch die Schwierigkeiten zu, das Ausbildungsangebot der Betriebe und die Nachfrage der Jugendlichen zusammenzuführen. Sowohl der Anteil der unbesetzten Ausbildungsstellen als auch der Anteil der erfolglos suchenden Ausbildungsplatznachfrager ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahr leicht angestiegen. Bundesweit blieben 2023 73.400 Ausbildungsstellen unbesetzt, das sind 13,4 % des betrieblichen Angebots – ein neuer Höchstwert. Gleichzeitig hatten 63.700 junge Menschen zum Bilanzierungsstichtag 30. September 2023 noch keinen Ausbildungsplatz gefunden und hielten deshalb ihren Vermittlungswunsch weiterhin aufrecht. 11,5 % der Ausbildungsplatznachfrage blieb damit erfolglos." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku))

Zitatform

Pastore, Francesco (2023): Covid-19 and the youth-to-adult unemployment gap. Is the youth labor market bearing the brunt of the pandemic? (IZA world of labor 500), Bonn, 13 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.500

Abstract

"Die Pandemie hat fast überall dramatische Folgen in Form von Arbeitsplatzverlusten und Firmenschließungen hervorgerufen. Empirische Belege deuten darauf hin, dass junge Menschen davon weit stärker betroffen waren, mit nur geringen systematischen Unterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern. Der Hauptgrund dafür ist, dass junge Menschen in den am stärksten von der Pandemie betroffenen Sektoren hauptsächlich über Zeitverträge beschäftigt sind. Politisch ist deshalb die Schaffung eines nachhaltigen und stabilen Wirtschaftswachstums wichtig, damit die Märkte die pandemiebedingt hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wieder auffangen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Välimäki, Vesa, Sanna Aaltonen & Päivi Honkatukia (2023): A need to be recognised: On the importance of shared semantics for young adults while not in education or employment. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 66, H. 4, S. 421-434. DOI:10.1177/00016993221145350

Abstract

"Young adults who are not in education or work are often depicted as deviating from the norm of gainful employment that is still widely shared across the Nordic countries. While it has been argued that young adults feel that they are being blamed for their NEET situation, this article seeks to identify the variety of interpretations they have of their situation and what kind of explanations can be proposed for the differences. Theoretically, perspectives from Axel Honneth's recognition theory are combined with Thomas Scheff's sociological work on shame to discuss the variations in the sentiments of young adults. Based on this framework, the article illuminates how young adults use the shared semantics available within their immediate circles to enable them to feel worthy of recognition despite their depicted deviation from the norm of gainful employment. Additionally, the article contributes to sociological debates on Honneth's recognition theory – especially its ambiguous concept of shared semantics – by making sense of the role of communities and institutions as providers of shared semantics. The findings are based on an abductive analysis of 35 in-depth interviews with young Finnish adults aged 18–29 who have been or are currently outside of education or employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Deutscher Bundestag. Wissenschaftliche Dienste (2023): Instrumente des SGB III und des SGB II zur Unterstützung junger Menschen bei der Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt. (Sachstand / Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste WD 6 - 3000 - 070/23), Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"Die Integration junger Menschen in den Arbeitsmarkt stellt vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und des zunehmenden Fachkräftemangels eine wichtige staatliche Aufgabe dar. Von zentraler Bedeutung sind dabei die Förderungsmaßnahmen nach dem Dritten Buch Sozialgesetzbuch - Arbeitsförderung (SGB III) und dem Zweiten Buch Sozialgesetzbuch – Bürgergeld, Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende (SGB II). Das SGB III sieht unter anderem Maßnahmen zur Berufsorientierung, zur Aus- und Weiterbildung sowie zur Unterstützung bei der Arbeitsplatzsuche vor. Hierbei werden junge Menschen am Übergang von der Schule ins Berufsleben gezielt gefördert, um ihre Qualifikationen und Fähigkeiten zu entwickeln und ihre Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu verbessern. Viele dieser Leistungen stehen auch Beziehern von Leistungen der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende nach dem SGB II zur Verfügung, das SGB II bietet jedoch auch eigene Maßnahmen zur Aktivierung und beruflichen Eingliederung, von denen sich einige auch speziell an junge Menschen richten. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen knappen Überblick über die nach dem SGB III und dem SGB II bestehenden Fördermöglichkeiten geben. Die Darstellung beschränkt sich im Wesentlichen auf die Instrumente und Leistungen, die sich explizit an junge Menschen richten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Statistik/Arbeitsmarktberichterstattung (2023): Situation am Ausbildungsmarkt 2022/23. Zunehmende Passungsprobleme bei stabiler Gesamtlage. (Berichte: Arbeitsmarkt kompakt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2023,10), Nürnberg, 30 S.

Abstract

"Die seit Jahren rückläufige Entwicklung bei der Zahl der gemeldeten Bewerberinnen und Bewerber ist 2022/23 zum Halten gekommen. Gleichzeitig wurden in etwa so viele betriebliche Ausbildungsstellen gemeldet wie im Vorjahreszeitraum. Insgesamt standen 422.000 gemeldete Bewerberinnen und Bewerber 529.000 gemeldeten betrieblichen Ausbildungsstellen gegenüber. Damit waren über 100.000 mehr betriebliche Ausbildungsstellen als Bewerberinnen und Bewerber gemeldet. Auf 100 gemeldete betriebliche Ausbildungsstellen kamen rechnerisch – ebenso wie im Vorjahr – 80 gemeldete Bewerberinnen und Bewerber. Am 30. September 2023 waren 26.000 Bewerberinnen und Bewerber unversorgt. Trotz der aus Bewerbersicht günstigen Marktsituation ist die Zahl höher als im Vorjahr (+4.000). Zusätzlich suchten 37.000 Bewerberinnen und Bewerber, die auf eine Alternative ausgewichen waren, weiterhin eine Ausbildungsstelle. Die Zahl der unbesetzten Ausbildungsstellen stieg um 5.000 auf 73.000. Dies zeigt an, dass Besetzungsprobleme weiter zugenommen haben. Besonders schwer fiel dabei die Besetzung von Ausbildungsstellen in Lebensmittelberufen, in der Orthopädie- und Rehatechnik, in Bau- und baunahen Berufen, in der Fahrzeugführung, in Metallberufen oder auch in Hotel- und Gaststättenberufen. Der Ausgleich am Ausbildungsmarkt wird seit Jahren durch erhebliche regionale, berufsfachliche und qualifikatorische Disparitäten erschwert. Die Tatsache, dass sich die Zahlen sowohl der unversorgten Bewerberinnen und Bewerber als auch der unbesetzten Ausbildungsstellen erhöht haben, kann als Hinweis gewertet werden, dass die Passungsprobleme zugenommen haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Achatz, Juliane, Kerstin Jahn & Brigitte Schels (2022): On the non-standard routes: vocational training measures in the school-to-work transitions of lower-qualified youth in Germany. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 74, H. 2, S. 289-310., 2020-04-21. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2020.1760335

Abstract

"This study explores school-to-work transitions in Germany, aiming to achieve a richer understanding of the complexity of labour market entry trajectories while focusing on transition measures. The term transition measures refers to additional training courses that complement the regular vocational education and training system of firm-based or school-based qualification routes. The contribution of supplementary training measures to the school-to-work transitions of young adults is a controversial issue. While programmes aim to ease the transitions of low-skilled youth in the training and labour market, critics point to the risks of long-term subsidised careers or fragmented employment trajectories in subsequent years. By applying sequence analysis to administrative data of the Federal Employment Agency, individual trajectories of a cohort of school leavers with an at-most intermediate school-leaving certificate are analysed for the period 2008 to 2014. The results show a complex picture of ten distinct school-to-work transition patterns. Youth passing through transition measures tend to experience a less continuous but still purposeful transition pathway. We also identify a small number of youth experiencing at-risk trajectories characterised by a highly discontinuous transition process, which points to sustained detachment from the training and labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albanese, Andrea, Bart Cockx & Muriel Dejemeppe (2022): Long-Term Effects of Hiring Subsidies for Unemployed Youths - Beware of Spillovers. (CESifo working paper 9972), München, 107 S.

Abstract

"We use (donut) regression discontinuity design and difference-in-differences estimators to estimate the impact of a one-shot hiring subsidy targeted at low-educated unemployed youths during the Great Recession recovery in Belgium. The subsidy increases job-finding in the private sector by 10 percentage points within one year of unemployment. Six years later, high school graduates accumulated 2.8 quarters more private employment. However, because they substitute private for public and self-employment, overall employment does not increase but is still better paid. For high school dropouts, no persistent gains emerge. Moreover, the neighboring attraction pole of Luxembourg induces a complete deadweight near the border." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Avagianou, Athina, Nikos Kapitsinis, Ioannis Papageorgiou, Anne Hege Strand & Stelios Gialis (2022): Being NEET in Youthspaces of the EU South: A Post-recession Regional Perspective. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 425-454. DOI:10.1177/11033088221086365

Abstract

"Youth unemployment and precarity have been expanding in the aftermath of the recent global recession. This article offers a theoretically informed empirical examination of the spatio-temporally uneven expansion of young people “Not in Employment, Education or Training” (NEETs) between 2008 and 2018 in the European Union (EU) South, namely in Italy, Spain, Greece and Cyprus. This article contributes to the growing literature on youth inactivity and marginalization, by focusing on the spatial, rather than just the temporal dimension of youth which marks most relevant studies. The analysis engages with the concept of “youthspaces” to critically analyse the economic, social and political spatialities that determine the dynamic relationship between youth and the labour market, and discuss the persistently high NEET rate in the EU South. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we highlight that gender, class, education and economic growth are key socio-spatial factors that determine the geographically uneven expansion of NEETs across the study regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cammeraat, Emile, Egbert Jongen & Pierre Koning (2022): Preventing NEETs during the Great Recession. The effects of a mandatory activation program for young welfare recipients. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 749-777. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02018-2

Abstract

"We study the impact of mandatory activation programs for young welfare recipients in the Netherlands. What makes this reform unique is that it clashed head on with the Great Recession. We use differences-in-differences and data for the period 1999–2012 to estimate the effects of this reform. We find that the reform reduced the number of welfare recipients but had no effect on the number of NEETs (individuals not in employment, education or training). The absence of employment effects contrasts with previous studies on the impact of mandatory activation programs, which we argue is due to the reform taking place during a severe economic recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Deng, Zechuan, Rubab Arim, Golo Henseke, Ingrid Schoon, Hans Dietrich, Aisling Murray, Emer Smyth & Véronique Dupéré (2022): Youth unemployment in Canada, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom in times of COVID-19. In: Economic and Social Reports / Statistics Canada, Jg. 2, H. 3, S. 1-6., 2022-02-25. DOI:10.25318/36280001202200300003-eng

Abstract

"Youth unemployment recovering during the COVID-19 pandemic. Very few countries managed to avoid a hit to their economy or young people's employment in the wake of COVID-19. The article "Youth unemployment in Canada, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom in times of COVID-19" shows that unemployment levels rose for workers in their mid-teens to mid-twenties in Canada, Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom during the early days of the pandemic, reaching peak levels in the summer of 2020. One year later, in the summer of 2021, youth unemployment rates in all four countries largely recovered, although they all recorded slightly higher numbers than in 2019, before the pandemic. These findings are from a collaboration between Statistics Canada and three institutes in Europe on the COVID-19: Youth economic activity and health monitor project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eppel, Rainer & Helmut Mahringer (2022): The Effects of More Intensive Counselling for Disadvantaged Unemployed Youth. (WIFO working papers 652), Wien, 36 S.

Abstract

"Many European countries are facing the key challenge of integrating low-skilled jobless young people into the labour market. From 2018 to 2020, the Public Employment Service (PES) in Vienna tested a new model of intensified support ("case management"). The target group consisted of young unemployed persons with low formal qualifications who were drawing on social assistance. Based on the pilot project and a propensity matching approach, we show that the increase in staff significantly increased the intensity of the counselling. It led to an increase in job proposals and active labour market programme participation, as well as sanctions in the form of benefit suspensions for failure to keep PES appointments. In line with the goal, more of the young people were encouraged to take part in training and further education instead of being quickly placed in an unskilled job. However, in the three-year follow-up period, the intensified counselling did not (yet) have a significant effect on the overall extent of integration into employment. Regarding post-unemployment job quality, we find no effects on wages at the start of a job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2022): Young People between Education and the Labour Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 43, H. 7, S. 1719-1757. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2021-0352

Abstract

"Purpose: The aim is to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the careers of different groups of young individuals, based on transition probabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The authors analyse the evolution of individual shares and flows between different types of employment (self-employment, temporary, and permanent), unemployment, education, and other types of inactivity of individuals aged 20–29 in Italy. Findings: The authors find that the pandemic worsened an already concerning situation of higher inactivity rates, compared to other EU countries. In quarters III and IV of 2020, mainly females and non-Italian citizens were less in (permanent and temporary) employment and more in the NLFET (neither in the labour force nor in education or training) state compared to the same quarters one year before. The authors also find evidence of a temporary but not persistent return to education among 20–24 years old individuals, particularly females. These changes are suggestive of a prolongation of the time needed to achieve temporary and permanent employment, mostly for females and non-Italian citizens. Originality/value: The contribution lies in the provision of a rigorous estimation and analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the careers of young individuals in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Filomena, Mattia, Isabella Giorgetti & Matteo Picchio (2022): Off to a Bad Start: Youth Nonemployment and Labor Market Outcomes Later in Life. (IZA discussion paper 15366), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of nonemployment experienced by Italian youth after leaving secondary school on subsequent labor market outcomes. We focus on the impact on earnings and labor market participation both in the short- and in the long-term, up to 25 years since school completion. By estimating a factor analytic model which controls for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is especially persistent, being sizeable and statistically significant up to 25 years after school completion, for both men and women. Penalties in terms of participation last instead shorter; they disappear by the 10th year after school completion. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Forsythe, Eliza (2022): Why Don't Firms Hire Young Workers During Recessions? In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 132, H. 645, S. 1765-1789. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueab096

Abstract

"Recessions are known to be particularly damaging to young workers' employment outcomes. I find that during recessions the hiring rate falls faster for young workers than for more experienced workers. I show that this cannot be explained by the composition of jobs or workers' labour supply decisions, and I conclude that firms preferentially hire experienced workers during periods of high unemployment. I develop a new model of cyclical upgrading that relaxes the classic assumptions of exogenous firm size and rigid wages. I show that this model predicts larger log wage decreases during recessions for young workers than for experienced workers, a prediction that is supported by the data. I conclude that policymakers should consider extending unemployment insurance coverage during recessions to new labour market entrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hippe, Ralph & Maciej Jakubowski (2022): Expected early leaving among native and migrant students: evidence from PISA for EU Member States. (CEDEFOP working paper series / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 2022,16), Thessaloniki, 49 S. DOI:10.2801/589250

Abstract

"Early leavers from education and training become generally disadvantaged socially and economically in later stages in life, so it is important to understand better the motivations for early leaving and provide adequate policy solutions. This study analyses the factors that are most strongly related to the likelihood of leaving education and training early. It places special attention on migrant status, given the recent migration waves within and outside Europe, which are further exacerbated by the continuing war in Ukraine. To this end, we use the OECD most recent PISA data for 2015 and 2018 in a number of two-level logit regression models, including student- and school-level variables. The results show that migrant students do not differ structurally from EU natives in their likelihood of expected early leaving, implying that it is more important to focus on common factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jongbloed, Janine & Jean-François Giret (2022): Quality of life of NEET youth in comparative perspective: subjective well-being during the transition to adulthood. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 321-343. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1869196

Abstract

"In this study, we examine the self-reported subjective well-being (SWB) of youth who are ‘not in employment, education or training’ (NEET) across 24 countries in Europe. Theorizing from a youth transition regimes perspective focusing on the varying levels of social protection available to youth as well as social norms regarding the transition to adulthood, we attempt to understand the psychological outcomes associated with youth NEET statuses across country contexts. Using European Social Survey (ESS) data, we compare not only the SWB of NEET individuals with that of non-NEET youth, but also how it differs amongst specific NEET sub-categories. We hypothesize that the well-being of NEET youth will be highest where more comprehensive social protections are available, but that inequalities in well-being between NEET and non-NEET groups will be minimized in contexts where prolonged school-to-work transitions to adulthood are the social norm. We find that overall levels of well-being differ systematically amongst countries for both NEET and non-NEET groups, being highest in the Nordic countries. However, when examining relative scores that take into account the distribution of well-being within each country, we discover that inequalities between NEET sub-categories are also the most pronounced in these ‘universalistic’ contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Knize, Veronika, Markus Wolf, Cordula Zabel & Tamara Pongratz (2022): Aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik für junge Erwachsene in der Grundsicherung: Die Beschäftigungswirkung unterscheidet sich je nach Instrument deutlich (Serie "Evaluation von Instrumenten der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik"). In: IAB-Forum H. 15.12.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-12-12. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20221215.01

Abstract

"Arbeitslosigkeit im frühen Erwerbsleben kann sich langfristig negativ auf die Erwerbschancen im weiteren Lebensverlauf auswirken. Umso wichtiger ist es, arbeitslose junge Erwachsene bei der Verbesserung ihrer Erwerbschancen zu unterstützen, etwa mit Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dabei haben sich insbesondere kurze betriebliche Trainingsmaßnahmen als sehr effektiv erwiesen, während Ein-Euro-Jobs die Chancen auf reguläre Beschäftigung eher schmälern als verbessern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Konle-Seidl, Regina (2022): Ist diese Krise anders? Wie sich die Corona-Krise auf die wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation von Jugendlichen in Europa auswirkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.01.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-01-18. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220120.01

Abstract

"Wirtschaftliche Einbrüche haben für junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt allgemein schwerwiegendere Folgen als für andere Altersgruppen. Wie wirkt sich die Covid-19-Krise diesbezüglich im Vergleich mit der globalen Finanzkrise vor einem Jahrzehnt aus? Ein genauer Blick auch auf andere europäische Länder liefert hier interessante Einblicke." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Martínez-García, Miguel Á. & Angeles Cámara (2022): Impact of an Economic Crisis on Youth Employment: Evidence from 2008 Financial Crisis in Spain. In: Economics, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 276-287. DOI:10.1515/econ-2022-0033

Abstract

"This article addresses the impact that the previous economic crisis had on Spanish economy, focusing on the effects on employment. Therefore, the data on the employed population drawn from the economically active population surveys are broken down by age groups, to analyse the 2008 financial crisis. The model created makes it possible to quantify the losses in production and employment in all sectors, highlighting construction, manufacturing, real estate, and professional and administrative activities as the most affected sectors due to the fall in youth employment. The results obtained allow different employment policies to be focused on sectors most affected by the economic crisis and show that crises do not equally affect all works, because younger workers have suffered disproportional job losses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mühlböck, Monika, Fabian Kalleitner, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Scarring Dreams? Young People's Vocational Aspirations and Expectations During and After Unemployment. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 252-264. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5162

Abstract

"Young people's early‐career unemployment experience has been found to have long‐lasting effects, resulting in lower earnings even decades later. However, while this so‐called “scarring effect” is well established, there is still little knowledge about the mechanisms through which it comes about. We take a closer look at the period that produces the wounds that later turn to scars. Drawing on a panel survey in which young adults in Austria were interviewed once at the beginning of an unemployment period and again one year later, we study how job aspirations and expectations changed during this period. We find that respondents on average lowered their aspirations and expectations over time, particularly those who experienced latent deprivation during unemployment. Furthermore, while the aspirations and expectations of those who were unemployed at the time of the second interview remained relatively unchanged, those who were employed lowered their expectations and to some extent also their aspirations. Our results suggest that research should pay more attention to the heterogenous effects of early‐career unemployment: It produces scarred dreams for some while others manage to keep their aspirations and expectations alive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mühlböck, Monika, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Learning to keep the faith? Further education and perceived employability among young unemployed. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 705-725. DOI:10.1177/0143831X20944211

Abstract

"To keep up job search motivation and maintain re-employment chances, it is important that unemployed individuals do not stop believing in their ability to (re)gain satisfying employment. This article examines whether further education during unemployment has a positive effect on perceived employability (i.e. the subjective assessment of one?s chances to obtain the desired job), based on a panel survey of unemployed young adults in Austria. The article finds that educational activities - either on own initiative or as part of an active labor market program - indeed help to sustain or even increase perceived employability. However, only for long-term programs do the effects persist beyond the duration of the activity. This study thus identifies substantial psychological side effects of active labor market policies involving further education, which could be used to increase actual employability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mühlböck, Monika, Fabian Kalleitner, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Information, reflection, and successful job search. A labor market policy experiment. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 48-72. DOI:10.1111/spol.12754

Abstract

"Jobseekers, especially young people with little experience on the job market, face several challenges. They need to know which jobs are suited for them, where to find them, how to apply, and they need resilience in the face of repeated rejections. Previous research has shown that receiving information and reflecting on how to search for a job enhance self-efficacy and search motivation, thereby reducing the duration of unemployment spells. Following up on these results, we conducted an experiment in cooperation with the Austrian Ministry of Social Affairs which combines an “information nudge” in the form of a short video-clip with what we call “reflection nudge” in the form of an online survey. We find that a treatment combining reflection and information reduces job search duration of young unemployed people with a low level of formal education. Considering the low costs of the intervention, efficiency is very high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Pennoni, Fulvia & Beata Bal-Domańska (2022): NEETs and Youth Unemployment. A Longitudinal Comparison Across European Countries. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 162, H. 2, S. 739-761. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02813-5

Abstract

"Young people’s place in the labor market has been a topic of interest to the European Union and national governments for many years. This study analyzes young people who are Not in Employment nor in Education or Training (NEET) and Youth Unemployment (YU) in the European Union member states, through data collected over a period of sixteen years, considering the influence of some macroeconomic factors through an hidden Markov model. This approach is based on maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters, and provides a dynamic classification of the countries into clusters representing different levels of the phenomena. We discover three clusters of countries, and we show that whereas Italy was the worst performing country in terms of both NEETs and YU, the Czech Republic was the best performing country in reducing NEETs, and Poland and Slovakia were the best performing in reducing YU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pompili, Marco, Jochen Kluve, Jonas Jessen, Johannes Seebauer, Ginevra Gallassi, Eleonora Peruccacci & Elvina Merkaj (2022): Meta-analysis of the ESF counterfactual impact evaluations. Final Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 102 S. DOI:10.2767/580759

Abstract

"The study’s objective is to conduct a meta-analysis of the available ESF and YEI counterfactual impact evaluations (CIEs) implemented in the 27 Member States of the EU and the UK during the 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 programming periods. The meta-analysis aims at finding systematic evidence of the effectiveness and sustainability of ESF and YEI operations. Three ESF thematic objectives (TOs) are covered, namely TO8 (Employment), TO9 (Social inclusion), and TO10 (Education and training). Importantly, this is the first study focusing exclusively on ESF/YEI interventions. The study comprises CIEs analysing effects in terms of employment and education outcomes, while it does not cover social inclusion outcomes. The results emerging from the analysis will feed the ex-post evaluation of the 2014-2020 ESF and YEI programmes. The methodology adopted can be summarized as follows. As a first step, the evaluation team identified a set of primary studies to be coded: the initial sample of CIEs was identified relying on the reports collected in the COM evaluation library and complemented with other sources, totalling 138 potential ESF/YEI CIEs. In the coding phase, CIEs were included in the meta-database if they fulfilled the following minimum criteria: clearly distinguishable treatment and control groups in the CIE report; application of some version of a (quasi-) experimental method to account for potential selection bias and time trends; use of quantitative and objective outcome(s) to measure program effectiveness, which can be compared across a larger number of studies and settings; a clear and transparent indication of the direction of the effect. The final meta-database includes variables structured into four parts: study characteristics, intervention characteristics, variables related to the empirical analysis, and other additional variables relevant to the analysis. Of the 138 CIEs in the initial sample, 94 CIEs were eventually included in the meta-database, providing a total of 882 estimates on program effectiveness, all analysing ESF/YEI intervention impacts on participants’ employment outcomes. For these 94 evaluations, a quantitative meta-analysis was carried out. 19 CIEs, exclusively or partly analyzing education outcomes, could not be coded due to the low number of primary studies and estimates available and the heterogeneity of the outcome variables used. A narrative approach was carried out for the latter to synthesize their characteristics and findings. It is important to stress that most of the evaluations analyzed in this report are related to interventions which were implemented before 2020, thus assessing interventions which were not influenced by the pandemic. The spread of Covid-19 gave rise to several new needs and rapidly changed the socio-economic contexts of countries worldwide. For this reason, the results presented in this report and the effectiveness of the support analyzed might change in the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Psifidou, Irene, Nikolaos Mouratoglou, Alexandra Farazouli & Cynthia Harrison (2022): Minimising early leaving from vocational education and training in Europe. Career guidance and counselling as auxiliary levers. (CEDEFOP working paper series / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 2022,11), Thessaloniki, 40 S. DOI:10.2801/75320

Abstract

"Career guidance and counselling are key features of comprehensive strategies aiming to reduce early leaving from education and training. They may assist students, not only in terms of decision-making but also in managing their transitions within education and training pathways or from education to employment. Minimising the risks of either insufficient information or unrealistic expectations, career guidance and counselling may support learners in making informed decisions based on their interests, talents, and future job aspirations, as well as preventing dropout and early leaving. For those who have left education and training early, career guidance and counselling may assist them to return to, and qualify in, upper secondary education. This paper examines how national policies and practices in career guidance and counselling in EU Member States may support learners at risk and early leavers from education and training. It identifies common patterns and existing information gaps, and sets out future prospects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ralston, Kevin, Dawn Everington, Zhiqiang Feng & Chris Dibben (2022): Economic Inactivity, Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and Scarring: The Importance of NEET as a Marker of Long-Term Disadvantage. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 59-79. DOI:10.1177/0950017020973882

Abstract

"The category of not in employment, education or training (NEET) refers to young people who are recorded as neither in paid employment nor formal education either at one time point, or for a continuous period. This article assesses levels of employment scarring for those aged 36–39, at Census 2011 (prime employment years) who were recorded as NEET when aged 16–19 at Census 1991 in Scotland. Outcomes are compared for those who moved from NEET into economic activity and by gender. We find evidence that NEET status leads to long-term scarring associated with economic inactivity and unemployment and that this is only partially offset for those who moved from NEET in 1991 to be economically active in 2001. The results also highlight gendering of NEET outcomes. NEET may be a category borne of administrative convenience, rather than sociological consistency but, as intended, it captures a group who experience disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Simionescu, Mihaela & Javier Cifuentes-Faura (2022): Forecasting National and Regional Youth Unemployment in Spain Using Google Trends. In: Social work & society, Jg. 164, H. 3, S. 1187-1216. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-02984-9

Abstract

"In Spain, the youth unemployment rate is one of the highest in the European Union. With the pandemic caused by Covid-19, young people face high unemployment rates and are more vulnerable to a decrease in labour demand. This paper analyses and predicts youth unemployment using Google Trends indices in Spain for the period between the first quarter of 2004 and the second quarter of 2021, being the first work to carry out this study for Spain and the first to use the regional approach for the country. Vector autoregressive Bayesian models and vector error correction models have been used for national data, and Bayesian panel data models and fixed effects model for regional data. The results confirm that forecasts based on Google Trends data are more accurate in predicting the youth unemployment rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tamesberger, Dennis (2022): Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Krise auf Jugendliche am Arbeitsmarkt in den EU-27. In: L. Bellmann & W. Matiaske (Hrsg.) (2022): Sozio-Ökonomik der Corona-Krise, S. 111-136.

Abstract

"Mit einer deskriptiven Datenanalyse des Zeitraums zwischen dem ersten Quartal 2020 und dem ersten Quartal 2021 werden die EU-27-Länder je nach Betroffenheit von wirtschaftlicher Rezession in drei unterschiedliche Gruppen unterteilt. Gezeigt wurde, dass die Gruppe der Länder, die den stärksten BIP-Einbruch verzeichneten, gleichzeitig sehr schwierige institutionelle Rahmendbedingungen vorfand. In der zweiten Gruppe, die mittelstark betroffen war, konnten Länder mit dualem Ausbildungssystem die Vulnerabilität der Jugendlichen eindämmen, und die dritte Gruppe mit mäßigem bis keinem Einbruch des BIP zeigt ein recht diverses Bild. Auf supranationaler Ebene konnte festgestellt werden, dass Jugendliche im Alter von 15-19 Jahren eher von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen sind als junge Erwachsene, darunter waren es vorwiegend junge Frauen und Migran*innen, die von der Krise in die Arbeitslosigkeit gedrängt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Publication metadata ALMA (Aim-Learn-Master-Achieve) is an active inclusion initiative to empower the most vulnerable young people aged 18 to 29 who are not in education, employment or training (NEETs), by implementing a tailor-made approach to support them to find a job and integrate into society. ALMA offers these young people counselling in their home country followed by a supervised, work-related learning experience in another EU Member State, with the aim of supporting their integration into the labour market and society in their home country. ALMA is one of the European Commission initiatives for the European Year of Youth 2022, and will be a key instrument in implementing the Reinforced Youth Guarantee adopted in 2020." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Trans-European mobility has been at the core of EU education policy since the introduction of mobility programs in the 1980s when the Erasmus and Youth for Europe programmes were introduced (in 1987 and 1988, respectively). Under the SOCRATES, Lifelong Learning Program (particularly the Leonardo and Erasmus strands) and the Erasmus+ programs mobility has become an important tool to provide young people with an experience of studying and working abroad. Significantly, the new Erasmus+ program for the 2021-27 period will have an estimated budget of EUR 26.2 billion, almost double the amount allocated to the 2014-20 programming period, with 70% of the budget dedicated to mobility.Mobility programs have demonstrated that they can have an impact on learners’ skills and competences as well as wider skills such as level of autonomy, confidence, independence, and open mindedness. In addition, a mobility period can help learners to define their future career and life choices. The evaluation of the Erasmus+ program found that participants had a shorter transition time between education and employment.4.The research on the longer-term investment of mobility programs is in its infancy, for example, with ongoing research (at the time of writing) into the cost-benefit analysis of mobility programs in Czechia. However, mobility should be considered as a longer-term investment in individuals, particularly those from vulnerable groups as they may endure less periods of unemployment compared to their peers. Historically, existing mobility programs such as the Leonardo program and Erasmus+ programs have tried to target those with fewer opportunities as part of the focus on social inclusion, but they have not been extremely successful. The category of ‘fewer opportunities’ is extremely broad and has tended to cover young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs), unemployed and underemployed, people with disabilities and minorities. The mid-term evaluation of the Erasmus+ 2014-20 program found that just 11.5% of the total number of participants in Erasmus+ were disadvantaged young people. The evaluation stressed that the program needs to do more to reach out to more vulnerable young people" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ahrens, Lea, Melanie Fischer, Corinna Kleinert & Brigitte Schels (2021): Not all wishes come true: the occupational compromises youths accept when entering vocational training. In: IAB-Forum H. 15.10.2021 Nürnberg, 2021-10-14.

Abstract

"In times of economic crisis, Germany’s large vocational training segment comes even more to the fore as prime model for reducing the risk of youth unemployment. A growing number of pupils continue school and pursue academic education. Still, vocational training remains important for school leavers from lower and intermediate secondary schools. These young people are confronted in their teenage years with the difficult decision for one occupation out of more than 400 options." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aina, Carmen, Irene Brunetti, Chiara Mussida & Sergio Scicchitano (2021): Even more discouraged? The NEET generation at the age of COVID-19. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 863), Maastricht, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates if and to what extend the risk of becoming Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) has worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. The analysis is based on a unique dataset from the merging of two sample surveys, the Italian Labor Force Survey and the Institutional Quality Index dataset. We find that the probability of being NEET significantly increased during the pandemic, but heterogeneously between age cohorts and geographical areas. The most affected categories have been young people (aged 25-34) and those living in North-West regions. Females are mostly affected compared to males, especially those experiencing motherhood and living in a Southern province. Investment in education reduces the NEET status, mainly for age-group 25-34 in the South. Participation in the civil society significantly reduces the probability to being NEET. Finally, active policies conducted at regional level are a further educational investment that protect from becoming NEET, although their effectiveness is not significant in the Southern regions. We provide novel evidence to inform policymakers and help building evidence-based policies, tailored on local needs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andersson, Lisa & Renate Minas (2021): Reaching without outreaching: A comparative policy study of EU member states policy agenda on youth unemployment. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 255-265. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12470

Abstract

"Youth unemployment is a global issue, with supranational actors calling for policy responses, including early interventions such as outreach. This article examines how EU member states have translated the EU youth guarantee (YG) recommendation, focusing on early interventions in the form of outreach. Combining quantitative content analysis with corpus linguistics, we examined the YG implementation plans of 19 EU member states having differing institutional conditions, comparing if and how they have incorporated outreach in their policy agenda. Overall we found very little outreach in the YG-plans. In the outreach described, guidance and information on education and labour market efforts dominate, whereas social work and local level community work is largely absent. We found type of outreach to be related to institutional conditions. Our results also imply that getting member states to commit to early interventions such as outreach requires that the EU stress this issue with greater emphasis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Anghel, Liliana-Luminita (2021): European Network of Public Employment Services: 2021 PES Capacity Questionnaire Part II: Monitoring of PES Support of the Reinforced Youth Guarantee. Survey-based Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 46 S. DOI:10.2767/738258

Abstract

"Publication metadata The EU Network of Public Employment Services (PES) is committed to supporting and monitoring the delivery of the YG and has already published several assessment reports on the PES capacity to implement the Youth Guarantee (YG). The present report, part of this monitoring activity, is focused on various qualitative aspects of PES administrative capacity to implement the reinforced YG, such as: PES partnerships and staff capacity in supporting the YG implementation; profiling and assessing the needs of NEETs; preparatory services; post-placement support provided to the young people; timescales for making an offer; and monitoring and evaluation of YG interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Assmann, Marie-Luise, Ida Tolgensbakk, Janikke Solstad Vedeler & Kjetil K. Bøhler (2021): Public employment services: Building social resilience in youth? In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 659-673. DOI:10.1111/spol.12649

Abstract

"It is contested to what extent public employment services (PES) help build resilience in young unemployed people. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 19 people born in Germany and Norway between 1990 and 1995, the article examines stories about how PES, in two different activation regimes, help young people find meaningful work. The analysis and discussion are carried out within a theoretical framework that combines the capability approach with social resilience literature in a novel way. The findings show that PES are portrayed as being more present in young Germans' lives. The German informants seem to feel undue pressure from PES and they describe differences between personal aims and the "placement priority" of PES. Sanctions imposed by PES were also a much more predominant topic among the German informants. The Norwegian data were dominated by stories about young people in activation programmes who had been demotivated by being trapped in a cycle of programme participation, which did not result in employment. Across the two countries, our data suggest that PES rarely build social resilience: PES provided young people with a means to survive, but rarely helped to build their capacity to overcome their difficult situation. In line with previous research, the stories of young Germans and Norwegians also emphasise the need for a PES that provides tailor-made services that build on young people's motivation and ambition. The article demonstrates that combining the capability approach with social resilience theory enables a dynamic perspective on the development of people's capabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Assmann, Marie-Luise & Sven Broschinski (2021): Mapping Young NEETs Across Europe: Exploring the Institutional Configurations Promoting Youth Disengagement from Education and Employment. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 4, H. 2, S. 95-117. DOI:10.1007/s43151-021-00040-w

Abstract

"Over the past decade, the number of young people neither in employment, education, or training (NEET) has reached a seriously high level in many European countries. Previous studies have illustrated the heterogeneity of this group and that they differ considerably across Europe. However, the reasons of these cross-country differences have hardly been investigated so far. This study explores how the rates of different NEET subgroups are conditioned by various institutional configurations by applying fuzzy-set Quantitative Comparative Analysis for 26 European countries using aggregated EU Labour Force Survey data from 2018. The analysis reveals that institutional causes of being NEET are as diverse as the group itself. Thus, high levels of young NEETs with care responsibilities are found in countries with a lack of family-related services in conjunction with weak formalised long-term care as it is true in mostly Central Eastern European countries. In contrast, high rates of NEETs with a disability are prevalent mainly in Northern European countries where generous and inefficient disability benefit schemes exist that create false incentives to stay away from the labour market. Finally, high proportions of unemployed and discouraged young NEETs are found in those countries hit hardest by the crisis and with high labour market rigidities, low vocational specificity, and a lack of active labour market policies like in the Southern and some Central Eastern European countries. The results illustrate that young people face very different barriers across Europe and that country-specific measures must be taken to reduce the number of NEETs in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Beelmann, Gert (2021): Ansätze zur psychosozialen Bewältigung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. In: A. Hollederer (Hrsg.) (2021): Gesundheitsförderung bei Arbeitslosen, S. 334-347.

Abstract

"Der folgende Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über verschiedene Ansätze zur Bewältigung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland. In Forschung und Praxis besteht Einigkeit darüber, dass für arbeitslose Jugendliche gezielte Programme und Interventionen nötig sind, damit eine Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt gelingt. In der kurzen Einführung wird die Problematik arbeitsloser Jugendlicher verdeutlicht. Bei der Darstellung von Interventionsmaßnahmen wird auf Ergebnisse einer umfangreichen Interviewstudie Bezug genommen, in der erfolgreiche Projekte und innovative Strategien analysiert wurden. Eine wesentliche Strategie besteht darin, arbeitslose Jugendliche durch gezielte Qualifizierung und Fort- und Weiterbildung in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren, wobei oftmals der Aspekt der psychosozialen Stabilisierung vernachlässigt wird. Am Beispiel von Handlungsstrategien langzeitarbeitsloser Jugendlicher wird deutlich, welche unterschiedlichen, zum Teil multiplen Problemlagen die Jugendlichen aufweisen und welche Interventionsstrategien und Maßnahmekonzeptionen sinnvoll erscheinen, um eine Arbeitsmarktintegration zu realisieren. Anhand von Projektbeispielen wird gezeigt, dass neben einer strukturellen Verankerung eines Übergangsmanagements für Jugendliche auch gezielte Angebote bereitstehen sollten, in denen die Stärkung und Förderung der seelischen Gesundheit integraler Bestandteil der Projektkonzeption ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Beierle, Sarah & Carolin Hoch (2021): Lebenssituation und Perspektiven junger Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz. Ergebnisse und Reflexion einer quantitativen Studie. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 315-331. DOI:10.1007/s12592-021-00391-4

Abstract

"Der Beitrag stellt zentrale Ergebnisse einer Befragung vor, in der versucht wurde, die Lebenssituation von wohnungslosen oder obdachlosen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in drei deutschen Großstädten quantitativ zu erheben. Die Wohnsituation von „Straßenjugendlichen“ scheint dadurch, dass viele Betroffene zwischenzeitlich immer wieder bei Freunden oder Bekannten unterkommen, in erheblichem Maße durch Wohnungslosigkeit geprägt. Das Durchschnittsalter des Eintritts in eine Straßenkarriere liegt bei 16 bis 17 Jahren. Die befragten Jugendlichen sind von multiplen, insbesondere familiären Problemlagen betroffen, geben an, nicht freiwillig ohne festen Wohnsitz zu sein und sind mit ihrer Lebenssituation überwiegend unzufrieden. Dennoch sehen sie optimistisch in die Zukunft und glauben, mittelfristig ihre Wohnungs- bzw. Obdachlosigkeit überwinden zu können. Die Daten weisen außerdem darauf hin, dass junge volljährige Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz vorwiegend mit dem Jobcenter in Kontakt stehen und das Jugendamt nicht mehr als relevantes Hilfesystem in Erscheinung tritt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Beierling, Birgit (2021): Die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung der Jugendberufsagenturen. In: Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 64-71.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag wird die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung von Jugendberufsagenturen anhand folgender Aspekte diskutiert: Zum einen geht es um die Frage, ob die Jugendberufsagenturen mit ihren Angeboten die jungen Menschen überhaupt erreichen, zum anderen werden die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung der Beratung und Förderung sowie die Möglichkeit, Jugendliche in Jugendberufsagenturen zu beteiligen, erörtert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e.V.)

Zitatform

Bentolila, Samuel, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen & Juan F. Jimeno (2021): Lost in Recession: Youth Employment and Earnings in Spain. (Estudios sobre la Economía Española / Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada 2021-12), Madrid, 32 S.

Abstract

"Young workers in Spain face the unprecedented impact of the Great Recession and the Covid-19 crisis in short sequence. Moreover, they have also experienced a deterioration in their employment and earnings over the last three decades. In this paper we document this evolution and adopt a longitudinal approach to show that employment and earnings losses suffered by young workers during recessions are not made up in the subsequent expansions. We also estimate the size of the scarring effects of entering the job market in a recession for college-educated workers during their first decade in the labor market. Our empirical estimates indicate that, while there is some evidence of scarring effects, the driving force is a trend worsening of youth labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berlin, Marie, Antti Kääriälä, Mette Lausten, Gunnar Andersson & Lars Brännström (2021): Long-term NEET among young adults with experience of out-of-home care: A comparative study of three Nordic countries. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 266-279. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12463

Abstract

"Previous research suggests that young adults from out-of-home care (OHC) are at high risk of low education and unemployment. However, there are no studies on their risk of long-term NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training). This study compared the risk of NEET at age 21–23 among OHC youth across Denmark, Finland and Sweden, using register data for an entire birth cohort born in 1987. The Nordic countries share many features, but there are differences in the provision of after-care support and in the linkage between the educational system and the labour market. The results show that about a fourth in Denmark and Sweden and a third in Finland were NEET, suggesting that the welfare systems were not able to compensate for the OHC youth’s childhood disadvantages. To a significant extent, the excess risk of NEET was attributed to poor school performance. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Berloffa, Gabriella, Alina Şandor, Mark Smith & Paola Villa (2021): Youth employment trajectories and labour market reforms during the Great Recession in Europe. In: SINAPPSI, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 8-21.

Abstract

"The Great Recession had profound consequences for the quantity and quality of work for young people in European countries. Usual labour market indicators capture only some crisis effects, highlighting the need for a more dynamic and nuanced approach. As a result, this paper adopts an innovative approach to both the analysis of the integration of young adults (aged 17-34) on to the labour market and the study of the relationship between the labour market performance and policy making." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Broschinski, Sven & Marie-Luise Assmann (2021): The relevance of public employment services for the labour market integration of low-qualified young people – a cross-European perspective. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 46-70. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1764998

Abstract

"In the wake of the Great Recession, youth labour market integration has become a central issue in both national as well as EU policy, e.g. in connection with the European Youth Guarantee. In this context, public employment services (PES) are considered central actors in promoting youth labour market integration. However, since international comparative analyses are scarce and the role of institutions and policies is thus rarely explicated, it is still an open empirical question whether and in which context PES can fulfil such a key role. Therefore, we analyse two questions based on the EU-LFS 2016 ad-hoc module: (i) How relevant is PES support to young people with different educational levels in finding a job? (ii) How do differences in the educational system and in labour market policies shape the relevance of PES support across Europe? This study illustrates that in countries with highly stratified, standardised and vocational-specific educational systems the relevance of PES is comparatively high in particular for the low-qualified. Thus, those countries have good reasons to strengthen PES to support the most disadvantaged and to combat labour market inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cahuc, Pierre, Stéphane Carcillo & Andreea Minea (2021): The difficult school-to-work transition of high school dropouts. Evidence from a field experiment. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 159-183. DOI:10.3368/jhr.56.1.0617-8894R2

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of the labor market experience of high school dropouts four years after leaving school by sending fictitious résumés to real job postings in France. Compared to those who have stayed unemployed since leaving school, the callback rate is not raised for those with employment experience, whether it is subsidized or non-subsidized, if there is no training accompanied by skill certification. We find no stigma effect associated with subsidized work experience. Moreover, training accompanied by skill certification improves youth prospects only when the local unemployment rate is sufficiently low, which occurs in one fifth of the commuting zones only." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Cefalo, Ruggero & Rosario Scandurra (2021): Territorial disparities in youth labour market chances in Europe. In: Regional Studies, Regional Science, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 228-238. DOI:10.1080/21681376.2021.1925580

Abstract

"Comparative research on youth employment has mostly focused on differences between countries or regimes of youth transitions. The territorial differentiation below country level has been less explored, notwithstanding the potential impact on youth-life chances and the territorial cohesion of the European Union. This paper aims at deepening into the investigation of regional variations in patterns of youth labour market chances. To do this, we build on a composite indicator measuring regional youth labour market integration (YLMI) as a comprehensive measure of contextual fragilities (or strengths) of regional youth labour markets. We provide both comparative and longitudinal views over 15 years (2004–18). Furthermore, we explore the impact of contextual factors related to economic conditions, labour market and demographic trends on the regional patterns of youth integration in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

De Fraja, Gianni, Sara Lemos & James Rockey (2021): The Wounds That Do Not Heal: The Lifetime Scar of Youth Unemployment. In: Economica, Jg. 88, H. 352, S. 896-941. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12384

Abstract

"This paper uses UK administrative data to study the long-term effects of unemployment on earnings. It is the first paper to pinpoint accurately the relative importance of the timing of employment shocks within workers’ lives. We find a strong effect of events in the first few years after entry into the labour market: each month of unemployment between ages 18 and 20 causes a permanent income loss of 1.2% per year. This scar effect of youth unemployment is lower when it happens when the worker's age is between 21 and 23, and it disappears altogether in the next three-year age period. The scar effect is most severe for individuals at the lower end of the ability distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans, Golo Henseke, Juliane Achatz, Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph & Alexander Patzina (2021): Youth unemployment in Germany and the United Kingdom in times of Covid-19 (Series "Tracking youth joblessness during the Covid-19 crisis"). In: IAB-Forum H. 04.08.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-07-30.

Abstract

"Despite economic and institutional differences, youth unemployment figures in Germany and the United Kingdom rose during the Covid-19 pandemic and reached a peak in August 2020. Since then they have tended to decrease in both countries. Three aspects are important in this regard: the total number of unemployed youth, the inflow pattern of young people into unemployment, and the duration of their unemployment spells. The analysis of the two countries’ youth unemployment is embedded in a broader European perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2021): Young People between Education and the Labour Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. (IZA discussion paper 14479), Bonn, 16 S.

Abstract

"We analyse the distribution and the flows between different types of employment (self-employment, temporary, and permanent), unemployment, education, and other types of inactivity, with particular focus on the duration of the school-to-work transition (STWT). The aim is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy on the careers of individuals aged 15-34. We find that the pandemic worsened an already concerning situation of higher unemployment and inactivity rates and significantly longer STWT duration compared to other EU countries, particularly for females and residents in the South of Italy. In the midst of the pandemic, individuals aged 20-29 were less in (permanent and temporary) employment and more in the NLFET (Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training) state, particularly females and non Italian citizens. We also provide evidence of an increased propensity to return to schooling, but most importantly of a substantial prolongation of the STWT duration towards permanent employment, mostly for males and non Italian citizens. Our contribution lies in providing a rigorous estimation and analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the carriers of young individuals in Italy, which has not yet been explored in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Filandri, Marianna, Lia Pacelli & Francesco Trentini (2021): Resilience to the Financial Crisis in EU Countries: A Comparative Analysis of NEET Youths in a Longitudinal Perspective. (Working paper series / Dipartimento economia e statistica "Cognetti de Martiis" 2021,22), Torino, 28 S.

Abstract

"In recent years the number of young individuals not in employment, education nor training has been rising alarmingly. This condition may have long-lasting social and economic consequences and the ability to profile the most resilient types gives important information on more effective interventions for the most fragile ones. We analyse the trajectories of young Europeans in and out of the NEET condition in the decade following the financial crisis. We link the trajectories to pre-crisis structural features of selected institutions at the country level as well as to pre-crisis economic growth, institutions and policies often mentioned as able to facilitate the employment of young people. We take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the EU-SILC rotating panel to identify specific patterns in and out of the NEET condition, and we estimate a multilevel model to assess the impact of macrovariables on individual trajectories. Main results point to the positive effect of family support policies, training and of economic growth in deceasing the probability of being NEET for a very long period of time. Less so regarding the probability of churning in and out of NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Green, Susanne, Lorenz Holthusen, Sylvia Kestner & Wolfgang Wittig (2021): Evaluation der Jugendberufsagenturen in Schleswig-Holstein. Abschlussbericht. Berlin, IV, 171 S.

Abstract

"Im Auftrag des Landes Schleswig-Holstein evaluierte das Forschungsinstitut Betriebliche Bildung (f-bb) zwischen Mai und November 2019 acht Jugendberufsagenturen. Der Fokus lag auf dem standortbezogenen Umsetzungsstand in Bezug auf die eigenen sowie die landesweiten Zielsetzungen. Dabei standen Fragen im Fokus, die sich den Themenfeldern „Zusammenarbeit mit dem jungen Menschen“, „Möglichkeiten zur individuellen und beruflichen Orientierung“ und „Wirkungen der Jugendberufsagenturen auf die Zielgruppe“ zuordnen lassen. Die Analyse umfasste Dokumente, Einzelinterviews mit den Koordinator*innen und Gruppeninterviews mit Expert*innen der jeweiligen Kooperationspartner sowie eine Online-Befragung von Führungskräften und Mitarbeitenden aus den Standorten sowie von Wirtschaftspartnern. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine hohe regionale Ausgestaltungsoffenheit, die sich an bereits bestehender Vernetzung, der Standortnähe zu Partnern und zur Zielgruppe, aber auch an vorhandenen Räumlichkeiten, materiellen und personellen Ressourcen sowie Verkehrsanbindungen orientiert. Zudem wird der prozessuale Charakter von Jugendberufsagenturen als „lernendes System“ herausgestellt. Die Einbindung und Qualifizierung des Personals spielt eine wesentliche Rolle, um die Akzeptanz und Wahrnehmung des Mehrwerts der JBA zu fördern. Bei der Frage nach den Wirkungen werden die jeweils vorgesehenen Indikatoren auf ihre Validität und Aussagekraft hin geprüft und kritisch kommentiert. Der Bericht enthält Hinweise zu den daraus ableitbaren Erkenntnissen zur Wirkung der Jugendberufsagenturen auf die Zielgruppe. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen zu den Themenfeldern werden Handlungsempfehlungen abgeleitet, um dem Auf- und Ausbau von Jugendberufsagenturen vor Ort weitere Impulse zu geben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Haikkola, Lotta (2021): Classed and gendered transitions in youth activation. The case of Finnish youth employment services. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 250-266. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1715358

Abstract

"This article examines the role of youth activation in reproducing classed and gendered youth transitions. A large body of research on transitions examines how structural conditions continue to pattern youth transitions in the context of detraditionalization and individualisation. What is often missing from these analyses, is the role of institutional actors and youth policies. Based on a multi-sited ethnographic research in employment services in Helsinki, Finland, this article explores the role of youth activation and welfare conditionality in NEET young people's transitions. Youth activation refers to a complex mix of employment services, prevention of social exclusion, active labour market policies and welfare conditionality. The article shows how the seemingly supportive practices provided by youth employment services channel young people to a limited number of occupational tracks at the lower end of the labour market in a gendered manner. This channelling is institutionalised in the services' organisational structures and practices, and strengthened by welfare conditionality. The consequence is a powerful institutional pattern that structures and restricts youths? transition paths." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heilmann, Sven (2021): Keiner darf verloren gehen" - neue Chancen in Coronazeiten. Ein Erfahrungsbericht aus der Jugendberufsagentur Rostock. In: Nachrichtendienst des Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Jg. 101, H. 2, S. 83-85.

Abstract

"Mit dem Begriff der Coronapandemie im März 2020 entstand in der Rostocker Jugendberufsagentur, dem Jugendhaus Rostock, eine völlig neue Herausforderung für die Beratung unter einem Dach - nicht nur für die Kund/innen, sondern auch für die Mitarbeiter/innen. Für die Betreuung der Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen mussten schnell neue Wege gefunden werden, damit keine "Generation Corona" entsteht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kestner, Sylvia & Barbara Kiepenheuer-Drechsler (2021): Evaluierung der Jugendberufsagentur Berlin. Abschlussbericht (01.08.2020 - 31.12.2020) : Drucksache 18/3645 v. 26.04.2021. Berlin, 71 S.

Abstract

"Wie wird die Jugendberufsagentur Berlin in den zwölf regionalen Standorten umgesetzt? Welche Entwicklungsprozesse wurden seit 2016 angestoßen und welche Aspekte haben sich in der neuartigen rechtskreisübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit bewährt? Und vor allem: Wie nehmen die jungen Ratsuchenden das Beratungsangebot der JBA Berlin wahr? Dies sind nur einige der Fragestellungen, die im Rahmen der begleitenden Evaluation der JBA Berlin vom 1. Juni 2016 bis zum 31. Dezember 2020 zu beantworten waren. Der Abschlussbericht der begleitenden Evaluation ergänzt zum Stichtag 31.12.2020 vor allem die Erhebungen zur Perspektive der jungen Menschen. Erste Ergebnisse konnten bereits im dritten Zwischenbericht präsentiert werden. Mit Blick auf den langen Evaluationszeitraum werden mit diesem Bericht aber auch eine Einordnung der stattgefundenen Entwicklungen vorgenommen und abschließend Weiterentwicklungspotenziale im Kontext einer rechtskreisübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit aufgezeigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kleif, Helle Bendix (2021): The Temporality of Being NEET: A Longitudinal Study of NEET Occurrences among Young Adults in Denmark. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 217-235. DOI:10.1177/1103308820945098

Abstract

"The NEET concept has become standard vocabulary when addressing youth disengagement. Across countries, the definition is used to measure young adults at risk of social exclusion. Using sequence and clustering analyses on unique Danish register data, this article presents a longitudinal study of the temporal developments of NEET occurrences. This enables a critical assessment of the quality of the NEET concept as a proxy for measuring young adults at risk of social exclusion. The article demonstrates how four out of five young adults labelled NEET cannot be characterized as being at risk of social exclusion. Using quantitative analyses, the results confirm the criticism of the NEET concept in some of the qualitative literature and find that there is a need to discuss the applicability of the concept nationally to define who is at risk, as well as in cross-national comparisons of young adults not in employment, education or training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Menze, Laura, Malte Sandner, Silke Anger, Reinhard Pollak & Heike Solga (2021): Jugendliche aus Förderschulen mit Schwerpunkt "Lernen": Schwieriger Übergang in Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt. (IAB-Kurzbericht 22/2021), Nürnberg, 12 S.

Abstract

"In Deutschland wird ein vergleichsweise hoher Anteil der Schülerinnen und Schüler mit sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf an separaten Förderschulen unterrichtet. Dort erreichen die jungen Menschen häufig keinen Schulabschluss und gehören damit zu einer am Arbeitsmarkt vulnerablen Gruppe. Deshalb wird in dem Kurzbericht untersucht, ob und wie diesen Jugendlichen der Zugang in Ausbildung und zum Arbeitsmarkt gelingt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Jugendliche von Förderschulen mit dem Schwerpunkt „Lernen“ finden seltener Zugang zu einer Ausbildung und erwerben bis zum Alter von 20 Jahren seltener einen Ausbildungsabschluss als Jugendliche von Regelschulen, selbst wenn sie einen vergleichbaren Schulabschluss haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Moreno-Colom, Sara, Albert Trinidad, Núria Alcaraz & Vicent Borràs Català (2021): Neither studying nor working: free time as a solution? In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 7, S. 977-993. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1784857

Abstract

"This article analyses the importance of free-time activities in building the identity of Spanish young people who neither study nor work. The initial point is that the situation of unemployment, inactivity and precarious work that affects many young people leads to changes in the construction of their identity. Low employment and job insecurity accentuate the loss of centrality of paid work in their life project, and the use of free time reflects the traits that identify them in a specific context. The relationship between free time and training and/or working time was therefore investigated using a qualitative methodological strategy to analyse the structure, meaning and content of free time according to young people’s situation in relation to education and employment, their gender and their region of residence. The results suggest that the symbolic centrality of working time persists alongside changes in the meaning and content of free time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Resnjanskij, Sven, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Wößmann (2021): Mentoring Improves the Labor-Market Prospects of Disadvantaged Adolescents. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 38-43.

Abstract

"How can the labor-market prospects of school-attending adolescents from disadvantaged families be improved? One possible approach is the use of mentoring programs that assign adolescents a mentor who can provide them with support that their family environment is not able to provide. But do such programs really help? Testing this empirically is difficult because it is unclear how these adolescents would have developed without participating in the mentoring program, since available datasets generally do not include a convincing control group of similarly disadvantaged youths. To overcome this limitation, we randomized participation in a large German mentoring program, exploiting the fact that the program was oversubscribed, i.e., had more applicants than available slots. Due to the random assignment, the adolescents who did not participate in the program provide a compelling control group for the participants. We find that the mentoring program significantly improves an index of labor-market prospects for eighth- and ninth-graders from severely disadvantaged families one year after program start. The positive effects are present for all three components of the index, which measure cognitive (math grade), non-cognitive (patience and social skills) and motivational (labor-market orientation) aspects. For disadvantaged adolescents, the expected income benefits from program participation greatly exceed program costs. In contrast, the program has no positive effects for adolescents from less disadvantaged families. The results suggest that mentoring works when it compensates for a lack of family support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ripamonti, Enrico & Stefano Barberis (2021): The association of economic and cultural capital with the NEET rate: differential geographical and temporal patterns. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 55. DOI:10.1186/s12651-021-00296-y

Abstract

"Using data from 103 Italian provinces, we investigated the relationship between local/regional development, and NEET. We constructed an indicator of cultural capital and another of economic capital and we studied their relation with the NEET rate. Covariance Structure Analysis with Generalized Least Squares estimation was employed, considering a three time-points retrospective model. Results indicate a consistent protective effect of the economic capital on the NEET rate, both in the short run (2 years) and in the medium run (10 years). However, this effect has been obtained in the Central provinces (at 2 and 10 years) and Southern provinces (at 10 years), but not in the Northern provinces. A mediation analysis indicated that, historically, the cultural capital may partly mediate the effect of the economic capital. We did not detect a significant direct effect of the cultural capital on the NEET rate, which is strongly mediated by the action of the economic capital. Together, these results denote that the economic capital is a strong predictor of NEET, but not in very competitive economic areas." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Schnetzer, Simon (2021): IG Metall Jugendstudie Plan B - Datenreport. Frankfurt am Main, 76 S.

Abstract

"Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse der Befragung »Plan B« zeigt: die Corona-Pandemie hat starke negative Auswirkungen auf die aktuelle Erwerbs- bzw. Ausbildungssituation, das persönliche Wohlbefinden sowie den sozialen Nahbereich und die Zukunftspläne junger Menschen. Befragt wurden vom 13.01.–31.03.2021 insgesamt 3.229 junge Menschen zwischen 16 und 27 Jahren aus den Zielgruppen Auszubildende, dual Studierende und junge Berufstätige." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schwartz, Amy Ellen, Jacob Leos‐Urbel, Joel McMurry & Matthew Wiswall (2021): Making Summer Matter: The Impact Of Youth Employment On Academic Performance. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 477-504. DOI:10.3982/QE883

Abstract

"This paper examines New York City's Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP). SYEP provides jobs to youth ages 14–24, and due to high demand for summer jobs, allocates slots through a random lottery system. We match student‐level data from the SYEP program with educational records from the NYC Department of Education and use the random lottery to estimate the effects of SYEP participation on a number of academic outcomes, including test taking and performance. We find that SYEP participation has positive impacts on student academic outcomes, and these effects are particularly large for students who participate in SYEP multiple times." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Strecker, Tanja, Joffre López & M. Àngels Cabasés (2021): Examining NEET situations in Spain: Labour Market, Discourses and Policies. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 4, H. 2, S. 119-134. DOI:10.1007/s43151-021-00048-2

Abstract

"Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) and its Spanish equivalent 'nini' (Ni estudia, Ni trabaja) have dominated youth policy discourses in recent years. Within the European Union, Spain is one of the countries with the highest proportion of young people in NEET situations. In this article, it is argued that the idea of NEET has been weaponised to stigmatise youth, by evoking the phantom of a demotivated young person with scarce training. This stigmatisation has little to do with the reality of many young Spaniards who can find themselves in different situations, such as unemployment, precarious employment, training and education in a matter of days. Thus, there is a need to consider the different experiences and structural circumstances of so-called NEETs rather than viewing them as a homogenous and static group. Using documentary analysis and secondary data, this article examines the diversity of NEET situations for the youth in Spain, which is generally not captured in large national statistics data-sets and policies. Furthermore, it analyses the EU Youth Guarantee and its application in Spain, highlighting where official objectives have not been met, and includes an overview of the current effects of the coronavirus crisis. Ultimately, the paper shows that public discourses centred on an artificially created social group (NEET) legitimise and produce policies that do not respond to young people's actual needs and problems, especially for the most vulnerable among them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tamesberger, Dennis & Johann Bacher (2021): Combating Youth Unemployment with a Fair EU Youth Guarantee. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 3-7.

Abstract

"Although the Covid-19 recession has not caused youth unemployment and the NEET rate to rise as sharply as expected, reducing youth unemployment and the NEET rate is a political necessity at regional, national and European level. In the EU-27, there were around 9.8 million young people in a NEET situation in the year 2020; 5.1 million were unemployed. Experience from the financial and economic crisis of 2008, when the rise in NEET numbers occurred not immediately but with a delay, suggests that a longer timeframe for action in the form of a Youth Guarantee is essential. This also appears necessary because it is difficult to assess whether sufficient jobs will be available after the Covid-19 crisis has passed. We propose formula-based financing and distribution for this fund. On the one hand, the concept intends to avoid the substitution effect, whereby countries finance their existing programs with EU funds and do not undertake any additional efforts. On the other hand, the concept clearly promotes solidarity: countries that are more affected by the Covid-19 crisis and the NEET problem should co-finance less in relative terms than countries that are less affected. Similar to the formula-based financing of school systems, the proposed model could promote transparency and equity in EU funding. Finally, an EU Youth Guarantee with a sufficient budget and rational solidarity distributions would not only show that the EU cares about the next generation but also emphasize that the EU is eager to support economically struggling regions." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tubadji, Annie, Hans Dietrich, Vasilis Angelis, Anette Haas & Brigitte Schels (2021): Fear-of-failure and cultural persistence in youth entrepreneurship. Comparative analysis: Greece versus Germany. In: Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 513-538., 2019-11-12. DOI:10.1080/08276331.2019.1692999

Abstract

"This paper explores the sensitivity of youth's fear of failure to local culture, in terms of its persistence across space and its change (hysteresis) in times of economic shocks, which renders entrepreneurship a very dubious tool for tackling youth unemployment especially in times of crisis. We focus on youth in Germany and Greece which are culturally and economically very different countries. Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) provides a pooled cross-section for the period 2003-2010. We address the data using a probit model with year fixed effects. Regarding the influence of personal fear-of-failure, we find that youth between 15 and 24 years of age are less entrepreneurial in both Greece and Germany, while the 25-34 years old young adults in Greece are already at the same entrepreneurial level as an average adult. Our findings also support existing gender differentials in both countries, which generally phase out among young people. Yet, country differences in perceptions have the greatest impact on entrepreneurial propensity. Regarding the local cultural characteristics, there is evidence of cultural embeddedness and cultural persistence effects especially among youth between 15 and 24 years of age which makes entrepreneurship an unsuitable" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wesseling, Wendy Ida Elisabeth (2021): Towards a more all-inclusive evaluation of interventions for unemployed youth: A longitudinal investigation of participant, programme, relational and contextual factors. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 7, S. 1145-1161. DOI:10.1111/spol.12705

Abstract

"Youth unemployment has severe and long-lasting consequences. Despite the abundance of programmes that aim to integrate unemployed youth into the labour market, little is known about what factors have an impact on ensuring a durable labour market transition. This study reports on an employment programme for high-educated, unemployed young adults. The effect of participant, programme, relational and contextual factors on employment success was examined in a longitudinal study among 1,306 young adults. Twelve months after the programme, 1,069 participants were employed. Participant and relational factors increased the likelihood of employment success, while the effect of programme factors was mixed. Contextual factors decreased the likelihood of employment quality. The prediction of employment status and quality was based on a different combination of factors, which underscores the importance of investigating both, especially in a highly educated sample. More insight into the role, the four primary determinants play in finding employment can help improve employment interventions. Several courses of action are presented." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2021): Jugendberufsagenturen. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/25460). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/25770 (12.01.2021)), 5 S.

Abstract

"Jugendberufsagenturen leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag beim Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf. Jobcenter, Agentur für Arbeit und Jugendämter kooperieren rechtskreisübergreifend, um junge Menschen in Ausbildung oder Arbeit zu vermitteln. Diese Vernetzung durch kurze Wege und Kontakte vereinfachen und ermöglichen den reibungslosen Ablauf der Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsvermittlung für junge Menschen zwischen den verschiedenen Sozialleistungsträgern des Zweiten, Dritten und Achten Buches Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB II, III und VIII). Somit wird sichergestellt, dass Leistungen nach den verschiedenen Sozialgesetzbüchern abgestimmt und gebündelt werden. Im Jahr 2016 veröffentlichte das Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) eine Analyse. Aus Sicht der Fragesteller besteht Informationsbedarf über die seit dieser Analyse gewonnen Erkenntnisse und Informationen der Bundesregierung zu Jugendberufsagenturen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Andersen, Ditte (2020): Stuck! Welfare state dependency as lived experience. In: European Societies, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 317-336. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2019.1616796

Abstract

"The concern that public support may spur dependency has been voiced throughout the history of welfare states. Nevertheless, little research examines the experience of welfare state dependency in the context of recipients' everyday lives. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of a case involving Anna, who depends on the Danish welfare system for financial benefits and other forms of support. The study spans five years from age 19 to 24, and includes some of the significant others in Anna's everyday life - her mother, who also depends on welfare, and her caseworkers. By situating Anna's experiences in a temporal and social context, the case study advances a nuanced understanding of welfare state dependency and identifies three driving forces of the experience: (1) the concern about intergenerational transmission of dependency that spurs a shared sense of hopelessness among Anna and her significant others; (2) the recurrent changes of diagnoses that adds to the feeling of dependency by repeatedly generating waiting time, e.g. for new psychiatric assessments; (3) the system's requirement to produce numerous but sketchy future plans that lack real-world plausibility. The case study clarifies the importance that respectable exits out of welfare state dependency are not only imaginable but also believable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Anghel, Liliana-Luminita (2020): European Network of Public Employment Services: Integrated services for long-term unemployed 2020. Survey-based Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 54 S. DOI:10.2767/418886

Abstract

"The EU Council adopted in February 2016 the Recommendation on the integration of the long-term unemployed into the labor market (hereinafter ‘the Recommendation’). The aim of the Recommendation was to support sustainable reintegration of the LTU back into the labor market by calling on MS to: 1. encourage registration of the long-term unemployed with an employment service; 2. increase individualised support for the long-term unemployed based on in-depth assessments of their needs, and ensure that a job integration agreement (JIA) is set up within 18 months of the person becoming unemployed; 3. develop closer links with employers and partnerships between employers, social partners, employment and social services, government authorities and education and training providers to increase job opportunities for registered LTU; 4. improve the continuity of support by coordinating services available to the long-term unemployed through a single point of contact (SPOC). According to the Recommendation, a SPOC refers to an authority responsible ‘for supporting registered LTU persons through a coordinated service offer involving available employment and social support services. It can be based on a framework of inter-institutional coordination and/or be identified within existing structures’. The Recommendation also requested that the European Network of Public Employment Services (ENPES, the network of national PES) contribute to the monitoring of its implementation. In response, in 2016 the PES Network designed and adopted a set of minimum, intermediate and advanced quality standards4for implementing a SPOC and a JIA. A Survey Report (the Ad Hoc Module to the 2018 PES Capacity Questionnaire5) was produced by the PES Network in 2018. This Survey Report summarised PES developments in integration of the long-term unemployed back into the labor market, offering an overview of the effects of the Recommendation as reported by the PES, and outlining common challenges faced by the PES." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bauer, Frank, Philipp Fuchs & Jan F. C. Gellermann (2020): Implementationsanalyse des Modellprojekts zur Förderung geringqualifizierter Jugendlicher und Erwachsener - Abschlussbericht. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 17/2020), Nürnberg, 172 S.

Abstract

"Der Forschungsbericht umfasst die Ergebnisse der Implementationsanalyse des „Modellprojekts zur Förderung geringqualifizierter Jugendlicher und Erwachsener“ in Nordrhein-Westfalen, die vom Ministerium für Arbeit, Integration und Soziales und der Regionaldirektion Nordrhein-Westfalen der Bundesagentur für Arbeit initiiert und im Zeitraum von Dezember 2016 bis November 2020 dezentral an neun Standorten umgesetzt wurden. Das Programm richtete sich an Personen zwischen 21 und 45 Jahren mit Schulabschluss. Es vermittelt eine zertifizierte Berufsausbildung. Der Prozess der Qualifizierung erfolgt bei Bildungsträgern, ist modular aufgebaut und je nach Ausbildungsberuf und Qualifikationsniveau in 4 bis 8 Teilqualifizierungsmodule aufgegliedert, die je 2 bis 6 Monate dauern und durch Prüfungen vor den regionalen Industrie- und Handelskammern zertifiziert und abgeschlossen werden. Darüber hinaus werden die Teilnehmenden während des Projektverlaufs durch sogenannte Qualifizierungscoaches der beteiligten Jobcenter begleitet und erhalten für jedes erfolgreich absolvierte Modul sowie nach bestandener Abschlussprüfung eine Prämie von 400 bzw. 1 500 Euro. Die Studie ist rekonstruktiv ausgerichtet und basiert auf der Auswertung von zentralen Programmdokumenten sowie Wiederholungsinterviews mit ausgewählten Teilnehmenden und den Coaches aller Standorte. Sie enthält eine detaillierte Rekonstruktion der Programmstruktur, der Umsetzungsvarianzen zentraler Programmelemente, eine Typologie der Teilnehmenden und schließlich spezifische Handlungsempfehlungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bazen, Stephen & Waziri Khalid Maman (2020): The integration of young workers into the labour market in France. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 41, H. 1, S. 17-36. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2018-0204

Abstract

"Purpose: Using a representative survey of young persons having left full-time education in France in 1998 and interviewed in 2001 and 2005, the purpose of this paper is to examine the process of their integration into normal employment (a stable job with a standard employment contract) and the extent to which job matches are inefficient in the sense that the pay in a job is below an individual's potential earnings. The latter are determined principally by diploma level and educational specialisation, although other forms of training and labour market experience are relevant. Design/methodology/approach: A stochastic earnings frontier approach is used in order to examine workers' ability to capture their full potential earnings in labour markets where there is inefficient job matching (due to the lack of information, discrimination, over-education or the process of integration). Findings: The results suggest that young workers manage to obtain on average about 82 per cent of their potential earnings three years after leaving full-time education and earnings inefficiency had disappeared four years later. The results are robust to the treatment of selectivity arising from the exclusion of the unemployed in the estimation of the frontier. Originality/value: The stochastic earnings frontier is a useful and appropriate tool for modelling the process of labour market integration of certain groups (young persons, migrants and the long-term unemployed) where over-education due to inefficient initial job matches occurs. Over time this situation tends to be rectified as job mobility leads to improved matching and less inefficiency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Blommaert, Lieselotte, Ardita Muja, Maurice Gesthuizen & Maarten H. J. Wolbers (2020): The Vocational Specificity of Educational Systems and Youth Labour Market Integration: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 5, S. 720-740. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa017

Abstract

"Comparative research on the impact of the vocational specificity of educational systems on youth labour market integration has expanded rapidly in the past decades. The present study reviews this body of research, focusing on how it has conceptualized the vocational specificity of educational systems and theorized its effect on youth labour market integration. Moreover, this study synthesizes the empirical evidence compiled in this research using a meta-analytical approach. Our review reveals that this research area is theoretically fragmented. A commonly accepted definition of the vocational specificity of educational systems is lacking and various theoretical approaches and conceptual frameworks are invoked to theorize the effect of vocational specificity, while exact mechanisms that are assumed to underlie the effect are often left unspecified. Our meta-analysis includes 105 effect estimates nested in 19 studies, published between 2003 and 2018, that used methods enabling a formal meta-analytical comparison. Results show that the overall average effect is positive and statistically significant but its magnitude is modest and there is substantial variability in the size and even direction of observed effects. We find that this variability is partly driven by which aspect of labour market integration was examined and which measure of vocational specificity was used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bossler, Mario, Hans Dietrich & Max Kunaschk (2020): Mindestlohn für Jugendliche? Mögliche Effekte einer Abschaffung der Ausnahmeregelung für jugendliche Beschäftigte vom gesetzlichen Mindestlohn in Deutschland. Stellungnahme des IAB zur schriftlichen Anhörung im Wirtschaftsausschuss des Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landtags am 16.3.2020. (IAB-Stellungnahme 02/2020), Nürnberg, 10 S.

Abstract

"In seiner Stellungnahme für den Wirtschaftsausschuss des Schleswig-Holsteinischen Landtags zum Antrag 'Mindestlohn auch für Jugendliche' der Abgeordneten des Südschleswigschen Wählerverbands (SSW) kommentiert das IAB mögliche Auswirkungen der Abschaffung der Ausnahmeregelung für Jugendliche unter 18 Jahren vom Mindestlohn. Insbesondere diskutiert das IAB Effekte einer Gesetzesänderung auf die Beschäftigungswirkungen für Jugendliche und Bildungsentscheidungen von Jugendlichen. Dabei werden sowohl der Stand der internationalen Literatur wie der Kenntnisstand in Deutschland berücksichtigt. Die aktuellen Befunde zur Mindestlohngesetzgebung lassen sich kaum auf die Situation jugendlicher Erwerbstätiger unter 18 Jahren übertragen. Demzufolge können auf dieser Basis kaum Vorhersagen zur Wirkung der beabsichtigten Gesetzesänderung getroffen werden. Aus der internationalen Literatur lassen sich jedoch einige relevante Argumente für und gegen die Abschaffung der Ausnahmeregelung für Jugendliche vom allgemeinen Mindestlohn ableiten. Auf der einen Seite kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass eine Ausweitung des Mindestlohns zu steigenden Bildungsinvestitionen führen könnte. Auf der anderen Seite ist das Risiko zu beachten, dass Jugendliche bei dann steigender Lohnerwartung vorzeitig die Schule verlassen und Bildungsinvestitionen reduzieren könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bucci, Fiorella & Stijn Vanheule (2020): Investigating changing work and economic cultures through the lens of youth employment : A case study from a psychosocial perspective in Italy. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 275-293. DOI:10.1177/1103308819857412

Abstract

"Changes in the forms and cultural meanings of work have gone deep during the last decades, with the transient nature of work becoming the norm rather than the exception. This is impacting particularly on youth employment, as Italy's case epitomizes. Based on interview and focus group data, our study provides a multidimensional model to read and map the multiple tensions young people experience, at an emotional level, on entering today's corporations. Our findings show, on the one hand, that young professionals' expectation of work as a place of social learning and exchange clashes with the corporate focus on assimilating young people into target-oriented environments. On the other hand, both in younger and older workers, we found the experience of labour relationships that struggle to direct themselves towards a creative purpose and a developmental prospect, while tending to collapse emotionally inwards, in a fight for security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cahuc, Pierre & Jérémy Hervelin (2020): Apprenticeship and Youth Unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 13154), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

""In France, two years after school completion and getting the same diploma, the employment rate of apprentices is about 15 percentage points higher than that of vocational students. Despite this difference, this paper shows that there is almost no difference between the probability of getting a callback from employers for unemployed youth formerly either apprentices or vocational students. This result indicates that the higher employment rate of apprentices does not rely, in the French context, on better job access of those who do not remain in their training firms. The estimation of a job search and matching model shows that the expansion of apprenticeship has very limited effects on youth unemployment if this is not accompanied by an increase in the retention of apprentices in their training firm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Carstensen, Jeanette, Oskar Jost & Holger Seibert (2020): Arbeitsmarktsituation der Jüngeren in Berlin. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Berlin-Brandenburg 02/2020), Nürnberg, 37 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmarktsituation junger Menschen erfordert ein besonderes Augenmerk, da hier entscheidende Weichen für die spätere Erwerbsbiografie gestellt werden. Berlin verzeichnete lange Zeit im Bundesländervergleich besonders hohe Jugendarbeitslosenquoten, die insbesondere aus einer unzureichenden Lehrstellenversorgung resultierten. Sowohl im Zuge des Nachwendegeburtenknicks als auch aufgrund eines zunehmenden und selbsttragenden Aufschwungs in den letzten zehn Jahren besserte sich die Situation sukzessive. Es konnten mehr junge Menschen in Berlin in Ausbildung und Beschäftigung finden, sodass die Jugendarbeitslosenquote deutlich abgebaut wurde. Gleichwohl offenbaren die Ergebnisse des vorliegenden Berichts anhaltende Defizite und Potenziale, die es auszubauen gilt. So fällt die Jugendarbeitslosenquote junger Ausländer in Berlin nach wie vor deutlich höher aus als diejenige der deutschen Jugendlichen, was auf strukturelle Unterschiede und Probleme hindeutet. Darüber hinaus weisen junge Ausländer aus den Asylherkunftsländern momentan noch besonders hohe Arbeitslosenquoten auf, die weitere Anstrengungen erfordern, um eine Verfestigung in Arbeitslosigkeit zu verhindern und bestehende Unterschiede zu reduzieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Cockx, Bart, Koen Declercq, Muriel Dejemeppe, Leda Inga & Bruno Van der Linden (2020): Switching from an Inclining to a Zero-Level Unemployment Benefit Profile. Good for Work Incentives? (IZA discussion paper 13002), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates the impact on the transition to work of a policy reform in Belgium that restricted the access to a specific unemployment insurance scheme for young labor market entrants. This scheme entitles youths with no or little labor market experience to unemployment benefits after a waiting period of one year. As of 2015, the Belgian government unexpectedly scrapped benefit eligibility for youths who start the waiting period at the age of 24 or older. The reform implied a change from an inclining to a flat rate (zero-level) benefit profile. We use a difference-in-differences approach to identify the causal impact of this reform on fresh university graduates. Our main finding is that this reform only increases the transition to very short-lived jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Conrads, Ralph & Thomas Freiling (2020): Zur Reformdiskussion der Arbeitsmarktinstrumente für Jugendliche. Modifikation der Assistierten Ausbildung. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 69, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.3790/sfo.69.1.1

Abstract

"Die Assistierte Ausbildung (AsA) gem. § 130 SGB III wurde im Mai 2015 bis maximal 2021 befristet eingeführt. Im Kontext der Neuordnung der Jugendlicheninstrumente der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) steht darüber hinaus die Weiterführung bzw. Entfristung der AsA auf dem Prüfstand. In einer wissenschaftlichen Begleitstudie der Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit ­(HdBA) wurde untersucht, inwieweit Anpassungen im Zuge der Neuordnung erforderlich sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich der individuelle Ansatz der AsA bewährt hat, aber Modifikationen zur besseren Zielerreichung notwendig sind. Unter Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen zahlreicher Akteure werden maßnahmenbezogene Handlungsempfehlungen dargestellt und mit dem allgemeinen Diskussionsstand zusammengeführt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dohmen, Dieter, Galiya Yelubayeva, Charlotte Firzlaff & Michael Cordes (2020): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 75), Berlin, 61 S.

Abstract

"Nachdem die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in den vergangenen fünfzehn Jahren deutlich gesunken ist, könnte sie jetzt um bis zu 40 Prozent ansteigen. Zwar sind davon, relativ gesehen, Hochschulabsolventen und beruflich Qualifizierte stärker betroffen, allerdings sind die Zukunftsaussichten für geringqualifizierte junge Menschen besonders ungünstig. Männer sind dabei durchgängig stärker betroffen als Frauen. Die Analysen zeigen zudem, wie sehr die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit durch wenig wirksame Bildungsangebote kaschiert wird.Dies sind die Kernergebnisse einer aktuellen Analyse des FiBS zur Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. Die Studie zeigt einerseits, dass die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit über alle Qualifikationsniveaus hinweg bei jungen Männern wie Frauen deutlich rückläufig ist. Andererseits wird deutlich, dass in Krisenzeiten fast ausschließlich die Arbeitslosigkeit junger Männer ansteigt, während die der jungen Frauen zum Teil sogar weiter sinkt. Dies gilt über alle Qualifikationsgruppen hinweg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dohmen, Dieter, Zein Karsin & Galiya Yelubayeva (2020): Youth unemployment in times of crises in the EU 27. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 72), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"Die neue Studie „Youth Unemployment in Times of Crises in the EU 27“ des FiBS Forschungsinstituts für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie untersucht die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der EU in der Folge der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/09 und verknüpft diese mit einer ersten Schätzung, wie die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit nach der Corona-Krise zunehmen könnte. Demnach könnte die Arbeitslosigkeit von Geringqualifizierten sogar die 40-Prozent-Marge überschreiten, allerdings erst Mitte der 2020er Jahre. Weiterhin wird die Arbeitslosigkeit von Männern möglicherweise höher sein als die von Frauen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)