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Alves, Daniele Evelin, Jannike Gottschalk Ballo, Wendy Nilsen, Camilla Stub Lundberg, Andreas Lillebråten & Vilde Hoff Bernstrøm (2025): Which companies hire NEET? Organisational characteristics of hiring NEET in a Norwegian full-population registry study. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 601-620. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2023.2290112

Abstract

"Which types of organizations hire NEET? We use longitudinal national registry data from Norway to investigate four types of organizational characteristics: (a) staff proportion with low pay and low education, (b) staff size and (c) staff proportion from groups with lower rates of work participation, and (d) private/public sector. Full-population registry data with all newly hired-employees in Norway aged 15 –30 years, yielded a sample of approximately 120,000 new hires in 2018 from 22,621 organizations. Organizational characteristics were measured the previous year. After controlling for individual and organisational level variables in logistic regression models, we found that: private organizations and those predominated by staff with low income, incomplete secondary school, NEET history and immigrant background were more likely to hire new NEET the following year. Organisation size was unrelated to the likelihood of hiring NEET. This study applies an innovative method to study demand side characteristics in a full population registry study. It also contributes to disentangling which of these characteristics lose their expected effect when the dataset is large and complete enough to control for individual and organizational factors- adjusted for organisation clustering. These characteristics can guide us towards which companies can serve as gate-openers for NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Broschinski, Sven & Michael Feldhaus (2025): Family Social Capital and NEET Experiences in the Transition from School to Work: A Longitudinal Study from Germany. In: Young. DOI:10.1177/11033088251363373

Abstract

"This article examines the role of social capital within families and its interaction with parental socio-economic status in shaping the likelihood of young adults in Germany experiencing episodes of not being in employment, education or training (NEET). Using longitudinal data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), we reconstruct trajectories for the initial 5 years after leaving school that include the occurrence and persistence of NEET episodes. The findings indicate that family social capital, in particular parent–child communication built on trust and feelings of emotional security towards parents, can lower the risk of long-lasting and recurring NEET episodes. Moreover, high levels of family social capital can even out differences in the likelihood of experiencing NEET episodes according to socio-economic background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Clark, Ian (2025): Hard‐to‐Reach Insider Actors on Light‐Touch Labour Market Regulation in the UK: Compliance, Deterrence, and Intelligence? In: Industrial relations journal, Jg. 56, H. 6, S. 441-450. DOI:10.1111/irj.70005

Abstract

"Actors who deliver state policy on low wage precarious workers on the front-line manage coercion and exploitation in the workplace by accepting the presence of both through permissiveness rather than seeking enforcement of labor market regulations. To develop this argument the article examines permissiveness in compliance, deterrence, and intelligence approaches used by regulators and enforcement agencies. The article provides a contribution to understanding the limitations of current approaches to labor market regulation which oversee noncompliance, confine deterrence activities to specific sectors, and use intelligence sources for law enforcement rather than labor market enforcement. The contribution does so by examining enforcement agency actors, and regulatory actors as hard-to-engage actors who play a critical part in the formulation labor market regulation policy on the front-line." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dunn, Andrew (2025): Are Young English People’s Attitudes Towards Employment Indicative of Whether They Have Spent a Large Proportion of Their Adult Lives Unemployed? In: Social Policy and Society, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1017/s1474746425000016

Abstract

"Some leading UK politicians have claimed that a culture of welfare dependency exists and that a sizeable number of unemployed benefit claimants lack an appropriate commitment to employment. Such claims were used to justify the 2012 Welfare Reform Act’s new measuresto steer unemployed claimants towards applying for and retaining jobs they might not want. The statistical analysis presented here is the first to explore possible connections between people’s attitudes towards disliked/unattractive jobs, their parents’ employment status, and the total time they have spent in unemployment. Logistic regression analysis used Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE)/Next Steps data on people born in 1989/90 to predict whether they spent an unusually long time unemployed between age eighteen and twenty-five; an attitude favouring joblessness over a disliked/unattractive job was a nonsignificant predictor in eleven of twelve multivariate models, and a weak predictor (OR = 1.32) in the other." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ellena, Adriano Mauro, Antonella Rocca, Paolo Mazzocchi, Michela Zambelli, Daniela Marzana, Federica Pizzolante, Francisco Simões, Giovanni De Luca & Elena Marta (2025): Unveiling the Complexity of Italian NEET Status through Latent Class Analysis: Examining NEET Profiles and their Engagement with Public Employment Services (PES). In: Social indicators research, Jg. 179, H. 3, S. 1665-1686. DOI:10.1007/s11205-025-03684-w

Abstract

"This study delves into the complex issue of NEET (Not in Employment, Education, or Training) status in Italy, using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to identify distinct profiles within this heterogeneous group. The research, based on a survey of 970 young Italian NEETs, goes beyond broad categorizations to explore the socio-demographic, economic, and motivational factors that contribute to their situations. Six distinct classes of NEETs were identified, each with unique characteristics, including “Affluent Rural Caregivers in Northern Italy,” “Young Educated Unemployed,” “Long-Term NEETs in Southern Italy,” “Disadvantaged Caregivers in Southern Italy,” “Disadvantaged Rural Men in Northern Italy,” and “Affluent Discouraged NEETs”. The study investigates the relationship of these profiles with Public Employment Services (PES), revealing different motivations for seeking assistance and varied willingness to accept employment conditions such as relocation or temporary work. Significant associations were found between NEET class and the motivation for economic support, willingness to move abroad or within Italy, and acceptance of part-time or temporary work. The findings emphasize the need for tailored interventions that address the specific needs and barriers of each NEET subgroup, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. The research highlights the complex interplay of geographic, economic, educational, and gender factors in shaping NEET status in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fitzenberger, Bernd, Anna Heusler & Julia Holleitner (2025): Zwischen Schulabschluss und Berufsausbildung: Die Barrieren für Jugendliche aus Haushalten mit Grundsicherungsbezug sind besonders hoch. In: IAB-Forum H. 18.06.2025 Nürnberg, 2025-06-17. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20250618.01

Abstract

"Der Abschluss einer Ausbildung oder eines Studiums trägt wesentlich zu einem reibungslosen Übergang von der Schule in den Arbeitsmarkt bei. Doch die Zahl junger Menschen ohne Berufsabschluss nimmt seit Jahren zu. Vor allem bei jungen Erwachsenen aus Haushalten, die Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende beziehen, ist das Risiko instabiler Übergänge deutlich erhöht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Heglum, Mari Amdahl & Wendy Nilsen (2025): A life course perspective on the NEET phenomenon: long-term exclusion across cohorts, gender, and social origin among young adults in Norway. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 28, H. 5, S. 807-827. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2024.2305907

Abstract

"This study addresses the limitations of the NEET indicator (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) as a measure of the risk of social exclusion. Applying a life course analytical framework and sequence analysis to administrative data from Norway, we investigate the link between NEET status and longer-term exclusion across cohorts, gender, and social origin. Young adults with at least one year of NEET status at ages 22-25 (N = 125 804) are followed for ten years (age 22-31), spanning the years 1993-2017. Results show a mixed picture for individuals with early-career NEET status: 38 percent fare well over the long term, while over one-third face persistent challenges of long-term exclusion or reliance on permanent disability benefits. A deterioration of longer-term prospects, stronger among men than women, is observed across cohorts. An initial large gender gap in long-term exclusion probability in men's favor disappears in the youngest cohorts. Social inequalities remain stable over time. Findings support recent research emphasizing NEET category heterogeneity. Static measures may both exaggerate and underestimate the challenges faced by different sub-populations. The risk of long-term exclusion changes markedly over time, showcasing how the NEET indicator's sensitivity as a measure of at-risk youth depends on the historical-institutional context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jepkens, Katja (2025): Der Nutzen der Jugendberufshilfe am Beispiel der außerbetrieblichen Berufsausbildung. In: Sozialmagazin H. 7/8, S. 60-66. DOI:10.3262/SM2508060

Abstract

"In der Jugendberufshilfe finden Fachkräfte besonders schwierige Rahmenbedingungen für die Umsetzung lebensweltorientierter Sozialer Arbeit vor: Das sozialpolitische Ziel der Herstellung von Beschäftigungsfähigkeit markiert ihren Auftrag und setzt ihr Grenzen. Der Beitrag fragt, wie junge Menschen in der Jugendberufshilfe dennoch Hilfreiches aus der sozialpädagogischen Unterstützung ziehen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Nixdorf, Christian Philipp (2025): NEETs not needed: Zur Situation junger Menschen ohne Arbeits-, Ausbildungs- oder Schulplatz. In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 22-26.

Abstract

"Jedes Jahr verlassen rund 50000 Jugendliche in Deutschland die Schule ohne Abschluss. Fast 630000 Menschen zwischen 15 und 24 Jahren befinden sich derzeit weder in Ausbildung, Erwerbstätigkeit oder Weiterbildung. Diesem gravierenden Missstand Abhilfe zu schaffen, ist nötig, aber auch herausfordernd, da die Betroffenen keine homogene Gruppe bilden. Was sind die Gründe für die Inaktivität, was deren Auswirkung? Wer ist besonders gefährdet, und was kann getan werden, um diese Menschen zu fördern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Bund Verlag)

Zitatform

Scandurra, Rosario & Ruggero Cefalo (2025): Assessing the impact of the Youth Employment Initiative in European regions. In: Journal of Social Policy, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1017/s0047279425101001

Abstract

"Youth unemployment has been a primary concern for the European countries, especially after the 2008 Great Recession. In 2013 a Recommendation of the Council of the European Union established the Youth Guarantee (YG) as a political commitment to ensure that all young people receive a high-quality offer of employment, training or continued education within 4 months of becoming unemployed. To financially support the implementation of the YG in European countries and regions, the EU turned to the European Social Fund and created the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI). The YEI used regional disparities as a guiding criterion for the allocation of resources, but it has not been assessed at the regional level. We fill this gap by assessing the impact of the YEI on the labour market and educational outcomes of young people in EU regions that received funding between 2014 and 2018. The findings demonstrate that the YEI had a positive impact on youth opportunities in EU regions, supporting labour market integration and the return to education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dummert, Sandra (2024): Intergenerational transmission of unemployment after apprenticeship graduation: does parental socioeconomic background still matter? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58, H. 1, 2024-03-14. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00364-z

Abstract

"A smooth transition from apprenticeship to standard employment is a key step in the professional biographies of apprenticeship graduates. In this study, the transition of apprenticeship graduates from households that receive unemployment benefits are considered. These graduates are thought to be disadvantaged because their parents’ socioeconomic background is assumed to influence their employment outcomes through processes of intergenerational transmission and cumulative disadvantage. Based on administrative data from the Sample of Integrated Welfare Benefit Biographies (SIG) provided by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), this analysis offers deeper insights into parental socioeconomic background and the individual factors that affect the risk of unemployment following the completion of an apprenticeship. In the case of an unsuccessful direct transition to standard employment, the factors infuencing the duration of the frst unemployment are also assessed. The results show that, as with individual characteristics, parents’ education level has a signifcant effect on the graduates’ risk of unemployment. The duration of the household’s benefit receipt, on the other hand, significantly influences the duration of the first unemployment in the case of an unsuccessful transition following an apprenticeship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

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Kalinowski, Michael (2024): Junge Erwachsene ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung. Ergänzende Auswertungen zum Kapitel A11 des Datenreports 2024. (BIBB discussion paper / Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung), Bonn, 12 S.

Abstract

"Der folgende Beitrag stellt ergänzende Auswertungen des Mikrozensus 2022 zum Kapitel A11 des Datenreports 2024‚(www.bibb.de/datenreport-2024) zur Verfügung. Basierend auf einer Sonderauswertung des Statistischen Bundesamtes wird zunächst die Situation junger Erwachsener mit und ohne beruflichen Abschluss, differenziert nach Geschlecht, allgemeinbildenden Schulabschlüssen und Staatsangehörigkeit aufgezeigt. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass sich eine höhere Schulbildung eindeutig positiv auf die Chancen einer formalen beruflichen Qualifikation auswirkt. Anschließend werden Unterschiede nach Einwanderungsgeschichte und Migrationsstatus aufgezeigt. Es wird deutlich, dass der Anteil nicht formal Qualifizierter stark von den Zuzugsgründen abhängt, ebenso wie der eigenen Migrationserfahrung. Abschließend wird die Arbeitsmarktsituation junger Erwachsener auf dem Arbeitsmarkt beleuchtet. Hier zeigt sich, dass die Erwerbsbeteiligung und die Art der Beschäftigung davon abhängen, ob ein beruflicher Abschluss vorliegt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Karma, Emiljan (2024): NEET youth in central and eastern European countries: a panel model approach. In: Journal of Youth Studies, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2024.2392189

Abstract

"The purpose of the present study was to examine macro-determinants of the Not Engaged in Employment, Education, or Training Young People (NEET) in Central and Eastern European Countries. Data from 16 countries were collected from Eurostat –, UNESCO – and Word Bank Database 2013–2021 by using the panel data analysis method. Early school leaving rate, vocational education and training enrollment rate, unemployment rate, labor market regulation, gross domestic product, education expenditure and human development index were used for explaining the NEET in selected area. The relationship between variables was analyzed using the Panel Data Methods via Fixed-Effects Model. Therefore, according to the findings of Driscoll and Kraay Estimator – One-Way Fixed Effects Model, gross domestic product, labourmarket regulation, early school leaving rate, vocational education, and training enrollment rate variables have a high and statistically significant effect on NEET as the dependent variable, while unemployment rate and human development index have a marginal but significant effect on NEET. The findings of the present study showed associations between socio-economic and institutional conditions (labor market regulation) and the NEET rate at the country level and may indicate appropriate policy measures to promote a decrease in the NEET rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lindblad, Victoria, Nanna Ramsing Enemark, Pernille Skou Gaardsted, Line Elise Møller Hansen, Fie Falk Lauritzen & Dorte Melgaard (2024): Mapping social landscapes: Youth NEET risk and social issues in Europe – A systematic literature review. In: Power and education, S. 1-45. DOI:10.1177/17577438241302378

Abstract

"Introduction: The 40 million young people’s lack of successful transition from the education system to the labor market across Europe has a major focus. This systematic review of literature document social risk factors associated with NEET status in Europe. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in four databases on February 21, 2023, with an update on January 15, 2024. Results: A total of 98 articles included. Multiple social risk factors were associated with NEET status and divided into three spheres: factors related to the parental influence, the environment circumstance, and the individual factors. Conclusions: Lacking a robust sense of self and limited self-efficacy, growing up in unstable home environment, having parents with low educational or labour market attainment are associated with significantly increased risk of NEET. Performing or behaving poorly in school and risk behavior such as crime and substance use are also correlated with NEET status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schauer, Jennifer & Stephan Abele (2024): Heterogenität in der Ausbildungsreife nicht-studienberechtigter Schulabgänger:innen – eine latente Profilanalyse auf Basis des Nationalen Bildungspanels. In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 291-319. DOI:10.1007/s11618-023-01207-2

Abstract

"Mangelnde Ausbildungsreife wird häufig als Ursache erfolgloser Ausbildungssuche benannt – insbesondere bei Schulabgänger:innen mit max. Hauptschulabschluss (max. HSA). Damit sind beispielsweise Defizite in Lese- und Mathematikkompetenzen oder dem Arbeits- und Sozialverhalten gemeint. Ausprägungskonstellationen dieser Dimensionen von Ausbildungsreife wurden bisher nicht untersucht. In einer latenten Profilanalyse auf Basis der NEPS Startkohorte Klasse 9 explorierten wir Ausprägungsprofile schulischer Kompetenzen und psychologischer Leistungsmerkmale sowie verhaltens- und persönlichkeitsbezogener Merkmale (VP) bei nicht-studienberechtigten Schulabgänger:innen. Wir fanden fünf Profile, die unterschiedliche Konstellationen von Vor- und Nachteilen in diesen Merkmalen beschreiben: (1)  Leistungsstärkere mit relativ hoch ausgeprägten VP , (2)  Leistungsstärkere mit relativ gering ausgeprägten VP , (3)  Durchschnittlich Leistungsstarke mit relativ hoch ausgeprägten VP, (4)  Leistungsschwächere mit relativ hoch ausgeprägten VP und (5)  Leistungsschwächere mit relativ gering ausgeprägten VP. In allen Profilen waren Schulabgänger:innen mit max. HSA und Mittlerem Schulabschluss (MSA) vertreten. Die Anteile von Schulabgänger:innen mit max. HSA fielen unter den Leistungsschwächeren jedoch deutlich höher aus. In Regressionsanalysen prüften wir die prognostische Validität der Profile hinsichtlich der Wahrscheinlichkeit, nach Schulabgang in eine Berufsausbildung überzugehen. Wir fanden niedrigere Ausbildungswahrscheinlichkeiten bei leistungsstärkeren Schulabgänger:innen, die auf ihre Selbstselektion an berufsbildende Schulen zum Erwerb der Hochschulzugangsberechtigung hindeuteten. Außerdem fanden wir, dass Schulabgänger:innen mit MSA bei gleichem Ausprägungsprofil persistent höhere Ausbildungswahrscheinlichkeiten zeigten als jene mit max. HSA. Angesichts der Heterogenität der Bildungsgruppen gibt dies Anlass zur Kritik an institutionellen und betrieblichen Selektionslogiken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Siedler, Thomas, Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph, Agata Danuta Galkiewicz, Shushanik Margaryan, Frauke Peter & Malte Sandner (2024): War, International Spillovers, and Adolescents: Evidence from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine in 2022. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16921), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using novel longitudinal data, this paper studies the short- and medium-term effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 on social trust of adolescents in Germany. Comparing adolescents who responded to our survey shortly before the start of the war with those who responded shortly after the conflict began and applying difference-in-differences (DiD) models over time, we find a significant decline in the outcome after the war started. These findings provide new evidence on how armed conflicts influence social trust and well-being among young people in a country not directly involved in the war." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Vugt, Lynn van, Mark Levels & Rolf van der Velden (2024): The low skills trap: the failure of education and social policies in preventing low-literate young people from being long-term NEET. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 217-251. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2118036

Abstract

"This paper investigates to what extent the likelihood of young people being long-term NEET can be explained by low literacy skills, how this varies across advanced countries, and how this cross-national variation can be explained by education and social policies. We use PIAAC data and include macro-level indicators on education and social policies. We analyze the likelihood of being long-term NEET versus being in employment or in education/training among some 34,000 young people aged 20–30 from 25 countries. We find that low-literate young people are more likely to be long-term NEET. While NEET risks are associated with countries’ institutional characteristics, this does not mean that these characteristics and policies always work in favour of low-literate young people. Although high levels of (enabling) ALMP generally reduce the risk of being NEET, they do so less for low-literate young people. Additionally, young people living in social-democratic welfare states are less likely to be NEET, but low-literate young people seem to profit less from this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2024): Berufsbildungsbericht 2024. (Berufsbildungsbericht ... / Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung), Bonn, 145 S.

Abstract

"Die berufliche Aus- und Weiterbildung bildet eine wesentliche Grundlage für Wirtschaftswachstum, Wohlstand und sozialen Zusammenhalt in Deutschland. Das deutsche Berufsbildungssystem mit seinen vielfältigen Ausbildungs- und Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten und Qualifikationsniveaus bietet breite Karriereperspektiven und garantiert eine hohe Beschäftigungsfähigkeit. Die tragende Rolle der Unternehmen, die enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Bund, Ländern und Sozialpartnern und die geringe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland sind Kennzeichen dieses Erfolgsmodells, das zu Recht eine immer stärkere internationale Anerkennung genießt. Der Berufsbildungsbericht bildet einmal im Jahr die aktuelle Situation auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt ab und dient der Öffentlichkeit als Diskussionsgrundlage zur beruflichen Bildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Adamecz, Anna (2023): Longer schooling with grade retention: The effects of increasing the school leaving age on dropping out and labour market success. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 97. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102487

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of increasing the compulsory school leaving age from 16 to 18 in Hungary using a difference-in-regression-discontinuities design empirical strategy. While the reform increased the length of schooling, it did not decrease the probability of dropping out of secondary school, either on average or among the most at-risk group of Roma ethnic minority students. Due to grade retentions, marginal students were older than their peers and couldn't have reached the final grade of secondary school by age 18 to earn a degree. The reform also did not affect the probability of employment, hours worked, wages and the probability of working in low-skilled occupations at ages 20 and 25. In education systems that allow grade retention, compulsory education should have the explicit goal of keeping students in school until they earn a secondary degree, rather than just until a certain age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brozsely, Beverly & Darren Nixon (2023): Pinball transitions: exploring the school-to-work transitions of 'the missing middle'. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 26, H. 8, S. 980-995. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2058357

Abstract

"This paper responds to the call for more research on the ‘missing middle’ by reporting the findings of a small-scale qualitative longitudinal study in the North of England exploring the labour market transitions of young people completing compulsory schooling with mid-level qualifications and seeking employment. It found that participants desired training which aligned with their skills, interests and future work intentions. Participants were drawn to seek apprenticeships because they offered ‘earning and learning’ in a real-life work environment. However, for the vast majority, apprenticeships were not available, so they turned to college to articulate their choices and gain work-related training. Qualifications were gained in order to gain leverage in the job market and help them achieve ‘getting on’ work. However, often a period of ‘pinballing’ between their ambitions and the reality of the labour market ensued due to the lack of desirable quality work available. The majority of participants were still resisting ‘going nowhere’ work and making efforts to achieve ‘getting on’ work when interviewed, however, some had stopped making the effort and resigned themselves to on-going poor quality work. The process of biographicity was, for them, a reconciliation with on-going low-quality work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buck, Pia (2023): Chance vertan: Die 'Ausbildungsgarantie' als Antwort auf Ausbildungsteilhabeförderung und Hebung von Fachkräftepotenzialen? In: Berufsbildung, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 32-35.

Abstract

"Das Ziel, berufliche Teilhabechancen "für Alle" anzubieten und auch der sich zuspitzende Fachkräfteengpass bringen u. a. den Übergangssektor und die steigende NEET-Quote in den Fokus bildungspolitischer Diskurse, in welchen in neuerer Zeit auch über eine Ausbildungsgarantie nachgedacht wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dohmen, Dieter (2023): Lieber Jobben als Ausbildung? 15- bis 24-Jährige zwischen Schule, Ausbildung & Co. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 78), Köln, 21 S.

Abstract

"Wie gehen Jugendliche mit schlechter werdenden Ausbildungschancen um? Eine detaillierte Analyse vorliegender Daten mit problematischen Befunden: Das Bildungsniveau sinkt, mehr Jugendliche jobben oder werden zu NEETUs (not in employment, education & training nor unemployed)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Faißt, Christian, Silke Hamann, Daniel Jahn & Rüdiger Wapler (2023): Junge Menschen ohne Berufsausbildung. Welches Fachkräftepotenzial verbirgt sich in dieser Gruppe? (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Baden-Württemberg 02/2023), Nürnberg, 42 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REBW.2302

Abstract

"In Baden-Württemberg haben zwischen 2013 und 2021 mehr als 236.000 junge Menschen zwischen 15 und 25 Jahren eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung aufgenommen, ohne über eine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung zu verfügen. Ausbildungslosigkeit kann sich für die jungen Menschen langfristig negativ bezüglich ihrer Arbeitsmarktbiografien auswirken und ist darüber hinaus auch deshalb überaus problematisch, weil in Baden-Württemberg Fachkräfte besonders knapp sind. Unter den jungen Menschen ohne Abschluss finden sich relativ viele Hauptschüler*innen (22 Prozent) und ausländische Beschäftigte (24 Prozent). Weniger als 1 Prozent der Ausländer*innen verfügen über einen nicht anerkannten Berufsabschluss. Zu den am häufigsten gewählten Berufen der männlichen Ungelernten gehören Verkehrs- und Logistikberufe, Maschinen- und Fahrzeugtechnikberufe, die Metallberufe und die Mechatronik-, Energie- und Elektroberufe. Für die weiblichen Ungelernten stehen Verkaufsberufe an oberster Stelle, gefolgt von den Sekretariatsberufen und den Verkehrs- und Logistikberufen. Die Zeitarbeitsbranche nimmt ebenfalls zunächst viele formal nicht qualifizierte Männer und Frauen auf. Von den 136.000 Personen, die zwischen 2013 und 2017 ohne berufliche Qualifizierung eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung begonnen haben, bleiben rund 50.000 auch langfristig ohne beruflichen Abschluss. Dies geht einher mit einer geringeren Beschäftigungsstabilität, einem niedrigeren Einkommen und selteneren beruflichen Aufstiegen verglichen mit denjenigen, die noch formale Qualifikationen erwerben. Das Risiko dauerhafter Ausbildungslosigkeit ist für zwei Typen von Erwerbsverläufen besonders kennzeichnend: für die nach Schulabschluss direkte Einmündung in sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung und in deren Verbleib sowie für die heterogenen Arbeitsmarktbiografien. Diese zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass auf längere Orientierungsphasen relativ selten Zeiten in Ausbildung folgen, sondern vielmehr deutlich häufiger Arbeitslosigkeit zu beobachten ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kalinowski, Michael & Harald Pfeifer (2023): Junge Menschen ohne Berufsabschluss – durch Stärkung der Ausbildungsbeteiligung zu mehr Fachkräften. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 12, S. 3-6.

Abstract

"Auswertungen des BIBB (Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung 2023, Kapitel A11) zeigen, dass die Zahl der jungen Erwachsenen ohne formalen Berufsabschluss im Alter von 20 bis unter 35 Jahren in den vergangenen Jahren angestiegen ist. Im Jahr 2021 waren dies 2,6 Mio. Personen und damit der höchste Wert seit mehr als 25 Jahren. Der Anteil junger Erwachsener ohne formalen Berufsabschluss an der gleichaltrigen Bevölkerung lag im Jahr 2021 bei 17,8 % (vgl. Abb. 1). Die Quote der nicht formal Qualifizierten (nfQ) ist auch ein wichtiger arbeitsmarktpolitischer Indikator. Personen ohne Berufsausbildung bzw. nicht formal Qualifizierte haben z.B. ein höheres Risiko der Arbeitslosigkeit, insbesondere der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2022a), und verdienen im Durchschnitt deutlich weniger als Beschäftigte mit einem Berufsabschluss (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2022b). Letzteres erhöht auch das Risiko, am Ende des Erwerbslebens von Altersarmut betroffen zu sein." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Malo, Miguel Ángel, Chiara Mussida, Begona Cueto & Maurizio Baussola (2023): Being a NEET before and after the Great Recession: persistence by gender in Southern Europe. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 319-339. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwab043

Abstract

"This article adds to the scant literature on the time persistence of being a young Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) by including four main novelties: we distinguish short- and long-term persistence; we use estimations before (2004–2007) and after the Great Recession (2013–2016); we analyse four Southern European countries that are relatively similar and were significantly affected by the Great Recession (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain); and all analyses are disaggregated by gender. The descriptive analysis shows a convergence in NEET rates by gender in the four countries due to a worsening of the male NEET rate and no improvement among young females. The econometric estimations show that long-term persistence is smaller than short-term persistence and that the latter increased after the Great Recession, especially for male NEETs. Policy implications for the design of the Youth Guarantee and lessons from the coronavirus pandemic are also discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Muehlemann, Samuel (2023): Übergang von der Schule in die Berufs(bildungs)welt: Alles besser in der Schweiz? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 12, S. 24-27.

Abstract

"Sowohl in Deutschland als auch in der Schweiz ist der Anteil junger Erwachsener ohne Berufsabschluss seit dem Jahr 2017 relativ stabil geblieben (vgl. Abb. 1). Der Anteil der Personen ohne Berufsabschluss, die nicht die Schweizer oder die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit besitzen, ist zudem in beiden Ländern mehr als dreimal so hoch wie bei Personen mit der entsprechenden Staatsangehörigkeit. In Deutschland haben jedoch auch 10 % der Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit keinen Berufsabschluss, während dies für weniger als 4 % der Schweizer zutrifft." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Achatz, Juliane, Kerstin Jahn & Brigitte Schels (2022): On the non-standard routes: vocational training measures in the school-to-work transitions of lower-qualified youth in Germany. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 74, H. 2, S. 289-310., 2020-04-21. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2020.1760335

Abstract

"This study explores school-to-work transitions in Germany, aiming to achieve a richer understanding of the complexity of labour market entry trajectories while focusing on transition measures. The term transition measures refers to additional training courses that complement the regular vocational education and training system of firm-based or school-based qualification routes. The contribution of supplementary training measures to the school-to-work transitions of young adults is a controversial issue. While programmes aim to ease the transitions of low-skilled youth in the training and labour market, critics point to the risks of long-term subsidised careers or fragmented employment trajectories in subsequent years. By applying sequence analysis to administrative data of the Federal Employment Agency, individual trajectories of a cohort of school leavers with an at-most intermediate school-leaving certificate are analysed for the period 2008 to 2014. The results show a complex picture of ten distinct school-to-work transition patterns. Youth passing through transition measures tend to experience a less continuous but still purposeful transition pathway. We also identify a small number of youth experiencing at-risk trajectories characterised by a highly discontinuous transition process, which points to sustained detachment from the training and labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2022): Young People between Education and the Labour Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 43, H. 7, S. 1719-1757. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2021-0352

Abstract

"Purpose: The aim is to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the careers of different groups of young individuals, based on transition probabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The authors analyse the evolution of individual shares and flows between different types of employment (self-employment, temporary, and permanent), unemployment, education, and other types of inactivity of individuals aged 20–29 in Italy. Findings: The authors find that the pandemic worsened an already concerning situation of higher inactivity rates, compared to other EU countries. In quarters III and IV of 2020, mainly females and non-Italian citizens were less in (permanent and temporary) employment and more in the NLFET (neither in the labour force nor in education or training) state compared to the same quarters one year before. The authors also find evidence of a temporary but not persistent return to education among 20–24 years old individuals, particularly females. These changes are suggestive of a prolongation of the time needed to achieve temporary and permanent employment, mostly for females and non-Italian citizens. Originality/value: The contribution lies in the provision of a rigorous estimation and analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on the careers of young individuals in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Hippe, Ralph & Maciej Jakubowski (2022): Expected early leaving among native and migrant students: evidence from PISA for EU Member States. (CEDEFOP working paper series / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 2022,16), Thessaloniki, 49 S. DOI:10.2801/589250

Abstract

"Early leavers from education and training become generally disadvantaged socially and economically in later stages in life, so it is important to understand better the motivations for early leaving and provide adequate policy solutions. This study analyses the factors that are most strongly related to the likelihood of leaving education and training early. It places special attention on migrant status, given the recent migration waves within and outside Europe, which are further exacerbated by the continuing war in Ukraine. To this end, we use the OECD most recent PISA data for 2015 and 2018 in a number of two-level logit regression models, including student- and school-level variables. The results show that migrant students do not differ structurally from EU natives in their likelihood of expected early leaving, implying that it is more important to focus on common factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jongbloed, Janine & Jean-François Giret (2022): Quality of life of NEET youth in comparative perspective: subjective well-being during the transition to adulthood. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 321-343. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1869196

Abstract

"In this study, we examine the self-reported subjective well-being (SWB) of youth who are ‘not in employment, education or training’ (NEET) across 24 countries in Europe. Theorizing from a youth transition regimes perspective focusing on the varying levels of social protection available to youth as well as social norms regarding the transition to adulthood, we attempt to understand the psychological outcomes associated with youth NEET statuses across country contexts. Using European Social Survey (ESS) data, we compare not only the SWB of NEET individuals with that of non-NEET youth, but also how it differs amongst specific NEET sub-categories. We hypothesize that the well-being of NEET youth will be highest where more comprehensive social protections are available, but that inequalities in well-being between NEET and non-NEET groups will be minimized in contexts where prolonged school-to-work transitions to adulthood are the social norm. We find that overall levels of well-being differ systematically amongst countries for both NEET and non-NEET groups, being highest in the Nordic countries. However, when examining relative scores that take into account the distribution of well-being within each country, we discover that inequalities between NEET sub-categories are also the most pronounced in these ‘universalistic’ contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mühlböck, Monika, Fabian Kalleitner, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Information, reflection, and successful job search. A labor market policy experiment. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 48-72. DOI:10.1111/spol.12754

Abstract

"Jobseekers, especially young people with little experience on the job market, face several challenges. They need to know which jobs are suited for them, where to find them, how to apply, and they need resilience in the face of repeated rejections. Previous research has shown that receiving information and reflecting on how to search for a job enhance self-efficacy and search motivation, thereby reducing the duration of unemployment spells. Following up on these results, we conducted an experiment in cooperation with the Austrian Ministry of Social Affairs which combines an “information nudge” in the form of a short video-clip with what we call “reflection nudge” in the form of an online survey. We find that a treatment combining reflection and information reduces job search duration of young unemployed people with a low level of formal education. Considering the low costs of the intervention, efficiency is very high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Mühlböck, Monika, Fabian Kalleitner, Nadia Steiber & Bernhard Kittel (2022): Scarring Dreams? Young People's Vocational Aspirations and Expectations During and After Unemployment. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 252-264. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5162

Abstract

"Young people's early‐career unemployment experience has been found to have long‐lasting effects, resulting in lower earnings even decades later. However, while this so‐called “scarring effect” is well established, there is still little knowledge about the mechanisms through which it comes about. We take a closer look at the period that produces the wounds that later turn to scars. Drawing on a panel survey in which young adults in Austria were interviewed once at the beginning of an unemployment period and again one year later, we study how job aspirations and expectations changed during this period. We find that respondents on average lowered their aspirations and expectations over time, particularly those who experienced latent deprivation during unemployment. Furthermore, while the aspirations and expectations of those who were unemployed at the time of the second interview remained relatively unchanged, those who were employed lowered their expectations and to some extent also their aspirations. Our results suggest that research should pay more attention to the heterogenous effects of early‐career unemployment: It produces scarred dreams for some while others manage to keep their aspirations and expectations alive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Psifidou, Irene, Nikolaos Mouratoglou, Alexandra Farazouli & Cynthia Harrison (2022): Minimising early leaving from vocational education and training in Europe. Career guidance and counselling as auxiliary levers. (CEDEFOP working paper series / European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 2022,11), Thessaloniki, 40 S. DOI:10.2801/75320

Abstract

"Career guidance and counselling are key features of comprehensive strategies aiming to reduce early leaving from education and training. They may assist students, not only in terms of decision-making but also in managing their transitions within education and training pathways or from education to employment. Minimising the risks of either insufficient information or unrealistic expectations, career guidance and counselling may support learners in making informed decisions based on their interests, talents, and future job aspirations, as well as preventing dropout and early leaving. For those who have left education and training early, career guidance and counselling may assist them to return to, and qualify in, upper secondary education. This paper examines how national policies and practices in career guidance and counselling in EU Member States may support learners at risk and early leavers from education and training. It identifies common patterns and existing information gaps, and sets out future prospects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ralston, Kevin, Dawn Everington, Zhiqiang Feng & Chris Dibben (2022): Economic Inactivity, Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and Scarring: The Importance of NEET as a Marker of Long-Term Disadvantage. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 59-79. DOI:10.1177/0950017020973882

Abstract

"The category of not in employment, education or training (NEET) refers to young people who are recorded as neither in paid employment nor formal education either at one time point, or for a continuous period. This article assesses levels of employment scarring for those aged 36–39, at Census 2011 (prime employment years) who were recorded as NEET when aged 16–19 at Census 1991 in Scotland. Outcomes are compared for those who moved from NEET into economic activity and by gender. We find evidence that NEET status leads to long-term scarring associated with economic inactivity and unemployment and that this is only partially offset for those who moved from NEET in 1991 to be economically active in 2001. The results also highlight gendering of NEET outcomes. NEET may be a category borne of administrative convenience, rather than sociological consistency but, as intended, it captures a group who experience disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahrens, Lea, Melanie Fischer, Corinna Kleinert & Brigitte Schels (2021): Not all wishes come true: the occupational compromises youths accept when entering vocational training. In: IAB-Forum H. 15.10.2021 Nürnberg, 2021-10-14.

Abstract

"In times of economic crisis, Germany’s large vocational training segment comes even more to the fore as prime model for reducing the risk of youth unemployment. A growing number of pupils continue school and pursue academic education. Still, vocational training remains important for school leavers from lower and intermediate secondary schools. These young people are confronted in their teenage years with the difficult decision for one occupation out of more than 400 options." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aina, Carmen, Irene Brunetti, Chiara Mussida & Sergio Scicchitano (2021): Even more discouraged? The NEET generation at the age of COVID-19. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 863), Maastricht, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates if and to what extend the risk of becoming Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) has worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. The analysis is based on a unique dataset from the merging of two sample surveys, the Italian Labor Force Survey and the Institutional Quality Index dataset. We find that the probability of being NEET significantly increased during the pandemic, but heterogeneously between age cohorts and geographical areas. The most affected categories have been young people (aged 25-34) and those living in North-West regions. Females are mostly affected compared to males, especially those experiencing motherhood and living in a Southern province. Investment in education reduces the NEET status, mainly for age-group 25-34 in the South. Participation in the civil society significantly reduces the probability to being NEET. Finally, active policies conducted at regional level are a further educational investment that protect from becoming NEET, although their effectiveness is not significant in the Southern regions. We provide novel evidence to inform policymakers and help building evidence-based policies, tailored on local needs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Assmann, Marie-Luise & Sven Broschinski (2021): Mapping Young NEETs Across Europe: Exploring the Institutional Configurations Promoting Youth Disengagement from Education and Employment. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 4, H. 2, S. 95-117. DOI:10.1007/s43151-021-00040-w

Abstract

"Over the past decade, the number of young people neither in employment, education, or training (NEET) has reached a seriously high level in many European countries. Previous studies have illustrated the heterogeneity of this group and that they differ considerably across Europe. However, the reasons of these cross-country differences have hardly been investigated so far. This study explores how the rates of different NEET subgroups are conditioned by various institutional configurations by applying fuzzy-set Quantitative Comparative Analysis for 26 European countries using aggregated EU Labour Force Survey data from 2018. The analysis reveals that institutional causes of being NEET are as diverse as the group itself. Thus, high levels of young NEETs with care responsibilities are found in countries with a lack of family-related services in conjunction with weak formalised long-term care as it is true in mostly Central Eastern European countries. In contrast, high rates of NEETs with a disability are prevalent mainly in Northern European countries where generous and inefficient disability benefit schemes exist that create false incentives to stay away from the labour market. Finally, high proportions of unemployed and discouraged young NEETs are found in those countries hit hardest by the crisis and with high labour market rigidities, low vocational specificity, and a lack of active labour market policies like in the Southern and some Central Eastern European countries. The results illustrate that young people face very different barriers across Europe and that country-specific measures must be taken to reduce the number of NEETs in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beierle, Sarah & Carolin Hoch (2021): Lebenssituation und Perspektiven junger Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz. Ergebnisse und Reflexion einer quantitativen Studie. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 315-331. DOI:10.1007/s12592-021-00391-4

Abstract

"Der Beitrag stellt zentrale Ergebnisse einer Befragung vor, in der versucht wurde, die Lebenssituation von wohnungslosen oder obdachlosen Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in drei deutschen Großstädten quantitativ zu erheben. Die Wohnsituation von „Straßenjugendlichen“ scheint dadurch, dass viele Betroffene zwischenzeitlich immer wieder bei Freunden oder Bekannten unterkommen, in erheblichem Maße durch Wohnungslosigkeit geprägt. Das Durchschnittsalter des Eintritts in eine Straßenkarriere liegt bei 16 bis 17 Jahren. Die befragten Jugendlichen sind von multiplen, insbesondere familiären Problemlagen betroffen, geben an, nicht freiwillig ohne festen Wohnsitz zu sein und sind mit ihrer Lebenssituation überwiegend unzufrieden. Dennoch sehen sie optimistisch in die Zukunft und glauben, mittelfristig ihre Wohnungs- bzw. Obdachlosigkeit überwinden zu können. Die Daten weisen außerdem darauf hin, dass junge volljährige Menschen ohne festen Wohnsitz vorwiegend mit dem Jobcenter in Kontakt stehen und das Jugendamt nicht mehr als relevantes Hilfesystem in Erscheinung tritt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Beierling, Birgit (2021): Die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung der Jugendberufsagenturen. In: Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, Jg. 52, H. 2, S. 64-71.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag wird die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung von Jugendberufsagenturen anhand folgender Aspekte diskutiert: Zum einen geht es um die Frage, ob die Jugendberufsagenturen mit ihren Angeboten die jungen Menschen überhaupt erreichen, zum anderen werden die jugendgerechte Ausgestaltung der Beratung und Förderung sowie die Möglichkeit, Jugendliche in Jugendberufsagenturen zu beteiligen, erörtert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e.V.)

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Berlin, Marie, Antti Kääriälä, Mette Lausten, Gunnar Andersson & Lars Brännström (2021): Long-term NEET among young adults with experience of out-of-home care: A comparative study of three Nordic countries. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 266-279. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12463

Abstract

"Previous research suggests that young adults from out-of-home care (OHC) are at high risk of low education and unemployment. However, there are no studies on their risk of long-term NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training). This study compared the risk of NEET at age 21–23 among OHC youth across Denmark, Finland and Sweden, using register data for an entire birth cohort born in 1987. The Nordic countries share many features, but there are differences in the provision of after-care support and in the linkage between the educational system and the labour market. The results show that about a fourth in Denmark and Sweden and a third in Finland were NEET, suggesting that the welfare systems were not able to compensate for the OHC youth’s childhood disadvantages. To a significant extent, the excess risk of NEET was attributed to poor school performance. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Cahuc, Pierre, Stéphane Carcillo & Andreea Minea (2021): The difficult school-to-work transition of high school dropouts. Evidence from a field experiment. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 56, H. 1, S. 159-183. DOI:10.3368/jhr.56.1.0617-8894R2

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of the labor market experience of high school dropouts four years after leaving school by sending fictitious résumés to real job postings in France. Compared to those who have stayed unemployed since leaving school, the callback rate is not raised for those with employment experience, whether it is subsidized or non-subsidized, if there is no training accompanied by skill certification. We find no stigma effect associated with subsidized work experience. Moreover, training accompanied by skill certification improves youth prospects only when the local unemployment rate is sufficiently low, which occurs in one fifth of the commuting zones only." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Consiglio, Chiara, Pietro Menatta, Laura Borgogni, Guido Alessandri, Lucia Valente & Gian Vittorio Caprara (2021): How Youth May Find Jobs: The Role of Positivity, Perceived Employability, and Support from Employment Agencies. In: Sustainability, Jg. 13, H. 16. DOI:10.3390/su13169468

Abstract

"Youth unemployment is a relevant issue among most European countries; therefore, it is important to understand its individual and situational determinants. This study aimed to investigate a conceptual model that explains the associations among positivity (POS), perceived support from employment agencies, perceived employability (PE), and employment status in a sample of 317 unemployed Italian youth involved in the Youth Guarantee program. In particular, this study investigated the relationships between POS and PE and between PE and employment. Moreover, we analyzed whether the relationship between POS and employment status was mediated by PE and whether the relationship between POS and PE was moderated by perceived support from employment agencies. Results showed that PE totally mediated the relationship between POS and employment status. Furthermore, the moderating role of perceived support from agencies was confirmed; when high, it boosted the relationship between POS and PE. In sum, this study contributes to understanding the key impact of POS on PE, as well as the role played by employment agencies as a “catalyst” of this relationship, allowing, with their support, unemployed youth to maximize their opportunity to find a job. Implications for both research and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haikkola, Lotta (2021): Classed and gendered transitions in youth activation. The case of Finnish youth employment services. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 250-266. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1715358

Abstract

"This article examines the role of youth activation in reproducing classed and gendered youth transitions. A large body of research on transitions examines how structural conditions continue to pattern youth transitions in the context of detraditionalization and individualisation. What is often missing from these analyses, is the role of institutional actors and youth policies. Based on a multi-sited ethnographic research in employment services in Helsinki, Finland, this article explores the role of youth activation and welfare conditionality in NEET young people's transitions. Youth activation refers to a complex mix of employment services, prevention of social exclusion, active labour market policies and welfare conditionality. The article shows how the seemingly supportive practices provided by youth employment services channel young people to a limited number of occupational tracks at the lower end of the labour market in a gendered manner. This channelling is institutionalised in the services' organisational structures and practices, and strengthened by welfare conditionality. The consequence is a powerful institutional pattern that structures and restricts youths? transition paths." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kleif, Helle Bendix (2021): The Temporality of Being NEET: A Longitudinal Study of NEET Occurrences among Young Adults in Denmark. In: Young, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 217-235. DOI:10.1177/1103308820945098

Abstract

"The NEET concept has become standard vocabulary when addressing youth disengagement. Across countries, the definition is used to measure young adults at risk of social exclusion. Using sequence and clustering analyses on unique Danish register data, this article presents a longitudinal study of the temporal developments of NEET occurrences. This enables a critical assessment of the quality of the NEET concept as a proxy for measuring young adults at risk of social exclusion. The article demonstrates how four out of five young adults labelled NEET cannot be characterized as being at risk of social exclusion. Using quantitative analyses, the results confirm the criticism of the NEET concept in some of the qualitative literature and find that there is a need to discuss the applicability of the concept nationally to define who is at risk, as well as in cross-national comparisons of young adults not in employment, education or training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Menze, Laura, Malte Sandner, Silke Anger, Reinhard Pollak & Heike Solga (2021): Jugendliche aus Förderschulen mit Schwerpunkt "Lernen": Schwieriger Übergang in Ausbildung und Arbeitsmarkt. (IAB-Kurzbericht 22/2021), Nürnberg, 12 S.

Abstract

"In Deutschland wird ein vergleichsweise hoher Anteil der Schülerinnen und Schüler mit sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf an separaten Förderschulen unterrichtet. Dort erreichen die jungen Menschen häufig keinen Schulabschluss und gehören damit zu einer am Arbeitsmarkt vulnerablen Gruppe. Deshalb wird in dem Kurzbericht untersucht, ob und wie diesen Jugendlichen der Zugang in Ausbildung und zum Arbeitsmarkt gelingt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Jugendliche von Förderschulen mit dem Schwerpunkt „Lernen“ finden seltener Zugang zu einer Ausbildung und erwerben bis zum Alter von 20 Jahren seltener einen Ausbildungsabschluss als Jugendliche von Regelschulen, selbst wenn sie einen vergleichbaren Schulabschluss haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ripamonti, Enrico & Stefano Barberis (2021): The association of economic and cultural capital with the NEET rate: differential geographical and temporal patterns. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 55. DOI:10.1186/s12651-021-00296-y

Abstract

"Using data from 103 Italian provinces, we investigated the relationship between local/regional development, and NEET. We constructed an indicator of cultural capital and another of economic capital and we studied their relation with the NEET rate. Covariance Structure Analysis with Generalized Least Squares estimation was employed, considering a three time-points retrospective model. Results indicate a consistent protective effect of the economic capital on the NEET rate, both in the short run (2 years) and in the medium run (10 years). However, this effect has been obtained in the Central provinces (at 2 and 10 years) and Southern provinces (at 10 years), but not in the Northern provinces. A mediation analysis indicated that, historically, the cultural capital may partly mediate the effect of the economic capital. We did not detect a significant direct effect of the cultural capital on the NEET rate, which is strongly mediated by the action of the economic capital. Together, these results denote that the economic capital is a strong predictor of NEET, but not in very competitive economic areas." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Schnetzer, Simon (2021): IG Metall Jugendstudie Plan B - Datenreport. Frankfurt am Main, 76 S.

Abstract

"Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse der Befragung »Plan B« zeigt: die Corona-Pandemie hat starke negative Auswirkungen auf die aktuelle Erwerbs- bzw. Ausbildungssituation, das persönliche Wohlbefinden sowie den sozialen Nahbereich und die Zukunftspläne junger Menschen. Befragt wurden vom 13.01.–31.03.2021 insgesamt 3.229 junge Menschen zwischen 16 und 27 Jahren aus den Zielgruppen Auszubildende, dual Studierende und junge Berufstätige." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Strecker, Tanja, Joffre López & M. Àngels Cabasés (2021): Examining NEET situations in Spain: Labour Market, Discourses and Policies. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 4, H. 2, S. 119-134. DOI:10.1007/s43151-021-00048-2

Abstract

"Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) and its Spanish equivalent 'nini' (Ni estudia, Ni trabaja) have dominated youth policy discourses in recent years. Within the European Union, Spain is one of the countries with the highest proportion of young people in NEET situations. In this article, it is argued that the idea of NEET has been weaponised to stigmatise youth, by evoking the phantom of a demotivated young person with scarce training. This stigmatisation has little to do with the reality of many young Spaniards who can find themselves in different situations, such as unemployment, precarious employment, training and education in a matter of days. Thus, there is a need to consider the different experiences and structural circumstances of so-called NEETs rather than viewing them as a homogenous and static group. Using documentary analysis and secondary data, this article examines the diversity of NEET situations for the youth in Spain, which is generally not captured in large national statistics data-sets and policies. Furthermore, it analyses the EU Youth Guarantee and its application in Spain, highlighting where official objectives have not been met, and includes an overview of the current effects of the coronavirus crisis. Ultimately, the paper shows that public discourses centred on an artificially created social group (NEET) legitimise and produce policies that do not respond to young people's actual needs and problems, especially for the most vulnerable among them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersen, Ditte (2020): Stuck! Welfare state dependency as lived experience. In: European Societies, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 317-336. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2019.1616796

Abstract

"The concern that public support may spur dependency has been voiced throughout the history of welfare states. Nevertheless, little research examines the experience of welfare state dependency in the context of recipients' everyday lives. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of a case involving Anna, who depends on the Danish welfare system for financial benefits and other forms of support. The study spans five years from age 19 to 24, and includes some of the significant others in Anna's everyday life - her mother, who also depends on welfare, and her caseworkers. By situating Anna's experiences in a temporal and social context, the case study advances a nuanced understanding of welfare state dependency and identifies three driving forces of the experience: (1) the concern about intergenerational transmission of dependency that spurs a shared sense of hopelessness among Anna and her significant others; (2) the recurrent changes of diagnoses that adds to the feeling of dependency by repeatedly generating waiting time, e.g. for new psychiatric assessments; (3) the system's requirement to produce numerous but sketchy future plans that lack real-world plausibility. The case study clarifies the importance that respectable exits out of welfare state dependency are not only imaginable but also believable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dohmen, Dieter, Galiya Yelubayeva, Charlotte Firzlaff & Michael Cordes (2020): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 75), Berlin, 61 S.

Abstract

"Nachdem die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in den vergangenen fünfzehn Jahren deutlich gesunken ist, könnte sie jetzt um bis zu 40 Prozent ansteigen. Zwar sind davon, relativ gesehen, Hochschulabsolventen und beruflich Qualifizierte stärker betroffen, allerdings sind die Zukunftsaussichten für geringqualifizierte junge Menschen besonders ungünstig. Männer sind dabei durchgängig stärker betroffen als Frauen. Die Analysen zeigen zudem, wie sehr die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit durch wenig wirksame Bildungsangebote kaschiert wird.Dies sind die Kernergebnisse einer aktuellen Analyse des FiBS zur Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. Die Studie zeigt einerseits, dass die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit über alle Qualifikationsniveaus hinweg bei jungen Männern wie Frauen deutlich rückläufig ist. Andererseits wird deutlich, dass in Krisenzeiten fast ausschließlich die Arbeitslosigkeit junger Männer ansteigt, während die der jungen Frauen zum Teil sogar weiter sinkt. Dies gilt über alle Qualifikationsgruppen hinweg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dvouletý, Ondřej, Martin Lukeš & Mihaela Vancea (2020): Individual-level and family background determinants of young adults' unemployment in Europe. In: Empirica, Jg. 47, H. 2, S. 389-409. DOI:10.1007/s10663-018-9430-x

Abstract

"The aim of this study is to explore individual-level and family background determinants of young adults' unemployment. Compared to previous studies, we focus on extended adulthood by including a broader age range in the sample of young adults (18–35 years), and on less explored individual predictors. A harmonized data set, based on representative cross-sectional national surveys conducted in 2016 in eleven European countries, was used to analyze individual level predictors of young adults' unemployment. For young economically active individuals (N = 14,602), we estimated logistic regressions with the dependent variable representing odds of being unemployed. The findings suggest that besides age, gender, education, migration and ethnic backgrounds, caring responsibilities or unemployment experience, there are other important predictors of young adults' unemployment such as religious affiliation, risk taking and parental unemployment experience. Obtained estimates are robust and can be thus more likely generalized in comparison with previous findings. Policy-makers and labor market offices should better address those groups of young adults most endangered by unemployment such as younger individuals, women, ethnic minorities, risk averse young adults or those with parental unemployment history through more effective, inclusive and tailored education and labor market policies as well as specific counselling support services for career orientation and development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Husu, Hanna-Mari & Minna Ylilahti (2020): The formation of long-term unemployed young adults' emotional capital during childhood. A Bourdieusian approach to emotional harm. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 23, H. 9, S. 1161-1177. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1657563

Abstract

"This article focuses on the long-term formation of unemployed young adults' emotional capital and the development of emotional dispositions during childhood. We use Bourdieu's work and the concept of emotional capital to draw attention to the emotional dynamics of family and peer relations during childhood. Emotional capital is related to parents' emotional involvement and investment in the child's well-being, and it encompasses emotional skills and assets that children can attain from family relations. The concept of emotional capital allows an examination of the child's family and close environment, which shape the development of actors' emotional inclinations and tendencies. Our data consists of 28 semi-structured life course interviews conducted in 2012-2013 with 28 long-term unemployed young adults aged 20-32 in central Finland. The data revealed that problems in family or peer dynamics were related to negative emotional dispositions, including a sense of not belonging or being an outsider and a lack of trust, which started to form during childhood, and which were translated and repeated in different settings in participants' life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kleif, Helle Bendix & Jacob Nielsen Arendt (2020): Incentive effects of cash benefit among low-skilled young adults: Applying a regression discontinuity design. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 15, H. 11. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0241279

Abstract

"In 2014, the Danish Government implemented an active labour market reform directed at unemployed young adults under 30 years of age with low educational qualifications. The reform replaced the (unemployment) cash benefits with a lower education benefit for many of the unemployed aged under 30 and obliged the low-skilled in this group to enrol in a regular general or vocational (VET) education program. This paper exploits the sharp discontinuity that occurs at age 30 to estimate the joint effect of higher benefits and the cessation of educational obligations on the share receiving cash benefits and the share enrolled in education. We estimate the effects by applying a regression discontinuity design. We report results for the group of low educated young adults and for subgroups facing different economic incentives. The results establish that reaching age 30 creates an incentive to apply for cash benefits, and we find strong evidence that a significant increase in the share of cash benefit recipients relates to a corresponding reduction in the share of young adults enrolled in education. When including subgroups the size of the effect increases, and the results demonstrate that the effects are strongest among previous education benefit recipients. This indicates that the results are mainly driven mainly by individuals reverting to cash benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Landauer, Doris (2020): Perspektiven für "Unentdeckte Talente" – Prävention und Intervention bei frühzeitigem Bildungsabbruch. Gesamtresümee 2010–2020. (AMS report 151), Wien, 35 S.

Abstract

"Absicht und Ziel war es, die Thematik des frühen Bildungsabbruchs auf mehreren Ebenen unter dem Blickwinkel der Arbeitsmarktpolitik zu erfassen, zu beschreiben und auch neue Möglichkeiten für Interventionen zu erarbeiten, die geeignet sind, Abhilfe zu schaffen. Diese Aufgabenstellungen sollten innerhalb eines über einen längeren Zeitraum angelegten Projektes bearbeitet werden. Daher wurde seitens des (damaligen) Bundesministeriums für Arbeit, Soziales und Konsumentenschutz mit Wirksamkeit vom 1. November 2010 mit einer Laufzeit von zehn Jahren das Projekt, das in Folge mit »Perspektiven für unentdeckte Talente – Prävention und Interventionen bei frühzeitigem Bildungsabbruch« benannt wurde, ins Leben gerufen und die Autorin des vorliegenden Projektberichtes mit der Projektleitung beauftragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ottersbach, Markus (2020): Arbeitsintegration von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 214-221. DOI:10.3262/MIG2003214

Abstract

"Während auf der einen Seite in Bezug auf die Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt eine Angleichung der migrantischen an die Verhältnisse der einheimischen Bevölkerung festzustellen ist, erkennt man auf der anderen Seite weiterhin eine sich verfestigende „Unterschichtung“ des Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarktes durch Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund. Dies gilt auch für Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund. Die überdurchschnittlich hohe Arbeitslosigkeit, aber auch die Positionierung in Berufen mit wenig Reputation und Einkommen ist sowohl für den Einzelnen je individuell, aber auch aus gesellschaftlicher Sicht problematisch." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Praag, Lore van & Noel Clycq (2020): Going to work without educational qualifications: school-to-work transitions of early school leavers in Belgium. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 465-480. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1620926

Abstract

"Risks of exclusion can occur in multiple forms and start early in life. Early school leavers are especially at risk of social exclusion as this is strongly related to turbulent school-to-work-transitions. These young people often find themselves in low-qualified work or unemployment. In this article, we explore the labour market experiences of early school leavers in Flanders, Belgium. In total, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with nine early school leavers and analysed following a grounded theory approach. Our results demonstrate the difficulties early school leavers encounter in their transitions from school to work and their precarious situation in the labour market. Of particular relevance are the insights gained in revealing the perspectives of young people on the importance of educational qualifications, work experience and participation in the labour market, as well as the strategies they develop to enter the labour market without educational qualifications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ramakers, Anke, Mikko Aaltonen & Pekka Martikainen (2020): A closer look at labour market status and crime among a general population sample of young men and women. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 43. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100322

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Rodrigues, Margarida (2020): Skills and Youth Unemployment: Cross-Country Evidence from Synthetic Panel Data. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 217-248., 2020-05-01. DOI:10.1086/708855

Abstract

"This paper estimates the effect of human capital on countries’ youth unemployment ratio, by using country average scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the unemployment ratio of the same birth cohort. The identification strategy is based on variations in skills within country-by-year and across PISA cohorts. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in reading literacy decreases the unemployment ratio by 1.2 percentage points, which is accounted for by a significant increase in employment. We find some evidence that educational and labour market institutions play a role in the association between skills and unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schels, Brigitte (2020): Not in Employment, Education, or Training (Neet) und geringqualifiziert: Problemlagen von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen im Übergang in das Erwerbsleben. In: A. Rauch (Hrsg.) & S. Tophoven (Hrsg.) (2020): Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer S. 79-94, 2019-06-04.

Abstract

"Im Mittelpunkt dieses Kapitels stehen junge Menschen, die Schwierigkeiten im Übergang von der Schule in das Erwerbsleben haben. Sie lernen, dass die Gruppe nicht nur über Arbeitslosigkeit definiert werden kann, sondern dass in der politischen Diskussion zunehmend das NEET-Konzept an Bedeutung gewonnen hat (NEET von "Not in Employment, Education, or Training"). Zudem kommt den Bildungsvoraussetzungen von jungen Menschen weiterhin eine gewichtige Rolle am Arbeits- und Ausbildungsmarkt zu, weshalb auch auf die Situation geringqualifizierter junger Menschen eingegangen wird. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass die Definition der Risikogruppen unter den jungen Menschen über Normen, hier gesellschaftliche Erwartungen an einen lückenlosen Übergang von der Schule in das Erwerbsleben, und Bildungsstandards erfolgt. In dem Kapitel wird auf Erklärungsansätze eingegangen, wie sich diese Normen herausgebildet haben. Es wird thematisiert, wie die sozialpolitische Förderung von jungen Menschen mit Schwierigkeiten im Übergang von der Schule in das Erwerbsleben aussieht. Schließlich wird kritisch diskutiert, dass die Kategorien NEET und Geringqualifiziert auch an Grenzen stoßen, um die Problemlagen von jungen Menschen im Übergang in das Erwerbsleben in ihrer Differnziertheit zu erfassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sofritti, Federico, Angelo Benozzo, Neil Carey & Maria Chiara Pizzorno (2020): Working precarious careers trajectories: tracing neoliberal discourses in younger workers' narratives. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 23, H. 8, S. 1054-1070. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1654602

Abstract

"The aim of this article is to explore how, in the context of the post Global Financial Crisis (GFC), some Italian younger workers in a specific geographical region in Italy recount their work trajectories. Drawing on narrative interviews with ten participants (aged between 24 and 30) as part of a research project carried out in the Autonomous region of Aosta Valley in Italy, the article traces discourses closely associated with neoliberalism - the discourses of the entrepreneurial self, employability and self-responsibilisation - through which subjects' work experiences take shape. Moreover, the analysis highlights how locality, one's personal relation with the geographical territory, makes more complex the younger people's negotiations in crafting themselves vis-à-vis precarious employment opportunities and wider socio-economic dynamics in respect of precarious employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tåhlin, Michael & Johan Westerman (2020): Youth employment decline and the structural change of skill. In: European Societies, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 47-76. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2018.1552981

Abstract

"Labor market prospects for youth have deteriorated significantly in many OECD countries over recent decades. While the extent and consequences of falling youth employment are commonly studied, attempts at understanding its causes have been much more limited. The present paper attempts to fill this explanatory gap. We suggest that the secular decline in youth employment can be accounted for by the structural change of skill. This process of structural change has two interrelated components: (a) one part where skill supply (individual educational attainment) and skill demand (educational requirements of jobs) grow together in what can be called matched upgrading and (b) another part where excess skill supply leads to mismatch and crowding-out. These components of skill growth have commonly been treated separately and incompletely in the literature. We build on both of them in developing our account of why the labor market for youth has weakened. Using data on 10 European countries from the EU Labor Force Surveys over the period 1998 to 2015, we estimate associations between the structural change of skill and youth employment decline. The main conclusion is that both matched skill upgrading and overeducation are strongly and negatively linked to young people's employment chances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vugt, Lynn van, Rense Nieuwenhuis & Mark Levels (2020): Escaping the motherhood trap: Parental leave and childcare help young mothers to avoid NEET risks. (Research memoranda / VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2020,33), Amsterdam, 58 S. DOI:10.26481/umagsb.2020033

Abstract

"This paper explores to what extent and how the risk that young mothers become NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) later in life is related to family policy provisions (i.e. parental leave and Early Childhood Education and Care). We examine a three-staged process: the relation between (a) characteristics of family policies and the use of it, (b) the use of family policy provisions and NEET risks, and (c) the effectiveness of family policy provisions on the characteristics of these family policies. Combining data from the EU-LFS with macro-level indicators of family policies, we analyse NEET risks of 13,613 young mothers (20-29) in 27 EU-countries. We find that young mothers are more likely to take parental leave if it is paid for a longer period of time, and are more likely to use ECEC when childcare placement is guaranteed. Both parental leave and ECEC services are associated with lower NEET risks, as long as they are not used for overly short or long periods. However, this depends largely on the way parental leave is organised. In addition, in countries where ECEC is more affordable, young mothers who use ECEC are better protected against NEET risks later in life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Yeung, Wei-Jun Jean & Yi Yang (2020): Labor Market Uncertainties for Youth and Young Adults. An International Perspective. In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 688, H. 1, S. 7-19. DOI:10.1177/0002716220913487

Abstract

"A crisis for youth labor market conditions has been building globally for more than two decades, reflected in the persistently high rates of youth unemployment around the world, which is about three times as high as that for adults. About one in five young people are not in education, employment, or training, and a large share of young adults are working in the informal economy or in precarious conditions. This volume includes a collection of thirteen articles that examine the causes, patterns, and consequences of labor market uncertainties for youth and young adults in Europe, Latin/South America, the United States, and Asia, as well as a concluding article. They reveal vast inequalities among young people, with those having the least education and lowest skills, females, those with low family socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic minorities, and migrants being the most vulnerable. In this introduction, we describe the global trends and regional variation in labor market conditions for young people, explicate the importance of integrating young people into labor markets, and summarize the findings and policy implications of these articles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aigner-Walder, Birgit & Marika Gruber (2019): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und Migration im ländlichen Raum. Analyse am Beispiel des Bundeslandes Kärnten. (AMS report 136), Wien, 37 S.

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt die Zielsetzung, die Relevanz von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit für Migrationsbewegungen zu analysieren. Sowohl die theoretischen Darlegungen als auch die empirischen Ergebnisse am Beispiel des Bundeslandes Kärnten weisen auf die hohe Relevanz von arbeitsmarktbezogenen Faktoren für die Abwanderung aus einer Region bzw. eine potenzielle Rückwanderung von Jugendlichen hin. Während für innerhalb Österreichs wandernde Personen durch die Migrationsbewegung vorwiegend eine Verbesserung der Erwerbssituation gegeben scheint, kann diese Aussage für von aus dem Ausland zugewanderte Personen nur bedingt getätigt werden; die Arbeitslosigkeit unter zugewanderten Jugendlichen ist überdurchschnittlich hoch." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Contini, Dalit, Marianna Filandri & Lia Pacelli (2019): Persistency in the NEET state: a longitudinal analysis. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 22, H. 7, S. 959-980. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1562161

Abstract

"This article addresses the NEET phenomenon in a longitudinal perspective, by examining the case of Italy, a country experiencing one of the highest and increasing NEET shares in the EU. We exploit the longitudinal sample of the 2008-2011 EU-SILC data, providing self-declared information on individuals' educational and occupational status on a monthly basis for 4 years. Firstly, we propose a classification of individual histories in education, employment and the NEET states. According to our estimates, more than 40% of the Italian young people report being NEET for at least 13 months out of 48, and more than 10% for (almost) the entire period. Secondly, we examine the composition of the NEET groups and draw a long-term NEET risk profile for individuals from different sociodemographic groups. Thirdly, we examine the longitudinal histories by distinguishing between unemployment and inactivity spells. Our findings show that the NEET phenomenon among Italian young adults is largely an issue of unemployment. The only exception is represented by Italian older females with children, the majority of which portrays themselves as inactive. Still, a sizable portion of these women define themselves as being mainly 'unemployed' instead of 'performing domestic tasks', indicating an unsatisfied wish or need to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fradkin, Andrey, Frédéric Panier & Ilan Tojerow (2019): Blame the parents? How parental unemployment affects labor supply and job quality for young adults. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 35-100. DOI:10.1086/698896

Abstract

"We study the role of shocks to parental income in determining the labor market outcomes of children entering the labor market. We find that a child whose parent loses a job prior to the child's labor market entry is, on average, induced to work 9% more in the 3 years following labor market entry than a child whose parents lose a job after the child's entry. This effect is concentrated on the extensive margin and decreases in magnitude over time. We find no evidence that these shocks affect the quality of the job that entrants find." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gaspani, Fabio (2019): Young adults NEET and everyday life. Time management and temporal subjectivities. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 69-88. DOI:10.1177/1103308818761424

Abstract

"The article investigates the everyday realities of young adults who are not in education, employment or training (NEET) in Italy and focuses on both time management and temporal subjectivities. In reference to the first point, the analysis of individuals' typical days reveals different temporal organization strategies and the activities they consider important to structure their time. As for the study of temporal subjectivities, the article deals with the representations and control on everyday time, which are determined not only by the amount of time spent for specific activities but also by how such activities are performed, taking into account the interactions with others and the contexts. The study of NEET experiences allow a reflection both in reference to youth difficulties in managing time and their agency in an age of uncertainty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Holte, Bjørn Hallstein, Ignatius Swart & Keikki Hiilamo (2019): The NEET concept in comparative youth research. The Nordic countries and South Africa. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 256-272. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1496406

Abstract

"The NEET concept has become widely used internationally since its emergence in the UK almost two decades ago. This article reviews the adoption of the concept in two extreme contexts in terms of NEET rates, youth opportunities and youth welfare: the Nordic countries and South Africa. The article discusses the situations of NEET young people in the two contexts, and how the concept is used in the wealthy and relatively homogenous Nordic welfare states and in relatively poorer and racially divided South Africa. While the concept has been problematised in different ways in Nordic youth research, it has been more readily accepted by South African researchers. We argue that, in both contexts, the NEET concept can be taken as an invitation to look beyond individual life situations and biographies, and to focus on how structural forces such as the political economy shape young people's lives. The NEET concept provides a way of discussing changing opportunity structures and how global social forces such as globalisation and neoliberalisation shape young people's lives in different contexts. The NEET concept is useful in comparative youth research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hvinden, Bjørn, Jacqueline O'Reilly & Christer Hyggen (Hrsg.) (2019): Negotiating early job insecurity well-being, scarring and resilience of European youth. Cheltenham: Elgar, 264 S. DOI:10.4337/9781788118798

Abstract

"Offering new knowledge and insights into European job markets, this book explores how young men and women experience job insecurity. By combining analysis of original data collected through a variety of innovative methods, it compares the trajectories of early job insecurity in nine European countries. Focusing on the ways in which young adults deal with this by actively increasing their chances of getting a job through a variety of methods, as the book shows how governmental policies can be altered to reduce early job insecurity." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rodríguez-Modroño, Paula (2019): Youth unemployment, NEETs and structural inequality in Spain. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 433-448. DOI:10.1108/IJM-03-2018-0098

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to apply an intersectional analysis to assess the impact of structural factors on the risk of being a NEET for youth in Spain. The author study if inequalities have changed after the economic crisis, once youth policies designed to improve the Spanish school-to-work transition (SWT) system were implemented.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on microdata from the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the paper compares the probability of becoming not in employment, education or training (NEET) of young men and women born inside or outside Spain and living in different types of households.
Findings
Although unemployment rates have improved since the end of the crisis, the situation regarding youth employment, poverty and inequalities remains challenging. Gender and other structural differences are usually ignored in policy debates and in the measures adopted to fight youth unemployment, leading to the persistance of inequalities.
Research limitations/implications
The analysis illustrates new lines and trajectories in the segmentation of youth labor markets along the lines of gender, household and country of origin.
Practical implications
The findings highlight the need for introducing an analysis of the different sources of vulnerability in policy designs in order to promote a real and sustainable change in SWTs.
Originality/value
The contribution of this research to the literature on NEET and SWT is to introduce a framework that allows for the intersectional analysis of gender and other structural inequalities." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Sansale, Rebecca, Stephen B. DeLoach & Mark Kurt (2019): Unemployment duration and the personalities of young adults workers. In: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Jg. 79, H. April, S. 1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2019.01.002

Abstract

"As in many countries, young adult workers in the United States have experienced tremendous employment volatility in recent years. In this paper, we examine the role personality plays in determining the duration of unemployment among young adults in the United States between 2008 and 2015. Evidence from estimation of a Competing Risks Model shows that when faced with unemployment, conscientious individuals are significantly more likely to find employment. Individuals scoring higher in neuroticism are more likely to leave the workforce and less likely to go back to school, while more agreeable individuals are more likely to go back to school. Because personality remains malleable for young adults, these results have implications for the literature related to job-search behavior as well as for educational and job-training programs." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Strittmatter, Anthony (2019): Heterogeneous earnings effects of the job corps by gender. A translated quantile approach. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 61. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101760

Abstract

"Several studies of the Job Corps tend to find more positive earnings effects for males than for females. This effect heterogeneity favouring males contrasts with the results of the majority of other training programmes’ evaluations. Applying the translated quantile approach of Bitler, Hoynes, and Domina (2014), I investigate a potential mechanism behind the surprising findings for the Job Corps. My results provide suggestive evidence that the effect of heterogeneity by gender operates through existing gender earnings inequality rather than Job Corps trainability differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Verd, Joan Miquel, Oriol Barranco & Mireia Bolíbar (2019): Youth unemployment and employment trajectories in Spain during the Great Recession. What are the determinants? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-019-0254-3

Abstract

"Since the beginning of the recession period in Europe, unemployment has greatly affected the young adult population. In this context, Spain is regarded as an extreme case, due to its exceptionally high youth unemployment rates. This article seeks to identify the determinants that have led certain groups of Spanish young people to suffer labour market trajectories with higher levels of unemployment and instability during the Great Recession than others. To do this, retrospective data from the 2012 Catalan Youth Survey are used. With these data and using cluster analysis, a typology of labour market trajectories is constructed. Next, multinomial logistic regressions are used to identify what individual socio-demographic characteristics and pre-crisis employment experiences are connected to these different typological career paths. Results show that the highly differentiated career paths are associated with different social profiles and differences in the presence of unemployment. Moreover, interesting differences among the most unstable career paths appear. For the most vulnerable social profiles the employment trajectory prior to the crisis seems to point towards the existence of an entrapment in low-skilled jobs that alternate with situations of unemployment. For those with a slightly better position their employment situation after the initiation of the crisis seems to have been impacted by their brief labour market trajectory before the crisis and their resulting work experience gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zuccotti, Carolina V. & Jacqueline O'Reilly (2019): Ethnicity, Gender and Household Effects on Becoming NEET. An Intersectional Analysis. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 351-373. DOI:10.1177/0950017017738945

Abstract

"Surprisingly little attention has been given to an integrated understanding of the interaction between ethnicity, gender and parental household's employment status affecting young people's educational and labour market outcomes. Drawing on data from Understanding Society, the article compares youth probabilities of becoming NEET (not in employment, education or training) in the UK, focusing on the outcomes for young men and women from different ethnic groups and from four types of 'households of origin': workless, one-earner, single-parent-earner and two-earner. The article shows that while, on average, young people with workless parents have a higher likelihood of becoming NEET compared to individuals from households with at least one employed parent, this does not apply universally to all ethnic minority groups, nor equally to young men and women. Having workless parents is much less detrimental for second-generation Indian and African men, and for second-generation Bangladeshi men and women, than for white British individuals. An intersectional analysis illustrates the universal and differentiated effects of disadvantage among youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Axelrad, Hila, Miki Malul & Israel Luski (2018): Unemployment among younger and older individuals. Does conventional data about unemployment tell us the whole story? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0237-9

Abstract

"In this research we show that workers aged 30 - 44 were significantly more likely than those aged 45 - 59 to find a job a year after being unemployed. The main contribution is demonstrating empirically that since older workers' difficulties are related to their age, while for younger individuals the difficulties are more related to the business cycle, policy makers must devise different programs to address unemployment among young and older individuals. The solution to youth unemployment is the creation of more jobs, and combining differential minimum wage levels and earned income tax credits might improve the rate of employment for older individuals." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Balcazar, Fabricio E., Jessica Awsumb, Shawn Dimpfl, F. L. Fredrik G. Langi & Jazmin Lara (2018): Jobs for youth program. An intervention to improve transition outcomes of former dropout minority youth. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 166-174. DOI:10.1177/2165143417747225

Abstract

"This study describes an intervention developed to implement several best transition practices with a high risk/high need population. In all, 116 students with disabilities from a charter school for dropouts participated. All students were interviewed at different points in time to track their progress as they completed the program. Records of participant's activities and outcomes were collected. Results suggest a positive impact on students' graduation rate (95%), enrollment in vocational rehabilitation (100%), proportion of students obtaining certificates for employment (56%), and paid internship (37%). Overall, 35% of the vocational rehabilitation cases were closed successfully with students meeting the 90-day employment requirement after graduation. Results inform future work on the implementation of interventions designed to help low-income minority youth with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Basedow, Andrea (2018): Traumafolgen als Vermittlungshemmnis. In: Innovative Verwaltung, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 42-48.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen, die durch ein Trauma belastet sind, haben es beim Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf oft schwer.
Der Beitrag nimmt Bezug auf den aktuellen Forschungsstand der Psychotraumatologie und Traumapädagogik und beschreibt die Probleme, die infolge komplexer Traumatisierungen entstehen können. Er geht der Frage nach, wie die Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt trotz traumabedingter Belastungen gelingen kann und erläutert traumapädagogische Ansätze zur Bewältigung der Statuspassage." (Autorenreferat, IAB Doku)

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Besse, Christine, Philippe Handschin, Koorosh Massoudi, Danièle Spagnoli, Jérôme Rossier & Charles Bonsack (2018): Traits de personnalité, insertion socio-professionnelle et employabilité chez les jeunes en mesure d'insertion. In: Annales médico-psychologiques, Jg. 176, H. 1, S. 89-93. DOI:10.1016/j.amp.2017.11.002

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Goglio, Valentina & Roberto Rizza (2018): Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe. Does gender matter? In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 38, H. 1/2, S. 130-149. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-04-2017-0052

Abstract

"Purpose
The objective of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of the transitions young adults experience into and out of the labor market and the influence that gender and married/cohabiting status have on employment careers.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper focuses on young adults (25-34 years old) in four European countries - Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Norway - that are representative of different youth transition regimes. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC survey (for the years 2006-2012) and event history analysis we investigate: the effect of the particular set of institutional features of each country, the effect of the cohort of entry and of gender differences in determining transitions across labour market status.
Findings
Findings show that the filter exercised by the national institutions has a selective impact on the careers of young adults, with some institutional contexts more protective than others. In this respect, the condition of inactivity emerges as an interesting finding: on one side, it mainly involves women in a partnership, on the other side it is more common in protective youth regimes, suggesting that it may be a chosen rather than suffered condition.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to existing literature by: i) focusing on a specific category, young adults from 25 to 34 years old, which is increasingly recognized as a critical stage in the life course though it receives less attention than its younger counterpart (15-24); ii) integrating the importance of family dynamics on work careers by analysing the different effects played by married/cohabiting status for men and women." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Hallstein Holte, Bjørn (2018): Counting and Meeting NEET Young People. Methodology, Perspective and Meaning in Research on Marginalized Youth. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1177/1103308816677618

Abstract

"The concept of 'not in education, employment, or training' (NEET) has gained wide usage in youth research over the last two decades. This article reviews the concept's background and discusses how it is linked to population statistics. Drawing on literature within the fields of anthropology, sociology and educational research, as well as field research conducted in Norway, the article discusses how, by meeting young people categorized as NEET for interviews and participant observation, researchers can address other aspects of their lives than have been counted. Researchers who meet young people find that the concept means different things in everyday speech than in published research. The article concludes by suggesting how research based on meeting young people categorized as NEET can contribute to a body of knowledge that has mainly been produced by counting NEET young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Humm, Jakob (2018): Von der juristisch angeordneten stationären Unterbringung in die Erwerbsarbeit. Defensive und Produktive Anpassungsleistungen. Zwei Fallbeispiele. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 211-230. DOI:10.1007/s12592-018-0302-9

Abstract

"Übergänge erweisen sich in vielen Fällen als krisenhafte Momente, in welchen gesellschaftliche Anforderungen und subjektive Möglichkeiten in konkreten Situationen ausgehandelt werden müssen, was in besonderem Maße auch für den ersten Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt gilt. Dies ist die Ausgangslage, von welcher aus die Integrationsprozesse ehemals strafrechtlich sanktionierter Jugendlicher in die Erwerbsarbeit dargestellt werden. Grundlage dafür sind teilnarrative Interviews, welche im Rahmen einer Längsschnittstudie in der Schweiz erhoben werden konnten. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass alle interviewten Jugendlichen der Erwerbsarbeit einen hohen Stellenwert beimessen, auch wenn das Finden einer stimmigen Anstellung sich in vielen Fällen als hindernisreich erweist. Diese Passungsprozesse sind oft verbunden mit Revisionen der Wünsche und Ziele, wobei letztlich aber der Anspruch bleibt, in der Erwerbsarbeit zu verbleiben. Dieses Schaffen von Passungsverhältnissen scheint sich für die ehemals sanktionierten Jugendlichen nicht kategorisch zu unterscheiden von den Schwierigkeiten anderer, nicht strafrechtlich belangter aber anderweitig belasteter Arbeitssuchender. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt anhand von zwei ausgewählten Fallbeispielen auf, in welcher Art und Weise Entlassene versuchen, Sinn in Erwerbsarbeit für sich herzustellen." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Pastore, Francesco (2018): Why is youth unemployment so high and different across countries? Young people experience worse labor market outcomes than adults worldwide but the difference varies greatly internationally. (IZA world of labor 420), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.420

Abstract

"Ungeachtet eines kontinuierlich steigenden Bildungsniveaus sehen sich junge Menschen im Vergleich zu Älteren immer noch mit weniger Beschäftigung und Einkommen, niedrigeren Erwerbsquoten und deutlich höherer Arbeitslosigkeit konfrontiert. Der Anteil der Sekundar- und Hochschulabsolventen, die Jobs unterhalb ihres Qualifikationsniveaus annehmen, ist in vielen Ländern sehr hoch. Hauptgrund dafür ist das geringe Niveau arbeitsbezogene Kompetenzen junger Menschen. Diese Befähigungen zu schaffen, sollte für moderne Bildungssysteme oberste Priorität haben. Flexiblere Arbeitsmärkte sollten einen früheren Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt ermöglichen, sich jedoch nicht nur auf befristete Verträge stützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schels, Brigitte (2018): Young adults' risk of long-term benefit receipt and parents' socioeconomic background. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 61, H. 1, S. 17-33., 2016-09-14. DOI:10.1177/0001699316681828

Abstract

"This study investigates social differences in the risk of long-term benefit receipt of young adults in Germany. Although employment is a major route to end social benefit receipt, it may not result in financial independence for all social groups in their early working lives as this also depends on the status of their parents: Do young benefit recipients have unequal chances of making the transition from benefit receipt as soon as they take up employment? How stable is the impact of parents' socioeconomic status on the transition once young adults complete their vocational education? This study conducts an empirical analysis of the careers of a cohort of 18-to-24-year-old Germans who received benefits in 2005 by combining survey data and register data for a six-year observation period. Event history analyses indicate that social differences persist when young adults claim social benefits. In particular, parents' socioeconomic status is positively associated with their offspring's likelihood of ending receipt of social benefits as soon as they are in full-time employment. Parents' socioeconomic status has a relatively stable impact for young beneficiaries irrespective of whether they have completed vocational qualifications or not. The findings suggest that these social differences persist during early working life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schropp, Helen (2018): Glücksförderung lohnt sich! Wer benachteiligten Jugendlichen den Weg ins Erwerbsleben erleichtern will, muss positive Impulse setzen. In: IAB-Forum H. 02.02.2018, o. Sz.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen, denen der Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung oder Arbeit misslingt, weisen nicht selten verhaltensbezogene, emotionale und kognitive Probleme auf. Fördermaßnahmen, die individuelle Potenziale stärken, können in diesen Fällen wertvolle Impulse für eine positive Entwicklung geben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Singh, Ajit, Florian Engel & Simone Kreher (2018): Heranwachsende im Dreieck des SGB-II-Leistungsbezugs. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Triangulation von Daten, Methoden und Perspektiven für die Rekonstruktion kindlicher Lebenswelten. In: Sozialer Sinn, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 11-43. DOI:10.1515/sosi-2018-0002

Abstract

"Als Beitrag zu einer interpretativen Ungleichheits- und Armutsforschung thematisiert dieser Aufsatz methodologische und methodische Probleme, die bei der Rekonstruktion von Lebenswelten von Kindern, die von außen betrachtet in ,prekären Verhältnissen' des SGB-II-Bezugs aufwachsen, zu lösen sind. Dabei schlagen wir vor, eine Brücke zwischen Armutsforschung und den New Childhood Studies zu schlagen, um die Agency von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Hinblick auf ihre subjektiven Sicht- und Erlebensweisen deutlicher hervortreten zu lassen. Zudem wird reflektiert, wie spezifische Vorstellungen und Wissensbestände über 'Normalität' in der Erhebungssituation virulent werden, die auch bis in die hermeneutische Auswertung fortwirken können. Die Triangulation verschiedener Datensorten, Verfahren und Perspektiven ermöglichte uns einen reflexiven Umgang mit den jeweiligen Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen, die auch mit Blick auf die Positionalität der Forscherinnen zum Gegenstand gemacht werden." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Sirovátka, Tomáš, Ondrej Hora & Markéta Horáková (2018): The fight against youth unemployment. Enhancing the chances of success by strengthening linkages between horizontal and vertical policy coordination. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.4), Oslo, 29 S.

Abstract

"The findings of the Negotiate project show that, in spite of the economic recovery in Europe1, the youth unemployment rates, the Youth Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) rates and the non-standard forms of work of young people are still high in many countries. The differences in these indicators even increased in Europe as some groups of young people (e.g. low skilled, immigrants or ethnic minority background) are affected heavily, in spite of the policy initiatives adopted at the EU level to improve the situation of young people on the labour market. Furthermore, there are long-term negative scarring effects from early job insecurity on young people's employment prospects, family formation, drug use, etc. Thus, the crucial question we are addressing here is How can the policies of labour market integration of young people be improved? Although we take into consideration a broader policy mix (active labour market policies, education policies, unemployment protection) when addressing this question, we are also concerned with the more specific question How can the Youth Guarantee (YG) initiative be successful in the broader policy and economic context? The discussion of these questions is based on the findings that were gathered throughout the Negotiate project in various deliverables. We refer here mainly to the comparative study on the trends in the policies for the labour market integration of young people in nine European countries (Hora et al. 2016a) and the comparative study on the Youth Guarantee (YG) programme implementation in these nine countries, focused on the multi-level governance perspective (Dingeldey et al. 2017). We have also analysed the respective background national studies that have served as source material for the comparative papers mentioned above (see the list of references), taking into account the existing studies on YG implementation. Apart from these studies dealing with the policies, we exhaust the other deliverables of the Negotiate project like the analysis of employer decisions on hiring young people in the European countries and the qualitative study of young people's experience with the school-to-work transitions and the scarring effects of early job insecurity on these transitions, as well as others that also bring policy implications. In the text below, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of the policies for integrating young people into the labour market, with a focus on YG implementation in the national contexts of nine countries. In the second section, we discuss the policy implications and recommendations." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sommer, Jörn, Frank Oschmiansky, Sandra Popp, Yukako Karato & Karin Kowalczyk (2018): Evaluation des Bundesprogramms RESPEKT. Abschlussbericht. (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Forschungsbericht 518), Berlin, 111 S.

Abstract

"Seit vielen Jahren wird im Fachdiskurs die Herausforderung betont, dass keine jungen Menschen in Deutschland verloren gehen und durch die Maschen des Sozialleistungssystems fallen dürfen. Vor diesem Hintergrund fördert das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) seit dem Jahr 2015 das Bundesprogramm RESPEKT. In diesem Rahmen wurden bundesweit 18 Projekte (ab 2018: 17 Projekte) gefördert. Zielsetzung ist junge Menschen, die individuelle Schwierigkeiten haben eine Qualifikation zu erreichen oder ins Arbeitsleben einzumünden und von den bestehenden Sozialleistungsangeboten nicht erreicht werden oder diese nicht annehmen, an Bildungsprozesse, Maßnahmen der Arbeitsförderung, Ausbildung oder Arbeit heranzuführen.
Die Evaluation des Bundesprogramms wurde von der INTERVAL GmbH in Kooperation mit dem ZEP - Zentrum für Evaluation und Politikberatung zwischen Ende 2016 und Juni 2018 durchgeführt. Dabei wurden untersucht:
- die Bedarfslagen und Merkmale der Zielgruppe, speziell auch die Gründe, aus denen sie nicht von den Sozialleistungen erreicht werden;
- die inhaltliche Ausgestaltung des Hilfsangebots der geförderten Projekte, inkl. der Fragen zum Zugang zur Zielgruppe und zur Gestaltung der Kooperationen und Leistungen dritter Akteure zur Unterstützung der Teilnehmenden sowie
- die Erreichung der Zielsetzungen des Programms.
Auf Basis der Ergebnisse wurden Hinweise zur Gestaltung des § 16h SGB II ('Förderung schwer zu erreichender junger Menschen') geliefert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Templin, Ute (2018): Jugendliche in prekären Lebenslagen im Übergang zum Beruf. Biographische Zugänge zu Lebenswelten und Bildungsprozessen. Berlin: Logos, 328 S.

Abstract

"Mit welchen Schwierigkeiten Jugendliche aus prekären Lebenslagen auf ihrem Weg von der Arbeitslosigkeit in eine Ausbildung bzw. in einen Beruf zu kämpfen haben, dieser Frage geht Ute Templin auf der Basis von Lebensgeschichten von jungen Menschen nach, die 2002 im Alter von 15 bis 18 Jahren an einer betrieblichen Grundausbildungsmaßnahme teilgenommen haben.
Ute Templin, die die halbjährige Maßnahme mit ursprünglich 17 TeilnehmerInnen geleitet hat, befragte sieben von ihnen acht Jahre später im Rahmen eines Ehemaligentreffens. Die theoretischen Perspektiven Pierre Bourdieus auf soziale Ungleichheiten und ihre Reproduktion mittels des Habitus werden hierbei genutzt, um die Auswirkungen prekärer Lebenslagen der untersuchten Jugendlichen auf ihren weiteren Bildungs- und Lebensweg zu analysieren. Hermeneutische Zugänge und reflexive Analysen ermöglichen Einblicke in jugendliche Lebenswelten und individuelle Problemlagen. Die Statuspassagen-Theorie und Konzepte der Übergangsforschung dienen dazu, den Übergang vom schulischen in das berufliche Feld auch als Transitionsprozess zu fassen. Die empirische Studie von Ute Templin lässt sich im Feld der Übergangsforschung, der Forschungen zur Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit sowie Biographie- und Lebensweltforschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft verorten." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Vogt, Kristoffer Chelsom (2018): From Job-seekers to Self-searchers. Changing Contexts and Understandings of School-to-work Transitions. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 26, H. 4 Supplement, S. 18S-33S. DOI:10.1177/1103308817741006

Abstract

"This article sheds new light on a key topic in youth research over recent decades; how young people often rely on individualistic frames of interpretation in understanding their own lives. Based on biographical interviews with two cohorts of skilled men in Norway, the article demonstrates relations between historically specific institutional contexts and the ways in which people understand their school-to-work transitions. Whereas the older cohort accounted for their transitions as embedded processes, the younger cohort, who entered the same occupations three decades later, viewed their transitions as determined by self-searching in institutionalized choice situations. The wider implication of this is that the vocabulary fostered by contemporary transition contexts may invite researchers to overemphasize discrete moments ruptured from process, and thus obscure the dynamic relations between history and biography (Mills, 1959). A life course perspective, with its emphasis on transitions as contextualized processes, represents a viable theoretical alternative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zabel, Cordula & Eva Kopf (2018): Intergenerational effects of further vocational training in Germany. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 5, S. 581-598., 2018-08-31. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2018.1527757

Abstract

"This article analyses the influence of unemployed parents' further vocational training on their children's future apprenticeship and employment opportunities. We focus on households receiving means-tested benefits in Germany and investigate whether parents' further vocational training helps avoid an intergenerational transmission of unemployment. Parents' further vocational training can affect children's future apprenticeship and employment opportunities directly, for instance by raising the value attributed to education and training within the family. Indirect effects via parents' improved employment opportunities are possible as well. The sample consists of adolescents who were 14 - 17 years old when their parents participated in a further vocational training programme. We evaluate apprenticeship and employment outcomes for the young adults at ages 17 - 23 using entropy balancing methods on the basis of rich large-scale register data. Our findings indicate significantly positive effects of parents' further vocational training on children's apprenticeship enrolment but non-significant or negative effects on children's regular employment at young ages. Moreover, mediation analysis gives evidence that these effects are partly mediated via an increase in parents' own employment opportunities. Overall, our analyses indicate that parents' further vocational training improves the qualifications of the next generation as well." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Crisp, Richard & Ryan Powell (2017): Young people and UK labour market policy. A critique of 'employability' as a tool for understanding youth unemployment. In: Urban studies, Jg. 54, H. 8, S. 1784-1807. DOI:10.1177/0042098016637567

Abstract

"This paper presents a critical analysis of the contemporary policy focus on promoting employability among young people in the UK. Drawing on analysis of UK policy approaches to tackling youth unemployment since the late 1970s, we suggest that existing critiques of employability as 'supply-side orthodoxy' fail to capture fully its evolving meaning and function. Under the UK Coalition Government, it became increasingly colonised as a targeted tool of urban governance to legitimise ever more punitive forms of conditional welfare. We argue that this colonisation undermines the value of the notion of employability as an academic tool for understanding the reasons why young people face difficulties in entering the labour market. The paper suggests that the notion of youth transitions offers more potential for understanding youth unemployment, and that more clearly linking this body of research to policy could provide a fruitful avenue for future research. Such a shift requires a longer term, spatially informed perspective as well as greater emphasis on the changing power relations that mediate young people's experiences of wider social and economic transformations. The paper concludes that promoting employment among urban young people requires a marked shift to address the historically and geographically inadequate knowledge and assumptions on which policies are based." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dingeldey, Irene, Marie-Luise Assmann & Lisa Steinberg (2017): Strategies to improve labour market integration of young people. Comparing policy coordination in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.2), Oslo, 55 S.

Abstract

"The analysis is based on nine in-depth country studies including Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Germany, Poland, Spain, the UK and two non-EU countries; Norway and Switzerland, which serve as a reference group.
The empirical research makes use of both primary and secondary sources, as well as four to six expert interviews per country to identify different types of youth employment regimes and strategies used to implement the respective policies.
The introduction of the Youth Guarantee (YG) was met with high expectations. Since the economic crisis youth unemployment has significantly increased. It was accompanied by a flexibilisation of employment forms and the lowering of youth wages, both attempts to facilitate integration in the labour market. Hence, it was up to the YG to address existing problems vis-à-vis young people entering the labour market, and to improve policy coordination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Discher, Kerstin & Anna Kristina Hartfiel (2017): Arbeitsfähig?! Identitätskonstruktionen junger Erwachsener im arbeitsideologischen Diskurs. Eine empirische Analyse. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 23-42. DOI:10.1007/s12592-017-0259-0

Abstract

"Für eine Transformation des Sozialstaats in Richtung eines aktivierenden Sozialstaats sind arbeitsideologische Leitlinien konstitutiv. Diese legitimieren sowohl Gesetzesänderungen zum Abbau sozialstaatlicher Kollektivgarantien als auch einen veränderten Umgang mit erwerbslosen Menschen. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellen wir uns im vorliegenden Artikel anhand biografisch-narrativer Interviews mit jungen Erwachsenen in verschiedenen beruflichen Übergangssituationen die Frage, inwieweit junge Erwachsene in ihrer Erzählung arbeitsideologische Leitlinien zur Konstruktion ihrer narrativen Identität nutzen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich die jungen Erwachsenen in ihren Erzählungen als (engagierte) Arbeitssubjekte positionieren wollen. Deutlich wird, dass sie sich letztlich als selbstverantwortlich dafür fühlen, einen Platz in der 'Aktivgesellschaft' zu finden. Bedeutsam für die Analyse ist dabei der Blick auf die unterschiedlichen Artikulationsmöglichkeiten, die ihnen hierfür je nach Sprecher*innenposition, die sie im Diskurs innehaben, gegeben sind. So zeigen wir in diesem Artikel auf, wie arbeitsideologische Leitlinien je nach Sprecher*innenposition aufgegriffen werden (können), um der eigenen Biografie in der aktuellen Lebenssituation des beruflichen Überganges Sinn zu verleihen." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Stefanie Ledermaier, Carlos Vacas-Soriano & Lena Jacobs (2017): Long-term unemployed youth. Characteristics and policy responses. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 85 S. DOI:10.2806/940447

Abstract

"While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016 and describes trends over the past decade. It explores the determinants of long-term unemployment, at both sociodemographic and macroeconomic levels. It also provides evidence on the serious consequences for young people of spending a protracted time in unemployment, such as scarring effects on income and occupation and on several dimensions of young people's well-being. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy measures recently implemented by 10 Member States in order to prevent young people from becoming long-term unemployed or, if they are in such circumstances, to integrate them into the labour market or education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bacher, Johann & Dennis Tamesberger (2016): Soziale Exklusion von Jugendlichen in Österreich. Vorschlag für einen Index zur Messung der Ausgrenzungsgefährdung von Jugendlichen. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 71-90.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag versucht den Kritikpunkt der mangelnden Spezifität des NEET-Konzeptes zu überwinden, indem ein neuer Index zur Messung der Ausgrenzungsgefährdung von Jugendlichen vorgeschlagen wird. Dabei wird neben dem NEET-Status auch der frühe Schulabgang und die prekäre Beschäftigung von Jugendlichen berücksichtigt. Demnach sind rund 128.000 Jugendliche, in Österreich von sozialer Ausgrenzung betroffen. Dieser Indikator ist in der Lage zukünftige Arbeitslosigkeit oder einen NEET-Status vorherzusagen." (Autorenreferat, © ISW-Linz)

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Bäckman, Olof & Anders Nilsson (2016): Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 136-157. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153699

Abstract

"In this article we analyse the development of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) in three complete Swedish birth cohorts born in 1975, 1980 and 1985. We analyse the risk for future labour-market exclusion among NEETs, and how this risk varies between three birth cohorts who made the transition from school to work during periods characterised by different opportunity structures for young adults. Analyses using propensity score matching with repeated outcomes show that belonging to the NEET-group in early adulthood has an independent effect on the development of subsequent labour-market risk for both men and women. Moreover, this effect increases across the cohorts. The fact that the degree of labour-market attachment has clear and long-lasting implications indicates that the problems associated with being NEET cannot be reduced to a transient phase. Rather, it seems as though being NEET may be both a step on an already unfavourable life career and a triggering factor for social exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cunningham, Wendy & Paula Villasenor (2016): Employer voices, employer demands, and implications for public skills development policy connecting the labor and education sectors. (Policy research working paper 7582), Washington, DC, 37 S.

Abstract

"Educators believe that they are adequately preparing youth for the labor market while at the same time employers lament the students' lack of skills. A possible source of the mismatch in perceptions is that employers and educators have different understandings of the types of skills valued in the labor market. Using economics and psychology literature to define four skills sets - socio-emotional, higher-order cognitive, basic cognitive, and technical- this paper reviews the literature that quantitatively measures employer skill demand, as reported in a preference survey. A sample of 27 studies reveals remarkable consistency across the world in the skills demanded by employers. While employers value all skill sets, there is a greater demand for socio-emotional skills and higher-order cognitive skills than for basic cognitive or technical skills. These results are robust across region, industry, occupation, and education level. Employers perceive that the greatest skills gaps are in socio-emotional and higher-order cognitive skills. These findings suggest the need to re-conceptualize the public sector's role in preparing children for a future labor market. Namely, technical training is not equivalent to job training; instead, a broad range of skills, many of which are best taught long before labor market entry, should be included in school curricula from the earliest ages. The skills most demanded by employers - higher-order cognitive skills and socio-emotional skills - are largely learned or refined in adolescence, arguing for a general education well into secondary school until these skills are formed. Finally, the public sector can provide programming and incentives to non-school actors, namely parents and employers, to encourage them to invest in the skills development process. Skills, labor demand, cognitive, non-cognitive, behavioral skills, competences, employer surveys, skills policy, education policy, training policy" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Egdell, Valerie & Ronald McQuaid (2016): Supporting disadvantaged young people into work. Insights from the capability approach. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1111/spol.12108

Abstract

"The Capability Approach (CA) offers a perspective on the employment activation of young people that is concerned with their freedom to make choices that they value rather than focusing solely on outcomes, such as having to take any job. It incorporates empowerment and the individual and external conversion factors that influence the conversion of resources into functionings for young people, such as getting a job that they value. This article considers the implications of using the CA as a lens for analyzing youth activation polices. A more capability informed approach to employment activation would not measure success solely by the transition into work, but rather by whether it has improved the young person's capabilities, and might focus, for example, on more sustainable and valued careers and develop individuals' freedom of choice in the labour market. Using data from two UK case studies of third sector organizations that support young people into work, it explores these issues empirically, including the extent to which these employment activation programmes, in their current form, can enhance the capabilities of beneficiaries. Conclusions on the implications of a CA for employment activation are made." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Gellermann, Jan F. C. (2016): "Schwierige Jugend". Zur Studie "Disconnected Youth" - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Berufe. In: Siegen: sozial H. 1, S. 36-39.

Abstract

"Seit 2014 führt das Zentrum für Planung und Evaluation Sozialer Dienste der Universität Siegen (ZPE) ein auf drei Jahre angelegtes Forschungsprojekt mit dem Titel 'Disconnected Youth - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Beruf' durch. Auftraggeber ist die Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Ziel der laufenden Studie ist es, Sozialisationsprozesse und Biografieverläufe von Jugendlichen zu erfassen, denen der stabile Übergang in das Ausbildungssystem mittel- und langfristig nicht gelingt. Die Untersuchung wird an zwei vorgegebenen Standorten in Rheinland-Pfalz durchgeführt. Der Fokus dieser Studie liegt auf jenen Fällen, die von beteiligten Fachkräften als 'besonders schwierig' bezeichnet werden und davon bedroht sind, den Anschluss an den Ausbildungsmarkt im Zweifel dauerhaft zu verlieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hoch, Carolin (2016): Straßenjugendliche in Deutschland - eine Erhebung zum Ausmaß des Phänomens. Zwischenbericht - zentrale Ergebnisse der 1. Projektphase. (Forschungsschwerpunkt "Übergänge im Jugendalter" am Deutschen Jugendinstitut e.V. Wissenschaftliche Texte), Halle, 59 S.

Abstract

"In Deutschland beginnen Straßenkarrieren von Jugendlichen im Durchschnitt im Alter von 16 Jahren. Rund 40 Prozent von ihnen sind Mädchen. Häufig fliehen die Jugendlichen wegen großer Probleme in ihrer Familie. Unterschlupf finden sie dann meist bei Freunden. Zu diesen Ergebnissen kommt eine neue Studie des Deutschen Jugendinstituts e.V., für die rund 300 Jugendliche in Berlin, Hamburg und Köln befragt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)