Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms (2023)
Zitatform
Batut, Cyprien, Andrea Garnero & Alessandro Tondini (2023): The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 3, S. 217-232. DOI:10.1111/irel.12323
Abstract
"In this paper, we exploit a panel of industry-level data in European countries to study the economic impact of national reductions in usual weekly working hours between 1995 and 2007. Our identification strategy relies on the five national reforms that took place over this period and on initial differences across sectors in the share of workers exposed to the reforms. On average, the number of hours worked in more affected sectors fell, hourly wages rose, while employment did not increase. The effect on value added per hour worked appears to be positive but non-significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms (2022)
Zitatform
Batut, Cyprien, Andrea Garnero & Alessandro Tondini (2022): The Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions: Sector-Level Evidence from European Reforms. (FBK-IRVAPP working paper / Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Research Institute for the Evaluation of Public Policies 2022-04), Trient, 37 S.
Abstract
"Working time legislation is a key labour market regulation and the subject of heated and recurrent debates. A first-order concern is how this legislation may impact employment. In this paper, we exploit a panel of industry-level data in European countries to study the economic impact of national reductions in usual weekly working hours between 1995 and 2007. Our identification strategy relies on the five national reforms that took place over this period and on initial differences across sectors in the share of workers exposed to the reforms. We show that, on average, the number of hours worked in more affected sectors fell relative to less affected sectors but employment did not increase, while the impact on wages and value-added per hour worked appears to be positive but insignificant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Narrowing women's time and income gaps: an assessment of the synergies between working time reduction and universal income schemes (2022)
Cieplinski, André; D'Alessandro, Simone; Guarnieri, Pietro; Dwarkasing, Chandni;Zitatform
Cieplinski, André, Simone D'Alessandro, Chandni Dwarkasing & Pietro Guarnieri (2022): Narrowing women's time and income gaps: an assessment of the synergies between working time reduction and universal income schemes. (Working papers / SOAS University of London 250), London, 34 S.
Abstract
"The COVID-19 crisis re-opened a discussion on the gendered nature of time-poverty and income inequality. We compare two policy combinations that assess the synergies between working time reduction and two universal income schemes: basic income and care income programmes. While the former provides every individual with an equal monetary benefit, the latter ties monetary benefits to the amount of unpaid and care work performed by individuals. We assess the impact of these policy combinations applying Eurogreen, a macrosimulation model tailored to Italy. Results suggest that while working time reduction directly improves the distribution of unpaid work and alleviates time-poverty, its impact on income inequality is limited. By contrast, the universal income schemes promote a similar and significant reduction of income inequality but differ in terms of gender equality outcomes. When it comes to improvements in women’s employment, labour force participation and real wages, working time reduction in combination with basic income outperforms care income. Meanwhile, care income outperforms basic income in terms of women’s income gap. Finally, regarding time-use, the adverse labour market effects of a care income on women’s participation rates compromises the redistribution of unpaid work from women to men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The employment effects of working time reductions in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Garnero, Andrea, Alessandro Tondini & Cyprien Batut (2022): The employment effects of working time reductions in Europe. (VoxEU columns / Centre for Economic Policy Research), London, 8 S.
Abstract
"The implementation of shorter working hours is intended to create jobs by redistributing available work. But this is based on the assumption that there is a fixed amount of work to be done. This column studies the work-hour reforms in Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, and Slovenia in the late 1990s and early 2000s under the EU Working Time Directive. The reforms did reduce the hours worked per employee, but firms did not substitute lower hours for more workers. Since employee salaries did not go down, a shorter working week or day could potentially increase wellbeing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2020): The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 13461), 42 S.
Abstract
"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations (2020)
Zitatform
Mazzotta, Fernanda, Francesca Bettio & Valentina Zigante (2020): Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 52, H. 21, S. 2219-2238. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2019.1687839
Abstract
"In this paper, we take a fresh look at the magnitude of the trade-off between caring informally for a parent and paid work. We adopt a simultaneous approach with a primary focus on how hours of care are influenced by hours of work rather than the other way round. We also investigate the role that filial obligations play in choices of caring versus working. Using the SHARE data (2004 and 2006) we find that the elasticity of informal care hours in response to working hours is between −0.17 in the caregivers sample and −0.19 in the women-only caregivers sample; small but not negligible. Moreover, we find that a 10%increase in the index measuring the strength of filial obligations increases weekly hours of care by about two and a half hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auszeiten – Rauszeiten: Erfahrungen mit (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals und Vorschläge für ihre zukünftige Gestaltung (2020)
Pfahl, Svenja; Reuyß, Stefan; Mader, Esther;Zitatform
Pfahl, Svenja, Stefan Reuyß & Esther Mader (2020): Auszeiten – Rauszeiten. Erfahrungen mit (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals und Vorschläge für ihre zukünftige Gestaltung. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Working paper Forschungsförderung 170), Düsseldorf, 105 S.
Abstract
"Welche Rolle (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals, also Auszeiten zwischen 4 Wochen und 12 Monaten, im Kontext von Arbeit 4.0 einnehmen, welche Möglichkeiten sie den Beschäftigten bieten, wie sie gestaltet sein müssen und welche Erfahrungen mit solchen Auszeiten in Deutschland und anderen Ländern vorliegen, darauf gibt die Expertise Antworten und skizziert vier auf die Zukunft ausgerichtete Grundmodel-le von (Kurzzeit-)Sabbaticals." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2019): 'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0959680117752829
Abstract
"Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers' access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This 'women's work penalty' in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Impact of care responsibilities on women's employment: a comparison between European and East Asian welfare states (2017)
Zitatform
Chou, Yueh-Ching, Birgit Pfau-Effinger, Teppo Kröger & Costanzo Ranci (2017): Impact of care responsibilities on women's employment. A comparison between European and East Asian welfare states. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 157-177. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1268702
Abstract
"Women with care responsibilities tend to reduce their labour market activity and to work part time, even if there are cross-national differences. Empirical research often analyses this separately for childcare and elderly care, and studies are usually limited to Western societies. This article aims to explore to what extent women's care responsibilities for children and older people impact on women's labour market integration and how this impact differs in the context of different welfare states in Europe and Asia. The analysis is based on data from a new comparative survey for four cities (Jyväskylä, Hamburg, Bologna and Hsinchu) in four countries (Finland, Germany, Italy and Taiwan). While socio-economic and demographic factors (age, education, marital status, health, financial difficulty and cultural orientation) are considered, multinomial regression reveals that, concerning childcare, the differences are greater within Europe than between the European countries and the Asian welfare state included in the study. Moreover, it turns out that there is no association between caring for older relatives and female employment in any of the four societies. This study demonstrates that the impact of different types of care responsibilities on women's employment shows different directions and conditions in the context of different welfare states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements: comparing workplaces in different countries and industries (2017)
Wiß, Tobias;Zitatform
Wiß, Tobias (2017): Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements. Comparing workplaces in different countries and industries. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 7, S. 1406-1430. DOI:10.1111/spol.12270
Abstract
"Although studies have examined the distribution and conditions of employer-provided work - family arrangements, we still lack a systematic investigation of how these vary for different countries and industries. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey 2010, this study examines the conditions under which firms provide family-friendly working time arrangements and what the differences are across four countries (Austria, Denmark, Italy and the UK) and four industries. The impact of employee representatives, employee involvement, manager support and female managers varies across countries and industries because of the institutional environment (prevailing family model, industrial relations) and workforce composition (gender). The impact of employee representatives depends on their co-determination rights, and the direction of their effect on the prevailing family model (e.g. negative in conservative countries such as Austria) and the gender composition of the workforce (negative in male-dominated production, but positive in services). Employee involvement in the work organization is significantly positive in Austria and Denmark (both with co-operative industrial relations), while manager support has the strongest effect in the UK (liberal regime). At the industry level, female supervisors are positively associated with family-friendly working time arrangements only in the male-dominated production industry. These findings suggest that the effects of agency variables and their direction vary depending on the institutional context." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training: the role of working hours and the household context (2016)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina & Elisabeth Bublitz (2016): A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training. The role of working hours and the household context. (HWWI research paper 172), Hamburg, 54 S.
Abstract
"Regarding gender differences, theory suggests that in a partnership the individual with the lower working hours and earnings position should exhibit lower training participation rates. Since women are more likely to match this description, we investigate whether systematic group differences explain gender variation. Across all countries, male workers are not affected by their earnings position. For female workers in Germany, but not Italy or the Netherlands, working part-time instead of full-time corresponds with a decrease in course length by 5.5 hours. Also, regarding German part-time employed women, single earners train 5.6 hours more than secondary earners. The findings of our study hold at the extensive and the intensive margin, suggesting that Germany faces particular household-related obstacles regarding gender differences in job-related training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: BJIR, online first (2018) -
Literaturhinweis
Which are the benefits of having more female leaders?: evidence from the use of part-time work in Italy (2016)
Zitatform
Devicienti, Francesco, Elena Grinza, Alessandro Manello & Davide Vannoni (2016): Which are the benefits of having more female leaders? Evidence from the use of part-time work in Italy. (IZA discussion paper 10314), Bonn, 28 S.
Abstract
"Using three waves of a uniquely rich survey on Italian private firms, we explore the impact of female managers on the use of part-time work. Building on a literature arguing that female leaders are more sensitive to their employees' needs and more self-transcendent than their male counterparts, we assess whether such attitudes manifest themselves also in relation to working time arrangements. Results indicate that female managers are indeed more responsive to their employees' needs: they heavily limit the employment of involuntary part-time work, correspondingly increasing full-time employment, and concede more part-time arrangements to employees asking for them. All in all, our results show that there are some hitherto unexplored benefits from increasing the number of female leaders: on the one hand, they strongly contain the widespread phenomenon of involuntary part-time employment and, on the other hand, they enhance the work-life balance of workers engaged in child care or elderly care activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexiblework and immigration in Europe (2015)
Raess, Damian; Burgoon, Brian;Zitatform
Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022
Abstract
"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"Somebody is thinking about it": women as household managers in dual-earner families (2014)
Alby, Francesca; Fatigante, Marilena; Zucchermaglio, Cristina;Zitatform
Alby, Francesca, Marilena Fatigante & Cristina Zucchermaglio (2014): "Somebody is thinking about it": women as household managers in dual-earner families. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 29-48.
Abstract
"In dieser Arbeit nehmen wir mithilfe eines Multimethodenansatzes die Managementpraxis erwerbstätiger Mütter, die diese zur Bewältigung komplexer Zeitpläne und der Bedürfnisse der Familie anwenden, in den Blick. Aus vorausgegangenen Studien wissen wir, dass Doppelverdienerfamilien einer grundlegenden Umgestaltung des häuslichen Familienlebens gegenüberstehen, wobei bisher kaum darüber geforscht wurde, wie eine solche Reorganisation innerhalb der Familien erreicht wird. Die Erkenntnisse beruhen auf verschiedenen Datensätzen (Fokusgruppen, Zeitverwendungstagebücher, Aufzeichnung von Alltagsgesprächen) und verweisen auf die zentrale Bedeutung dieser Managementpraktiken im häuslichen Alltagsleben dieser Familien. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zudem, dass die Hausarbeit eine Arena praktischer Überlegungen und Denkmuster ist. Mithilfe einer detaillierten Analyse der sequentiellen Handlungsabfolgen in der Hausarbeit werden die Managementpraktiken sichtbar, die die Mütter nutzen, um unterschiedliche und miteinander in Wettstreit stehende Aktivitäten für sich zu verwerten und zu koordinieren. Abschließend schlagen wir vor, dass diese Managementpraktiken eine Form von Care- Arbeit darstellt, durch die Mütter das Wohlergehen der Familienmitglieder sicherstellen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries (2014)
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite; Moral Carcedo, Julian;Zitatform
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x
Abstract
"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe (2014)
Heger, Dörte;Zitatform
Heger, Dörte (2014): Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 512), Essen, 55 S. DOI:10.4419/86788587
Abstract
"Informelle Pflegerinnen und Pfleger leisten einen wertvollen Beitrag zu der Pflege älterer Menschen. Welche Folgen die Erbringung von Pflege auf die pflegende Person hat, ist jedoch noch nicht vollständig bekannt. Diese Studie verdeutlicht den Zusammenhang zwischen Pflegeerbringung, Arbeit, kognitiven Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit in einem theoretischen Modell und schätzt die Auswirkung von Pflegeerbringung anhand von Längsschnittdaten aus 13 europäischen Ländern. Dabei wird insbesondere der Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Auswirkungen von Pflegeerbringung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Pflegeerbringung die Erwerbstätigkeit in Ländern mit einem geringeren professionellen Pflegeangebot stark reduziert. Dagegen leiden in allen Ländern pflegende Personen häufiger an depressiven Symptomen. Die Ergebnisse für kognitive Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit sind gemischt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age: a matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Matteazzi, Eleonora, Ariane Pailhe & Anne Solaz (2014): Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age. A matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 955-985. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537457
Abstract
"Using the European Union Statistics an Income and Living Conditions data for the year 2009, the authors evaluate how vertical and horizontal job segregation explains the differential between fulltime and part-time pay for prime-age women in four European countries: Austria, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The selected countries are representative of different welfare state regimes, Labor market regulations, and extents and forms of parttime employment. Full-time hourly wages exceed part-time hourly wages, especially in market-oriented economies, such as Poland and the United Kingdom. Results using the Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods show that most of the full-time -- part-time wage gap is driven by job segregation, especially its vertical dimension. Vertical segregation explains an especially large Part of the pay gap in Poland and die United Kingdom, where, more than elsewhere, part-timers are concentrated in low-skilled occupations and the wage disparities across occupations are quite large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does caring for the elderly affect midlife women's employment?: differences across regimes (2014)
Zitatform
Naldini, Manuela, Emmanuele Pavolini & Cristina Solera (2014): Does caring for the elderly affect midlife women's employment? Differences across regimes. (Carlo Alberto notebooks 368), Turin, 14 S.
Abstract
"Does caring for an elderly person affect mid-life women's employment? What is the role of the institutional and cultural context? This study draws on Eurobarometer micro data, which have been integrated with institutional country-level datasets, and by means of cluster analysis and multilevel analysis across 21 European countries it analyses the main micro and macro factors that influence decisions to give up or reduce (or not) paid work when having to care for a frail elderly parent. The results show that living in a 'care-work regime', different in terms of care policies, care and family cultures and overall women's activity rates, matters. In Scandinavian countries - the most de-familialised ones - women rarely change their labour market participation for elderly caregiving. Conversely, where service coverage is lower and intergenerational family care obligations higher, as in Southern and Eastern European countries, mid-life women's employment is discouraged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Carol Graham (2014): Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5
Abstract
"Flexible work arrangements and retirement options provide one solution for the challenges of unemployment and underemployment, aging populations, and unsustainable public pension systems in welfare states around the world. We examine the relationships between well-being and job satisfaction on the one hand and employment status and retirement, on the other, using Gallup World Poll data for several European countries and the United States. We find that voluntary part-time workers are happier, experience less stress and anger, and have higher job satisfaction than other employees. Using statistical matching, we show that late-life workers under voluntary part-time or full-time arrangements have higher well-being than retirees. There is no well-being premium for involuntary late-life work and self-employment compared to retirement, however. Our findings inform ongoing debates about the optimal retirement age and the fiscal burdens of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
EU employers take family-friendly working seriously (2013)
Broughton, Andrea;Zitatform
Broughton, Andrea (2013): EU employers take family-friendly working seriously. Dublin, 12 S.
Abstract
"A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible working and parental support. The main driver for this in most countries was compliance with legislation or collective agreements. The economic crisis has had little impact on the provision of family-friendly working policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Management und Teilzeitarbeit: Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (2013)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena & Stefan Stuth (2013): Management und Teilzeitarbeit. Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. (WZBrief Arbeit 15), Berlin, 6 S.
Abstract
"Manager und Managerinnen arbeiten in Europa selten Teilzeit. Auch auf Führungsebene ist Teilzeit 'Frauendomäne'. Teilzeitarbeit im Management wird stark von der Arbeitszeit- und Geschlechterkultur in den Ländern beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Was short-time work a miracle cure during the Great Recession?: the case of Germany and Italy (2012)
Arico, Fabio R.; Stein, Ulrike;Zitatform
Arico, Fabio R. & Ulrike Stein (2012): Was short-time work a miracle cure during the Great Recession? The case of Germany and Italy. In: Comparative Economic Studies, Jg. 54, H. 2, S. 275-297. DOI:10.1057/ces.2012.10
Abstract
"This paper considers the use of short-time work (STW) schemes as a device to mitigate the negative effects of the current global recession on employment levels. STW schemes have been regarded as a popular and successful counter-cyclical policy to maintain workers in employment. However, by comparing and contrasting the experience of Germany and Italy, we argue that the effectiveness of STW schemes should only be evaluated in relation to (i) the institutional set-up within which they operate, and (ii) the whole set of labour market policies adopted by each country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Lyness, Karen S.; Stone, Pamela; Grotto, Angela R.; Gornick, Janet C.;Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries: new measurement and implications for business cycles (2012)
Zitatform
Ohanian, Lee E. & Andrea Raffo (2012): Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries. New measurement and implications for business cycles. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 40-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2011.11.005
Abstract
"We build a dataset of quarterly hours worked for 14 OECD countries. We document that hours are as volatile as output, that a large fraction of labor adjustment takes place along the intensive margin, and that the volatility of hours relative to output has increased over time. We use these data to reassess the Great Recession and prior recessions. The Great Recession in many countries is a puzzle in that labor wedges are small, while those in the U.S. Great Recession - and those in previous European recessions - are much larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies: evidence from western European countries and Canada (2012)
Zitatform
Reich, Nora, Christina Boll & Julian Sebastian Leppin (2012): Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies. Evidence from western European countries and Canada. (HWWI research paper 115), Hamburg, 21 S.
Abstract
"The study at hand pursues the following question: How are national parental leave arrangements related to fathers' participation in and time used for childcare? To answer this question, we merge data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) with national parental leave characteristics. Specifically, we are using 30 surveys from eight industrialised countries from 1971 to 2005. Applying a selection model, we are estimating fathers' participation in childcare and the minutes per day spent on childcare. We control for the following parental leave characteristics: duration of leave, amount of benefits and the number of weeks reserved for the father. The main results are that duration of parental leave, exclusive weeks for the father and any benefit compared to no benefit have a positive impact on fathers' childcare participation. Parental leave weeks reserved for the father and parental leave benefits affect fathers' minutes of childcare positively. It is concluded that parental leave characteristics have effects on fathers' childcare participation and time spent on childcare, but that parental leave policies have to be evaluated within the framework of each country's family policy package." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im europäischen Vergleich (2011)
Rohwer, Anja;Zitatform
Rohwer, Anja (2011): Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im europäischen Vergleich. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 64, H. 10, S. 28-32.
Abstract
"Familien sehen sich immer häufiger verschiedensten Herausforderungen gegenübergestellt, wenn sie versuchen, Familie und Beruf miteinander zu vereinbaren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einiger Studien vorgestellt, die europäische Unternehmen im Hinblick auf familienfreundliche Personalpolitik befragten. Demnach weisen die meisten europäischen Unternehmen dem Thema 'Familienfreundlichkeit' einen hohen Stellenwert zu." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Sonntagsarbeit: Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten (2011)
Wirtz, Anna; Nachreiner, Friedhelm; Rolfes, Katharina;Zitatform
Wirtz, Anna, Friedhelm Nachreiner & Katharina Rolfes (2011): Sonntagsarbeit. Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 65, H. 2, S. 136-146.
Abstract
"Obwohl die Anzahl der Beschäftigten in biologisch und sozial ungünstigen Arbeitszeiten stetig steigt, liegen bislang nur äußerst wenige Erkenntnisse zu den Effekten der Arbeit am Wochenende, und insbesondere an Sonntagen, auf die Sicherheit, Gesundheit und soziale Teilhabe der Beschäftigten vor. Die vorliegende Studie demonstriert anhand der Daten aus zwei großen und repräsentativen europäischen Umfragen, dass Arbeit an Sonntagen das Risiko für arbeitsbedingte Unfälle sowie gesundheitliche und soziale Beeinträchtigungen deutlich erhöht. Diese Zusammenhänge lassen sich auch nach der Kontrolle potenziell konfundierender Effekte nachweisen. Das durch Sonntagsarbeit offensichtlich erhöhte Risiko für die Gefährdung von Arbeitsschutzzielen sollte daher in der Diskussion um die gesetzlichen Spielräume für die Sonntagsarbeit, z. B. im Einzelhandel, wie bei einer möglichen Revision der europäischen Arbeitszeitrichtlinie sowie insbesondere bei der Gestaltung der konkreten Arbeitszeiten auf jeden Fall angemessen berücksichtigt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitszeitverkürzung zur Umverteilung von Arbeit: internationale Beispiele (2010)
Zitatform
Flecker, Jörg, Annika Schönauer, Christoph Hermann & Bernadette Allinger (2010): Arbeitszeitverkürzung zur Umverteilung von Arbeit. Internationale Beispiele. (FORBA-Forschungsbericht 2010,01), Wien, 52 S.
Abstract
"Durch die Auswirkungen der gegenwärtigen Wirtschaftskrise auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Form stark steigender und vermutlich längere Zeit anhaltender Arbeitslosigkeit rückt die Sicherung von Beschäftigung durch eine Verkürzung und Umverteilung von Arbeitszeit wieder stärker in das öffentliche und politische Interesse. Innerhalb der Europäischen Union gibt es recht unterschiedliche nationale Traditionen und Erfahrungen, was die Verkürzung und Umverteilung von Arbeitszeit betrifft. Eine große Bandbreite an individuellen und kollektiven Maßnahmen wurde über viele Jahre mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2001 legte FORBA einen vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales in Auftrag gegebenen Bericht vor, der eine Übersicht der arbeitszeitpolitischen Maßnahmen insbesondere des Staates in ausgewählten Mitgliedsstaaten in der Europäischen Union enthielt (Flecker et al. 2001). Es wurden darin insbesondere die Entstehungsbedingungen, die Umsetzung und die Wirkungen von Arbeitszeitverkürzung, -umverteilung und - flexibilisierung beschrieben. In der aktuellen Diskussion in Österreich besteht großes Interesse an den Maßnahmen und Erfahrungen in anderen Ländern. Ziel des Papiers ist es, ausgewählte Teile des genannten Berichts zu aktualisieren und neuere Entwicklungen darzustellen. Der Bericht basiert auf einer Literaturrecherche, auf der Auswertung von Datenbanken, wie dem European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO), einer E-Mail-Umfrage unter Delegierten von EUROCADRES und ergänzenden Informationen von weiteren ExpertInnen in den ausgewählten Ländern. Im ersten Abschnitt werden Reaktionen auf die Krise, insbesondere Kurzarbeit, beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil folgen Beispiele für die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit durch Maßnahmen zur Gestaltung der Lebensarbeitszeit. Der dritte Teil behandelt die Verkürzung der Wochenarbeitszeit und die Begrenzung von Überstunden und der vierte Teil befasst sich mit der Differenzierung der Arbeitszeit, also der unterschiedlichen Regelung der Arbeitszeit für verschiedene Gruppen von Beschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
European vs American hours worked: assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins (2009)
Zitatform
Langot, François & Coralia Quintero-Rojas (2009): European vs American hours worked. Assessing the role of the extensive and intensive margins. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 531-543.
Abstract
"Europeans have worked less than Americans since the 1970s. In this paper, we quantify the relative importance of the extensive and intensive margins of aggregate hours of market work on the observed differences. Our counterfactual exercises show that the two dimensions of the extensive margin, the employment rate and the participation rate, explain the most of the total-hours-gap between regions. Moreover, both ratios have similar weight. Conversely, the intensive margin, measured by the number of hours worked per employee, has the smallest role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA: are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (2008)
Boeri, Tito ; Lomwel, Gijsbert van; Hamermesh, Daniel S. ; Zylberberg, Andre; Burda, Michael; Cahuc, Pierre ; Nordström Skans, Oskar; Kramarz, Francis; Schank, Thorsten ; Crépon, Bruno; Weil, Philippe;Zitatform
Boeri, Tito, Michael Burda & Francis Kramarz (Hrsg.) (2008): Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA. Are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (Report for the Fondazione Rodolfo DeBenedetti), Oxford u. a.: Oxford University Press, 269 S.
Abstract
"In the last 50 years the gap in labour productivity between Europe and the US has narrowed considerably with estimates in 2005 suggesting a EU-US labour productivity gap of about 5 per cent. Yet, average per capita income in the EU is still about 30 % lower than in the US. This persistent gap in income per capita can be almost entirely explained by Europeans working less than Americans. Why do Europeans work so little compared to Americans? What do they do with their spare time outside work? Can they be induced to work more without reducing labour productivity? If so, how? And what is the effect on well-being if policies are created to reward paid work as opposed to other potentially socially valuable activities, like childbearing? More broadly, should the state interfere at all when it comes to bargaining over working hours? This volume explores these questions and many more in an attempt to understand the changing nature of the hours worked in the USA and EU, as well as the effects of policies that impose working hour reductions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working time developments 2008 (2008)
Carley, Mark;Zitatform
Carley, Mark (2008): Working time developments 2008. Dublin, 35 S.
Abstract
"In 2008, average collectively agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.6 hours; agreed normal annual working time averaged about 1,740 hours. Of the three economic sectors examined in this study, agreed weekly working hours are highest in metalworking (38.7), followed by the banking and local government sectors (both 38.3). Average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement was 25.2 days across the EU in 2008, although the total varied significantly between the 'old' and the new Member States. This report also examines statutory working time and leave limits, and actual working hours. This annual update looks at a number of aspects of the duration of working time in the European Union and Norway in 2008, based on contributions from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) national centres. The study examines the following issues: average weekly working hours as set by collective agreements - both at national level and for three specific economic sectors; statutory limits on weekly and daily working time; average actual weekly working hours; annual leave entitlement, as set by collective agreements and law; and estimates of average collectively agreed annual working time. The report provides a general overview of the current situation and developments regarding working time, but the figures provided should be read with caution, and the various notes and explanations borne in mind. This reflects the fact that there are a number of problems in international comparisons of the length of working time. Comparable data are not collected in all countries, while particular difficulties include the following: the existence of different ways of calculating working time, with annual, rather than weekly calculation increasingly common in some countries (TN0308101S); the fact that working time reductions in some countries have been introduced through extra days off or cuts in annual working hours, leaving the normal working week relatively unchanged; the increasing use of schemes whereby weekly working hours may vary considerably, with an average being maintained over a reference period; the treatment of part-time workers; the differing roles of collective bargaining and legislation, with the latter having an impact on actual hours in some countries, but acting only as a maximum 'safety net' in others." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries: an equilibrium search approach (2008)
Langot, Francois; Quintero Rojas, Coralia;Zitatform
Langot, Francois & Coralia Quintero Rojas (2008): Explaining the evolution of hours worked and employment across OECD countries. An equilibrium search approach. (IZA discussion paper 3364), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"Since 1960, the dynamics of the aggregate hours of market work exhibit dramatic differences across industrialized countries. Before 1980, these differences seem to come from the hours worked per employee (the intensive margin). However, since 1980 a notable feature of the data is that the divergence across countries responds to quantitatively important differences along the employment rate (the extensive margin). In this paper we develop an equilibrium matching model where both margins are endogenous. The model is rich enough to account for the behavior of the two margins of the aggregate hours when we include the observed heterogeneity across countries of both the taxes and the labor market institutions such as the unemployment benefits and the bargaining power. Because these findings come from on unified framework, they also give a strong support to the matching models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries (2008)
Presser, Harriet B.; Gornick, Janet C.; Parashar, Sangeeta;Zitatform
Presser, Harriet B., Janet C. Gornick & Sangeeta Parashar (2008): Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 2, S. 83-103.
Abstract
"Labor force surveys conducted in several European countries in 2005 indicate high levels of nonstandard work hours, varying by gender; by contrast, nonstandard work hours for both men and women vary little by whether they have or do not have children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working unusual hours and its relatioship to job satisfaction: a study of European maritime pilots (2007)
Zitatform
Andresen, Maike, Michel E. Domsch & Annett H. Carscorbi (2007): Working unusual hours and its relatioship to job satisfaction. A study of European maritime pilots. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 714-734. DOI:10.1007/s12122-007-9010-5
Abstract
"Our study focuses on maritime pilotage in seven European countries and analyzes the level of job satisfaction and its predictors. Like most existing studies in the field of job satisfaction, we show that job satisfaction is an outcome of the work of maritime pilots. Stressful working conditions, such as working unsocial hours and irregular working patterns, create strains that together with intervening factors related to work, family, or the work environment ultimately reduce job satisfaction. However, our results indicate that although negative physical and social consequences are important, they are neither the strongest nor the only variables determining job satisfaction. Another effect seems more important in European maritime pilotage: job satisfaction is instead a predictor of how much pressure and stress pilots can handle. Despite health problems and a reduction in their quality of life due to working unusual hours, most maritime pilots do not regret their choice of profession. Factors to ameliorate the working conditions are also identified. The most important parameters include alterations in working time systems, working conditions which minimize physical strain, fairness regarding payment, flexibility within the compensation system, an intensification of the possibilities for involvement and participation, an extended degree of co-determination, and the distribution of the ownership of the pilot stations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle: a comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States (2007)
Anxo, Dominique; Mencarini, Letizia ; Flood, Lennart; Solaz, Anne ; Tanturri, Maria Letizia; Pailhe, Ariane;Zitatform
Anxo, Dominique, Lennart Flood, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhe, Anne Solaz & Maria Letizia Tanturri (2007): Time allocation between work and family over the life-cycle. A comparative gender analysis of Italy, France, Sweden and the United States. (IZA discussion paper 3193), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"This article analyses the extent to which changes in household composition over the life course affect the gender division of labour. It identifies and analyses cross-country disparities between France, Italy, Sweden and United States, using most recent data available from the Time Use National Surveys. We focus on gender differences in the allocation of time between market work, domestic work and leisure over the life-cycle. In order to map the life-cycle, we distinguish between nine key cross-country comparable life stages according to age and family structure such as exiting parental home, union formation, parenthood, and retiring from work. By using appropriate regression techniques (Tobit with selection, Tobit and OLS), we show large discrepancies in the gender division of labour at the different life stages. This gender gap exists in all countries at any stage of the life course, but is usually smaller at the two ends of the age distribution, and larger with parenthood. Beyond social norms, the impact of parenthood on time allocation varies across countries, being smaller in those where work-family balance policies are more effective and traditionally well-established." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Total work, gender and social norms (2007)
Zitatform
Burda, Michael C., Daniel S. Hamermesh & Philippe Weil (2007): Total work, gender and social norms. (IZA discussion paper 2705), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"Using time-diary data from 25 countries, we demonstrate that there is a negative relationship between real GDP per capita and the female-male difference in total work time per day - the sum of work for pay and work at home. In rich northern countries on four continents, including the United States, there is no difference - men and women do the same amount of total work. This latter fact has been presented before by several sociologists for a few rich countries; but our survey results show that labor economists, macroeconomists, the general public and sociologists are unaware of it and instead believe that women perform more total work. The facts do not arise from gender differences in the price of time (as measured by market wages), as women's total work is further below men's where their relative wages are lower. Additional tests using U.S. and German data show that they do not arise from differences in marital bargaining, as gender equality is not associated with marital status; nor do they stem from family norms, since most of the variance in the gender total work difference is due to within-couple differences. We offer a theory of social norms to explain the facts. The social-norm explanation is better able to account for within-education group and within-region gender differences in total work being smaller than inter-group differences. It is consistent with evidence using the World Values Surveys that female total work is relatively greater than men's where both men and women believe that scarce jobs should be offered to men first." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The distribution of total work in the EU and US (2006)
Zitatform
Burda, Michael C., Daniel S. Hamermesh & Philippe Weil (2006): The distribution of total work in the EU and US. (IZA discussion paper 2270), Bonn, 84 S.
Abstract
"Using two time-diary data sets each for Germany, Italy the Netherlands and the U.S. from 1985-2003, we demonstrate that Americans work more than Europeans: 1) in the market; 2) in total (market and home production) - there is no one-for-one tradeoff across countries in total work; 3) at unusual times of the day and on weekends. In addition, gender differences in total work within a given country are significantly smaller than variation across countries and time. We conclude that some of the transatlantic differences could reflect inferior equilibria that are generated by social norms and externalities. While an important outlet for total work, home production by females appears very sensitive to tax rates in the G-7 countries. We adapt the theory of home production to account for fixed costs of market work and adduce evidence that they, in contrast to other relative costs, vary significantly across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and hours of work: the North Atlantic divide revisited (2006)
Pissarides, Christopher A.;Zitatform
Pissarides, Christopher A. (2006): Unemployment and hours of work. The North Atlantic divide revisited. (CEP discussion paper 757), London, 51 S.
Abstract
"The author examines the dynamic evolutions of unemployment, hours of work and the service share since the war in the United States and Europe. The theoretical model brings together all three and emphasizes technological growth. Computations show that the very low unemployment in Europe in the 1960s was due to the high productivity growth associated with technological catch-up. Productivity also played a role in the dynamics of hours but a full explanation for the fast rise of service employment and the big fall in aggregate hours needs further research. Taxation has played a role but results are mixed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance and industrial relations in Italy (2006)
Ponzellini, Anna M.;Zitatform
Ponzellini, Anna M. (2006): Work-life balance and industrial relations in Italy. In: European Societies, Jg. 8, H. 2, S. 273-294. DOI:10.1080/14616690600645043
Abstract
"This article examines the work-life balance system in Italy, with particular regard to the role played by extra-statutory arrangements and provision - extra leave, benefits and allowances for parents provided by employers, in-company creches, family-friendly working hours, etc. - originated from collective bargaining and industrial relations at company-level. The Italian pattern of welfare state and women's employment is characterised by weak state support, a relevant role of intergenerational solidarity, one of the lowest fertility rates and still low women's activity rates. As for human resource management and industrial relations' contribution to work-life balance, empirical evidence shows that a certain number of extra-statutory arrangements and provision has been implemented at company level. Though, they are not enough to fill the gap with countries where state social protection is higher. The articles argue that industrial relations may play an important role in fostering a better work-life balance, on condition that a priority is given to decentralised collective bargaining and new 'territorial pacts' involving a wider range of social actors - not only unions and the companies, but also families, local governments, caregivers and the cared-for. Particularly for unions, this could be a possible response to unionisation decline." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Emulation, inequality, and work hours: was Thorsten Veblen right? (2005)
Bowles, Samuel; Park, Yongjin;Zitatform
Bowles, Samuel & Yongjin Park (2005): Emulation, inequality, and work hours. Was Thorsten Veblen right? In: The economic journal, Jg. 115, H. 507, S. F397-F412.
Abstract
"We investigate the manner in which a desire to emulate the rich influences individuals' allocation of time between labour and leisure, greater inequality inducing longer work hours as a result. Data on work hours in ten countries over the period 1963-98 show that greater inequality is indeed associated longer work hours. These 'Veblen effects' are large and the estimates are robust using country fixed effects and other specifications. Because consumption inequality is a public bad, a social welfare optimum cannot be implemented by a flat tax on consumption but may be accomplished by more complicated (progressive) consumption taxes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dual earning in Europe: time and occupational equity (2005)
Smith, Mark;Zitatform
Smith, Mark (2005): Dual earning in Europe. Time and occupational equity. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 131-139.
Abstract
Der Anteil der Haushalte mit Doppelverdienern wächst in ganz Europa. Dieser gesellschaftliche Trend hat Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt, die sozialen Sicherungssysteme und die Beziehungen der Geschlechter untereinander. Der Beitrag untersucht auf der Basis von Daten des Europäischen Labour Force Survey (ELFS) wie sich in Doppelverdienerhaushalten in sechs europäischen Ländern die zeitlichen Belastungen und berufliche Statusfragen auswirken. Dabei liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Frage, welche Rolle die Teilzeitarbeit in Haushalten mit Doppelverdienern spielt. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung zeigen, dass der Anstieg der Zahl der Doppelverdienerhaushalte in den einzelnen Staaten unterschiedlich verläuft. Unterschiede sind auch bei den Beschäftigungsverhältnissen zu beobachten. Es gibt jedoch keine direkte Korrelation zwischen hochwertiger Beschäftigung von Doppelverdienern und einem höheren Maß an Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in bezug auf arbeitszeitliche Belastung und beruflichen Status. Teilzeitarbeit jedoch ist in den meisten Ländern gleichbedeutend mit geringerem beruflichen Status und einer ungleichen Verteilung der haushaltlichen Belastungen. Der Preis für geschlechtliche Gleichstellung in der Partnerschaft in Kombination mit höherwertigen beruflichen Tätigkeiten liegt darin, längere Arbeitszeiten mit familiären Verpflichtungen in Einklang bringen zu müssen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Contesting time: International comparisons of employee control of working time (2004)
Zitatform
Berg, Peter, Eileen Appelbaum, Tom Bailey & Arne L. Kalleberg (2004): Contesting time: International comparisons of employee control of working time. In: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 331-349. DOI:10.1177/001979390405700301
Abstract
"The authors hypothesize that three broad factors affect the degree of workers' control over the timing and the total hours of their work: the institutional and regulatory environment within the country, labor market conditions, and management and labor union strategies. Drawing from their Interviews in 2000 with managers, public sector policy-makers and administrators, and union Leaders, as well as from previous literature, they illustrate how these factors actually affected working time and employee control over working time in the United States, Australia, Japan, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Their comparative analysis shows that in some countries, employers and labor unions negotiated contracts that increased employee control over working time and provided employers with greater flexibility; in others, employee control over working time remained unevenly distributed across the occupational spectrum." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment after childbearing: a comparative study of Italy and Norway (2004)
Muszynska, Magdalena;Zitatform
Muszynska, Magdalena (2004): Employment after childbearing. A comparative study of Italy and Norway. (MPIDR working paper 2004-030), Rostock, 39 S.
Abstract
"In this study we look at the circumstances under which motherhood and employment are compatible. Comparing two countries, Italy and Norway, we analyze the impact of macro factors and individual characteristics on employment decisions of first- and second-time mothers. Our results show that in Norway, where flexible forms of employment are a popular way to reconcile family life and employment, not only many women start to work when their child is small, but the fertility is also relatively high. In Italy, characterized by high rigidities of the labor market and where flexible forms of employment are hardly available, relatively few mothers enter employment and fertility is low. In addition, we found that in both countries better educated women and women with more work experience return to their jobs relatively soon after childbirth. The majority of women with a low level of education and who did not work before the childbirth do not take up work when the child is small." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work and family in the eWork era (2003)
Cullen, Kevin; Schmidt, Lars; Kordey, Norbert; Gaboardi, Elena;Zitatform
Cullen, Kevin, Norbert Kordey, Lars Schmidt & Elena Gaboardi (2003): Work and family in the eWork era. Amsterdam u.a.: IOS Press, 218 S.
Abstract
"This book is the first to look at the implications for work-family balance arising from trends in work organisation in the Information Society. Key changes are occurring in the place and time of work, supported by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). These new eWorking arrangements include more work being done from the home and an increased requirement for working at non-standard times because of globalisation and the development of the 24-hour society. Such changes in the time and place of work have potentially profound implications for family life. More flexibility in time and place can offer new opportunities for work-family balance and add to the current repertoire of family-friendly options for the worker. But changes in the place and time of work may not always provide more flexibility or may have other downsides for family life. This book presents the results of a study of these developments in four European countries - Ireland, Germany, Denmark and Italy - representing four quite different cultural contexts. It provides an analysis of key issues and trends, illustrated by over 90 in-depth case studies of eWorkers and their families. The cases cover key forms of eWork (such as working from home, shiftworking in new eOccupations and on-call work) and types of family (couples with children, couples without children, single parent families, families caring for older of disabled dependants)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lange "Gehirnlaufzeiten" überall?: eine Analyse der Wochenarbeitszeiten von Frauen und Männern unter Berücksichtigung der Qualifikation in vier Ländern (2003)
Schief, Sebastian;Zitatform
Schief, Sebastian (2003): Lange "Gehirnlaufzeiten" überall? Eine Analyse der Wochenarbeitszeiten von Frauen und Männern unter Berücksichtigung der Qualifikation in vier Ländern. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 199-214. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2003-0303
Abstract
"Unter dem Stichwort "Lange Gehirnlaufzeiten" thematisiert Bosch (2001) die deutlich längeren durchschnittlichen Wochenarbeitszeiten von höher qualifizierten abhängige Beschäftigten im Vergleich zu Beschäftigten mit niedriger und mittlerer Qualifikation in Deutschland. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht anhand der Daten der Europäischen Arbeitskräftestichprobe, ob dieser Zusammenhang auch in anderen europäischen Ländern (Großbritannien, Schweden und Italien) nachzuweisen ist. Wie sich zeigt, sind längere durchschnittliche Arbeitszeiten von höher Qualifizierten in Deutschland, Großbritannien und weniger deutlich in Schweden nachweisbar, in Italien sind sie aber erheblich kürzer als die Wochenarbeitzeit von Beschäftigten mit niedriger bzw. mittlerer Qualifikation. Dies wird auf unterschiedliche Konstellationen der Determinanten der Wochenarbeitszeit in den untersuchten Ländern zurückgeführt (Wohlfahrtsstaat, Arbeitsangebotsseite, Arbeitszeitregulierung, Industrielle Beziehungen)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Konvergenz der Arbeitszeitwünsche in Westeuropa: Konturen eines neuen Arbeitszeitstandards (2002)
Bosch, Gerhard; Wagner, Alexandra;Zitatform
Bosch, Gerhard & Alexandra Wagner (2002): Konvergenz der Arbeitszeitwünsche in Westeuropa. Konturen eines neuen Arbeitszeitstandards. (IAT-Report 2002-01), Gelsenkirchen, 9 S.
Abstract
Im Rahmen einer umfangreichen Erhebung über die Erwerbswünsche der Zukunft, die im zweiten Halbjahr 1998 in den 15 Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union und Norwegen durchgeführt wurde, wurden 12600 Erwerbstätige und 17900 zurzeit nicht Erwerbstätige zu ihren Arbeitszeitwünschen befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durchschnittlich kürzere Arbeitszeiten gewünscht als derzeit praktiziert werden. Die Arbeitszeitwünsche liegen innerhalb der Länder und auch zwischen den Ländern enger beieinander als die tatsächlichen Arbeitszeiten. Bei einer Realisierung der Arbeitszeitwünsche würde die Grenze zwischen Voll- und Teilzeitarbeit fließend, und die Arbeitszeitunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen würden geringer. Kurze Teilzeit und überlange Arbeitszeiten würden kaum noch auftreten. In Paarhaushalten würden bei annähernd gleichen Gesamtarbeitszeiten beider Partner Frauen einen größeren Anteil der bezahlten Arbeit leisten als bisher. Abschließend werden auf der Grundlage der erhobenen Wünsche Herausforderungen für die europäische Arbeitszeitpolitik beschrieben. (IAB2)
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Literaturhinweis
Reducing hours of work: Does overtime act as a brake upon employment growth?: an analysis by gender for the case of Italy (2002)
Giannelli, Gianna C.; Braschi, Cristina;Zitatform
Giannelli, Gianna C. & Cristina Braschi (2002): Reducing hours of work: Does overtime act as a brake upon employment growth? An analysis by gender for the case of Italy. (IZA discussion paper 557), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"In recent years the question of overtime work has become increasingly relevant as part of the wider issue of the reduction in the working day. A direct relation between policies aiming at reducing working hours, and increases in overtime work neutralising their beneficial effects on employment, has been envisaged by those opposing such policies. The authors investigate this issue using microdata by the Bank of Italy. In Italy, the incidence of overtime work among male dependent workers is relatively high. In particular, they seek to ascertain if, for Italy too, the fear that a reduction in working hours could give rise to a substitution of overtime work for new jobs is legitimate. They estimate the probability of working overtime, together with equations for overtime hours of work, using different econometric models, both for cross-section (probit, tobit) and panel data (conditional fixed effects logit). Among several other variables, they control for wages and normal hours. They are particularly interested in exploring differences by sex. Overtime has always been studied over selected samples of male employees working in the private sector. Of course, focusing on workers who are most likely to work overtime will yield the result of a relatively large 'substitution' effect. The authors show that extending the analysis to a more realistic labour market that includes female workers, this effect may become relatively modest for some specific policy measures. This result is robust across different sampling assumptions and model specifications, thus giving support to the hypothesis that the policies aiming at reducing the normal working day may have positive employment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Active strategies for older workers in the European Union (2002)
Jepsen, Maria; Foden, David; Hutsebaut, Martin;Zitatform
Jepsen, Maria, David Foden & Martin Hutsebaut (Hrsg.) (2002): Active strategies for older workers in the European Union. Brüssel: ETUI, 523 S.
Abstract
Beschrieben wird, wie in den neun EU-Ländern Belgien, Dänemark, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland, Großbritannien, Italien, Schweden und den Niederlanden die Sozialpartner und Regierungen mit Erfolg oder Misserfolg versucht haben, die Beschäftigungsrate älterer Arbeitnehmer zu erhöhen. Dabei sind in den unterschiedlichen Ländern unterschiedliche Wege in den Bereichen Beschäftigung, Ausbildung, soziale Sicherheit und Steuerpolitik beschritten worden. Die aktuellen Politikansätze werden evaluiert und daraus Vorschläge für zukünftige Maßnahmen abgeleitet. Zu den diskutierten Reformen gehört die Entwicklung von diversen Ruhestandsmodellen, wie z.B. Vorruhestand und Altersteilzeit. Die EU-Regierungen sehen sich mit wachsender Arbeitsknappheit in verschiedenen Wirtschaftszweigen konfrontiert. Ein frühzeitiger Ausschluss Älterer vom Arbeitsmarkt verstärkt diese Ungleichgewichte. Daher ist auch für den Erhalt des Wohlfahrtsstaates die Lösung dieses Problems von nachhaltiger Bedeutung. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Internationale Beispiele für Arbeitzeitverkürzung, -umverteilung und -flexibilisierung (2001)
Zitatform
Flecker, Jörg, Christoph Hermann & Ingrid Mairhuber (2001): Internationale Beispiele für Arbeitzeitverkürzung, -umverteilung und -flexibilisierung. (FORBA-Forschungsbericht 2001,01), Wien, 232 S.
Abstract
Das Forschungsprojekt hatte zum Ziel, Maßnahmen der Arbeitszeitverkürzung, -flexibilisierung und -umverteilung in Frankreich, Italien, Belgien, in den Niederlanden und in Dänemark zu beschreiben. Dabei sollten die Maßnahmen nicht isoliert, sondern im Kontext des jeweiligen gesellschaftlichen und politischen Zusammenhanges ihrer Entstehung und Umsetzung dargestellt werden. Im einzelnen ging es darum, Möglichkeiten und Wirkungen kollektiver und individueller Arbeitszeitverkürzungen einer eingehenden Analyse zu unterziehen, die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit im Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Unternehmensstrategien, staatlicher und kollektivvertraglicher Regulierung und den Präferenzen der ArbeitnehmerInnen zu beschreiben sowie gezielte Maßnahmen der Umverteilung von Arbeitszeit zwischen Beschäftigten und Arbeitslosen, zwischen Älteren und Jungen sowie zwischen Männern und Frauen zu dokumentieren. Neben dem Entstehungszusammenhang und der konkreten Umsetzung galt das Interesse den Wirkungen arbeitszeitpolitischer Maßnahmen auf die Beschäftigung, die Einkommensverteilung und -entwicklung und auf die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Unternehmen. In einem ersten Schritt wurden dafür international vergleichende Studien ausgewertet, die Hinweise auf die aktuelle arbeitszeitpolitische Diskussion, die tatsächlichen Arbeitszeiten und das institutionelle Bedingungsgefüge in verschiedenen Ländern der Europäischen Union geben. In einem zweiten Schritt wurde die Situation in den besonders zu berücksichtigenden Ländern im einzelnen recherchiert und ausgewertet. Die Informationen flossen in Länderprofile ein, die arbeitszeitpolitische Maßnahmen im Kontext der gesellschaftlichen und politischen Situation darstellen und den Hauptteil des Berichts bilden. In allen Länderberichten werden eingangs die Arbeitsmarktsituation und die Strukturen des Wohlfahrtsstaates umrissen, um den Hintergrund der arbeitszeitpolitischen Initiativen sowie ihrer Wirkungen anzugeben. In einem dritten Schritt wurden schließlich die Ergebnisse der Recherchen zusammengefasst. (IAB2)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonto
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug