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Inge, Katherine J., Adam P. Sima, Tim Riesen, Paul Wehman & Nancy Brooks-Lane (2023): The Essential Elements of Customized Employment: Results From a National Survey of Employment Providers. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 66, H. 3, S. 170-185. DOI:10.1177/00343552221088256

Abstract

"Customized employment (CE) is designed to meet the specific needs and interests of individuals with disabilities as well as the needs of the employer by using flexible strategies at every stage of employment. The objective of this study was to ask U.S. rehabilitation providers who implement these services to describe the current status of CE service delivery. An online survey was administered to employment professionals from agencies within the United States. Participants responded to questions on the unique characteristics of Discovery and job development, current use of CE services, and information on their personal and agency demographics. Results indicate that there is agreement among CE providers on critical Discovery and job development activities, which suggests that providers are regularly accessing information to inform their practice. There appears to be a gap between what respondents identify as critical activities and how well they are being implemented. Recommendations for providing CE training for providers and provisions for individuals with disabilities are explored." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sanchez, Jennifer, Michael P. Frain, Ghari Shirley, Devin Rohack & Deyu Pan (2023): Persons With Disabilities in Self-Employment Served by the Federal/State Vocational Rehabilitation System: Differences Between 2011–2013 and 2017–2019. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 66, H. 3, S. 203-214. DOI:10.1177/00343552221102396

Abstract

"Persons with disabilities (PWDs) are disproportionately unemployed, underpaid, and underemployed despite their desire and capacity to work. The U.S. federal/state vocational rehabilitation (VR) program, under the supervision of the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA), is charged with providing services to assist eligible PWDs (VR consumers) in achieving employment. Despite research showing that VR consumers closed to self-employment (vs. non-self-employment closures) have better outcomes, self-employment is often considered as a last resort. Moreover, some evidence suggests self-employment (like non-self-employment) outcomes are associated with VR consumers’ gender and racial/ethnic identity. The objective of this study was to determine trends of case closures in self-employment among PWDs within the VR program from 2011–2013 to 2017–2019 and to examine the effects of gender and race/ethnicity on self-employment outcomes. Variables of interest were obtained from RSA’s Case Service Report (RSA-911) data set for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Data were recoded and analyzed. The number of closures in self-employment declined significantly. Weekly earnings in self-employment increased. Time from application to closure in self-employment decreased. Differences in VR self-employment outcomes by race/ethnicity and gender were noted. Efforts should be made to increase competency in self-employment of VR counselors and promote self-employment within the VR program." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hallock, Kevin F., Xin Jin & Michael Waldman (2022): The total compensation gap, wage gap and benefit gap between workers with and without a disability. In: BJIR, Jg. 60, H. 1, S. 3-31. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12607

Abstract

"The wage gap between workers with and without a disability has been widely documented. However, wages and salaries account for less than 70% of the total hourly cost of compensation for an average U.S. worker. In this study, we construct a measure of total compensation by linking the American Community Survey to a restricted‐access version of the Employer Cost for Employee Compensation database, which contains detailed benefit measures for the years 2008–2014. After controlling for selection into full‐time employment and other observed characteristics, we find that the percentage total compensation gap between full‐time male workers with and without a disability is substantially larger than the percentage wage and salary gap. The opposite pattern is observed for full‐time female workers. Our results suggest that considering only wage and salary may mask the true gaps in total compensation from employment. We also document a persistent benefits gap between workers with and without a disability. We discuss possible explanatory factors for the observed patterns in total compensation and benefit gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Meltzer, Ariella (2022): The operation of the social support sector serving siblings of people with disabilities: A cross-country analysis. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 423-437. DOI:10.1111/spol.12775

Abstract

"Sibling support is a form of support often offered to the brother or sister of a person with disability. While practiced around the world and the subject of much research interest, most research about sibling support has been outcomes evaluation of individual sibling support programs, rather than about the operational/structural circumstances of the organizations providing sibling support or of the sibling support sector at large. Within this context, this paper offers the first research of its kind: an exploratory study of the business operation of sibling support in Australia, New Zealand, the UK, USA and Canada. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 13 leaders of sibling support provider organizations in these countries, the paper focuses on sibling support providers' business models, funding, staffing, leadership and governance. The findings highlight that across countries, sibling support is a sub-section of the not-for-profit/charity sector that mostly operates with minimal funding and staffing, and which is largely driven by the passion and personal experience of those who run sibling support organizations. The paper discusses the implications of the findings, with the conceptual lens of seeking to formalize recognition and legitimacy for sibling support as a distinct social service type within the disability/health/social care and not-for-profit/charity spaces. Further, by aggregating the experiences of sibling support providers across countries, the paper is able to show that—while a distinct service type and sector—the successes and challenges of the sibling support sector nevertheless also very much reflect the broader struggles of many other small not-for-profits/charities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schloemer-Jarvis, Aileen, Benjamin Bader & Stephan A. Boehm (2022): The role of human resource practices for including persons with disabilities in the workforce: a systematic literature review. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 45-98. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2021.1996433

Abstract

"Organizations are increasingly aware that a better vocational inclusion of persons with disabilities (PWD) is in their self-interest for reasons such as a shortage of skilled labor, an increasing prevalence of disability in their aging workforces, and changed societal attitudes and laws regarding the promotion of diversity and equity in the workplace. Human resource (HR) practices have been identified as a primary enabler of inclusion, yet research on disability-related HR Management is scattered across disciplines. To provide an evidence-based analysis and integration, this article systematically reviews the literature on HR management in the context of employing persons with disabilities, using the high-performance work practices ‘selection and staffing’, ‘training and development’, ‘(performance) appraisal, promotion, and career management’ and ‘compensation and benefits’ as an organizing framework. We systematically reviewed and summarized the key findings of 74 empirical studies conducted from 1990 through 2020. Most studies focused on selection and staffing practices, providing strong evidence that standardization and structure reduce bias in the appraisal of PWD and related employment decisions. Research regarding appropriate HR practices that allow to utilize, develop and reward PWDs’ potential, in contrast, is still in its infancy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wagner, Kathryn, Summer Melody Pennell, Meike Eilert & Stacey R. Lim (2022): Academic mothers with disabilities: Navigating academia and parenthood during COVID-19. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 342-352. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12751

Abstract

"Academic mothers (including nonbinary, trans, and genderqueer parents) have always faced challenges in their profession due to systemic barriers and a “motherhood tax”; however, COVID-19 has exacerbated already existing inequalities (Oleschuk, 2020). This study examines how the pandemic has affected academic mothers with mental health and physical disabilities, as these voices often remain hidden and unheard in academia despite increased awareness of their presence (Brown & Leigh, 2018; Kelly & Senior, 2020). Here, we share the voices of 23 participants using a qualitative methodology drawing from social justice and feminist theories to highlight the lived experience of academic mothers with mental and/or physical disabilities and their experiences as a scholar and parent during COVID-19. Understanding the lived experience of this intersectional population can provide invaluable insights into ableist privilege within higher education, especially in the context of COVID-19 which has substantially disrupted work and homelife routines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bengali, Leila, Mary C. Daly, Olivia Lofton & Robert G. Valletta (2021): The Economic Status of People with Disabilities and Their Families since the Great Recession. (IZA discussion paper 14165), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"People with disabilities face substantial barriers to sustained employment and stable, adequate income. We assess how they and their families fared during the long economic expansion that followed the Great Recession of 2007-09, using data from the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) and the March CPS annual income supplement. We find that the expansion bolstered the well-being of people with disabilities and in particular their relative labor market engagement. We also find that applications and awards for federal disability benefits fell during the expansion. On balance, our results suggest that sustained economic growth can bolster the labor market engagement of people with disabilities and potentially reduce their reliance on disability benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cmar, Jennifer & Michele C. McDonnall (2021): Short-Term Effectiveness of Job Search Skills Training: Comparisons by Summer Work Experience Participation. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1177/0034355220910225

Abstract

"We utilized a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design to assess the effects of job search skills training on job search knowledge, job search behavior, job search behavior self-efficacy, and job search outcomes self-efficacy. We also examined differences in outcomes based on participation in a vocational rehabilitation agency-sponsored summer work experience (SWE) program. Participants were 92 youth with visual impairments, ages 15 to 22 years, from three U.S. states. The intervention was an intensive job search skills training program involving 35 to 40 hr of content; 42 youth also participated in an SWE program for approximately 6 weeks. Intervention group participants significantly improved in job search knowledge, job search behavior, and job search behavior self-efficacy in contrast to comparison group participants, but results for job search outcomes self-efficacy did not differentiate the two groups. SWE participation by itself was related to increases in both self-efficacy measures, and participation in the intervention plus the SWE was related to larger increases in job search behavior self-efficacy. Results indicate that job search skills training and SWE programs may have differential effects on short-term outcomes. Rather than finding jobs for youth, practitioners could foster youths’ competence, confidence, and preparation for the future by teaching job search skills and encouraging independent job-seeking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Shifrer, Dara & Daniel Mackin Freeman (2021): Problematizing Perceptions of STEM Potential: Differences by Cognitive Disability Status in High School and Postsecondary Educational Outcomes. In: Socius, Jg. 7, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1177/2378023121998116

Abstract

"The STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) potential of youth with cognitive disabilities is often dismissed through problematic perceptions of STEM ability as natural and of youth with cognitive disabilities as unable. National data on more than 15,000 adolescents from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 first suggest that, among youth with disabilities, youth with medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have the highest levels of STEM achievement, and youth with learning or intellectual disabilities typically have the lowest. Undergraduates with medicated ADHD or autism appear to be more likely to major in STEM than youth without cognitive disabilities, and youth with autism have the most positive STEM attitudes. Finally, results suggest that high school STEM achievement is more salient for college enrollment than STEM-positive attitudes across youth with most disability types, whereas attitudes are more salient than achievement for choosing a STEM major." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gouskova, Elena (2020): Why self-employment rates are higher among people with work limitations. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 15-25. DOI:10.1177/1044207319851244

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Enayati, Hassan & Arun Karpur (2019): Impact of participation in school-to-work programs on postsecondary outcomes for youth with disabilities from low-income families. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 235-244. DOI:10.1177/1044207318789419

Abstract

"Individuals with disabilities who also live in poverty face a double jeopardy. Disability and poverty are each separately associated with poorer education and employment outcomes. One approach to ameliorate these poorer outcomes is to improve the transition from high school to adulthood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this article examines the role of school-to-work training programs on adult outcomes for individuals with disabilities who live in welfare receiving households. A linear probability model identifies the differences in outcomes for youth by disability and welfare status. Participation in school-to-work programs for youth with disabilities from welfare receiving homes was found to predict higher rates of employment, lower rates of conviction, and lower wages. Implications of these results and recommendations for future research design are included." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McDonnall, Michele C. & Jennifer Cmar (2019): Employment outcomes and job quality of vocational rehabilitation consumers with deaf-blindness. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 13-24. DOI:10.1177/0034355218769461

Abstract

"The purpose of this study was to investigate employment outcomes for vocational rehabilitation (VR) consumers with deaf-blindness, a population that has received no attention in the literature. The sample was obtained from Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data and included 1,382 consumers with deaf-blindness identified as their primary or secondary disability whose cases were closed during fiscal years 2013, 2014, and 2015. Independent variables consisted of consumer personal characteristics and VR service-related variables. Two measures of employment outcomes were used: obtainment of competitive employment and a composite measure of job quality. Overall, the results indicate that several VR service-related factors are associated with whether deaf-blind consumers obtain competitive employment, but consumers' personal characteristics are much more important in determining job quality. Implications for improving employment outcomes for consumers who are deaf-blind include providing job-related services, supporting educational advancement, and providing counseling and guidance. Results also support the importance of accounting for employment status at application in RSA-911 analyses and the efficacy of service provision by separate agencies for the blind." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Whitworth, Adam (2019): Mainstreaming effective employment support for individuals with health conditions. An analytical framework for the effective design of modified individual placement and support (IPS) models. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 517-533. DOI:10.1017/S147474641800043X

Abstract

"Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is a highly effective model of employment support for individuals with severe mental health conditions. Its potential modification for new settings and larger cohorts is of keen interest across advanced economies given shared health-related (un)employment challenges. Despite mushrooming policy interest and activity around modified IPS a significant barrier and risk at present is the absence of a well-considered analytical framework to enable structured critical reflection about the effective translation of IPS principles and fidelity into modified IPS services. This article fills this void through the presentation for the first time in the literature of such an analytical framework, unpacking as it does so a set of key original analytical distinctions that are unhelpfully homogenised in current literature and policy thinking and highlighting the wider potential of IPS principles and models to the nature of good employment support for other individuals with health conditions and disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zimmer, David M. (2019): The effect of hearing impairments on wage earnings. Evidence from a Copula-based spline selection model. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 147-161. DOI:10.1111/labr.12142

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effect of hearing impairments on annual wage earnings. A standard Heckman-style selection model suggests that hearing impairments reduce earnings by approximately 14 per cent, with no evidence of selection bias. The paper then relaxes the assumption of bivariate normality using a copula specification, and the paper allows for potentially nonlinear links between nonbinary covariates and earnings using smooth spline functions. By incorporating those two deviations, not only does the model appear to provide a better fit to the data, but hearing impairments appear to reduce earnings by 19 per cent, an effect 36 per cent larger than what is suggested by the standard selection setup. The model also uncovers evidence of statistically significant selection bias." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Armour, Phillip, Patrick Button & Simon Hollands (2018): Disability saliency and discrimination in hiring. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 262-266. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181045

Abstract

"Theory suggests that disability discrimination protections may adversely affect the hiring of individuals with disabilities by making them more expensive. Using SIPP data, we explore how the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), which expanded disability discrimination protections, affected the relative hiring rate of individuals with disabilities. We employ new categorizations of disability type: salient physical conditions, non-salient physical conditions, mental retardation and developmental disability, and other mental conditions. We find that the ADAAA had no effect other than increasing hiring for those with non-salient physical conditions. These results suggest that condition saliency may mediate the effects of discrimination protections on hiring." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Balcazar, Fabricio E., Jessica Awsumb, Shawn Dimpfl, F. L. Fredrik G. Langi & Jazmin Lara (2018): Jobs for youth program. An intervention to improve transition outcomes of former dropout minority youth. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 41, H. 3, S. 166-174. DOI:10.1177/2165143417747225

Abstract

"This study describes an intervention developed to implement several best transition practices with a high risk/high need population. In all, 116 students with disabilities from a charter school for dropouts participated. All students were interviewed at different points in time to track their progress as they completed the program. Records of participant's activities and outcomes were collected. Results suggest a positive impact on students' graduation rate (95%), enrollment in vocational rehabilitation (100%), proportion of students obtaining certificates for employment (56%), and paid internship (37%). Overall, 35% of the vocational rehabilitation cases were closed successfully with students meeting the 90-day employment requirement after graduation. Results inform future work on the implementation of interventions designed to help low-income minority youth with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kim, Soojin & Serena Rhee (2018): Measuring the effects of employment protection policies. Theory and evidence from the Americans with Disabilities Act. In: Labour economics, Jg. 54, H. October, S. 116-134. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.08.001

Abstract

"Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is an employment protection policy for disabled workers. By exploiting cross-state variation in pre-ADA legislation, we measure the effects of the law on transition rates of disabled workers. We find a decline in employment-to-non-employment transitions after the ADA, with an insignificant change in flow into employment. We use a model to disentangle the costs of firing and hiring imposed by the ADA. Our findings suggest that the ADA induces firms to fire less frequently but become more selective with new hires, impacting the aggregate productivity of the workforce and output of the economy." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kruse, Douglas, Lisa Schur, Sean Rogers & Mason Ameri (2018): Why do workers with disabilities earn less? Occupational job requirements and disability discrimination. In: BJIR, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 798-834. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12257

Abstract

"We analyse competing explanations for the lower pay of employees with disabilities, using 2008 - 2014 data from the American Community Survey matched to O*Net data on occupational job requirements. The results indicate that only part of the disability pay gap is due to productivity-related job requirements. The remaining pay gap -- experienced by employees whose impairments should not limit their productivity -- reflects potential discrimination. The discrimination-related pay gaps appear to be smallest and possibly non-existent for women and men with hearing impairments, and largest for those with cognitive and mobility impairments. Overall the results indicate that discrimination is likely to remain an influence on the pay of many workers with disabilities." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sevak, Purvi, John O'Neill, Andrew Houtenville & Debra Brucker (2018): State and local determinants of employment outcomes among individuals with disabilities. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 119-128. DOI:10.1177/1044207318782676

Abstract

"In the United States, employment rates among individuals with disabilities are persistently low but vary substantially. In this study, we examined the relationship between employment outcomes and features of the state and county physical, economic, and policy environment among a national sample of individuals with disabilities. To do so, we merged a set of state- and county-level environmental variables with data from the 2009 - 2011 American Community Survey accessed in a U.S. Census Research Data Center. We estimated regression models of employment, work hours, and earnings as a function of disability, personal characteristics, and these environmental features. We found that economic conditions and physical environmental variables had stronger associations than policy variables with employment outcomes. Although the estimated importance of environmental variables was small relative to individual disability and personal characteristics, our results suggest that these variables may present barriers or facilitators to employment that can explain some geographic variation in employment outcomes across the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sundar, Vidya, John O'Neill, Andrew J. Houtenville, Kimberly G. Phillips, Tracy Keirns, Andrew Smith & Elaine E. Katz (2018): Striving to work and overcoming barriers. Employment strategies and successes of people with disabilities. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 93-109. DOI:10.3233/JVR-170918

Abstract

"BACKGROUND: People with disabilities experience longstanding barriers to employment. However, beyond the conventional metrics of labor force participation or unemployment rates we know very little about the workplace experiences of people with disabilities.
OBJECTIVE: This study describes findings from the 2015 Kessler Foundation National Employment and Disability Survey (2015 KFNEDS), a nationally representative survey of Americans with disabilities.
METHODS: A dual-frame, random digit dial, nationally representative survey was conducted. Survey respondents included 3013 working age adults with a disability. Survey respondents were asked about disability, employment status, job search activities and workplace experiences.
RESULTS: Over 42% of survey respondents were currently working. 68.4% were striving to work characterized by job preparation, job search and/or participation in the workforce since the onset of their disability. Although some barriers persisted in the workplace, many were able to overcome the same. Overall, 47.8% of the respondents used workplace accommodations, 45.3% were satisfied with their jobs, 86.6% felt accepted in their workplace.
CONCLUSION: The 2015 KFNEDS highlights how people with disabilities strive to work and overcome barriers, a discourse largely overlooked in contemporary disability and employment research. Survey findings can inform new programs and policies to improve employment outcomes for people with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alsaman, Marwa A. & Chun-Lung Lee (2017): Employment outcomes of youth with disabilities in vocational rehabilitation. A multilevel analysis of RSA-911 data. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 98-107. DOI:10.1177/0034355216632363

Abstract

"The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between individual factors and rehabilitation outcomes of transition youth with disabilities receiving state vocational rehabilitation services and (b) to determine the contextual effects of state unemployment rate on the employment outcomes of transition youth and its potential interactions with personal and service factors. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was used to analyze Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report (RSA-911) data for fiscal year 2013. Results show that state unemployment rates were found to moderate the relationships between some demographic and service variables and successful competitive employment. These results indicate the importance of contextual variables, such as state unemployment rates, and their impact on the predictive strength of specific personal and service variables on employment outcomes of youth with disabilities. Implications for vocational rehabilitation services and policy, and future research are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anand, Priyanka & Purvi Sevak (2017): The role of workplace accommodations in the employment of people with disabilities. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 6, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s40173-017-0090-4

Abstract

"We explore the role of workplace accommodations in reducing employment barriers and improving the employment of people with disabilities. We do so using data from the 2015 Survey of Disability and Employment on people with disabilities who applied for vocational rehabilitation services in three states. The results show that at least one third of nonworking people with disabilities reported employment barriers that could be addressed by workplace accommodations, such as lack of transportation and an inaccessible workplace. We also find that receiving certain types of workplace accommodations, such as help with transportation, flexible work schedules, or a personal care attendant, is positively correlated with being employed at the time of the survey. Finally, people who are in poor health or have physical disabilities were more likely to perceive workplace inaccessibility as a barrier but less likely to have received accommodations in their current or most recent job. This suggests that people with these characteristics may be good candidates to target for greater access to workplace accommodations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ashley, Deborah & Noreen M. Graf (2017): The process and experiences of self-employment among people with disabilities. A qualitative study. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 90-100. DOI:10.1177/0034355216687712

Abstract

"Self-employment and business ownership may provide viable options toward overcoming employment disparities for people with disabilities. This qualitative study explored the process and experience of self-employment among people with disabilities. An online survey yielded responses from 18 individuals who were engaged in various self-employment endeavors. The researchers identified three main categories: reasons for self-employment, the process of becoming self-employed, and the challenges encountered. The majority of participants revealed negative and/or unhelpful interactions with vocational rehabilitation counselors. In addition, this study solicited advice from participants for vocational rehabilitation counselors and other persons with disabilities contemplating self-employment. Finally, recommendations for vocational rehabilitation practice, business development training, and education are provided." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cannella-Malone, Helen I. & John M. Schaefer (2017): A review of research on teaching people with significant disabilities vocational skills. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 67-78. DOI:10.1177/2165143415583498

Abstract

"Although an important part of adult life, individuals with significant disabilities experience low rates of gainful employment. The purpose of this review was to summarize and analyze the literature on teaching vocational skills to individuals with significant disabilities. Sixty-two articles (with 75 experiments) included in this review were published between 1969 and 2014, and indicated that most participants were successfully taught to engage in a variety of vocational skills in a range of settings. Unfortunately, this review also determined that the research on teaching vocational skills to individuals with significant disabilities is steadily decreasing, with only 15 new studies published since 2000. Potential directions for future research will be proposed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eckstein, Angela, Purvi Sevak & Debra Wright (2017): Personal characteristics of vocational rehabilitation applicants. Findings from the Survey of Disability and Employment. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 177-185. DOI:10.3233/JVR-160853

Abstract

"Background: Existing survey and administrative data provide little information on why individuals with disabilities have had persistently low employment rates and why some groups of individuals fare better in the labor market than others.
Objective: Our goal is to provide new insights into the barriers and facilitators to employment among individuals with disabilities.
Methods: We designed the Survey of Disability and Employment, a 30-minute telephone survey, to collect information on health conditions, employment history and barriers, and workplace and social supports for 2,804 vocational rehabilitation (VR) applicants in 2014.
Results: In addition to citing health issues, VR applicants cite many barriers to employment, including difficulty finding a job, lack of skills, and accessibility. Health presents as a barrier due to unpredictability of symptoms, pain, and lack of physical energy and adequate time. Despite these barriers, the majority of VR applicants state it is extremely important that they work and most have high self-perceptions of executive functioning.
Conclusion: A richer understanding of the resources and needs of individuals with disabilities can help counselors and policymakers better tailor services to support their employment goals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hemmeter, Jeffrey, David R. Mann & David C. Wittenburg (2017): Supplemental security income and the transition to adulthood in the United States. State variations in outcomes following the age-18 redetermination. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 91, H. 1, S. 106-133. DOI:10.1086/691219

Abstract

"Policy makers have raised concerns about the outcomes of former child Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients following the redetermination of eligibility at age 18 using an adult disability definition. We use Social Security administrative data to track state-level benefit receipt and employment outcomes of all former child SSI recipients who received an age-18 redetermination from 1998 through 2006, through age 24. We find that (1) state cessation rates ranged from 20 to 47 percent, (2) ceased recipients had higher employment rates and lower rates of SSI receipt than continued recipients, and (3) continued recipients who lived in states with higher employment rates also had higher Disability Insurance benefit receipt rates than those who lived in states with lower employment rates. The findings raise questions about the state-level variation in SSI's role in the overall safety net and the variations in options available to former child SSI recipients following the age-18 redetermination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stapleton, David C., David R. Mann, Pragya Singh & Jae Song (2017): Firm-level early intervention incentives: which recent employers of disability program entrants would pay more? In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 162-173. DOI:10.1177/1044207317729126

Abstract

"The declining economic status of people with disabilities and the predicted 2016 depletion of the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Fund have generated considerable interest in proposals for reforming the DI program. Some proposals would hold firms partially responsible for a portion of the DI benefits paid to their recent employees. We analyze the implications of this approach for employers and workers in general, and specifically consider two prominent reform proposals: One would require employers to carry short-term DI; the second would apply an experience rating to the DI portion of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act premium. We find the proposals would place a relatively large burden on the labor costs of many relatively small (fewer than 500 workers), low-wage firms. Firms with high potential liabilities might react by seeking to accommodate and retain workers with challenging medical conditions but might also reduce hiring or retaining workers at high risk of medical problems. Hence, although these proposals would likely reduce DI expenditures, they might have less desirable unintended consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Agran, Martin, Carolyn Hughes, Colleen A. Thoma & LaRon A. Scott (2016): Employment social skills. What skills are really valued? In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 111-120. DOI:10.1177/2165143414546741

Abstract

"Although social skills have long been recognized as essential in promoting employees' employability (e.g., maintaining employment), there has been little research about work-related social skills for the last two decades. A systematic replication of Salzberg, Agran, and Lignugaris/Kraft's investigation of critical social skills was conducted. Specifically, a national sample of secondary teachers was asked to rate the importance of social skills in employment settings and the extent to which instruction was provided to teach these skills. Among the skills rated as most important were seeking clarification for unclear instructions, arriving at work on time, refraining from inappropriate touching of others, carrying out instructions needing immediate attention, notifying a supervisor when assistance is needed, responding appropriately to critical feedback, and interacting well with customers/clients. Interestingly, the skills perceived to be the most important were not the skills that were most frequently taught. The implications of these findings are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Autor, David H., Mark Duggan, Kyle Greenberg & David S. Lyle (2016): The impact of disability benefits on labor supply. Evidence from the VA's disability compensation program. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 31-68. DOI:10.1257/app.20150158

Abstract

"Combining administrative data from the US Army, Department of Veterans Affairs, and Social Security Administration, we analyze the effect of the VA's Disability Compensation (DC) program on veterans' labor force participation and earnings. We study the 2001 Agent Orange decision, a unique policy change that expanded DC eligibility for Vietnam veterans who served in theater but did not expand eligibility to other veterans of this era, to assess the causal effects of DC enrollment. We estimate that benefits receipt reduced veterans' labor force participation by 18 percentage points, though measured income net of transfer income rose on average." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brucker, Debra L., Andrew J. Houtenville & Eric A. Lauer (2016): Using sensory, functional, and activity limitation data to estimate employment outcomes for working-age persons with disabilities in the United States. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 131-137. DOI:10.1177/1044207315578949

Abstract

"Using data from the 2010 - 2012 American Community Survey (ACS), we estimate employment outcomes among persons with different combinations of sensory, functional, and activity limitations while controlling for individual characteristics. We consider activity limitations as indicators of barriers to independent living and of a need for support services. We find that the presence of an activity limitation is strongly associated with decreased odds of employment for persons with sensory or functional limitations. Results provide support for the targeted allocation of resources to increase independent living among persons with disabilities as a means to improve employment outcomes among persons with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chow, Clifton M. & Benjamin Cichocki (2016): Predictors of job accommodations for individuals with psychiatric disabilities. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 172-184. DOI:10.1177/0034355215583057

Abstract

"The empirical literature on the impact of psychiatric disability on employment outcomes has consistently shown that individuals with psychiatric disabilities are more likely than those without to experience adverse labor market outcomes. One strategy invoked to address barriers to employment has been reasonable job accommodations, developed originally through the Americans With Disabilities Act legislation. However, little is known about the factors associated with the request for reasonable job accommodations among those with serious psychiatric disabilities. Data for this study come from a longitudinal multisite demonstration project funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Accommodations were reported by individuals with serious mental health disabilities who became employed. Results from logistic regression analysis found that those who disclosed their disability to their employers, who were more severely disabled, and who had positive social relationships were more likely to request accommodations. This study advances our knowledge of the factors that influence the decision of individuals with serious mental health disabilities to seek accommodation in the work environment and offers a framework for guiding rehabilitation counselors in ways that might help to enhance employment outcomes for this population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dong, Shengli, Ellen Fabian & Richard G. Luecking (2016): Impacts of school structural factors and student factors on employment outcomes for youth with disabilities in transition. A secondary data analysis. In: Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, Jg. 59, H. 4, S. 224-234. DOI:10.1177/0034355215595515

Abstract

"This study aimed to examine school structural factors (i.e., free/reduced lunch percentage, proportion of minority student enrollment, and student - teacher ratio) that may contribute to employment outcomes for transitioning youth with disabilities beyond individual student factors through hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses. The secondary data for 3,289 students were obtained from the Bridges From School to Work Program, and the school structural data for 121 schools were drawn from the Common Core of Data. The major types of disabilities for the student participants included learning disabilities (73.1%), emotional and behavioral disabilities (4.7%), sensory disabilities (2%), and others (20.2%). Around 41% of participants were female. The study found that employment outcomes (i.e., whether a participant secured a paid job and weekly job earnings) were primarily attributed to student individual factors rather than school structural factors, particularly prior paid work experience. The finding suggests the potential importance of effective transition interventions to improve employment outcomes for all youth with disabilities. Implications for rehabilitation professionals are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heyman, Miriam, Jeffrey E. Stokes & Gary N. Siperstein (2016): Not all jobs are the same. Predictors of job quality for adults with intellectual disabilities. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 299-306. DOI:10.3233/JVR-160800

Abstract

"Background: Some adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) who are competitively employed earn more than minimum wage, receive health benefits from their employers, and have work schedules that accommodate their financial and personal needs. However, most competitively employed adults with ID lack such benefits that are commonly associated with high-quality competitive employment.
Objective: The objective of this study was to look within the population of adults with ID who are competitively employed in order to understand factors related to high-quality competitive employment.
Methods: Respondents included a national sample of 153 parents/guardians of adult children (21 years of age or older) with intellectual disabilities who were competitively employed. These parents/guardians were drawn from a nationally representative sample of 1,055 households which included an adult with an intellectual disability.
Results: The results indicated that while high-quality competitive employment is attainable for adults with ID, most competitively employed adults with ID lack benefits including health insurance and salaries that are above minimum wage. Adaptive behavior was related to greater job quality. Also, beyond the influence of adaptive behavior, being at the same job for three or more years significantly predicted higher wages, more work hours, and greater likelihood of receiving health benefits.
Conclusions: Policies and programs should look beyond emphasizing competitive employment as the ultimate goal for individuals with intellectual disabilities, and should seek to promote access to high-quality competitive employment. Improving employment stability may contribute to this goal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Li, Jiana, Kelly E. Cichy, Phillip D. Rumrill & Brian T. McMahon (2016): The workplace discrimination experiences of middle-age and younger adult workers with disabilities. Results from the National EEOC ADA Research Project. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 365-376. DOI:10.3233/JVR-160836

Abstract

"Background: Little is known about the employment discrimination experiences of middle-aged workers with disabilities.
Objective: This study investigated the employment discrimination experiences of middle-age charging parties with disabilities (ages 35 - 54 years) in comparison to younger adult charging parties with disabilities (ages 25 - 34 years) on demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, disability type), characteristics of employers against whom allegations were filed (e.g., size, industry type), the nature of the discrimination, and the resolution of these allegations.
Methods: The study utilized data from the Integrated Mission System of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Results: Findings indicated that, compared to younger adult charging parties, middle-age charging parties were more likely to be male and Caucasian; more likely to file allegations on the basis of diabetes, heart/cardiovascular disease, back impairments, and cancer; and less likely to file allegations on the basis of anxiety disorders, manic depressive disorder, schizophrenia, or other psychological impairments. Middle-age charging parties were less likely than younger charging parties to allege discrimination related to unlawful discharge and constructive discharge, but more likely to allege discrimination related to layoff. They were less likely to allege discrimination against small employers and employers in the finance/insurance, accommodation/food service, and retail trade industries. Middle-age charging parties were more likely to allege discrimination against employers in the manufacturing, transportation and warehousing, utilities, educational services, and public administration industries. Middle-age charging parties were slightly less likely than younger adult charging parties to have ADA title I allegations resolved in their favor through the EEOC's investigatory process.
Conclusions: Implications for working with prime age workers with disabilities are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mitra, Sophie & Douglas Kruse (2016): Are workers with disabilities more likely to be displaced? In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 27, H. 14, S. 1550-1579. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2015.1137616

Abstract

"The literature on employment and disability has been relatively silent regarding the job loss experience of persons with disabilities. We document the gap in job displacement rates across disability status in the United States over the 2007 - 2013 period using data from the 2010, 2012 and 2014 Displaced Worker Supplements of the Current Population Survey. We find that men and women with disabilities are, respectively, 75 and 89% more likely to experience an involuntary job loss than men and women without disabilities in the United States over the 2007 - 2013 period, with gaps in displacement rates of eight and seven percentage points for men and women, respectively. A significant gap is found in most occupation-education subsamples. Using a logit decomposition, we find that differences in observable characteristics do not explain the gap in the job loss rate across disability status. Longitudinal tests following workers over a one-year period point to a causal effect of disability on the likelihood of displacement. While the disability gap may be due to unobservable characteristics, job mismatch and employer discrimination are also possible explanations, highlighting the potential importance of employer and public policies in improving the job security of workers with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Renko, Maija, Sarah Parker Harris & Kate Caldwell (2016): Entrepreneurial entry by people with disabilities. In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 555-578. DOI:10.1177/0266242615579112

Abstract

"This article investigates the effect of disability on progress in the start-up process. One person out of 10 has a disability, yet entrepreneurship literature remains silent on the contributions of this population. This is surprising given that people with disabilities are more likely to be self-employed than the general population. Results from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics show that start-up efforts by nascent entrepreneurs with disabilities are less likely to result in the emergence of a viable organization, indicating that nascent entrepreneurs with disabilities face particular challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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AlHeresh, Rawan A. & Julie J. Keysor (2015): The work activity and participation outcomes framework. A new look at work disability outcomes through the lens of the ICF. In: International journal of rehabilitation research, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 107-112.

Abstract

"Work disability is common among people with chronic conditions. The terminology in the field is variable and often used interchangeably and there is a lack of comprehensive frameworks to describe work as an outcome. Varied operationalization of work disability makes it difficult to establish precise estimates of the impact of chronic musculoskeletal conditions on work. A new conceptual framework was developed using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and was named 'Work Activity and Participation Outcome (Work APO) Framework' which clarified definitions in the field. Applying the framework to people at risk of work disability and evaluating their outcomes could advance the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ameri, Mason, Lisa Schur, Meera Adya, Scott Bentley, Patrick McKay & Douglas Kruse (2015): The disability employment puzzle. A field experiment on employer hiring behavior. (NBER working paper 21560), Cambrige, Mass., 70 S. DOI:10.3386/w21560

Abstract

"People with disabilities have low employment and wage levels, and some studies suggest employer discrimination is a contributing factor. Following the method of Bertrand and Mullainathan (2003), new evidence is presented from a field experiment that sent applications in response to 6,016 advertised accounting positions from well-qualified fictional applicants, with one-third of cover letters disclosing that the applicant has a spinal cord injury, one-third disclosing the presence of Asperger's Syndrome, and one-third not mentioning disability. These specific disabilities were chosen because they would not be expected to limit productivity in accounting, helping rule out productivity-based explanations for any differences in employer responses. Half of the resumes portrayed a novice accountant, and half portrayed an experienced one. The fictional applicants with disabilities received 26% fewer expressions of employer interest than those without disabilities, with little difference between the two types of disability. The disability gap was concentrated among more experienced applicants, and among private companies with fewer than 15 employees that are not covered by the ADA, although comparable state statutes cover about half of them. Comparisons above and below disability law coverage thresholds point to a possible positive effect of the ADA on employer responses to applicants with disabilities, but no clear effects of state laws. The overall pattern of findings is consistent with the idea that disability discrimination continues to impede employment prospects of people with disabilities, and more attention needs to be paid to employer behavior and the demand side of the labor market for people with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly & Nicolas Ziebarth (2015): Protecting working-age people with disabilities. Experiences of four industrialized nations. (IZA discussion paper 9186), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"Although industrialized nations have long provided public protection to working-age individuals with disabilities, the form has changed over time. The impetus for change has been multi-faceted: rapid growth in program costs; greater awareness that people with impairments are able and willing to work; and increased recognition that protecting the economic security of people with disabilities might best be done by keeping them in the labor market. Here we describe the evolution of disability programs in four countries: Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. We show how growth in the receipt of publically provided disability benefits has fluctuated over time and discuss how policy choices played a role. Based on our descriptive comparative analysis we summarize shared experiences that potentially benefit policymakers in all countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chiu, Chung-Yi, Seneca Sharp, Joseph Pfaller, Phillip Rumrill, Gladys Cheing, Jennifer Sanchez & Fong Chan (2015): Differential vocational rehabilitation service patterns related to the job retention and job placement needs of people with diabetes. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 177-185. DOI:10.3233/JVR-150734

Abstract

"It is clear that the chronic progression of diabetes, as well as other socio-environmental factors, act as barriers to individuals seeking to maintain employment. Long-term employment outcomes of people with diabetes can be improved by providing customized interventions to help individuals retain their current employment. This investigation examined differential vocational rehabilitation (VR) service patterns between two groups of clients with diabetes, those who were employed at the time of application and those who were unemployed. Quantitative descriptive research design using multiple discriminant analysis (MDS). Participants included 5,427 individuals with diabetes whose VR cases were closed in Fiscal Year 2011.
MDS revealed that the employed applicants group had higher propensities than the unemployed applicants group to receive assessment, diagnosis and treatment, counseling and guidance, rehabilitation technology, and on-the-job supports as part of the VR process. The unemployed applicants group had higher propensities to receive occupational/vocational training, job readiness, job placement, and other services. These differential service patterns suggest that the client's employment status at the inception of his or her VR program is taken into close consideration during the case planning and goal-setting phases of the VR process. Implications for future research and VR service delivery are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chow, Clifton M., Bevin Croft & Benjamin Cichocki (2015): Evaluating the potential cost-savings of job accommodations among individuals with psychiatric disability. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 67-74. DOI:10.3233/JVR-150755

Abstract

"Background: Two decades since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990, individuals with psychiatric disabilities continue to face barriers to employment that includes sensitivity to the benefit structure of the Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
Objective: This study examines cost-savings to the SSI program due to enhanced employment outcomes for persons with psychiatric disabilities associated with the receipt of job accommodations.
Methods: Data come from a federally funded, multi-site, implementation effectiveness study of supported employment models for 987 working age adults. Cost-savings were estimated using ordinary least squares regression to examine averted SSI payment.
Results: Accommodations were associated with a marginal monthly SSI savings of $11.73, and these savings were 68 percent higher compared to the non-accommodations group. Being married, having independent housing, and recent employment history predicted savings increases. Physical and emotional problems affecting work, a schizophrenia diagnosis, and symptoms of social withdrawal and blunted affect predicted lower savings.
Conclusions: This study adds to a small body of literature examining the impact of accommodations for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Future work in this area might examine savings to the Social Security Disability Insurance program and should include factors unavailable in this analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christensen, JulieJ., Susan Hetherington, Maryellen Daston & Erin Riehle (2015): Longitudinal outcomes of Project SEARCH in upstate New York. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 247-255. DOI:10.3233/JVR-150746

Abstract

"Background: Project SEARCH is a successful job readiness program for high school students with disabilities, ages 18 - 21, and is recognized for its innovative approach and collaborative efforts between business, education and vocational rehabilitative services. Project SEARCH employment outcomes far exceed the national average rate of employment for people with disabilities, with a 68% success rate in transitioning students from high school into competitive employment. However, little is known about the long term employment outcomes for the young people who have completed the training program.
Objective: This study, that includes longitudinal data collected from three Project SEARCH sites in Upstate New York that have an impressive 83% success rate overall, provides the first longitudinal analysis of the impact of Project SEARCH.
Conclusion: Data collected as part of this 5-year evaluation project indicate promising trends; and support the notion that the Project SEARCH model is successfully preparing young students with disabilities with the skills necessary to both obtain and retain employment in integrated work settings. While these findings are promising, further research is needed to substantiate the reported outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cichy, Kelly E., Jian Li, Brian T. McMahon & Phillip D. Rumrill (2015): The workplace discrimination experiences of older workers with disabilities. Results from the national EEOC ADA research project. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 137-148. DOI:10.3233/JVR-150763

Abstract

"Background: In this study, investigators examined the employment discrimination experiences of older workers (55 and over) with disabilities in comparison to younger adult workers with disabilities.
Objective: To examine age as a differential indicator of demographic characteristics of the Charging Parties, characteristics of Employers against whom allegations were filed, the discrimination issues alleged to occur, and the legal outcome of allegation investigations.
Methods: The study utilized data from the Integrated Mission System of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
Results: Findings indicate that allegations filed by older Charging Parties were more likely to come from males and Caucasians and to involve more nonparalytic orthopedic, cardiovascular, vision, hearing, endocrinological, respiratory, and other age-related impairments. Allegations filed by older Charging Parties involved fewer mental health concerns, substance use disorders, blood and immune disorders, developmental disabilities, and chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. Allegations filed by older workers were less likely to involve involuntary termination and more likely to involve work assignments, the terms and conditions of employment, layoff, and involuntary retirement. No significant differences in the proportions of allegations were observed related to the size of respondent employers or the outcomes of the EEOC's investigatory process.
Conclusions: Results suggest that many of the workplace discrimination experiences of people with disabilities are common across age groups, and that partial support is evident for 'double jeopardy' in the treatment of older workers with disabilities. Implications for policy and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dean, David, John Pepper, Robert Schmidt & Steven Stern (2015): The effects of vocational rehabilitation for people with cognitive impairments. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 399-426. DOI:10.1111/iere.12109

Abstract

"This article utilizes administrative data to examine both short- and long-term employment impacts for people with cognitive impairments who applied for vocational rehabilitation services in Virginia in 2000. These data provide long-term quarterly information on services and employment outcomes. We model behavior, allow for multiple service choices, use long-run labor market data, and use valid instruments. Results imply that services generally have positive long-run labor market outcome effects that appear to substantially exceed the cost of providing services." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Denny-Brown, Noelle, Bonnie O'Day & Stephanie McLeod (2015): Staying employed: services and supports for workers with disabilities. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 124-131. DOI:10.1177/1044207315583899

Abstract

"To obtain and maintain employment, workers with disabilities may need services and supports that are not covered by private or public health insurance plans. This study explores the services, supports, and accommodations that people with disabilities use to find and keep competitive employment; how they obtain needed supports; and the extent to which they pay out of pocket for work-related supports. We conducted an exploratory study using in-depth interviews with 15 workers with disabilities who in 2013 earned at least 250% of the poverty level, or about US$28,000 a year for a single person. Most respondents needed some supports or accommodations to sustain their employment, but on the whole, these supports were neither costly nor resource intensive for employers to provide. The most frequently used supports were assistive technology (AT), including wheelchairs, communication devices such as video relay phones, and visual aids to enhance individuals' access to information. Respondents also used staff supports and modified work schedules. Out-of-pocket costs for services and supports used on and off the job ranged from US$0 to US$14,800 per year for personal care assistants, medical goods and services, coinsurance payments, AT, and service animals. Individual needs, the nature of the job, and the extent to which health insurance or other sources covered the costs for work-related services and supports all factored into the challenges these workers with disabilities encountered and the solutions they devised to find and keep jobs that pay at least a moderate salary." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Francis, Grace L., Judith M. S. Gross, Ann P. Turnbull & H. Rutherford Turnbull III (2015): An exploratory investigation into family perspectives after the family employment awareness training. In: Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, Jg. 38, H. 2, S. 68-77. DOI:10.1177/2165143414528241

Abstract

"Competitive employment (i.e., employment in community settings among people without disabilities for minimum wage or higher) improves quality of life for people with disabilities who have individualized support needs (ISN). However, attaining competitive employment can be challenging for people with ISN. This study used a mixed methods design to evaluate the perspectives of 68 families who attended the Family Employment Awareness Training (FEAT). Findings indicated that families who attended FEAT (a) accessed competitive employment resources following FEAT and (b) reported competitive employment outcomes for their family members with ISN following FEAT. We discuss implications of these findings and recommendations for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hemmeter, Jeffrey, Mark Donovan, Joyanne Cobb & Tad Asbury (2015): Long term earnings and disability program participation outcomes of the Bridges transition program. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.3233/JVR-140719

Abstract

"The Bridges from School to Work (Bridges) program provides job placement and supports for youth with disabilities. Operating in nine sites across the country, over 18,000 youth have received job placement services through Bridges. The paper presents long-term outcomes of youth who participate in the study to determine if previously documented short-term outcomes continue into adulthood. We examine the earnings of Bridges participants up to age 30. We present longitudinal statistics on the earnings and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program participation of youth placed by Bridges into a job. A comparison with similarly aged youths receiving SSI who did not participate in Bridges is also made.
At age 30, almost three quarters of youth placed by Bridges have earnings. We also find that SSI participation declines through age 30 and DI participation increases. Among placed youth who received SSI at the time of Bridges enrollment, half have earnings at age 30 and less than half received SSI payments; however, over one quarter receive DI benefits. Bridges participation potentially helps create a higher earnings capacity for participants; however, more research is necessary to establish a causal effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Livermore, Gina A. & Todd C. Honeycutt (2015): Employment and economic well-being of people with and without disabilities before and after the great recession. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 70-79. DOI:10.1177/1044207315583875

Abstract

"The latest U.S. economic recession, commonly referred to as the Great Recession, has had a far-reaching impact, but its effects may be disproportionately experienced by working-age people with disabilities, given their already tenuous attachment to the labor force. We used data from the Current Population Survey both to describe the experiences of working-age people with disabilities during 2006 - 2012 (a period beginning before and ending after the Great Recession) and to compare the experiences of this population with those of working-age people without disabilities. We found few significant differences in the characteristics of people with disabilities before and after the Great Recession. The employment rate of people with disabilities was low both before and after the recession, though the decline in employment among people with disabilities was somewhat greater than for people without disabilities. The employment declines observed during this period for people with disabilities reflect a long-term downward trend that has persisted for decades, raising concerns that people with disabilities are permanently exiting the labor force. Job loss after the recession was particularly concentrated among people with disabilities in blue-collar and goods-producing jobs. People with and without disabilities experienced similar increases in poverty. Ongoing surveillance of the characteristics and employment of people with disabilities is needed to identify trends and develop policies to promote their independence and economic security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mann, David R. & David C. Wittenburg (2015): Starting behind: wage and employment differentials between young adults with and without disabilities. In: Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 89-99. DOI:10.1177/1044207315583898

Abstract

"We estimate the wage offers and employment of young adults with and without disabilities using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data. We find evidence that wage offer and employment gaps between adults with and without disabilities emerge early and are largest for those with mental limitations or any type of severe limitation. The wage offer gaps we estimate between people with and without disabilities are almost always larger than the wage gaps between those groups. These employment and wage offer gaps that exist in early adulthood likely help explain some of the differences in human capital, employment, and earnings between older adults with and without disabilities. The results also highlight the need for interventions that improve the employability and wage offers of youth with disabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Martinis, Jonathan G. (2015): "The right to make choices". How vocational rehabilitation can help young adults with disabilities increase self-determination and avoid guardianship. In: Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 221-227. DOI:10.3233/JVR-150742

Abstract

"Background: Research has consistently shown that self-determination, a person's authority and opportunity to make life choices, is a key element for a meaningful and independent life. Nevertheless, many young adults with disabilities are placed in overbroad or undue guardianships - guardianships imposed on people who have the capacity to make their own decisions or who can use less-restrictive alternatives to guardianship - denying them their right to make fundamental choices about where they live, what they do, and with whom they interact.
Objective: This article gives an overview of the negative implications of overbroad or undue guardianship, the benefits of self-determination, and ways Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) supports and services can provide employment-based education and training to help young adults with disabilities develop and demonstrate self-determination, gain independent living skills, and overcome any perceived need for guardianship.
Conclusion: People with disabilities who are encouraged and supported to make their own decisions are better employed at higher salaries and more independent. VR supports and services focused on employment-based" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))