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Aina, Carmen, Irene Brunetti, Chiara Mussida & Sergio Scicchitano (2025): Even more discouraged? The NEET generation at the age of COVID-19. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 57, H. 25, S. 3455-3472. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2024.2337790

Abstract

"The Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) status is a long-standing problem that occupies a priority role in the European policy agenda, even more during the post-COVID-19 outbreak. This paper investigates whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic and the quality of institutions affect the probability of being NEET in Italy. In treating the 15-34 unemployed and inactive cohort jointly, our hypothesis is that the COVID-19 exposure has increased the risk of being NEET during the second quarter of 2020 whereas the quality of institutions could mitigate it. Estimates on a unique dataset obtained by merging the Italian Labor Force Survey with the Institutional Quality Index dataset, confirms it. In addition, in dealing the 15-24 and 25-34 cohorts separately, our results show that individuals in the older age group are the most affected. Finally, "good deeds" implemented by institutions, such as active policies conducted at regional level, are a further educational investment that could protect from becoming NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alves, Daniele Evelin, Jannike Gottschalk Ballo, Wendy Nilsen, Camilla Stub Lundberg, Andreas Lillebråten & Vilde Hoff Bernstrøm (2025): Which companies hire NEET? Organisational characteristics of hiring NEET in a Norwegian full-population registry study. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 601-620. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2023.2290112

Abstract

"Which types of organizations hire NEET? We use longitudinal national registry data from Norway to investigate four types of organizational characteristics: (a) staff proportion with low pay and low education, (b) staff size and (c) staff proportion from groups with lower rates of work participation, and (d) private/public sector. Full-population registry data with all newly hired-employees in Norway aged 15 –30 years, yielded a sample of approximately 120,000 new hires in 2018 from 22,621 organizations. Organizational characteristics were measured the previous year. After controlling for individual and organisational level variables in logistic regression models, we found that: private organizations and those predominated by staff with low income, incomplete secondary school, NEET history and immigrant background were more likely to hire new NEET the following year. Organisation size was unrelated to the likelihood of hiring NEET. This study applies an innovative method to study demand side characteristics in a full population registry study. It also contributes to disentangling which of these characteristics lose their expected effect when the dataset is large and complete enough to control for individual and organizational factors- adjusted for organisation clustering. These characteristics can guide us towards which companies can serve as gate-openers for NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brännström, Lars, Marie Berlin, Olof Bäckman & Patrik Karlsson (2025): Trajectories of NEET in individuals formerly placed in out-of-home care. A Swedish national cohort study. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 2. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12695

Abstract

"It is widely acknowledged that individuals with out-of-home care (OHC) experiences, including foster-family care and residential care, face an increased risk of poor labor market attachment during emerging adulthood. However, limited understanding exists regarding how this attachment, conceptualized here as ‘not in employment, education, or training’ (NEET), evolves beyond young adulthood and the degree to which this development is marked by persistence or desistance. Using group-based trajectory modelling and multinomial regression on population-based register data for over 650,000 Swedish men and women (including approximately 14,000 with OHC experience), followed from birth to age 40, the results indicate that OHC-experienced individuals, especially those first placed as teenagers, exhibit a substantially higher risk of persistent NEET compared to peers without OHC experience. Nevertheless, the majority of OHC-experienced individuals followed pathways characterized by desistance. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Dunn, Andrew (2025): Are Young English People’s Attitudes Towards Employment Indicative of Whether They Have Spent a Large Proportion of Their Adult Lives Unemployed? In: Social Policy and Society, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1017/s1474746425000016

Abstract

"Some leading UK politicians have claimed that a culture of welfare dependency exists and that a sizeable number of unemployed benefit claimants lack an appropriate commitment to employment. Such claims were used to justify the 2012 Welfare Reform Act’s new measuresto steer unemployed claimants towards applying for and retaining jobs they might not want. The statistical analysis presented here is the first to explore possible connections between people’s attitudes towards disliked/unattractive jobs, their parents’ employment status, and the total time they have spent in unemployment. Logistic regression analysis used Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE)/Next Steps data on people born in 1989/90 to predict whether they spent an unusually long time unemployed between age eighteen and twenty-five; an attitude favouring joblessness over a disliked/unattractive job was a nonsignificant predictor in eleven of twelve multivariate models, and a weak predictor (OR = 1.32) in the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Filomena, Mattia, Isabella Giorgetti & Matteo Picchio (2025): Off to a bad start: youth nonemployment and labor market outcomes later in life. In: Empirical economics, S. 1-31. DOI:10.1007/s00181-025-02735-y

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of nonemployment experienced by Italian youth after secondary school exit on subsequent labor market outcomes. We focus on the impact on earnings and labor market participation both in the short term and in the long term. By estimating a factor-analytic model that controls for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is persistent, being sizeable and statistically significant up to 25 years after school completion. Penalties in terms of participation last instead shorter. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fitzenberger, Bernd, Anna Heusler & Julia Holleitner (2025): Zwischen Schulabschluss und Berufsausbildung: Die Barrieren für Jugendliche aus Haushalten mit Grundsicherungsbezug sind besonders hoch. In: IAB-Forum H. 18.06.2025 Nürnberg, 2025-06-17. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250618.01

Abstract

"Der Abschluss einer Ausbildung oder eines Studiums trägt wesentlich zu einem reibungslosen Übergang von der Schule in den Arbeitsmarkt bei. Doch die Zahl junger Menschen ohne Berufsabschluss nimmt seit Jahren zu. Vor allem bei jungen Erwachsenen aus Haushalten, die Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende beziehen, ist das Risiko instabiler Übergänge deutlich erhöht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Heß, Pascal & Lukas Wilzek (2025): Mittelfristig hat die Berufseinstiegsbegleitung einen positiven Einfluss auf Beschäftigung und Verdienst. In: IAB-Forum H. 02.06.2025, 2025-06-01. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250602.01

Abstract

"Die Berufseinstiegsbegleitung steht auf dem Prüfstand. Mehrere Bundesländer sehen ihre Fortführung skeptisch oder führen aktuell Evaluationen durch. Verbände und Bildungsträger fordern eine Weiterführung des Programms, um sozial benachteiligte Jugendliche beim Übergang in den Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt zu unterstützen. Die vorliegende IAB-Studie zeigt, dass ehemalige Teilnehmer*innen zu Beginn ihres Berufslebens häufiger in einem Beschäftigungsverhältnis stehen und mehr verdienen als Personen einer Vergleichsgruppe." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hänni, Miriam & Irene Kriesi (2025): Unemployment Scarring in the Early Career: Do Skills and Labour Demand Matter? In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 13. DOI:10.17645/si.9530

Abstract

"Rocky school-to-work transition processes, characterized by spells of unemployment and education–job mismatch, can have long-lasting scarring effects on young people and often lead to a loss of income and occupational status. However, the mechanisms that either foster or prevent unemployment scarring are underinvestigated. Our article thus asks whether vocational education and training (VET) diploma holders’ unemployment duration and the probability of status loss at labor market re-entry are affected by the interplay between occupation-specific labor demand and young workers’ skill sets acquired in VET. Our theoretical approach combines job search, human capital, and signalling theory with arguments from structural segmentation approaches. Our analyzes use complete national register data on VET diploma holders who became unemployed during their early careers. We combine national register data on unemployment spells with register data on education trajectories in Switzerland and occupation-specific labor demand data. Results from event-history analyzes indicate that unemployment episodes are associated with lower employment chances and higher risk of status loss of VET diploma holders. These general patterns are attenuated by occupation-specific labor demand and the skills taught in vocational training programmes. Re-employment chances are higher and the risk of status loss lower when occupation-specific labor demand is high and few of the accessible job opportunities offer lower status than the job before unemployment. Additionally, we find that workers who trained in occupations imparting large proportions of occupation-specific skills have a higher re-employment probability but also face a higher risk of status loss than those who trained in occupations imparting larger proportions of general skills. Our findings indicate a trade-off between occupation-specific skills and general skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lindblad, Victoria, Rolf L. Lund, Pernille Skou Gaardsted, Line Elise Møller Hansen, Fie Falk Lauritzen & Dorte Melgaard (2025): Place Matters: Understanding Geographic Influences on Youth Not in Education, Employment, or Training - A Scoping Review. In: Journal of Adolescence, Jg. 97, H. 3, S. 620-633. DOI:10.1002/jad.12461

Abstract

"Introduction: Youth aged 15–29 who are not engaged in education, employment, or training (NEET) represent a critical concern within the European Union (EU). Aim: This review aims to ascertain whether existing studies address the impact of living in either rural or urban settings, or in specific types of neighborhoods, on the likelihood of young European individuals falling into NEET status. Methods: On February 21, 2023, and subsequently updated on January 15, 2024, a thorough literature search was carried out across four major databases to compile relevant studies. Results: From an initial pool of 33,314 articles, 11 studies were deemed relevant for this review involving over 786,399 participants. The analysis revealed that residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods, characterized by significant crime rates and unemployment levels surpassing national averages, correlates strongly with an increased incidence of NEET status among youth. Notably, impoverished areas with a high presence of visible minorities were associated with higher rates of school dropout or unemployment. Furthermore, the conditions of the local labor market were found to notably affect dropout rates from secondary schools, especially in urban centers. Whereas rural areas exhibited elevated unemployment rates among the youth. Conclusions: This review underscores the need for targeted policies that address geographical disparities in NEET status by tailoring interventions to urban, rural, and neighborhood-specific contexts. Policymakers should focus on localized support programs and integrate geographical factors into strategic planning to ensure equitable opportunities for all youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nixdorf, Christian Philipp (2025): NEETs not needed: Zur Situation junger Menschen ohne Arbeits-, Ausbildungs- oder Schulplatz. In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 22-26.

Abstract

"Jedes Jahr verlassen rund 50000 Jugendliche in Deutschland die Schule ohne Abschluss. Fast 630000 Menschen zwischen 15 und 24 Jahren befinden sich derzeit weder in Ausbildung, Erwerbstätigkeit oder Weiterbildung. Diesem gravierenden Missstand Abhilfe zu schaffen, ist nötig, aber auch herausfordernd, da die Betroffenen keine homogene Gruppe bilden. Was sind die Gründe für die Inaktivität, was deren Auswirkung? Wer ist besonders gefährdet, und was kann getan werden, um diese Menschen zu fördern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Bund Verlag)

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Seibert, Holger (2025): Regionale Ausbildungsmärkte: Höheres Lehrstellenangebot ist verknüpft mit niedrigerer Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. (IAB-Kurzbericht 05/2025), Nürnberg: IAB, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2505

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ist in Deutschland über einen langen Zeitraum hinweg gesunken. Seit 2022 steigt sie jedoch wieder kräftig. Besonders Jugendliche ohne beruflichen Abschluss haben es schwer, Arbeit zu finden. In diesem Kurzbericht wird beleuchtet, mit welchen Faktoren die Höhe der regionalen Arbeitslosigkeit von Jugendlichen ohne Abschluss zusammenhängt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Verd, Joan M., Alejandro Godino, Alejandro González-Heras & Joan Rodríguez-Soler (2025): Escaping the trap of temporary employment: Precariousness among young people before and after Spain's 2021 labour market reform act. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. e12645. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12645

Abstract

"Temporary employment has been the core dimension of employment precariousness in Spain for decades. In December 2021, a labor market reform aimed at reducing the use of fixed‐term contracts, which especially affected young people, was passed. This article compares the situation of young workers before and after this labor market reform, with the objective of identifying internal differences among this age group. The results show a substantial reduction in the prevalence of temporary employment after the reform, although they also show that temporary employment, as well as incipient forms of precariousness such as involuntary part‐time employment, are more concentrated than before among the most disadvantaged in this age group, following traditional patterns of segmentation in the labor market. This article, therefore, provides insights into which profiles of young workers were better off after the reform and which were not, offering valuable lessons for other countries with similar labor market challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ahrens, Daniela (2024): Jugendberufsagenturen: Zwischen regionaler Vielfalt und der Notwendigkeit von Mindeststandards. In: Denk-doch-Mal.de H. 2.

Abstract

"Der DGB mahnte bereits 2014: „Zu erwarten, dass mit der flächendeckenden Einführung von Jugendberufsagenturen strukturelle bildungs- und sozialpolitische Probleme gelöst werden können, ist unrealistisch und wird ihren Möglichkeiten nicht gerecht“ (DGB 2014, 21). Unstrittig ist die bedeutende Rolle von JBA bei der Unterstützung und Förderung junger Erwachsener beim Übergang in eine berufliche Ausbildung. Mit Blick auf die Ausbildungsgarantie können die JBA eine entscheidende Rolle dabei spielen, junge Menschen in das Ausbildungssystem zu integrieren. Um diesem Anspruch jedoch gerecht zu werden, benötigen JBA auf verschiedenen Ebenen Unterstützung. Die Mehrheit der Bundesländer verfügt nicht über individuelle Verlaufsstatistiken ihrer Schulabgänger*innen. Für die JBA ist es damit bislang kaum möglich, Jugendliche möglichst frühzeitig durch Beratungs- und Bildungsangebote zu unterstützen und / oder eine aufsuchende Beratung sicher zu stellen. So notwendig die regionale Ausgestaltung der JBA ist, darf dies nicht auf Kosten von Mindeststandards gehen. Unter dem Sammelbegriff JBA finden sich sehr unterschiedliche Konzepte, Strukturen und Akteure. Mindeststandards würden nicht nur eine bessere Vergleichbarkeit der JBA ermöglichen, sondern wären auch eine wichtige Voraussetzung für ein einheitliches Professionalisierungskonzept. Die dezentrale Ausgestaltungsvielfalt ermöglicht zwar einerseits das Eingehen auf die jeweiligen lokalen bzw. regionalen Bedingungen am Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt sowie den Bedarfslagen der Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen (Enggruber/Neises 2023), andererseits bleiben JBA damit immer auch abhängig vom freiwilligen Engagement der Partner und vorhandenen lokalen Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten. Da JBA über kein eigenständiges Budget verfügen, besitzen die Partner weiterhin die Hoheit über ihre jeweiligen Ressourcen. Als freiwillige Kooperationsbündnisse verfügen JBA weder über ein eigenständiges Budget noch über einen eigenständigen Verantwortungsbereich. Um den Ansprüchen einer Realisierung der Ausbildungsgarantie gerecht zu werden, ist es notwendig, die finanziellen und personellen Ressourcen der JBA verlässlicher zu gestalten. Verbesserung der Kooperation mit Betrieben: Vorliegende Evaluationen zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der JBA nur wenige Berührungspunkte mit Betrieben haben. Gerade mit Blick auf die Ausbildungsgarantie und den Förder- und Unterstützungsinstrumenten für Betriebe im Rahmen einer Ausbildung wäre es für die JBA wichtig, die Kooperationen mit Betrieben auszubauen. Zusammenfassend ist an dieser Stelle festzuhalten, dass die Stärke der JBA - ihre regionale Ausgestaltung und Anpassung an die jeweiligen Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarktstrukturen gleichzeitig auch ihre Schwäche ist. Es fehlt erstens an einem gemeinsamen Verständnis darüber, wie das Spannungsfeld zwischen einem marktreguliertem Ausbildungssystem und einem auf individuelle Bedarfslagen konzipiertes Fallmanagement zu bewältigen ist: zweitens fehlt es an einem zu entwickelndem Integrationsverständnis, dass die differenten Integrationslogiken der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, dem Jobcenter und der Jugendhilfe vereint. Drittens würden Mindeststandards etwa in der rechtskreisübergreifenden Fallbearbeitung, der Beratungsstrukturen und -angebote sowie der Integration in eine berufliche Ausbildung das Profil der JBA schärfen, ohne die notwendige regionale Ausgestaltung damit zu verhindern." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Aizer, Anna, Nancy Early, Shari Eli, Guido Imbens, Keyoung Lee, Adriana Lleras-Muney & Alexander Strand (2024): The Lifetime Impacts of the New Deal's Youth Employment Program. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 139, H. 4, S. 2579-2635. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjae016

Abstract

"We study the lifetime effects of the first and largest American youth employment and training program in the United States—the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 1933–1942. We match newly digitized enrollee records to census, World War II enlistment, Social Security, and death records. We find that longer service in the CCC led to improvements in height, health status, longevity, geographic mobility, and lifetime earnings but did not improve short-term labor market outcomes, including employment and wages. We address potential selection into CCC duration using several approaches, most importantly two newly developed control-function approaches that leverage unbiased estimates of the short-term effects of a randomized controlled trial of Job Corps (the modern version of the CCC). Our findings suggest that short- and medium-term evaluations of employment programs underestimate effects because they fail to capture lifetime effects and often ignore or underestimate health and longevity benefits that increase in magnitude at later ages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albanese, Andrea, Bart Cockx & Muriel Dejemeppe (2024): Long-term effects of hiring subsidies for low-educated unemployed youths. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 235. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105137

Abstract

"We use regression discontinuity design and difference-in-differences methods to estimate the impact of a onetime hiring subsidy for low-educated unemployed youths in Belgium during the recovery from the Great Recession. Within a year of unemployment, the subsidy increases job-finding in the private sector by 10 percentage points. Over six years, high school graduates secure 2.8 more quarters of private employment. However, they transition from public jobs and self-employment, resulting in no net increase in overall employment, albeit with better wages. High school dropouts experience no lasting benefits. Additionally, in tight labor markets near Luxembourg’s employment hub, the subsidy results in a complete deadweight loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Anger, Silke, Sarah Bernhard, Simon Janssen, Ute Leber, Adrian Lerche, Michael Oberfichtner, Nancy Reims, Malte Sandner, Brigitte Schels, Monika Senghaas, Gesine Stephan, Carina Toussaint & Stefan Tübbicke (2024): Zum Entwurf des SGB-III-Modernisierungsgesetzes. Stellungnahme des IAB zum Referentenentwurf eines Gesetzes zur Modernisierung der Arbeitslosenversicherung und Arbeitsförderung am 24.7.2024. (IAB-Stellungnahme 01/2024), Nürnberg, 19 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2401

Abstract

"Mit dem SGB-III-Modernisierungsgesetz sollen die Arbeitslosenversicherung und die Arbeitsförderung bürgerfreundlicher, transparenter, effizienter und unbürokratischer gestaltet werden. Das IAB nimmt Stellung zu folgenden Aspekten des Referentenentwurfs dieses Gesetzes: Kooperationsplan zur Eingliederung im SGB III, Reform des Gründungszuschusses, rechtskreisübergreifende Kooperationen/Jugendberufsagenturen, Beratung für junge Menschen, Berufsorientierungspraktikum und außerbetriebliche Ausbildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Beierling, Birgit, Ruth Enggruber, Frank Neises, Leander Palleit, Andreas Oehme, Wolfgang Schröer, Marc Thielen & Frank Tillmann (2024): Jugendberufsagenturen als Beitrag zu inklusiver Übergangsgestaltung zwischen Schule und Beruf. (BIBB Fachbeiträge zur beruflichen Bildung / Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"Jugendberufsagenturen sollen rechtskreisübergreifend der zentrale lokale Ansprechpartner für alle jungen Menschen am Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf sein und diese bedarfsorientiert individuell beraten und unterstützen. So verstanden stellt sich die Frage, wie Jugendberufsagenturen aus einer menschenrechtlichen Perspektive wie jener der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention zu einer inklusiven Übergangsgestaltung beitragen können. Die herausgearbeiteten Ergebnisse bieten Jugendberufsagenturen Chancen zur weiteren fachlichen Fundierung, Organisationsentwicklung, multiprofessionellen Fallarbeit und zum Abbau von Barrieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Chen, Siyan & Saul Desiderio (2024): Does increasing the retirement age increase youth unemployment? Evidence from an agent-based macro model. In: Journal of evolutionary economics, Jg. 34, H. 4-5, S. 811-847. DOI:10.1007/s00191-024-00873-7

Abstract

"In recent years, several OECD countries have tackled the problem of the fiscal sustainability of their pension systems by increasing the statutory retirement age, although many fear that such policies may reduce job opportunities for the young in favor of older workers. In this paper, we test such a hypothesis using an agent-based macro model suitable for the analysis of issues related to demography. Results from a number of computational experiments show that in the long run, old workers do not crowd out the young, which is consistent with the empirical evidence. Moreover, we find that increasing the retirement age does reduce job opportunities for the young in the short run, but not so much in the long run. This suggests that any pension reform increasing the retirement age should be accompanied by some protective measures for young workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Dummert, Sandra (2024): Intergenerational transmission of unemployment after apprenticeship graduation: does parental socioeconomic background still matter? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58, H. 1, 2024-03-14. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00364-z

Abstract

"A smooth transition from apprenticeship to standard employment is a key step in the professional biographies of apprenticeship graduates. In this study, the transition of apprenticeship graduates from households that receive unemployment benefits are considered. These graduates are thought to be disadvantaged because their parents’ socioeconomic background is assumed to influence their employment outcomes through processes of intergenerational transmission and cumulative disadvantage. Based on administrative data from the Sample of Integrated Welfare Benefit Biographies (SIG) provided by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), this analysis offers deeper insights into parental socioeconomic background and the individual factors that affect the risk of unemployment following the completion of an apprenticeship. In the case of an unsuccessful direct transition to standard employment, the factors infuencing the duration of the frst unemployment are also assessed. The results show that, as with individual characteristics, parents’ education level has a signifcant effect on the graduates’ risk of unemployment. The duration of the household’s benefit receipt, on the other hand, significantly influences the duration of the first unemployment in the case of an unsuccessful transition following an apprenticeship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

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Emmanouil, Effie, Georgios Chatzichristos, Andrew Herod & Stelios Gialis (2024): In what way a 'Guarantee for youth'? NEETs entrapped by labour market policies in the European Union. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 27, H. 8, S. 1207-1226. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2023.2211943

Abstract

"Following the economic crisis of 2008/2009, the European Union developed the Youth Guarantee (YG) Action Plan to tackle youth labour market disengagement by ‘fostering employability’ and ‘removing barriers’ to employment. The current study adopts a Geographical Political Economy approach to analysing the YG's underpinnings and the conditions that differentiate its application on a regional level to explore whether – and, if so, how – the YG helps young people in the Southern EU to enter the labour market. The article introduces the first comparative, cross-regional investigation of the YG programme, targeting the NUTS-II regions of Spain and Italy. It uses mixed methods, supplementing quantitative analysis with in-depth interviews with key informants. We show that in Spanish and Italian regions the YG is closely entwined with socio-spatial inequality and labour precarity, which is reflected in the growing rates of temporary employment and inactive youth. Crucially, we conclude, such outcomes are not simply the result of the institutional/operational misapplications of the YG, as is often assumed. Rather, these misapplications are systematically reinforced by the mechanics of labour flexibilisation within a recessionary and crisis-prone environment, one whose geographical unevenness means that the YG is playing out in quite different ways in different places." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hall, Caroline, Kaisa Kotakorpi, Linus Liljeberg & Jukka Pirttilä (2024): The health effects of a youth labor market activation policy. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2024,15), Uppsala, 38 S.

Abstract

"We examine the health effects of a labor market activation policy, the Youth Job Guarantee, implemented in Sweden in 2007. To estimate the causal effects of this policy on health, we implement an RD-design using the age-eligibility threshold of the policy, together with detailed administrative data on health outcomes including measures of mental health. Health effects could arise indirectly via effects on employment, or directly, e.g., via an improved daily routine. In contrast to most of the existing literature on the health effects of ALMPs, our results indicate that the activation policy did not have clear positive effects on health one year after the start of the unemployment spell, measured by prescribed medication or healthcare visits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hansen, Jorgen & Nicolai Kristensen (2024): The bottom 20 percent: early career paths of youth with low grade point average. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 126, H. 4, S. 810-839. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12562

Abstract

"Across nations, large proportions of younger birth cohorts obtain no professional qualifications. Using rich administrative data from Denmark and a semi-structural dynamic approach, we analyze different policies targeted towards young people who leave grade 9 with a grade point average in the bottom quintile. We find that preparatory courses, offered to students who are unable to commence a qualifying degree, have no positive impact on future labor market outcomes. Further, unobserved heterogeneity is more important for this group than are cognitive skills. Our results show that education is a good option for many, but not for all." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Heglum, Mari Amdahl & Wendy Nilsen (2024): A life course perspective on the NEET phenomenon: long-term exclusion across cohorts, gender, and social origin among young adults in Norway. In: Journal of Youth Studies, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2024.2305907

Abstract

"This study addresses the limitations of the NEET indicator (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) as a measure of the risk of social exclusion. Applying a life course analytical framework and sequence analysis to administrative data from Norway, we investigate the link between NEET status and longer-term exclusion across cohorts, gender, and social origin. Young adults with at least one year of NEET status at ages 22-25 (N = 125 804) are followed for ten years (age 22-31), spanning the years 1993-2017. Results show a mixed picture for individuals with early-career NEET status: 38 percent fare well over the long term, while over one-third face persistent challenges of long-term exclusion or reliance on permanent disability benefits. A deterioration of longer-term prospects, stronger among men than women, is observed across cohorts. An initial large gender gap in long-term exclusion probability in men's favor disappears in the youngest cohorts. Social inequalities remain stable over time. Findings support recent research emphasizing NEET category heterogeneity. Static measures may both exaggerate and underestimate the challenges faced by different sub-populations. The risk of long-term exclusion changes markedly over time, showcasing how the NEET indicator's sensitivity as a measure of at-risk youth depends on the historical-institutional context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalinowski, Michael (2024): Junge Erwachsene ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung. Ergänzende Auswertungen zum Kapitel A11 des Datenreports 2024. (BIBB discussion paper / Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung), Bonn, 12 S.

Abstract

"Der folgende Beitrag stellt ergänzende Auswertungen des Mikrozensus 2022 zum Kapitel A11 des Datenreports 2024‚(www.bibb.de/datenreport-2024) zur Verfügung. Basierend auf einer Sonderauswertung des Statistischen Bundesamtes wird zunächst die Situation junger Erwachsener mit und ohne beruflichen Abschluss, differenziert nach Geschlecht, allgemeinbildenden Schulabschlüssen und Staatsangehörigkeit aufgezeigt. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass sich eine höhere Schulbildung eindeutig positiv auf die Chancen einer formalen beruflichen Qualifikation auswirkt. Anschließend werden Unterschiede nach Einwanderungsgeschichte und Migrationsstatus aufgezeigt. Es wird deutlich, dass der Anteil nicht formal Qualifizierter stark von den Zuzugsgründen abhängt, ebenso wie der eigenen Migrationserfahrung. Abschließend wird die Arbeitsmarktsituation junger Erwachsener auf dem Arbeitsmarkt beleuchtet. Hier zeigt sich, dass die Erwerbsbeteiligung und die Art der Beschäftigung davon abhängen, ob ein beruflicher Abschluss vorliegt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Karma, Emiljan (2024): NEET youth in central and eastern European countries: a panel model approach. In: Journal of Youth Studies, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2024.2392189

Abstract

"The purpose of the present study was to examine macro-determinants of the Not Engaged in Employment, Education, or Training Young People (NEET) in Central and Eastern European Countries. Data from 16 countries were collected from Eurostat –, UNESCO – and Word Bank Database 2013–2021 by using the panel data analysis method. Early school leaving rate, vocational education and training enrollment rate, unemployment rate, labor market regulation, gross domestic product, education expenditure and human development index were used for explaining the NEET in selected area. The relationship between variables was analyzed using the Panel Data Methods via Fixed-Effects Model. Therefore, according to the findings of Driscoll and Kraay Estimator – One-Way Fixed Effects Model, gross domestic product, labourmarket regulation, early school leaving rate, vocational education, and training enrollment rate variables have a high and statistically significant effect on NEET as the dependent variable, while unemployment rate and human development index have a marginal but significant effect on NEET. The findings of the present study showed associations between socio-economic and institutional conditions (labor market regulation) and the NEET rate at the country level and may indicate appropriate policy measures to promote a decrease in the NEET rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lindblad, Victoria, Nanna Ramsing Enemark, Pernille Skou Gaardsted, Line Elise Møller Hansen, Fie Falk Lauritzen & Dorte Melgaard (2024): Mapping social landscapes: Youth NEET risk and social issues in Europe – A systematic literature review. In: Power and education, S. 1-45. DOI:10.1177/17577438241302378

Abstract

"Introduction: The 40 million young people’s lack of successful transition from the education system to the labor market across Europe has a major focus. This systematic review of literature document social risk factors associated with NEET status in Europe. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in four databases on February 21, 2023, with an update on January 15, 2024. Results: A total of 98 articles included. Multiple social risk factors were associated with NEET status and divided into three spheres: factors related to the parental influence, the environment circumstance, and the individual factors. Conclusions: Lacking a robust sense of self and limited self-efficacy, growing up in unstable home environment, having parents with low educational or labour market attainment are associated with significantly increased risk of NEET. Performing or behaving poorly in school and risk behavior such as crime and substance use are also correlated with NEET status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Martín-Gutiérrez, Ángela, Elisabet Montoro-Fernández & Ana Dominguez-Quintero (2024): Towards Quality Education: An Entrepreneurship Education Program for the Improvement of Self-Efficacy and Personal Initiative of Adolescents. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 13, H. 1. DOI:10.3390/socsci13010023

Abstract

"In recent decades, youth unemployment has been the focus of attention of international and community bodies in the area of social rights. Specifically, there is a need to promote attitudes and skills to access employment, decent work, and entrepreneurship. The measures implemented have not been effective. In 2023, Spain had the highest youth unemployment rate in the European Union (29.6%). An improvement in the level and quality of education and training of young people would reduce their level of unemployment. Entrepreneurship education is, therefore, a necessary value in the society of the 21st century since it is a tool for the development and growth of the younger population. In the entrepreneurship education model proposed in this study for adolescents, we focus on the capacities of self-efficacy and personal initiative as precursors of entrepreneurial behavior. This paper analyzes the differences between the mean values of the variables before and after the implementation of the educational program and the influence or correlation between the variables. The main results are threefold: (i) the educational program implemented improves the mean values of the two variables analyzed; (ii) self-efficacy exerts a positive or direct influence on personal initiative, and (iii) the educational program improves or reinforces the positive influence of self-efficacy on personal initiative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Robertshaw, David Keith (2024): Lost in Categorisation? Employment Subsidies – Bringing the Beneficiaries Back In. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, S. 86-106. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000216

Abstract

"Employment subsidies are important active labor market policy (ALMP) tools, suited to a variety of labor market challenges. This paper engages with recent ALMP categorisation debates by appraising Cronert’s (2019) recent typology of employment subsidies. It uses empirical material to assess the typology’s explanatory power and produce insights to inform further typological development. The illustrative case of the British ‘ Wage Incentive’ (2012-2014) is used to assess the typology’s analytical purchase. Cronert’s typology helpfully identifies key distinctions in the distributional profiles of employment subsidies, but further understanding of the category is impeded by the practice of defining them as demand-side interventions. The paper argues for a reappraisal of their supply-side characteristics, maintaining that the (potential) worker should be included in the analysis, and that employment subsidies’ relationship with training and job creation should be acknowledged.It proposes a redefinition of employment subsidies reflecting their real-world use, and suggests a framework for further exploring varieties of employment subsidy design from the perspective of beneficiaries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schauer, Jennifer & Stephan Abele (2024): Heterogenität in der Ausbildungsreife nicht-studienberechtigter Schulabgänger:innen – eine latente Profilanalyse auf Basis des Nationalen Bildungspanels. In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 291-319. DOI:10.1007/s11618-023-01207-2

Abstract

"Mangelnde Ausbildungsreife wird häufig als Ursache erfolgloser Ausbildungssuche benannt – insbesondere bei Schulabgänger:innen mit max. Hauptschulabschluss (max. HSA). Damit sind beispielsweise Defizite in Lese- und Mathematikkompetenzen oder dem Arbeits- und Sozialverhalten gemeint. Ausprägungskonstellationen dieser Dimensionen von Ausbildungsreife wurden bisher nicht untersucht. In einer latenten Profilanalyse auf Basis der NEPS Startkohorte Klasse 9 explorierten wir Ausprägungsprofile schulischer Kompetenzen und psychologischer Leistungsmerkmale sowie verhaltens- und persönlichkeitsbezogener Merkmale (VP) bei nicht-studienberechtigten Schulabgänger:innen. Wir fanden fünf Profile, die unterschiedliche Konstellationen von Vor- und Nachteilen in diesen Merkmalen beschreiben: (1)  Leistungsstärkere mit relativ hoch ausgeprägten VP , (2)  Leistungsstärkere mit relativ gering ausgeprägten VP , (3)  Durchschnittlich Leistungsstarke mit relativ hoch ausgeprägten VP, (4)  Leistungsschwächere mit relativ hoch ausgeprägten VP und (5)  Leistungsschwächere mit relativ gering ausgeprägten VP. In allen Profilen waren Schulabgänger:innen mit max. HSA und Mittlerem Schulabschluss (MSA) vertreten. Die Anteile von Schulabgänger:innen mit max. HSA fielen unter den Leistungsschwächeren jedoch deutlich höher aus. In Regressionsanalysen prüften wir die prognostische Validität der Profile hinsichtlich der Wahrscheinlichkeit, nach Schulabgang in eine Berufsausbildung überzugehen. Wir fanden niedrigere Ausbildungswahrscheinlichkeiten bei leistungsstärkeren Schulabgänger:innen, die auf ihre Selbstselektion an berufsbildende Schulen zum Erwerb der Hochschulzugangsberechtigung hindeuteten. Außerdem fanden wir, dass Schulabgänger:innen mit MSA bei gleichem Ausprägungsprofil persistent höhere Ausbildungswahrscheinlichkeiten zeigten als jene mit max. HSA. Angesichts der Heterogenität der Bildungsgruppen gibt dies Anlass zur Kritik an institutionellen und betrieblichen Selektionslogiken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Siedler, Thomas, Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph, Agata Danuta Galkiewicz, Shushanik Margaryan, Frauke Peter & Malte Sandner (2024): War, International Spillovers, and Adolescents: Evidence from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine in 2022. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16921), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using novel longitudinal data, this paper studies the short- and medium-term effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 on social trust of adolescents in Germany. Comparing adolescents who responded to our survey shortly before the start of the war with those who responded shortly after the conflict began and applying difference-in-differences (DiD) models over time, we find a significant decline in the outcome after the war started. These findings provide new evidence on how armed conflicts influence social trust and well-being among young people in a country not directly involved in the war." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stuhldreier, Jens & Martina Lüking (2024): Handeln in Verantwortungsgemeinschaft beim Übergang Schule Beruf in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Kein Abschluss ohne Anschluss und Jugendberufsagenturen – Erfahrungen mit der Kooperation und Umsetzung. In: Denk-doch-Mal.de H. 2.

Abstract

"Jugendberufsagenturen: Das Zusammenspiel der Rechtskreise untereinander und in der Verantwortungsgemeinschaft Das Ziel der intensivierten rechtskreisübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit: nicht nur, aber vor allem junge Menschen mit Startschwierigkeiten und ohne Anschlussperspektive frühzeitiger zu erreichen und ihnen durch exakt auf ihre Bedarfe zugeschnittene und aufeinander abgestimmte Angebote die soziale und berufliche Integration zu erleichtern oder überhaupt erst zu ermöglichen. Verzahnt werden mit der Einrichtung von Jugendberufsagenturen die Förderangebote und Unterstützungsmaßnahmen der drei Kooperationspartner mit ihren jeweils unterschiedlichen Schwerpunkten. Damit aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Verantwortlichkeiten der Träger einer Jugendberufsagentur keine isolierten Einzelmaßnahmen geplant werden, ist eine enge Abstimmung über jeweils einzubringende Mittel für Maßnahmen und Aktivitäten bis hin zu gemeinsamen Angeboten erforderlich. Die verschiedenen Rechtskreise arbeiten also nicht mehr, wie in der Vergangenheit nicht selten der Fall, neben-, sondern verstärkt miteinander und in Kooperation mit den Kommunalen Koordinierungsstellen. Mit der Einrichtung einer Jugendberufsagentur ist jedoch weder die gesetzlich vorgegebene Trennung der Rechtskreise aufgehoben noch entsteht eine rechtlich selbstständige Institution, sie verfügt auch nicht über einen eigenen Haushalt oder eigenes Personal. Längst gibt es in Nordrhein-Westfalen eine Kooperationsvereinbarung zum Thema „Verknüpfung von Kein Abschluss ohne Anschluss mit den Jugendberufsagenturen“ zwischen der Landesregierung und der Regionaldirektion NRW der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen unterstützt den Aufbau von Jugendberufsagenturen auch deshalb, weil sie eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zur Landesinitiative „Kein Abschluss ohne Anschluss“ mit ihrem Ziel einer Systematisierung des Übergangs von der Schule in den Beruf sind. Eine Verzahnung der Angebote ist ein wesentlicher Erfolgsfaktor. Neben den Partnern der Rechtskreise SGB II (Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende), III (Arbeitsförderung), VIII (Kinder- und Jugendhilfe) und SGB IX (Rehabilitation und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen) sind die Kommunalen Koordinierungsstellen, die Schulen und alle weiteren Akteure wichtige Partner. Sie agieren gemeinsam in einer Verantwortungsgemeinschaft mit dem Ziel die Angebote so miteinander abzustimmen und zu verzahnen, um die individuellen Unterstützungsangebote für junge Menschen bedarfsorientiert und sinnvoll einzusetzen, damit ihnen ein bestmöglicher Einstieg in den Weg zu einer beruflichen Qualifikation gelingt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Vugt, Lynn van, Mark Levels & Rolf van der Velden (2024): The low skills trap: the failure of education and social policies in preventing low-literate young people from being long-term NEET. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 217-251. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2118036

Abstract

"This paper investigates to what extent the likelihood of young people being long-term NEET can be explained by low literacy skills, how this varies across advanced countries, and how this cross-national variation can be explained by education and social policies. We use PIAAC data and include macro-level indicators on education and social policies. We analyze the likelihood of being long-term NEET versus being in employment or in education/training among some 34,000 young people aged 20–30 from 25 countries. We find that low-literate young people are more likely to be long-term NEET. While NEET risks are associated with countries’ institutional characteristics, this does not mean that these characteristics and policies always work in favour of low-literate young people. Although high levels of (enabling) ALMP generally reduce the risk of being NEET, they do so less for low-literate young people. Additionally, young people living in social-democratic welfare states are less likely to be NEET, but low-literate young people seem to profit less from this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wrigley, Liam (2024): “With the Pandemic Everything Changes!”: Examining Welfare Reform and Conditionality Prior to and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Amongst NEET Experienced Young People. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 9-25. DOI:10.1007/s43151-023-00110-1

Abstract

"The purpose of this article is to critically explore pre-existing and continuing welfare conditionality of NEET (not in education, employment, or training) experienced young people in the UK. The article traces the policy history of NEET over the last 25 years, to demonstrate the enduring nature of benefit sanctioning that NEET experienced young people have faced throughout a decade of austerity, Brexit, and now the COVID-19 pandemic. The article engages with key narratives from 43 interviews of NEET experienced young people and youth work professionals, undertaken prior and during the pandemic. Overall, the article argues that government actors and policy makers alike have not gone far enough to support NEET experienced young people. The article found that more structural and institutional levels of support from central government are needed to meaningfully engage NEET experienced young people in their education, employment, and training trajectories throughout periods of crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Štefánik, Miroslav & Lukáš Lafférs (2024): Supporting the right workplace experience: a dynamic evaluation of three activation programmes for young job seekers in Slovakia. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00374-x

Abstract

"This paper investigates three alternative active labor market policy programs available to young job seekers in Slovakia who were registered in 2011. All of the programmes facilitate gaining work experience and share a comparable design; however, they differ mainly in the collected workplace experience and the composition of participants. Using administrative data, we first explore the selection into each program; second, we estimate the treatment effects on job seekers’ postparticipation absence from the registry of the unemployed. For this we argue that we have sufficiently rich data to control for selection into programs. We use a dynamic estimator and report the average treatment effects of participation in different periods between the sixth and fifteenth month after starting unemployment. For participation in earlier stages of unemployment, we confirm differences in the programmes impacts, with patterns described by previous literature; workplace experience collected in either the private sector or in a regular workplace appears to improve the chances of absence from registered unemployment of young job seekers relatively more than does participation in a public works type of program. When compared later in the unemployment spell, the between-programme differences level out. Despite its ambivalent average impact, the public works type of programme positively impacts specific subgroups of participants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

(2024): Berufsbildungsbericht 2024. (Berufsbildungsbericht ... / Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung), Bonn, 145 S.

Abstract

"Die berufliche Aus- und Weiterbildung bildet eine wesentliche Grundlage für Wirtschaftswachstum, Wohlstand und sozialen Zusammenhalt in Deutschland. Das deutsche Berufsbildungssystem mit seinen vielfältigen Ausbildungs- und Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten und Qualifikationsniveaus bietet breite Karriereperspektiven und garantiert eine hohe Beschäftigungsfähigkeit. Die tragende Rolle der Unternehmen, die enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Bund, Ländern und Sozialpartnern und die geringe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland sind Kennzeichen dieses Erfolgsmodells, das zu Recht eine immer stärkere internationale Anerkennung genießt. Der Berufsbildungsbericht bildet einmal im Jahr die aktuelle Situation auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt ab und dient der Öffentlichkeit als Diskussionsgrundlage zur beruflichen Bildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Adamecz, Anna (2023): Longer schooling with grade retention: The effects of increasing the school leaving age on dropping out and labour market success. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 97. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102487

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of increasing the compulsory school leaving age from 16 to 18 in Hungary using a difference-in-regression-discontinuities design empirical strategy. While the reform increased the length of schooling, it did not decrease the probability of dropping out of secondary school, either on average or among the most at-risk group of Roma ethnic minority students. Due to grade retentions, marginal students were older than their peers and couldn't have reached the final grade of secondary school by age 18 to earn a degree. The reform also did not affect the probability of employment, hours worked, wages and the probability of working in low-skilled occupations at ages 20 and 25. In education systems that allow grade retention, compulsory education should have the explicit goal of keeping students in school until they earn a secondary degree, rather than just until a certain age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Assmann, Marie-Luise (2023): Personalized Support in Youth Labor Market Policy. The Role of Youth Career Agencies. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 231 S.

Abstract

"In the face of increasing youth unemployment across Europe, innovative approaches to youth labor market policy are crucial. One such approach is the introduction of ‘one-stop shops’ for young people. Here, employment offices and other actors, such as youth social services, cooperate to offer young people coordinated advice from a single source. The impact of their introduction upon the young people that use them is, thus far, under-researched. This study begins to fill this gap by outlining the support approach of the German ‘youth career agencies’ that centers on gaining a more complete picture of the young person’s life situation in order to offer them a range of possible support programs. The study interrogates whether the youth career agencies do offer more personalized advice for young people during their transition to employment than classical job center teams. It argues that, if the cooperative relationships between the actors involved in the youth career agencies are of good quality, more personalized support is likely to be offered there. However, personalized support in youth career agencies is still limited by the diverse specifications and target figures demanded of job centers by the Federal Employment Agency and also influenced by the professional background of the individual caseworkers." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brozsely, Beverly & Darren Nixon (2023): Pinball transitions: exploring the school-to-work transitions of 'the missing middle'. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 26, H. 8, S. 980-995. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2058357

Abstract

"This paper responds to the call for more research on the ‘missing middle’ by reporting the findings of a small-scale qualitative longitudinal study in the North of England exploring the labour market transitions of young people completing compulsory schooling with mid-level qualifications and seeking employment. It found that participants desired training which aligned with their skills, interests and future work intentions. Participants were drawn to seek apprenticeships because they offered ‘earning and learning’ in a real-life work environment. However, for the vast majority, apprenticeships were not available, so they turned to college to articulate their choices and gain work-related training. Qualifications were gained in order to gain leverage in the job market and help them achieve ‘getting on’ work. However, often a period of ‘pinballing’ between their ambitions and the reality of the labour market ensued due to the lack of desirable quality work available. The majority of participants were still resisting ‘going nowhere’ work and making efforts to achieve ‘getting on’ work when interviewed, however, some had stopped making the effort and resigned themselves to on-going poor quality work. The process of biographicity was, for them, a reconciliation with on-going low-quality work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Buck, Pia (2023): Chance vertan: Die 'Ausbildungsgarantie' als Antwort auf Ausbildungsteilhabeförderung und Hebung von Fachkräftepotenzialen? In: Berufsbildung, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 32-35.

Abstract

"Das Ziel, berufliche Teilhabechancen "für Alle" anzubieten und auch der sich zuspitzende Fachkräfteengpass bringen u. a. den Übergangssektor und die steigende NEET-Quote in den Fokus bildungspolitischer Diskurse, in welchen in neuerer Zeit auch über eine Ausbildungsgarantie nachgedacht wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Cefalo, Ruggero & Rosario Scandurra (2023): What, for whom, and under what circumstances: Do activation policies increase youth employment in the EU? In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 4, S. 391-406. DOI:10.1177/09589287231199568

Abstract

"Activation measures have assumed a prominent role within policy perspectives aimed at increasing labour market participation to support welfare sustainability. Most comparative studies on active labour market policies (ALMPs) have been conducted at the national level, although several scholars recently stressed the need to consider more carefully the territorial dimension of social policies. This article addresses this research gap by providing quantitative estimates of the territorial effect of national ALMPs provision on youth employment in European regions. We find that regional contextual traits, which can present a variety of configurations, play a significant role in moderating the effects of ALMPs. Divergent outcomes per type and level of education also highlight the complexity of the landscape for ALMPs' design and implementation. Our analysis helps identify the institutional and contextual conditions that require evaluation when designing and implementing policies targeting young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dahl, Espen S. & Øystein Hernæs (2023): Making activation for young welfare recipients mandatory. In: Labour, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 96-121. DOI:10.1111/labr.12238

Abstract

"Activation policies to promote self-sufficiency among recipients of welfare and other types of benefits are becoming more common in many welfare states. We evaluate a law change in Norway making welfare receipt conditional on participation in an activation program for all welfare recipients below the age of 30. Analysing the program's staggered implementation across municipalities with several modern event study estimators, we estimate that the law change had quite precise 0-effects on benefit receipt, work and education. We also do not find any effects on the probability of being out of work or of being in employment, education or labour market programs. Qualitative evidence suggests that the zero effect may be due to the law change only impacting the participation of recipients with low expected gain from activation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Dohmen, Dieter (2023): Lieber Jobben als Ausbildung? 15- bis 24-Jährige zwischen Schule, Ausbildung & Co. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 78), Köln, 21 S.

Abstract

"Wie gehen Jugendliche mit schlechter werdenden Ausbildungschancen um? Eine detaillierte Analyse vorliegender Daten mit problematischen Befunden: Das Bildungsniveau sinkt, mehr Jugendliche jobben oder werden zu NEETUs (not in employment, education & training nor unemployed)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Faißt, Christian, Silke Hamann, Daniel Jahn & Rüdiger Wapler (2023): Junge Menschen ohne Berufsausbildung. Welches Fachkräftepotenzial verbirgt sich in dieser Gruppe? (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Baden-Württemberg 02/2023), Nürnberg, 42 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REBW.2302

Abstract

"In Baden-Württemberg haben zwischen 2013 und 2021 mehr als 236.000 junge Menschen zwischen 15 und 25 Jahren eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung aufgenommen, ohne über eine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung zu verfügen. Ausbildungslosigkeit kann sich für die jungen Menschen langfristig negativ bezüglich ihrer Arbeitsmarktbiografien auswirken und ist darüber hinaus auch deshalb überaus problematisch, weil in Baden-Württemberg Fachkräfte besonders knapp sind. Unter den jungen Menschen ohne Abschluss finden sich relativ viele Hauptschüler*innen (22 Prozent) und ausländische Beschäftigte (24 Prozent). Weniger als 1 Prozent der Ausländer*innen verfügen über einen nicht anerkannten Berufsabschluss. Zu den am häufigsten gewählten Berufen der männlichen Ungelernten gehören Verkehrs- und Logistikberufe, Maschinen- und Fahrzeugtechnikberufe, die Metallberufe und die Mechatronik-, Energie- und Elektroberufe. Für die weiblichen Ungelernten stehen Verkaufsberufe an oberster Stelle, gefolgt von den Sekretariatsberufen und den Verkehrs- und Logistikberufen. Die Zeitarbeitsbranche nimmt ebenfalls zunächst viele formal nicht qualifizierte Männer und Frauen auf. Von den 136.000 Personen, die zwischen 2013 und 2017 ohne berufliche Qualifizierung eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung begonnen haben, bleiben rund 50.000 auch langfristig ohne beruflichen Abschluss. Dies geht einher mit einer geringeren Beschäftigungsstabilität, einem niedrigeren Einkommen und selteneren beruflichen Aufstiegen verglichen mit denjenigen, die noch formale Qualifikationen erwerben. Das Risiko dauerhafter Ausbildungslosigkeit ist für zwei Typen von Erwerbsverläufen besonders kennzeichnend: für die nach Schulabschluss direkte Einmündung in sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung und in deren Verbleib sowie für die heterogenen Arbeitsmarktbiografien. Diese zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass auf längere Orientierungsphasen relativ selten Zeiten in Ausbildung folgen, sondern vielmehr deutlich häufiger Arbeitslosigkeit zu beobachten ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hardoy, Ines & Kristine von Simson (2023): Pressing the right button—labour market odds for youth with mental illness. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 36, H. 7-8, S. 592-607. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2023.2289952

Abstract

"Mental disorders threaten the chances of finishing secondary school and can hinder the school-to-work transitions of afflicted youths. Earlier onset depression predicts the chronicity, recurrence, and severity of episodes throughout life. Using rich, objective mental health data and a battery of variables covering personal and family characteristics, we investigate the impact of Norway’s vocational rehabilitation programs on youths aged 18–23 who are registered as unemployed. Our results indicate that the impact vary with mental health in adolescence, a variable often unavailable in such analyses. Separate analyses for age group 19–21 and 20–23 show that the younger ones with previous diagnosed mental disorders were likely to pursue further education after participating in programs providing work practice; those with no earlier diagnosed mental disorders were prone to pursue ordinary education after completing a training program. For the older age cohorts, aged 20–23, vocational rehabilitation programmes seem counterproductive, irrespective of program type and of whether they were diagnosed with mental health problems in adolescence or not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kalinowski, Michael & Harald Pfeifer (2023): Junge Menschen ohne Berufsabschluss – durch Stärkung der Ausbildungsbeteiligung zu mehr Fachkräften. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 12, S. 3-6.

Abstract

"Auswertungen des BIBB (Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung 2023, Kapitel A11) zeigen, dass die Zahl der jungen Erwachsenen ohne formalen Berufsabschluss im Alter von 20 bis unter 35 Jahren in den vergangenen Jahren angestiegen ist. Im Jahr 2021 waren dies 2,6 Mio. Personen und damit der höchste Wert seit mehr als 25 Jahren. Der Anteil junger Erwachsener ohne formalen Berufsabschluss an der gleichaltrigen Bevölkerung lag im Jahr 2021 bei 17,8 % (vgl. Abb. 1). Die Quote der nicht formal Qualifizierten (nfQ) ist auch ein wichtiger arbeitsmarktpolitischer Indikator. Personen ohne Berufsausbildung bzw. nicht formal Qualifizierte haben z.B. ein höheres Risiko der Arbeitslosigkeit, insbesondere der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2022a), und verdienen im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als Beschäftigte mit einem Berufsabschluss (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2022b). Letzteres erhöht auch das Risiko, am Ende des Erwerbslebens von Altersarmut betroffen zu sein." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Kunze, Astrid, Marta Palczyńska & Iga Magda (2023): The Employment Effects of a Wage Subsidy for the Young during an Economic Recovery. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16196), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates the employment effects of a large-scale wage subsidy programme for the young unemployed that was introduced in 2016, during a period of recovery in the Polish economy. The focus is on the question of whether the effects differed between men and women. The study employs a large population administrative data set from the unemployment register, and exploits for identification the fact that firms were only eligible to participate in the wage subsidy programme if the newly recruited worker was below age 30 and was previously unemployed. A challenge in this research is that before 2016, standard packages of active labour market programmes for all unemployed and specific programmes for unemployed below age 30 had been in place. Exploiting the long period and broad data coverage, we estimate the differential impact of the new programme using a difference-in-discontinuities design. The main finding is that over the medium term, the new wage subsidy programme was effective for low- and middle-skilled eligible young women, but not for men. We discuss the policy implications of such programmes targeting young unemployed people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Malo, Miguel Ángel, Chiara Mussida, Begona Cueto & Maurizio Baussola (2023): Being a NEET before and after the Great Recession: persistence by gender in Southern Europe. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 319-339. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwab043

Abstract

"This article adds to the scant literature on the time persistence of being a young Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) by including four main novelties: we distinguish short- and long-term persistence; we use estimations before (2004–2007) and after the Great Recession (2013–2016); we analyse four Southern European countries that are relatively similar and were significantly affected by the Great Recession (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain); and all analyses are disaggregated by gender. The descriptive analysis shows a convergence in NEET rates by gender in the four countries due to a worsening of the male NEET rate and no improvement among young females. The econometric estimations show that long-term persistence is smaller than short-term persistence and that the latter increased after the Great Recession, especially for male NEETs. Policy implications for the design of the Youth Guarantee and lessons from the coronavirus pandemic are also discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Muehlemann, Samuel (2023): Übergang von der Schule in die Berufs(bildungs)welt: Alles besser in der Schweiz? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 12, S. 24-27.

Abstract

"Sowohl in Deutschland als auch in der Schweiz ist der Anteil junger Erwachsener ohne Berufsabschluss seit dem Jahr 2017 relativ stabil geblieben (vgl. Abb. 1). Der Anteil der Personen ohne Berufsabschluss, die nicht die Schweizer oder die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit besitzen, ist zudem in beiden Ländern mehr als dreimal so hoch wie bei Personen mit der entsprechenden Staatsangehörigkeit. In Deutschland haben jedoch auch 10 % der Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit keinen Berufsabschluss, während dies für weniger als 4 % der Schweizer zutrifft." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mussida, Chiara & Dario Sciulli (2023): Being poor and being NEET in Europe: Are these two sides of the same coin? In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 463-482. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09561-7

Abstract

"We implement a dynamic bivariate probit model to explore the possible relation between at-risk-of-poverty and NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) in 21 European countries using 2016–2019 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions panel data. We identify genuine state dependence and account for possible feedback effects from past poverty to the NEET status. We also consider two alternative definitions of NEET, i.e. unemployed and inactive NEET and inactive NEET only. We find that both poverty and NEET are characterized by significant genuine state dependence. We also observe a vicious circle between the phenomena, especially when adopting the definition that includes unemployed and inactive NEETs. This suggests a leading role of unemployment in the detrimental effect of being NEET on poverty. We offer supplementary analyses and further insights on country heterogeneity by looking at the role of social protection expenditure. Finally, we stress that for young NEETS living outside of the family of origin, the NEET condition is not detrimental for poverty, conditional on the provision of adequate youth support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Odoardi, Iacopo, Dario D'Ingiullo & Davide Quaglione (2023): Gender disparities between young and adult NEETs: do we need a more refined policy approach? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 55, H. 56, S. 6685-6699. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2161991

Abstract

"Italy has the highest rate of individuals Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) in Europe, and its NEET has the highest gender bias in Western Europe. A marked heterogeneity, however, accompanies the age sub-groups, and women’s conditions become systematically worse with advancing age. Using data from 2019, we investigate the association between the probability of being NEET and a set of individual and regional (socioeconomic and institutional) characteristics, examining whether and to what extent the role of these determinants varies depending on gender within two distinct age groups: young (15-24) and adult (25-34) NEETs. In general, we find clear evidence that women are at a relative disadvantage compared to men and, as age increases, both positive and negative determinants show relations that tend to weaken for men and to worsen for women. The results of our analyses also suggest that social/family obligations affect men and women differently, to the detriment of women, and that this disparity widens with age. The contrast between the position of men and women within marriage is empirically confirmed and perfectly captured by marginal effects with opposite signs. The policy implications of our analysis are discussed in the concluding section of this paper." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Oeynhausen, Stephanie, Alexander Christ, Eric Schuß, Bettina Milde & Ralf-Olaf Granath (2023): Die Entwicklung des Ausbildungsmarktes im Jahr 2023. Analysen auf Basis der BIBB-Erhebung über neu abgeschlossene Ausbildungsverträge und der Ausbildungsmarktstatistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit zum Stichtag 30. September. (BIBB-Preprint), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"Die Zahl neu abgeschlossener Ausbildungsverträge ist im Berichtsjahr 2023 erneut gestiegen. Bundesweit wurden 489.200 Ausbildungsverträge neu abgeschlossen, das entspricht einem Plus von 3,0 % (+14.000) im Vergleich zur Vorjahreserhebung. Insgesamt liegt die Zahl der neu abgeschlossenen Ausbildungsverträge jedoch weiterhin deutlich unter dem Niveau von 2019 vor Ausbruch der Coronapandemie (-35.900 Verträge bzw. -6,8 %). Nach Rückgängen in den Vorjahren stieg die Nachfrage der Jugendlichen nach Ausbildung um 17.300 auf 552.900 (+3,2 %). Auch das Angebot an dualen Berufsausbildungsstellen nahm in vergleichbarem Umfang zu (+18.600 bzw. +3,4 %) und lag nun bei 562.600. Damit übertraf das Angebot zum zweiten Mal in Folge die Nachfrage der Jugendlichen. Allerdings nahmen auch die Schwierigkeiten zu, das Ausbildungsangebot der Betriebe und die Nachfrage der Jugendlichen zusammenzuführen. Sowohl der Anteil der unbesetzten Ausbildungsstellen als auch der Anteil der erfolglos suchenden Ausbildungsplatznachfrager ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahr leicht angestiegen. Bundesweit blieben 2023 73.400 Ausbildungsstellen unbesetzt, das sind 13,4 % des betrieblichen Angebots – ein neuer Höchstwert. Gleichzeitig hatten 63.700 junge Menschen zum Bilanzierungsstichtag 30. September 2023 noch keinen Ausbildungsplatz gefunden und hielten deshalb ihren Vermittlungswunsch weiterhin aufrecht. 11,5 % der Ausbildungsplatznachfrage blieb damit erfolglos." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku))

Zitatform

Pastore, Francesco (2023): Covid-19 and the youth-to-adult unemployment gap. Is the youth labor market bearing the brunt of the pandemic? (IZA world of labor 500), Bonn, 13 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.500

Abstract

"Die Pandemie hat fast überall dramatische Folgen in Form von Arbeitsplatzverlusten und Firmenschließungen hervorgerufen. Empirische Belege deuten darauf hin, dass junge Menschen davon weit stärker betroffen waren, mit nur geringen systematischen Unterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern. Der Hauptgrund dafür ist, dass junge Menschen in den am stärksten von der Pandemie betroffenen Sektoren hauptsächlich über Zeitverträge beschäftigt sind. Politisch ist deshalb die Schaffung eines nachhaltigen und stabilen Wirtschaftswachstums wichtig, damit die Märkte die pandemiebedingt hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wieder auffangen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Smedsvik, Bård & Roberto Iacono (2023): (In)visible Sanctions: Micro-level Evidence on Compulsory Activation for Young Welfare Recipients. In: Journal of Social Policy, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1017/S0047279423000338

Abstract

"Since the early years of activation and workfare in the 1990s, the use of welfare conditionality and benefit sanctions has been proposed among the necessary solutions to ensure the efficiency of welfare policy by reinforcing individual economic incentives. Using rich administrative registers from Norway, we produce micro-level quantitative evidence on compulsory activation for young recipients of social assistance. The empirical challenge is that activation through the threat of benefit sanctions is not a feature that unambiguously emerges from observational data, except for when sanctions indeed take place and benefits are reduced. To overcome this barrier, we introduce a novel methodology to identify individual-level effects of activation on young welfare recipients, exploiting municipal variation in the introduction of compulsory activation. More precisely, we study whether individuals who are residents in municipalities that have introduced compulsory activation display a stronger relationship between their labor market status (activation) and their benefit size (because sanctions being in place) compared to individuals residing in municipalities where activation has not been made compulsory. Our results show that there is no different relationship between social assistance benefits and passive labor market status for individuals living in municipalities that practice activation compared with individuals residing in municipalities in which activation is not yet mandatory. In other words, there is no visible effect of sanctions for passive recipients." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Välimäki, Vesa, Sanna Aaltonen & Päivi Honkatukia (2023): A need to be recognised: On the importance of shared semantics for young adults while not in education or employment. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 66, H. 4, S. 421-434. DOI:10.1177/00016993221145350

Abstract

"Young adults who are not in education or work are often depicted as deviating from the norm of gainful employment that is still widely shared across the Nordic countries. While it has been argued that young adults feel that they are being blamed for their NEET situation, this article seeks to identify the variety of interpretations they have of their situation and what kind of explanations can be proposed for the differences. Theoretically, perspectives from Axel Honneth's recognition theory are combined with Thomas Scheff's sociological work on shame to discuss the variations in the sentiments of young adults. Based on this framework, the article illuminates how young adults use the shared semantics available within their immediate circles to enable them to feel worthy of recognition despite their depicted deviation from the norm of gainful employment. Additionally, the article contributes to sociological debates on Honneth's recognition theory – especially its ambiguous concept of shared semantics – by making sense of the role of communities and institutions as providers of shared semantics. The findings are based on an abductive analysis of 35 in-depth interviews with young Finnish adults aged 18–29 who have been or are currently outside of education or employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2023): Situation am Ausbildungsmarkt 2022/23. Zunehmende Passungsprobleme bei stabiler Gesamtlage. (Berichte: Arbeitsmarkt kompakt / Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Nürnberg, 30 S.

Abstract

"Die seit Jahren rückläufige Entwicklung bei der Zahl der gemeldeten Bewerberinnen und Bewerber ist 2022/23 zum Halten gekommen. Gleichzeitig wurden in etwa so viele betriebliche Ausbildungsstellen gemeldet wie im Vorjahreszeitraum. Insgesamt standen 422.000 gemeldete Bewerberinnen und Bewerber 529.000 gemeldeten betrieblichen Ausbildungsstellen gegenüber. Damit waren über 100.000 mehr betriebliche Ausbildungsstellen als Bewerberinnen und Bewerber gemeldet. Auf 100 gemeldete betriebliche Ausbildungsstellen kamen rechnerisch – ebenso wie im Vorjahr – 80 gemeldete Bewerberinnen und Bewerber. Am 30. September 2023 waren 26.000 Bewerberinnen und Bewerber unversorgt. Trotz der aus Bewerbersicht günstigen Marktsituation ist die Zahl höher als im Vorjahr (+4.000). Zusätzlich suchten 37.000 Bewerberinnen und Bewerber, die auf eine Alternative ausgewichen waren, weiterhin eine Ausbildungsstelle. Die Zahl der unbesetzten Ausbildungsstellen stieg um 5.000 auf 73.000. Dies zeigt an, dass Besetzungsprobleme weiter zugenommen haben. Besonders schwer fiel dabei die Besetzung von Ausbildungsstellen in Lebensmittelberufen, in der Orthopädie- und Rehatechnik, in Bau- und baunahen Berufen, in der Fahrzeugführung, in Metallberufen oder auch in Hotel- und Gaststättenberufen. Der Ausgleich am Ausbildungsmarkt wird seit Jahren durch erhebliche regionale, berufsfachliche und qualifikatorische Disparitäten erschwert. Die Tatsache, dass sich die Zahlen sowohl der unversorgten Bewerberinnen und Bewerber als auch der unbesetzten Ausbildungsstellen erhöht haben, kann als Hinweis gewertet werden, dass die Passungsprobleme zugenommen haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2023): Instrumente des SGB III und des SGB II zur Unterstützung junger Menschen bei der Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt. (Sachstand / Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste WD 6 - 3000 - 070/23), Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"Die Integration junger Menschen in den Arbeitsmarkt stellt vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und des zunehmenden Fachkräftemangels eine wichtige staatliche Aufgabe dar. Von zentraler Bedeutung sind dabei die Förderungsmaßnahmen nach dem Dritten Buch Sozialgesetzbuch - Arbeitsförderung (SGB III) und dem Zweiten Buch Sozialgesetzbuch – Bürgergeld, Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende (SGB II). Das SGB III sieht unter anderem Maßnahmen zur Berufsorientierung, zur Aus- und Weiterbildung sowie zur Unterstützung bei der Arbeitsplatzsuche vor. Hierbei werden junge Menschen am Übergang von der Schule ins Berufsleben gezielt gefördert, um ihre Qualifikationen und Fähigkeiten zu entwickeln und ihre Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zu verbessern. Viele dieser Leistungen stehen auch Beziehern von Leistungen der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende nach dem SGB II zur Verfügung, das SGB II bietet jedoch auch eigene Maßnahmen zur Aktivierung und beruflichen Eingliederung, von denen sich einige auch speziell an junge Menschen richten. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen knappen Überblick über die nach dem SGB III und dem SGB II bestehenden Fördermöglichkeiten geben. Die Darstellung beschränkt sich im Wesentlichen auf die Instrumente und Leistungen, die sich explizit an junge Menschen richten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Achatz, Juliane, Kerstin Jahn & Brigitte Schels (2022): On the non-standard routes: vocational training measures in the school-to-work transitions of lower-qualified youth in Germany. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 74, H. 2, S. 289-310., 2020-04-21. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2020.1760335

Abstract

"This study explores school-to-work transitions in Germany, aiming to achieve a richer understanding of the complexity of labour market entry trajectories while focusing on transition measures. The term transition measures refers to additional training courses that complement the regular vocational education and training system of firm-based or school-based qualification routes. The contribution of supplementary training measures to the school-to-work transitions of young adults is a controversial issue. While programmes aim to ease the transitions of low-skilled youth in the training and labour market, critics point to the risks of long-term subsidised careers or fragmented employment trajectories in subsequent years. By applying sequence analysis to administrative data of the Federal Employment Agency, individual trajectories of a cohort of school leavers with an at-most intermediate school-leaving certificate are analysed for the period 2008 to 2014. The results show a complex picture of ten distinct school-to-work transition patterns. Youth passing through transition measures tend to experience a less continuous but still purposeful transition pathway. We also identify a small number of youth experiencing at-risk trajectories characterised by a highly discontinuous transition process, which points to sustained detachment from the training and labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albanese, Andrea, Bart Cockx & Muriel Dejemeppe (2022): Long-Term Effects of Hiring Subsidies for Unemployed Youths - Beware of Spillovers. (CESifo working paper 9972), München, 107 S.

Abstract

"We use (donut) regression discontinuity design and difference-in-differences estimators to estimate the impact of a one-shot hiring subsidy targeted at low-educated unemployed youths during the Great Recession recovery in Belgium. The subsidy increases job-finding in the private sector by 10 percentage points within one year of unemployment. Six years later, high school graduates accumulated 2.8 quarters more private employment. However, because they substitute private for public and self-employment, overall employment does not increase but is still better paid. For high school dropouts, no persistent gains emerge. Moreover, the neighboring attraction pole of Luxembourg induces a complete deadweight near the border." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Avagianou, Athina, Nikos Kapitsinis, Ioannis Papageorgiou, Anne Hege Strand & Stelios Gialis (2022): Being NEET in Youthspaces of the EU South: A Post-recession Regional Perspective. In: Young, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 425-454. DOI:10.1177/11033088221086365

Abstract

"Youth unemployment and precarity have been expanding in the aftermath of the recent global recession. This article offers a theoretically informed empirical examination of the spatio-temporally uneven expansion of young people “Not in Employment, Education or Training” (NEETs) between 2008 and 2018 in the European Union (EU) South, namely in Italy, Spain, Greece and Cyprus. This article contributes to the growing literature on youth inactivity and marginalization, by focusing on the spatial, rather than just the temporal dimension of youth which marks most relevant studies. The analysis engages with the concept of “youthspaces” to critically analyse the economic, social and political spatialities that determine the dynamic relationship between youth and the labour market, and discuss the persistently high NEET rate in the EU South. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we highlight that gender, class, education and economic growth are key socio-spatial factors that determine the geographically uneven expansion of NEETs across the study regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cammeraat, Emile, Egbert Jongen & Pierre Koning (2022): Preventing NEETs during the Great Recession. The effects of a mandatory activation program for young welfare recipients. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 749-777. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02018-2

Abstract

"We study the impact of mandatory activation programs for young welfare recipients in the Netherlands. What makes this reform unique is that it clashed head on with the Great Recession. We use differences-in-differences and data for the period 1999–2012 to estimate the effects of this reform. We find that the reform reduced the number of welfare recipients but had no effect on the number of NEETs (individuals not in employment, education or training). The absence of employment effects contrasts with previous studies on the impact of mandatory activation programs, which we argue is due to the reform taking place during a severe economic recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Deng, Zechuan, Rubab Arim, Golo Henseke, Ingrid Schoon, Hans Dietrich, Aisling Murray, Emer Smyth & Véronique Dupéré (2022): Youth unemployment in Canada, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom in times of COVID-19. In: Economic and Social Reports / Statistics Canada, Jg. 2, H. 3, S. 1-6., 2022-02-25. DOI:10.25318/36280001202200300003-eng

Abstract

"Youth unemployment recovering during the COVID-19 pandemic. Very few countries managed to avoid a hit to their economy or young people's employment in the wake of COVID-19. The article "Youth unemployment in Canada, Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom in times of COVID-19" shows that unemployment levels rose for workers in their mid-teens to mid-twenties in Canada, Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom during the early days of the pandemic, reaching peak levels in the summer of 2020. One year later, in the summer of 2021, youth unemployment rates in all four countries largely recovered, although they all recorded slightly higher numbers than in 2019, before the pandemic. These findings are from a collaboration between Statistics Canada and three institutes in Europe on the COVID-19: Youth economic activity and health monitor project." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eppel, Rainer & Helmut Mahringer (2022): The Effects of More Intensive Counselling for Disadvantaged Unemployed Youth. (WIFO working papers 652), Wien, 36 S.

Abstract

"Many European countries are facing the key challenge of integrating low-skilled jobless young people into the labour market. From 2018 to 2020, the Public Employment Service (PES) in Vienna tested a new model of intensified support ("case management"). The target group consisted of young unemployed persons with low formal qualifications who were drawing on social assistance. Based on the pilot project and a propensity matching approach, we show that the increase in staff significantly increased the intensity of the counselling. It led to an increase in job proposals and active labour market programme participation, as well as sanctions in the form of benefit suspensions for failure to keep PES appointments. In line with the goal, more of the young people were encouraged to take part in training and further education instead of being quickly placed in an unskilled job. However, in the three-year follow-up period, the intensified counselling did not (yet) have a significant effect on the overall extent of integration into employment. Regarding post-unemployment job quality, we find no effects on wages at the start of a job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2022): Young People between Education and the Labour Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 43, H. 7, S. 1719-1757. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2021-0352

Abstract

"Purpose: The aim is to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the careers of different groups of young individuals, based on transition probabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The authors analyse the evolution of individual shares and flows between different types of employment (self-employment, temporary, and permanent), unemployment, education, and other types of inactivity of individuals aged 20–29 in Italy. Findings: The authors find that the pandemic worsened an already concerning situation of higher inactivity rates, compared to other EU countries. In quarters III and IV of 2020, mainly females and non-Italian citizens were less in (permanent and temporary) employment and more in the NLFET (neither in the labour force nor in education or training) state compared to the same quarters one year before. The authors also find evidence of a temporary but not persistent return to education among 20–24 years old individuals, particularly females. These changes are suggestive of a prolongation of the time needed to achieve temporary and permanent employment, mostly for females and non-Italian citizens. Originality/value: The contribution lies in the provision of a rigorous estimation and analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the careers of young individuals in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Filomena, Mattia, Isabella Giorgetti & Matteo Picchio (2022): Off to a Bad Start: Youth Nonemployment and Labor Market Outcomes Later in Life. (IZA discussion paper 15366), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of nonemployment experienced by Italian youth after leaving secondary school on subsequent labor market outcomes. We focus on the impact on earnings and labor market participation both in the short- and in the long-term, up to 25 years since school completion. By estimating a factor analytic model which controls for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is especially persistent, being sizeable and statistically significant up to 25 years after school completion, for both men and women. Penalties in terms of participation last instead shorter; they disappear by the 10th year after school completion. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Forsythe, Eliza (2022): Why Don't Firms Hire Young Workers During Recessions? In: The Economic Journal, Jg. 132, H. 645, S. 1765-1789. DOI:10.1093/ej/ueab096

Abstract

"Recessions are known to be particularly damaging to young workers' employment outcomes. I find that during recessions the hiring rate falls faster for young workers than for more experienced workers. I show that this cannot be explained by the composition of jobs or workers' labour supply decisions, and I conclude that firms preferentially hire experienced workers during periods of high unemployment. I develop a new model of cyclical upgrading that relaxes the classic assumptions of exogenous firm size and rigid wages. I show that this model predicts larger log wage decreases during recessions for young workers than for experienced workers, a prediction that is supported by the data. I conclude that policymakers should consider extending unemployment insurance coverage during recessions to new labour market entrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Freiling, Thomas & Ralph Conrads (2022): Die Assistierte Ausbildung als Dienstleistungsangebot für Ausbildungsbetriebe zur Verbesserung der Fachkräftesituation. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 71, H. 11, S. 815-839. DOI:10.3790/sfo.71.11.815

Abstract

"Die „Assistierte Ausbildung (AsA)“ ist ein Instrument der Arbeitsförderung (SGB Teil III) zwecks Förderung junger Auszubildender bei der Anbahnung und Durchführung eines regulären Ausbildungsverhältnisses. Es erfährt nach einer Erprobungsphase seit 2015 eine Neuregulierung ab 2021.Die Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit untersuchte 2017 – 2019 Wirkung und Zielerreichung der AsA mit einer mehrstufigen qualitativen Evaluationsstudie. Im Beitrag wird der Perspektive von 29 befragten Ausbildungsbetrieben mit AsA-Erfahrungen nachgegangen, um betriebliche Integrationserfolge, aber auch berichtete Umsetzungshürden aufzuzeigen. Zudem wird erörtert, welche konkreten Unterstützungsleistungen von Betrieben als hilfreich erachtet werden und inwieweit die AsA einen Integrationsanreiz zur Ausbildung leistungsschwächerer Jugendlicher setzt. Zum Schluss erfolgen Handlungsempfehlungen bezüglich Flexibilisierung, Freistellungsanreizen und Erhöhung des Bekanntheitsgrades sowie ein Ausblick auf die neu gestaltete „AsA flex“ ." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hippe, Ralph & Maciej Jakubowski (2022): Expected early leaving among native and migrant students: evidence from PISA for EU Member States. (CEDEFOP working paper series / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 2022,16), Thessaloniki, 49 S. DOI:10.2801/589250

Abstract

"Early leavers from education and training become generally disadvantaged socially and economically in later stages in life, so it is important to understand better the motivations for early leaving and provide adequate policy solutions. This study analyses the factors that are most strongly related to the likelihood of leaving education and training early. It places special attention on migrant status, given the recent migration waves within and outside Europe, which are further exacerbated by the continuing war in Ukraine. To this end, we use the OECD most recent PISA data for 2015 and 2018 in a number of two-level logit regression models, including student- and school-level variables. The results show that migrant students do not differ structurally from EU natives in their likelihood of expected early leaving, implying that it is more important to focus on common factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jongbloed, Janine & Jean-François Giret (2022): Quality of life of NEET youth in comparative perspective: subjective well-being during the transition to adulthood. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 321-343. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1869196

Abstract

"In this study, we examine the self-reported subjective well-being (SWB) of youth who are ‘not in employment, education or training’ (NEET) across 24 countries in Europe. Theorizing from a youth transition regimes perspective focusing on the varying levels of social protection available to youth as well as social norms regarding the transition to adulthood, we attempt to understand the psychological outcomes associated with youth NEET statuses across country contexts. Using European Social Survey (ESS) data, we compare not only the SWB of NEET individuals with that of non-NEET youth, but also how it differs amongst specific NEET sub-categories. We hypothesize that the well-being of NEET youth will be highest where more comprehensive social protections are available, but that inequalities in well-being between NEET and non-NEET groups will be minimized in contexts where prolonged school-to-work transitions to adulthood are the social norm. We find that overall levels of well-being differ systematically amongst countries for both NEET and non-NEET groups, being highest in the Nordic countries. However, when examining relative scores that take into account the distribution of well-being within each country, we discover that inequalities between NEET sub-categories are also the most pronounced in these ‘universalistic’ contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Knize, Veronika, Markus Wolf, Cordula Zabel & Tamara Pongratz (2022): Aktive Arbeitsmarktpolitik für junge Erwachsene in der Grundsicherung: Die Beschäftigungswirkung unterscheidet sich je nach Instrument deutlich (Serie "Evaluation von Instrumenten der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik"). In: IAB-Forum H. 15.12.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-12-12. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20221215.01

Abstract

"Arbeitslosigkeit im frühen Erwerbsleben kann sich langfristig negativ auf die Erwerbschancen im weiteren Lebensverlauf auswirken. Umso wichtiger ist es, arbeitslose junge Erwachsene bei der Verbesserung ihrer Erwerbschancen zu unterstützen, etwa mit Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dabei haben sich insbesondere kurze betriebliche Trainingsmaßnahmen als sehr effektiv erwiesen, während Ein-Euro-Jobs die Chancen auf reguläre Beschäftigung eher schmälern als verbessern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2022): Ist diese Krise anders? Wie sich die Corona-Krise auf die wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation von Jugendlichen in Europa auswirkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.01.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-01-18. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220120.01

Abstract

"Wirtschaftliche Einbrüche haben für junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt allgemein schwerwiegendere Folgen als für andere Altersgruppen. Wie wirkt sich die Covid-19-Krise diesbezüglich im Vergleich mit der globalen Finanzkrise vor einem Jahrzehnt aus? Ein genauer Blick auch auf andere europäische Länder liefert hier interessante Einblicke." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Martínez-García, Miguel Á. & Angeles Cámara (2022): Impact of an Economic Crisis on Youth Employment: Evidence from 2008 Financial Crisis in Spain. In: Economics, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 276-287. DOI:10.1515/econ-2022-0033

Abstract

"This article addresses the impact that the previous economic crisis had on Spanish economy, focusing on the effects on employment. Therefore, the data on the employed population drawn from the economically active population surveys are broken down by age groups, to analyse the 2008 financial crisis. The model created makes it possible to quantify the losses in production and employment in all sectors, highlighting construction, manufacturing, real estate, and professional and administrative activities as the most affected sectors due to the fall in youth employment. The results obtained allow different employment policies to be focused on sectors most affected by the economic crisis and show that crises do not equally affect all works, because younger workers have suffered disproportional job losses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mühlböck, Monika, Fabian Kalleitner, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Scarring Dreams? Young People's Vocational Aspirations and Expectations During and After Unemployment. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 252-264. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5162

Abstract

"Young people's early‐career unemployment experience has been found to have long‐lasting effects, resulting in lower earnings even decades later. However, while this so‐called “scarring effect” is well established, there is still little knowledge about the mechanisms through which it comes about. We take a closer look at the period that produces the wounds that later turn to scars. Drawing on a panel survey in which young adults in Austria were interviewed once at the beginning of an unemployment period and again one year later, we study how job aspirations and expectations changed during this period. We find that respondents on average lowered their aspirations and expectations over time, particularly those who experienced latent deprivation during unemployment. Furthermore, while the aspirations and expectations of those who were unemployed at the time of the second interview remained relatively unchanged, those who were employed lowered their expectations and to some extent also their aspirations. Our results suggest that research should pay more attention to the heterogenous effects of early‐career unemployment: It produces scarred dreams for some while others manage to keep their aspirations and expectations alive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mühlböck, Monika, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Learning to keep the faith? Further education and perceived employability among young unemployed. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 705-725. DOI:10.1177/0143831X20944211

Abstract

"To keep up job search motivation and maintain re-employment chances, it is important that unemployed individuals do not stop believing in their ability to (re)gain satisfying employment. This article examines whether further education during unemployment has a positive effect on perceived employability (i.e. the subjective assessment of one's chances to obtain the desired job), based on a panel survey of unemployed young adults in Austria. The article finds that educational activities - either on own initiative or as part of an active labor market program - indeed help to sustain or even increase perceived employability. However, only for long-term programs do the effects persist beyond the duration of the activity. This study thus identifies substantial psychological side effects of active labor market policies involving further education, which could be used to increase actual employability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mühlböck, Monika, Fabian Kalleitner, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Information, reflection, and successful job search. A labor market policy experiment. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 48-72. DOI:10.1111/spol.12754

Abstract

"Jobseekers, especially young people with little experience on the job market, face several challenges. They need to know which jobs are suited for them, where to find them, how to apply, and they need resilience in the face of repeated rejections. Previous research has shown that receiving information and reflecting on how to search for a job enhance self-efficacy and search motivation, thereby reducing the duration of unemployment spells. Following up on these results, we conducted an experiment in cooperation with the Austrian Ministry of Social Affairs which combines an “information nudge” in the form of a short video-clip with what we call “reflection nudge” in the form of an online survey. We find that a treatment combining reflection and information reduces job search duration of young unemployed people with a low level of formal education. Considering the low costs of the intervention, efficiency is very high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pennoni, Fulvia & Beata Bal-Domańska (2022): NEETs and Youth Unemployment. A Longitudinal Comparison Across European Countries. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 162, H. 2, S. 739-761. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02813-5

Abstract

"Young people’s place in the labor market has been a topic of interest to the European Union and national governments for many years. This study analyzes young people who are Not in Employment nor in Education or Training (NEET) and Youth Unemployment (YU) in the European Union member states, through data collected over a period of sixteen years, considering the influence of some macroeconomic factors through an hidden Markov model. This approach is based on maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters, and provides a dynamic classification of the countries into clusters representing different levels of the phenomena. We discover three clusters of countries, and we show that whereas Italy was the worst performing country in terms of both NEETs and YU, the Czech Republic was the best performing country in reducing NEETs, and Poland and Slovakia were the best performing in reducing YU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pompili, Marco, Jochen Kluve, Jonas Jessen, Johannes Seebauer, Ginevra Gallassi & Eleonora Peruccacci (2022): Meta-analysis of the ESF counterfactual impact evaluations. Final Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 102 S. DOI:10.2767/580759

Abstract

"The study’s objective is to conduct a meta-analysis of the available ESF and YEI counterfactual impact evaluations (CIEs) implemented in the 27 Member States of the EU and the UK during the 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 programming periods. The meta-analysis aims at finding systematic evidence of the effectiveness and sustainability of ESF and YEI operations. Three ESF thematic objectives (TOs) are covered, namely TO8 (Employment), TO9 (Social inclusion), and TO10 (Education and training). Importantly, this is the first study focusing exclusively on ESF/YEI interventions. The study comprises CIEs analysing effects in terms of employment and education outcomes, while it does not cover social inclusion outcomes. The results emerging from the analysis will feed the ex-post evaluation of the 2014-2020 ESF and YEI programmes. The methodology adopted can be summarized as follows. As a first step, the evaluation team identified a set of primary studies to be coded: the initial sample of CIEs was identified relying on the reports collected in the COM evaluation library and complemented with other sources, totalling 138 potential ESF/YEI CIEs. In the coding phase, CIEs were included in the meta-database if they fulfilled the following minimum criteria: clearly distinguishable treatment and control groups in the CIE report; application of some version of a (quasi-) experimental method to account for potential selection bias and time trends; use of quantitative and objective outcome(s) to measure program effectiveness, which can be compared across a larger number of studies and settings; a clear and transparent indication of the direction of the effect. The final meta-database includes variables structured into four parts: study characteristics, intervention characteristics, variables related to the empirical analysis, and other additional variables relevant to the analysis. Of the 138 CIEs in the initial sample, 94 CIEs were eventually included in the meta-database, providing a total of 882 estimates on program effectiveness, all analysing ESF/YEI intervention impacts on participants’ employment outcomes. For these 94 evaluations, a quantitative meta-analysis was carried out. 19 CIEs, exclusively or partly analyzing education outcomes, could not be coded due to the low number of primary studies and estimates available and the heterogeneity of the outcome variables used. A narrative approach was carried out for the latter to synthesize their characteristics and findings. It is important to stress that most of the evaluations analyzed in this report are related to interventions which were implemented before 2020, thus assessing interventions which were not influenced by the pandemic. The spread of Covid-19 gave rise to several new needs and rapidly changed the socio-economic contexts of countries worldwide. For this reason, the results presented in this report and the effectiveness of the support analyzed might change in the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Psifidou, Irene, Nikolaos Mouratoglou, Alexandra Farazouli & Cynthia Harrison (2022): Minimising early leaving from vocational education and training in Europe. Career guidance and counselling as auxiliary levers. (CEDEFOP working paper series / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 2022,11), Thessaloniki, 40 S. DOI:10.2801/75320

Abstract

"Career guidance and counselling are key features of comprehensive strategies aiming to reduce early leaving from education and training. They may assist students, not only in terms of decision-making but also in managing their transitions within education and training pathways or from education to employment. Minimising the risks of either insufficient information or unrealistic expectations, career guidance and counselling may support learners in making informed decisions based on their interests, talents, and future job aspirations, as well as preventing dropout and early leaving. For those who have left education and training early, career guidance and counselling may assist them to return to, and qualify in, upper secondary education. This paper examines how national policies and practices in career guidance and counselling in EU Member States may support learners at risk and early leavers from education and training. It identifies common patterns and existing information gaps, and sets out future prospects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ralston, Kevin, Dawn Everington, Zhiqiang Feng & Chris Dibben (2022): Economic Inactivity, Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and Scarring: The Importance of NEET as a Marker of Long-Term Disadvantage. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 59-79. DOI:10.1177/0950017020973882

Abstract

"The category of not in employment, education or training (NEET) refers to young people who are recorded as neither in paid employment nor formal education either at one time point, or for a continuous period. This article assesses levels of employment scarring for those aged 36–39, at Census 2011 (prime employment years) who were recorded as NEET when aged 16–19 at Census 1991 in Scotland. Outcomes are compared for those who moved from NEET into economic activity and by gender. We find evidence that NEET status leads to long-term scarring associated with economic inactivity and unemployment and that this is only partially offset for those who moved from NEET in 1991 to be economically active in 2001. The results also highlight gendering of NEET outcomes. NEET may be a category borne of administrative convenience, rather than sociological consistency but, as intended, it captures a group who experience disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Simionescu, Mihaela & Javier Cifuentes-Faura (2022): Forecasting National and Regional Youth Unemployment in Spain Using Google Trends. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 164, H. 3, S. 1187-1216. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-02984-9

Abstract

"In Spain, the youth unemployment rate is one of the highest in the European Union. With the pandemic caused by Covid-19, young people face high unemployment rates and are more vulnerable to a decrease in labour demand. This paper analyses and predicts youth unemployment using Google Trends indices in Spain for the period between the first quarter of 2004 and the second quarter of 2021, being the first work to carry out this study for Spain and the first to use the regional approach for the country. Vector autoregressive Bayesian models and vector error correction models have been used for national data, and Bayesian panel data models and fixed effects model for regional data. The results confirm that forecasts based on Google Trends data are more accurate in predicting the youth unemployment rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tamesberger, Dennis (2022): Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Krise auf Jugendliche am Arbeitsmarkt in den EU-27. In: L. Bellmann & W. Matiaske (Hrsg.) (2022): Sozio-Ökonomik der Corona-Krise, S. 111-136.

Abstract

"Mit einer deskriptiven Datenanalyse des Zeitraums zwischen dem ersten Quartal 2020 und dem ersten Quartal 2021 werden die EU-27-Länder je nach Betroffenheit von wirtschaftlicher Rezession in drei unterschiedliche Gruppen unterteilt. Gezeigt wurde, dass die Gruppe der Länder, die den stärksten BIP-Einbruch verzeichneten, gleichzeitig sehr schwierige institutionelle Rahmendbedingungen vorfand. In der zweiten Gruppe, die mittelstark betroffen war, konnten Länder mit dualem Ausbildungssystem die Vulnerabilität der Jugendlichen eindämmen, und die dritte Gruppe mit mäßigem bis keinem Einbruch des BIP zeigt ein recht diverses Bild. Auf supranationaler Ebene konnte festgestellt werden, dass Jugendliche im Alter von 15-19 Jahren eher von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen sind als junge Erwachsene, darunter waren es vorwiegend junge Frauen und Migran*innen, die von der Krise in die Arbeitslosigkeit gedrängt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Trans-European mobility has been at the core of EU education policy since the introduction of mobility programs in the 1980s when the Erasmus and Youth for Europe programmes were introduced (in 1987 and 1988, respectively). Under the SOCRATES, Lifelong Learning Program (particularly the Leonardo and Erasmus strands) and the Erasmus+ programs mobility has become an important tool to provide young people with an experience of studying and working abroad. Significantly, the new Erasmus+ program for the 2021-27 period will have an estimated budget of EUR 26.2 billion, almost double the amount allocated to the 2014-20 programming period, with 70% of the budget dedicated to mobility.Mobility programs have demonstrated that they can have an impact on learners’ skills and competences as well as wider skills such as level of autonomy, confidence, independence, and open mindedness. In addition, a mobility period can help learners to define their future career and life choices. The evaluation of the Erasmus+ program found that participants had a shorter transition time between education and employment.4.The research on the longer-term investment of mobility programs is in its infancy, for example, with ongoing research (at the time of writing) into the cost-benefit analysis of mobility programs in Czechia. However, mobility should be considered as a longer-term investment in individuals, particularly those from vulnerable groups as they may endure less periods of unemployment compared to their peers. Historically, existing mobility programs such as the Leonardo program and Erasmus+ programs have tried to target those with fewer opportunities as part of the focus on social inclusion, but they have not been extremely successful. The category of ‘fewer opportunities’ is extremely broad and has tended to cover young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs), unemployed and underemployed, people with disabilities and minorities. The mid-term evaluation of the Erasmus+ 2014-20 program found that just 11.5% of the total number of participants in Erasmus+ were disadvantaged young people. The evaluation stressed that the program needs to do more to reach out to more vulnerable young people" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Publication metadata ALMA (Aim-Learn-Master-Achieve) is an active inclusion initiative to empower the most vulnerable young people aged 18 to 29 who are not in education, employment or training (NEETs), by implementing a tailor-made approach to support them to find a job and integrate into society. ALMA offers these young people counselling in their home country followed by a supervised, work-related learning experience in another EU Member State, with the aim of supporting their integration into the labour market and society in their home country. ALMA is one of the European Commission initiatives for the European Year of Youth 2022, and will be a key instrument in implementing the Reinforced Youth Guarantee adopted in 2020." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahrens, Lea, Melanie Fischer, Corinna Kleinert & Brigitte Schels (2021): Not all wishes come true: the occupational compromises youths accept when entering vocational training. In: IAB-Forum H. 15.10.2021 Nürnberg, 2021-10-14.

Abstract

"In times of economic crisis, Germany’s large vocational training segment comes even more to the fore as prime model for reducing the risk of youth unemployment. A growing number of pupils continue school and pursue academic education. Still, vocational training remains important for school leavers from lower and intermediate secondary schools. These young people are confronted in their teenage years with the difficult decision for one occupation out of more than 400 options." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aina, Carmen, Irene Brunetti, Chiara Mussida & Sergio Scicchitano (2021): Even more discouraged? The NEET generation at the age of COVID-19. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 863), Maastricht, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates if and to what extend the risk of becoming Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) has worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. The analysis is based on a unique dataset from the merging of two sample surveys, the Italian Labor Force Survey and the Institutional Quality Index dataset. We find that the probability of being NEET significantly increased during the pandemic, but heterogeneously between age cohorts and geographical areas. The most affected categories have been young people (aged 25-34) and those living in North-West regions. Females are mostly affected compared to males, especially those experiencing motherhood and living in a Southern province. Investment in education reduces the NEET status, mainly for age-group 25-34 in the South. Participation in the civil society significantly reduces the probability to being NEET. Finally, active policies conducted at regional level are a further educational investment that protect from becoming NEET, although their effectiveness is not significant in the Southern regions. We provide novel evidence to inform policymakers and help building evidence-based policies, tailored on local needs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersson, Lisa & Renate Minas (2021): Reaching without outreaching: A comparative policy study of EU member states policy agenda on youth unemployment. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 255-265. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12470

Abstract

"Youth unemployment is a global issue, with supranational actors calling for policy responses, including early interventions such as outreach. This article examines how EU member states have translated the EU youth guarantee (YG) recommendation, focusing on early interventions in the form of outreach. Combining quantitative content analysis with corpus linguistics, we examined the YG implementation plans of 19 EU member states having differing institutional conditions, comparing if and how they have incorporated outreach in their policy agenda. Overall we found very little outreach in the YG-plans. In the outreach described, guidance and information on education and labour market efforts dominate, whereas social work and local level community work is largely absent. We found type of outreach to be related to institutional conditions. Our results also imply that getting member states to commit to early interventions such as outreach requires that the EU stress this issue with greater emphasis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Anghel, Liliana-Luminita (2021): European Network of Public Employment Services: 2021 PES Capacity Questionnaire Part II: Monitoring of PES Support of the Reinforced Youth Guarantee. Survey-based Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 46 S. DOI:10.2767/738258

Abstract

"Publication metadata The EU Network of Public Employment Services (PES) is committed to supporting and monitoring the delivery of the YG and has already published several assessment reports on the PES capacity to implement the Youth Guarantee (YG). The present report, part of this monitoring activity, is focused on various qualitative aspects of PES administrative capacity to implement the reinforced YG, such as: PES partnerships and staff capacity in supporting the YG implementation; profiling and assessing the needs of NEETs; preparatory services; post-placement support provided to the young people; timescales for making an offer; and monitoring and evaluation of YG interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Assmann, Marie-Luise & Sven Broschinski (2021): Mapping Young NEETs Across Europe: Exploring the Institutional Configurations Promoting Youth Disengagement from Education and Employment. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 4, H. 2, S. 95-117. DOI:10.1007/s43151-021-00040-w

Abstract

"Over the past decade, the number of young people neither in employment, education, or training (NEET) has reached a seriously high level in many European countries. Previous studies have illustrated the heterogeneity of this group and that they differ considerably across Europe. However, the reasons of these cross-country differences have hardly been investigated so far. This study explores how the rates of different NEET subgroups are conditioned by various institutional configurations by applying fuzzy-set Quantitative Comparative Analysis for 26 European countries using aggregated EU Labour Force Survey data from 2018. The analysis reveals that institutional causes of being NEET are as diverse as the group itself. Thus, high levels of young NEETs with care responsibilities are found in countries with a lack of family-related services in conjunction with weak formalised long-term care as it is true in mostly Central Eastern European countries. In contrast, high rates of NEETs with a disability are prevalent mainly in Northern European countries where generous and inefficient disability benefit schemes exist that create false incentives to stay away from the labour market. Finally, high proportions of unemployed and discouraged young NEETs are found in those countries hit hardest by the crisis and with high labour market rigidities, low vocational specificity, and a lack of active labour market policies like in the Southern and some Central Eastern European countries. The results illustrate that young people face very different barriers across Europe and that country-specific measures must be taken to reduce the number of NEETs in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Assmann, Marie-Luise, Ida Tolgensbakk, Janikke Solstad Vedeler & Kjetil K. Bøhler (2021): Public employment services: Building social resilience in youth? In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 659-673. DOI:10.1111/spol.12649

Abstract

"It is contested to what extent public employment services (PES) help build resilience in young unemployed people. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 19 people born in Germany and Norway between 1990 and 1995, the article examines stories about how PES, in two different activation regimes, help young people find meaningful work. The analysis and discussion are carried out within a theoretical framework that combines the capability approach with social resilience literature in a novel way. The findings show that PES are portrayed as being more present in young Germans' lives. The German informants seem to feel undue pressure from PES and they describe differences between personal aims and the "placement priority" of PES. Sanctions imposed by PES were also a much more predominant topic among the German informants. The Norwegian data were dominated by stories about young people in activation programmes who had been demotivated by being trapped in a cycle of programme participation, which did not result in employment. Across the two countries, our data suggest that PES rarely build social resilience: PES provided young people with a means to survive, but rarely helped to build their capacity to overcome their difficult situation. In line with previous research, the stories of young Germans and Norwegians also emphasise the need for a PES that provides tailor-made services that build on young people's motivation and ambition. The article demonstrates that combining the capability approach with social resilience theory enables a dynamic perspective on the development of people's capabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Beelmann, Gert (2021): Ansätze zur psychosozialen Bewältigung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. In: A. Hollederer (Hrsg.) (2021): Gesundheitsförderung bei Arbeitslosen, S. 334-347.

Abstract

"Der folgende Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über verschiedene Ansätze zur Bewältigung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland. In Forschung und Praxis besteht Einigkeit darüber, dass für arbeitslose Jugendliche gezielte Programme und Interventionen nötig sind, damit eine Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt gelingt. In der kurzen Einführung wird die Problematik arbeitsloser Jugendlicher verdeutlicht. Bei der Darstellung von Interventionsmaßnahmen wird auf Ergebnisse einer umfangreichen Interviewstudie Bezug genommen, in der erfolgreiche Projekte und innovative Strategien analysiert wurden. Eine wesentliche Strategie besteht darin, arbeitslose Jugendliche durch gezielte Qualifizierung und Fort- und Weiterbildung in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren, wobei oftmals der Aspekt der psychosozialen Stabilisierung vernachlässigt wird. Am Beispiel von Handlungsstrategien langzeitarbeitsloser Jugendlicher wird deutlich, welche unterschiedlichen, zum Teil multiplen Problemlagen die Jugendlichen aufweisen und welche Interventionsstrategien und Maßnahmekonzeptionen sinnvoll erscheinen, um eine Arbeitsmarktintegration zu realisieren. Anhand von Projektbeispielen wird gezeigt, dass neben einer strukturellen Verankerung eines Übergangsmanagements für Jugendliche auch gezielte Angebote bereitstehen sollten, in denen die Stärkung und Förderung der seelischen Gesundheit integraler Bestandteil der Projektkonzeption ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Beierle, Sarah & Carolin Hoch (2021): Lebenssituation und Perspektiven junger Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz. Ergebnisse und Reflexion einer quantitativen Studie. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 315-331. DOI:10.1007/s12592-021-00391-4

Abstract

"Der Beitrag stellt zentrale Ergebnisse einer Befragung vor, in der versucht wurde, die Lebenssituation von wohnungslosen oder obdachlosen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in drei deutschen Großstädten quantitativ zu erheben. Die Wohnsituation von „Straßenjugendlichen“ scheint dadurch, dass viele Betroffene zwischenzeitlich immer wieder bei Freunden oder Bekannten unterkommen, in erheblichem Maße durch Wohnungslosigkeit geprägt. Das Durchschnittsalter des Eintritts in eine Straßenkarriere liegt bei 16 bis 17 Jahren. Die befragten Jugendlichen sind von multiplen, insbesondere familiären Problemlagen betroffen, geben an, nicht freiwillig ohne festen Wohnsitz zu sein und sind mit ihrer Lebenssituation überwiegend unzufrieden. Dennoch sehen sie optimistisch in die Zukunft und glauben, mittelfristig ihre Wohnungs- bzw. Obdachlosigkeit überwinden zu können. Die Daten weisen außerdem darauf hin, dass junge volljährige Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz vorwiegend mit dem Jobcenter in Kontakt stehen und das Jugendamt nicht mehr als relevantes Hilfesystem in Erscheinung tritt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Beierling, Birgit (2021): Die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung der Jugendberufsagenturen. In: Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 64-71.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag wird die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung von Jugendberufsagenturen anhand folgender Aspekte diskutiert: Zum einen geht es um die Frage, ob die Jugendberufsagenturen mit ihren Angeboten die jungen Menschen überhaupt erreichen, zum anderen werden die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung der Beratung und Förderung sowie die Möglichkeit, Jugendliche in Jugendberufsagenturen zu beteiligen, erörtert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e.V.)

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Bentolila, Samuel, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen & Juan F. Jimeno (2021): Lost in Recession: Youth Employment and Earnings in Spain. (Estudios sobre la Economía Española / Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada 2021-12), Madrid, 32 S.

Abstract

"Young workers in Spain face the unprecedented impact of the Great Recession and the Covid-19 crisis in short sequence. Moreover, they have also experienced a deterioration in their employment and earnings over the last three decades. In this paper we document this evolution and adopt a longitudinal approach to show that employment and earnings losses suffered by young workers during recessions are not made up in the subsequent expansions. We also estimate the size of the scarring effects of entering the job market in a recession for college-educated workers during their first decade in the labor market. Our empirical estimates indicate that, while there is some evidence of scarring effects, the driving force is a trend worsening of youth labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berlin, Marie, Antti Kääriälä, Mette Lausten, Gunnar Andersson & Lars Brännström (2021): Long-term NEET among young adults with experience of out-of-home care: A comparative study of three Nordic countries. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 266-279. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12463

Abstract

"Previous research suggests that young adults from out-of-home care (OHC) are at high risk of low education and unemployment. However, there are no studies on their risk of long-term NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training). This study compared the risk of NEET at age 21–23 among OHC youth across Denmark, Finland and Sweden, using register data for an entire birth cohort born in 1987. The Nordic countries share many features, but there are differences in the provision of after-care support and in the linkage between the educational system and the labour market. The results show that about a fourth in Denmark and Sweden and a third in Finland were NEET, suggesting that the welfare systems were not able to compensate for the OHC youth’s childhood disadvantages. To a significant extent, the excess risk of NEET was attributed to poor school performance. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Berloffa, Gabriella, Alina Şandor, Mark Smith & Paola Villa (2021): Youth employment trajectories and labour market reforms during the Great Recession in Europe. In: SINAPPSI, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 8-21.

Abstract

"The Great Recession had profound consequences for the quantity and quality of work for young people in European countries. Usual labour market indicators capture only some crisis effects, highlighting the need for a more dynamic and nuanced approach. As a result, this paper adopts an innovative approach to both the analysis of the integration of young adults (aged 17-34) on to the labour market and the study of the relationship between the labour market performance and policy making." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Broschinski, Sven & Marie-Luise Assmann (2021): The relevance of public employment services for the labour market integration of low-qualified young people – a cross-European perspective. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 46-70. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1764998

Abstract

"In the wake of the Great Recession, youth labour market integration has become a central issue in both national as well as EU policy, e.g. in connection with the European Youth Guarantee. In this context, public employment services (PES) are considered central actors in promoting youth labour market integration. However, since international comparative analyses are scarce and the role of institutions and policies is thus rarely explicated, it is still an open empirical question whether and in which context PES can fulfil such a key role. Therefore, we analyse two questions based on the EU-LFS 2016 ad-hoc module: (i) How relevant is PES support to young people with different educational levels in finding a job? (ii) How do differences in the educational system and in labour market policies shape the relevance of PES support across Europe? This study illustrates that in countries with highly stratified, standardised and vocational-specific educational systems the relevance of PES is comparatively high in particular for the low-qualified. Thus, those countries have good reasons to strengthen PES to support the most disadvantaged and to combat labour market inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cahuc, Pierre, Stéphane Carcillo & Andreea Minea (2021): The difficult school-to-work transition of high school dropouts. Evidence from a field experiment. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 159-183. DOI:10.3368/jhr.56.1.0617-8894R2

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of the labor market experience of high school dropouts four years after leaving school by sending fictitious résumés to real job postings in France. Compared to those who have stayed unemployed since leaving school, the callback rate is not raised for those with employment experience, whether it is subsidized or non-subsidized, if there is no training accompanied by skill certification. We find no stigma effect associated with subsidized work experience. Moreover, training accompanied by skill certification improves youth prospects only when the local unemployment rate is sufficiently low, which occurs in one fifth of the commuting zones only." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Cefalo, Ruggero & Rosario Scandurra (2021): Territorial disparities in youth labour market chances in Europe. In: Regional Studies, Regional Science, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 228-238. DOI:10.1080/21681376.2021.1925580

Abstract

"Comparative research on youth employment has mostly focused on differences between countries or regimes of youth transitions. The territorial differentiation below country level has been less explored, notwithstanding the potential impact on youth-life chances and the territorial cohesion of the European Union. This paper aims at deepening into the investigation of regional variations in patterns of youth labour market chances. To do this, we build on a composite indicator measuring regional youth labour market integration (YLMI) as a comprehensive measure of contextual fragilities (or strengths) of regional youth labour markets. We provide both comparative and longitudinal views over 15 years (2004–18). Furthermore, we explore the impact of contextual factors related to economic conditions, labour market and demographic trends on the regional patterns of youth integration in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Consiglio, Chiara, Pietro Menatta, Laura Borgogni, Guido Alessandri, Lucia Valente & Gian Vittorio Caprara (2021): How Youth May Find Jobs: The Role of Positivity, Perceived Employability, and Support from Employment Agencies. In: Sustainability, Jg. 13, H. 16. DOI:10.3390/su13169468

Abstract

"Youth unemployment is a relevant issue among most European countries; therefore, it is important to understand its individual and situational determinants. This study aimed to investigate a conceptual model that explains the associations among positivity (POS), perceived support from employment agencies, perceived employability (PE), and employment status in a sample of 317 unemployed Italian youth involved in the Youth Guarantee program. In particular, this study investigated the relationships between POS and PE and between PE and employment. Moreover, we analyzed whether the relationship between POS and employment status was mediated by PE and whether the relationship between POS and PE was moderated by perceived support from employment agencies. Results showed that PE totally mediated the relationship between POS and employment status. Furthermore, the moderating role of perceived support from agencies was confirmed; when high, it boosted the relationship between POS and PE. In sum, this study contributes to understanding the key impact of POS on PE, as well as the role played by employment agencies as a “catalyst” of this relationship, allowing, with their support, unemployed youth to maximize their opportunity to find a job. Implications for both research and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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De Fraja, Gianni, Sara Lemos & James Rockey (2021): The Wounds That Do Not Heal: The Lifetime Scar of Youth Unemployment. In: Economica, Jg. 88, H. 352, S. 896-941. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12384

Abstract

"This paper uses UK administrative data to study the long-term effects of unemployment on earnings. It is the first paper to pinpoint accurately the relative importance of the timing of employment shocks within workers’ lives. We find a strong effect of events in the first few years after entry into the labour market: each month of unemployment between ages 18 and 20 causes a permanent income loss of 1.2% per year. This scar effect of youth unemployment is lower when it happens when the worker's age is between 21 and 23, and it disappears altogether in the next three-year age period. The scar effect is most severe for individuals at the lower end of the ability distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans, Golo Henseke, Juliane Achatz, Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph & Alexander Patzina (2021): Youth unemployment in Germany and the United Kingdom in times of Covid-19 (Series "Tracking youth joblessness during the Covid-19 crisis"). In: IAB-Forum H. 04.08.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-07-30.

Abstract

"Despite economic and institutional differences, youth unemployment figures in Germany and the United Kingdom rose during the Covid-19 pandemic and reached a peak in August 2020. Since then they have tended to decrease in both countries. Three aspects are important in this regard: the total number of unemployed youth, the inflow pattern of young people into unemployment, and the duration of their unemployment spells. The analysis of the two countries’ youth unemployment is embedded in a broader European perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))