Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
What (wo)men want? Evidence from a factorial survey on preferred work hours in couples after childbirth (2024)
Zitatform
Begall, Katia (2024): What (wo)men want? Evidence from a factorial survey on preferred work hours in couples after childbirth. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 342-356. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad054
Abstract
"The division of labour remains persistently gendered, in particular among couples with children. Previous research shows that women’s lower economic resources are an important factor driving these inequalities, but because gender and (relative) earnings are highly correlated in male–female couples, their relative importance is difficult to disentangle with observational data. Using a factorial survey conducted among approximately 700 employed men and women of childbearing age in Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, the contribution of relative earnings and gender in explaining work-care divisions in couples with children is disentangled. The results show that men and women do not differ in their preferences for their own work hours after childbirth, but both prefer the father to work more hours than the mother. Moreover, the combination of own and partners’ preferred hours shows that men and women in all three countries prefer a modified male-breadwinner model after childbirth in scenarios where the male partner earns more or partners have equal earnings. Preferences for egalitarian divisions of labour appear to be slightly stronger in men compared to women and respondents with more egalitarian views on care tasks show less gender-specialization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Work Meaning and the Flexibility Puzzle (2024)
Zitatform
Schouwer, Thimo De & Iris Kesternich (2024): Work Meaning and the Flexibility Puzzle. (CESifo working paper 11300), München, 57 S.
Abstract
"We study heterogeneity in the prevalence of and preferences for workplace flexibility and work meaning. We show that, internationally, women and parents value flexibility more but do not work more flexible jobs. The gender dimension of this flexibility puzzle is related to differences in meaningful work, which women value higher and sort into, at a significant price corresponding to 20 to 70% less flexibility. The parental dimension is connected to preferences for meaning and flexibility diverging after childbirth. We show through counterfactuals that making meaningful jobs more flexible reduces the gender gap in total compensation by almost a quarter." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Brega, Carla, Samuel Briones, Jana Javornik, Margarita León & Mara Yerkes (2023): Flexible work arrangements for work-life balance: a cross-national policy evaluation from a capabilities perspective. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 278-294. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-03-2023-0077
Abstract
"Purpose: This paper aims to assess the design of national-level flexible work arrangement (FWA) policies, evaluating their potential to serve as an effective resource for employees to work flexibly depending on how they set the stage for flexibility claims that will be subject to industrial and workplace dynamics. Design/methodology/approach Using a capability approach, the authors conceptualize and operationalize two aspects of FWA policy design, namely accessibility and availability. The authors' analysis allows for an understanding of how the availability and accessibility of national FWA policies explicitly and implicitly restrict or facilitate flexible working in a structural manner. The study focuses on countries with differing working time regimes and gender norms on work and care: the Netherlands, Spain and Slovenia. Findings The authors' findings highlight how FWA accessibility is broader when national policy is specified and FWA availability is not conditional to care. In Spain and Slovenia, access to FWAs depends on whether employees have care responsibilities, which reduces accessibility and reinforces gender imbalances in care provision. In contrast, the Netherlands provides FWAs universally, resulting in wider availability and accessibility of FWAs for employees regardless of their care responsibilities. Despite this universal provision, gender imbalances remain. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in its conceptualization and operationalization of FWAs at the national level using a capability approach. The study adds to the existing literature on flexible working and provides insights for policymakers to design more effective FWAs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Giménez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2020): The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 13461), 42 S.
Abstract
"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Like ships passing in the night? Nonstandard work schedules and spousal satisfaction in Finland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (2020)
Zitatform
Malinen, Kaisa, Anna Rönkä & Eija Sevón (2020): Like ships passing in the night? Nonstandard work schedules and spousal satisfaction in Finland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 192-213. DOI:10.20377/jfr-359
Abstract
"Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeiten und Zufriedenheit in der Ehe unter finnischen (n = 347), nieder ländischen (n = 304) und britischen (n = 337) Eltern. Neben dem Vergleich von Eltern mit außergewöhnlichen Arbeitszeiten und Eltern mit regulären Tagesarbeitszeiten, wurde gesondert untersucht, welche Rolle Morgen-, Abend-, Nacht- und Wochenendarbeit und andere arbeitszeitbezogenen Variablen (Arbeitsstunden, Änderungen der eigenen Arbeitszeiten und der des Ehepartners und deren Einfluss auf die eigenen Arbeitszeiten bzw. die des Ehepartners) spielen. Die Daten aus drei Ländern wurden mithilfe des Strukturgleichungsmodells durch einen Mehrgruppenvergleich in Impuls analysiert. Unter den anwesenden europäischen Arbeitnehmern wurden nur wenige Hinweise für eine Korrelation zwischen negativen Assoziationen zu Arbeitszeiten (damit zusammenhängenden Faktoren) und der Zufriedenheit in der Ehe festgestellt. Bei den untersuchten Assoziationen wurden keine Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern gefunden. Die quantitativen Analysen wurden durch Inhaltsanalysen der Eltern ergänzt, in denen sie beschreiben, wie sie die Auswirkungen der Arbeitszeiten auf ihre eheliche Beziehung erleben. Die Eltern beschrieben ihre Arbeitszeiten meist so, dass diese einen negativen Einfluss auf die Möglichkeiten zur gemeinsamen Zeitnutzung, auf die Organisation des Alltags sowie auf die psychologischen und physiologischen Reaktionen und die eheliche Kommunikation haben. Einige gaben jedoch auch Vorteile und Problemlösungen an, die in Verbindung zu ihren Arbeitszeiten stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations (2020)
Zitatform
Mazzotta, Fernanda, Francesca Bettio & Valentina Zigante (2020): Eldercare hours, work hours and perceived filial obligations. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 52, H. 21, S. 2219-2238. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2019.1687839
Abstract
"In this paper, we take a fresh look at the magnitude of the trade-off between caring informally for a parent and paid work. We adopt a simultaneous approach with a primary focus on how hours of care are influenced by hours of work rather than the other way round. We also investigate the role that filial obligations play in choices of caring versus working. Using the SHARE data (2004 and 2006) we find that the elasticity of informal care hours in response to working hours is between −0.17 in the caregivers sample and −0.19 in the women-only caregivers sample; small but not negligible. Moreover, we find that a 10%increase in the index measuring the strength of filial obligations increases weekly hours of care by about two and a half hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2019): 'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0959680117752829
Abstract
"Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers' access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This 'women's work penalty' in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Reasons to reduce: A vignette-experiment examining men and women's considerations to scale back following childbirth (2018)
Zitatform
Breeschoten, Leonie van, Anne Roeters & Tanja van der Lippe (2018): Reasons to reduce: A vignette-experiment examining men and women's considerations to scale back following childbirth. In: Social Politics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 169-200. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxy003
Abstract
"The reduction of working hours can help avoid work-family conflict, yet many people who would like to scale back do not actually do so. This vignette-experiment examines which considerations are most important in men and women's decision-making whether to scale back following childbirth. About 2,464 vignettes were conducted in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Results indicate that men find the income of their partner and career consequences most important, while women focus mainly on partner income and collegial support. Swedes, however, differ from their Dutch and British counterparts, and express more counter-gender-normative behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Teilzeitväter?: Deutschland, Schweden, Irland und die Niederlande im Vergleich (2017)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena, Friederike Molitor, Janine Leschke & Sonja Bekker (2017): Teilzeitväter? Deutschland, Schweden, Irland und die Niederlande im Vergleich. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 29, H. 1, S. 32-48. DOI:10.3224/zff.v29i1.02
Abstract
"In der aktuellen Debatte um eine verbesserte Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf geht es zunehmend auch um kürzere Arbeitszeiten von Vätern. Trotz eines leichten Anstiegs teilzeitarbeitender Männer in den letzten Jahren hat sich die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung bislang vornehmlich mit Teilzeitarbeit von Frauen beschäftigt. Erkenntnisse darüber, unter welchen Bedingungen Männer, insbesondere Väter, Teilzeit arbeiten, gibt es kaum. Unsere Studie will zur Schließung dieser Forschungslücke mittels einer Analyse von Individualdaten der Europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (EU AKE) für Deutschland, Schweden, Irland und die Niederlande aus dem Jahr 2014 beitragen. Wir können zeigen, dass Väter, die gleiche oder geringere Verdienstmöglichkeiten als ihre Partnerinnen haben, in keinem der Länder mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit Teilzeit arbeiten als Väter mit höheren Verdienstmöglichkeiten. Ungeachtet beruflicher Statusunterschiede innerhalb der Paarbeziehung arbeiten Väter mit drei oder mehr Kindern in Deutschland und Irland eher in Teilzeit; außerdem arbeiten verheiratete Väter in beiden Ländern seltener in Teilzeit als unverheiratete. Während in den Niederlanden Väter mit geringeren Verdienstmöglichkeiten als ihre Partnerinnen häufiger in Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn ein kleines Kind zu versorgen ist, arbeiten diese Väter in Irland seltener in Teilzeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Old-age employment and hours of work trends: empirical analysis for four European countries (2016)
Zitatform
Aliaj, Arjeta, Xavier Flawinne, Alain Jousten, Sergio Perelman & Lin Shi (2016): Old-age employment and hours of work trends. Empirical analysis for four European countries. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1186/s40174-016-0066-1
Abstract
"For the last two decades, the increase of employment among individuals aged 50+ has been a policy objective on the European employment agenda. The present paper focuses on the case of Belgium, France, Germany, and The Netherlands over the period 1997-2011. First, we provide descriptive analysis of older workers' employment using data from the European Union Labour Force Survey. Second, we use econometric techniques to explain the different employment and hours of work patterns for various sub-groups of older workers over time. We find evidence of catching up of older generation's employment rates - with no rupture at the financial crisis in 2007. Third, we use micro-simulation techniques to decompose the effects of structural changes, as well as extensive and intensive labor supply changes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training: the role of working hours and the household context (2016)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina & Elisabeth Bublitz (2016): A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training. The role of working hours and the household context. (HWWI research paper 172), Hamburg, 54 S.
Abstract
"Regarding gender differences, theory suggests that in a partnership the individual with the lower working hours and earnings position should exhibit lower training participation rates. Since women are more likely to match this description, we investigate whether systematic group differences explain gender variation. Across all countries, male workers are not affected by their earnings position. For female workers in Germany, but not Italy or the Netherlands, working part-time instead of full-time corresponds with a decrease in course length by 5.5 hours. Also, regarding German part-time employed women, single earners train 5.6 hours more than secondary earners. The findings of our study hold at the extensive and the intensive margin, suggesting that Germany faces particular household-related obstacles regarding gender differences in job-related training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: BJIR, online first (2018) -
Literaturhinweis
Working time options over the life course: new regulations and empirical findings in five European countries (2016)
Klenner, Christina; Haskova, Hana ; Kyzlinková, Renata; Lott, Yvonne ; Sümer, Sevil ; Anxo, Dominique; Szelewa, Dorota ; Dulk, Laura den ; Dulk, Laura den ;Zitatform
Dulk, Laura den (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.
Abstract
"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002
Abstract
"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Out of time: the consequences of non-standard employment schedules for family cohesion (2016)
Zitatform
Täht, Kadri & Melinda Mills (2016): Out of time. The consequences of non-standard employment schedules for family cohesion. (SpringerBriefs in sociology), Springer London 126 S. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-7402-4
Abstract
"This pioneering work aims at understanding the impact of non-standard (evening, night, weekend) working time on family cohesion, meaning parent-child interaction, partnership quality and divorce or partnership dissolution. 'Out of time - the Consequences of Non-standard Employment Schedules for Family Cohesion' is the first work to treat this important topic in a cross-national, comparative way by using data from two large comparable surveys. The impact of work in non-standard schedules on workers can be divided into individual and social consequences. Research so far has shown the clear individual effects of these schedules, such as increased stress levels and sleeping and physical disorders. There is less clarity about social consequences. Either no or positive effects of these types of schedules on workers and their families are found, or a significant negative impact on the relations between the workers and others, especially other members of the family is shown in research results. This Brief compares the Netherlands and the United States of America, countries that both show a high prevalence of non-standard schedule work, whereas both operate in very different institutional and welfare regime settings of working time regulation. By combining both quantitative and qualitative data, the authors are able to provide generalized views of comparative surveys and challenging those generalizations at the same time, thus enabling the reader to get a better understanding and more balanced view of the actual relationship between non-standard employment schedules and family cohesion." (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Conspicuous work: Peer working time, labour supply and happiness for male workers (2015)
Zitatform
Collewet, Marion, Andries de Grip & Jaap de Koning (2015): Conspicuous work: Peer working time, labour supply and happiness for male workers. (IZA discussion paper 9011), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"This paper uncovers 'conspicuous work' as a new form of status seeking that can explain social interactions in labour supply. We analyse how peer working time relates to both labour supply and happiness for Dutch male workers. Using a unique measure of peer weekly working time, we find that men's working time increases with that of their peers and that peer working time is negatively related to men's happiness. These findings are consistent with a 'conspicuous work' model, in which individuals derive status from working time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2015)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2015): Long workweeks and strange hours. In: ILR review, Jg. 68, H. 5, S. 1007-1018. DOI:10.1177/0019793915592375
Abstract
"U.S. workweeks are long compared to workweeks in other rich countries. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. The authors examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Only small portions of the U.S. - European differences are attributable to observable characteristics. Adjusting for demographic and occupational differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by no more than 10% if the average European workweek prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the United States would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working-time flexibility and autonomy: a European perspective on time adequacy (2015)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2015): Working-time flexibility and autonomy. A European perspective on time adequacy. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 259-274. DOI:10.1177/0959680114543604
Abstract
"This study examines the effect of working-time flexibility and autonomy on time adequacy, using the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey. It addresses gender differences and institutional contexts in the UK, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands, and reveals that time arrangements have gendered meanings. While working-time flexibility and autonomy are positively related to time adequacy for women, for men they tend to imply overtime and work intensification. Furthermore, working-time regimes also shape time arrangements. In the UK, employees have time adequacy primarily when they work fixed hours, while in the Netherlands, employees profit most from working-time autonomy. Moreover, unlike in Germany and the UK, men and women in the Netherlands and Sweden benefit more equally from working-time flexibility and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Unpaid overtime in the Netherlands: forward- or backward-looking incentives? (2015)
Meer, Peter H. van der; Wielers, Rudi;Zitatform
Meer, Peter H. van der & Rudi Wielers (2015): Unpaid overtime in the Netherlands. Forward- or backward-looking incentives? In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 254-270. DOI:10.1108/IJM-12-2012-0185
Abstract
"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to test forward-looking incentives against backward-looking incentives.
Design/methodology/approach: Wage growth model to estimate forward-looking effects of unpaid overtime and a probit model of participation in unpaid overtime controlling for excessive pay to estimate backward-looking effects. The authors use data form the OSA labour supply panel (years 1994, 1996 and 1998).
Findings: The importance of backward-looking incentives is demonstrated in an empirical analysis of participation in unpaid overtime. The authors show that employees who have relatively good wages now or who have had relatively good wages in the recent past participate more often in unpaid overtime. The authors also show that participation in unpaid overtime does not lead to extra wage growth.
Research limitations/implications: These results imply that involvement in unpaid overtime is to be explained from backward-looking incentives, not from forward-looking incentives. The paper concludes that backward-looking incentives deserve more attention in the economic literature, especially as they are well-accepted as work motivation devices by employees. Limitations are the length of the panel study (four years) and the fact that the data are restricted to one country (the Netherlands).
Social implications: Personnel policies should focus more on the intrinsic motivation of personnel rather than on extrinsic motivation.
Originality/value: This is the first paper to test both forward- and backward-looking incentives simultaneously." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Flexiblework and immigration in Europe (2015)
Zitatform
Raess, Damian & Brian Burgoon (2015): Flexiblework and immigration in Europe. In: BJIR, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 94-111. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12022
Abstract
"Immigration has risen substantially in many European economies, with farreaching if still uncertain implications for labour markets and industrial relations. This article investigates such implications, focusing on employment flexibility, involving both 'external flexibility' (fixed-term or temporary agency and/or involuntary part-time work) and 'internal flexibility' (overtime and/or balancing-time accounts). The article identifies reasons why immigration should generally increase the incidence of such flexibility, and why external flexibility should rise more than internal flexibility. The article supports these claims using a dataset of establishments in 16 European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The gender informal care gap (2015)
Zitatform
Roit, Barbara Da, Marcel Hoogenboom & Bernhard Weicht (2015): The gender informal care gap. In: European Societies, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 199-218. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2015.1007153
Abstract
"This article investigates the relationship between the 'gender informal care gap' - the relative contributions of women to informal care for non-co-resident relatives and other members of social networks, compared to men - and public care policies, level of care needs, labour market position and gendered care attitudes. Since the literature suggests that none of these factors alone can explain the gender informal care gap, we develop a model based on fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis in order to identify patterns in the relationship between the factors. The analysis conducted at the macro-national level in 13 European countries, suggests that at the macro-level, the availability of public care services is crucial to understanding the gender informal care gap, while women's labour market position, the presence or absence of gendered care attitudes and the level of care needs play no or a relatively minor role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries (2014)
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite; Moral Carcedo, Julian;Zitatform
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x
Abstract
"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
An insider's point of view: How a system of flexible working hours helps employees to strike a proper balance between work and personal life (2014)
Zitatform
Galea, Christopher, Inge Houkes & Angelique de Rijka (2014): An insider's point of view: How a system of flexible working hours helps employees to strike a proper balance between work and personal life. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 25, H. 8, S. 1090-1111. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2013.816862
Abstract
"Increasing numbers of organisations offer flexible working hours to help employees balance work and personal life. However, studies about the effects of flexible working hours on work - life balance and organisational outcomes are ambiguous. The aim of this study is to gain greater insights into how employees experience the influence of flexible working hours on their work - life balance. A qualitative research was performed by in-depth interviews with a variant sample of 15 employees and thematic analysis of the data. The more family responsibilities the respondents have, the more they tend to perceive flexible working hours as a necessity rather than an extra benefit. According to the interviewees, the system creates a situation which is advantageous for both employer and employee. The extent to which this is achieved though depends on how organisations apply and implement it. It is concluded that when flexible working hours are supported by management and fit the work culture, they are highly appreciated both for private and work-related reasons. Moreover, its meaning for the private life varies according to life stage. Findings are important for policy makers and human resources managers alike in order to implement and deal with flexible working hours effectively. Consequently, this will help employees strike a proper balance between work and personal life generating beneficial organisational outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2014)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Long workweeks and strange hours. (NBER working paper 20449), Cambridge, Mass., 14 S. DOI:10.3386/w20449
Abstract
"American workweeks are long compared to other rich countries'. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. We examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from 5 other countries. Adjusting for demographic differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by about 10 percent if European workweeks prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the U.S. would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe (2014)
Zitatform
Heger, Dörte (2014): Work and well-being of informal caregivers in Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 512), Essen, 55 S. DOI:10.4419/86788587
Abstract
"Informelle Pflegerinnen und Pfleger leisten einen wertvollen Beitrag zu der Pflege älterer Menschen. Welche Folgen die Erbringung von Pflege auf die pflegende Person hat, ist jedoch noch nicht vollständig bekannt. Diese Studie verdeutlicht den Zusammenhang zwischen Pflegeerbringung, Arbeit, kognitiven Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit in einem theoretischen Modell und schätzt die Auswirkung von Pflegeerbringung anhand von Längsschnittdaten aus 13 europäischen Ländern. Dabei wird insbesondere der Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Auswirkungen von Pflegeerbringung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Pflegeerbringung die Erwerbstätigkeit in Ländern mit einem geringeren professionellen Pflegeangebot stark reduziert. Dagegen leiden in allen Ländern pflegende Personen häufiger an depressiven Symptomen. Die Ergebnisse für kognitive Fähigkeiten und Gesundheit sind gemischt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Working time flexibility and autonomy: Facilitating time adequacy?: a European perspective (2014)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2014): Working time flexibility and autonomy: Facilitating time adequacy? A European perspective. (WSI-Diskussionspapier 190), Düsseldorf, 20 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the effect of working time flexibility and autonomy on time adequacy using the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) in 2010. Drawing on gender theory and welfare state theory, gender differences and the institutional contexts of the UK, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands are taken into account. The study reveals that time arrangements have gendered meanings. While working time flexibility and autonomy are positively related to time adequacy for women, men tend to experience overtime and work intensification in connection with working time autonomy. Furthermore, working time regimes also shape time arrangements. In the UK, employees have time adequacy primarily when they work fixed hours, while in the Netherlands, employees profit most from working time autonomy. Moreover, unlike in Germany and the UK, men and women in the Netherlands and Sweden benefit more equally from working time flexibility and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction: a cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (2014)
Zitatform
Roeters, Anne & Lyn Craig (2014): Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction. A cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 185-203. DOI:10.1177/0020715214543541
Abstract
"This study uses the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2013 'Family and Changing Gender Roles' module (N?=?1773) to examine cross-country differences in the relationship between women's part-time work and work - life conflict and job satisfaction. We hypothesize that part-time work will lead to less favorable outcomes in countries with employment policies that are less protective of part-time employees because the effects of occupational downgrading counteract the benefits of increased time availability. Our comparison focuses on the Netherlands and Australia while using Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden as benchmarks. Part-time employment is prevalent in all five countries, but has the most support and protection in the Dutch labor market. We find little evidence that country of residence conditions the effects of part-time work. Overall, the results suggest that part-time work reduces work-life conflict to a similar extent in all countries except Sweden. The effects on job satisfaction are negligible. We discuss the implications for social policies meant to stimulate female labor force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Part-time jobs: what women want? (2013)
Zitatform
Booth, Alison L. & Jan C. van Ours (2013): Part-time jobs: what women want? In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 263-283. DOI:10.1007/s00148-012-0417-9
Abstract
"Part-time jobs are common among partnered women in many countries. There are two opposing views on the efficiency implications of so many women working part-time. The negative view is that part-time jobs imply wastage of resources and underutilization of investments in human capital since many part-time working women are highly educated. The positive view is that, without the existence of part-time jobs, female labor force participation would be substantially lower since women confronted with the choice between a full-time job and zero working hours would opt for the latter. In the Netherlands, the majority of partnered working women have a part-time job. Our paper investigates, from a supply-side perspective, if the current situation of abundant part-time work in the Netherlands is likely to be a transitional phase that will culminate in many women working full-time. Our main results indicate that partnered women in part-time work have high levels of job satisfaction, a low desire to change their working hours, and live in partnerships in which household production is highly gendered. Taken together, our results suggest that part-time jobs are what most Dutch women want." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Part-time work, wages and productivity: evidence from Belgian matched panel data (2013)
Zitatform
Garnero, Andrea, Stephan Kampelmann & François Rycx (2013): Part-time work, wages and productivity. Evidence from Belgian matched panel data. (IZA discussion paper 7789), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"The authors use matched employer-employee panel data on Belgian private-sector firms to estimate the relationship between wage/productivity differentials and the firm's labor composition in terms of part-time and sex. Findings suggest that the groups of women and part-timers generate employer rents, but also that the origin of these rents differs (relatively lower wages for women, relatively higher productivity for part-timers). Interactions between gender and part-time suggest that the positive productivity effect is driven by male part-timers working more than 25 hours, whereas the share of female part-timers is associated with wage penalties. The authors conclude that men and women differ with respect to motives for reducing working hours and the types of part-time jobs available to them: women often have to accommodate domestic constraints by downgrading to more flexible jobs, whereas male part-time work is frequently related to training and collectively negotiated hours reductions that do not affect hourly pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Management und Teilzeitarbeit: Wunsch und Wirklichkeit (2013)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena & Stefan Stuth (2013): Management und Teilzeitarbeit. Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. (WZBrief Arbeit 15), Berlin, 6 S.
Abstract
"Manager und Managerinnen arbeiten in Europa selten Teilzeit. Auch auf Führungsebene ist Teilzeit 'Frauendomäne'. Teilzeitarbeit im Management wird stark von der Arbeitszeit- und Geschlechterkultur in den Ländern beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures (2013)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah (2013): Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 110, H. 1, S. 327-347. DOI:10.1007/s11205-011-9929-z
Abstract
"Welfare states enact a range of policies aimed at reducing work-family conflict. While welfare state policies have been assessed at the macro-level and work-family conflict at the individual-level, few studies have simultaneously addressed these relationships in a cross-national multi-level model. This study addresses this void by assessing the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and family-friendly policies in 10 countries. Applying a unique multi-level data set that couples country-level policy data with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the author analyzes the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and four specific policy measures: family leave, work scheduling, school scheduling, and early childhood education and care. The results demonstrate that mothers and fathers report less family-work and mothers less work-family conflict in countries with more expansive family leave policies. Also, in countries with longer school schedules mothers report less and women without children more work-family conflict." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective: the importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes (2012)
Zitatform
Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2012): The motherhood penalty in cross-national perspective. The importance of work-family policies and cultural attitudes. In: Social Politics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxs006
Abstract
"Mothers' employment and earnings partly depend on social policies and cultural norms supporting women's paid and unpaid work. Previous research suggests that work-family policies are deeply shaped by their cultural context. We examine country variation in the associations between motherhood and earnings, in cultural attitudes surrounding women's employment, and in childcare and parental leave policies. We model how cultural attitudes moderate the impact of policies on women's earnings across countries. Parental leaves and public childcare are associated with higher earnings for mothers when cultural support for maternal employment is high, but have less positive or even negative relationships with earnings where cultural attitudes support the male breadwinner/female caregiver model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Organisation of working time: implications for productivity and working conditions. Overview report (2012)
Goudswaard, Anneke; Toth, Akos; Csizmadia, Péter; Illesy, Miklos; Makó, Csaba ; Leede, Jan de; Oeij, Peter; Vergeer, Robert; Dhondt, Steven ; Adrichem, Koos van;Zitatform
Goudswaard, Anneke, Steven Dhondt, Robert Vergeer, Peter Oeij, Jan de Leede, Koos van Adrichem, Péter Csizmadia, Csaba Makó, Miklos Illesy & Akos Toth (2012): Organisation of working time. Implications for productivity and working conditions. Overview report. Dublin, 68 S.
Abstract
"The report examines working time flexible arrangements implemented in five companies of the retail and automotive sector in Hungary and Belgium and the Netherlands using the case study methodology. The main aim of this research was to explore and show whether and under what conditions working time flexible arrangements in companies are implemented and can increase productivity and at the same time preserve or improve quality of work in general and especially with regard to work - life balance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Executive Summary -
Literaturhinweis
Compensation of on-call and fixed-term employment: the role of uncertainty (2012)
Graaf-Zijl, Marloes de;Zitatform
Graaf-Zijl, Marloes de (2012): Compensation of on-call and fixed-term employment. The role of uncertainty. In: The Manchester School, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 6-27. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2011.02248.x
Abstract
"This paper analyses the compensation of fixed-term and on-call employment contracts, applying an analytical framework in which wage differentials result from two types of uncertainty. Quantity uncertainty originates from product demand volatility. Quality uncertainty, on the other hand, originates from the fact that employers are ex-ante unable to observe fully a worker's ability. Using matching techniques, we analyse wage differentials using linked employer - employee data for the Netherlands. Findings indicate that on-call workers receive compensation for providing quantity flexibility, or at least did so before the regulatory change in 1999. Compensation of fixed-term contracts, however, is dominated by the negative wage effect of quality uncertainty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context (2012)
Zitatform
Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331
Abstract
"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies: evidence from western European countries and Canada (2012)
Zitatform
Reich, Nora, Christina Boll & Julian Sebastian Leppin (2012): Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies. Evidence from western European countries and Canada. (HWWI research paper 115), Hamburg, 21 S.
Abstract
"The study at hand pursues the following question: How are national parental leave arrangements related to fathers' participation in and time used for childcare? To answer this question, we merge data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) with national parental leave characteristics. Specifically, we are using 30 surveys from eight industrialised countries from 1971 to 2005. Applying a selection model, we are estimating fathers' participation in childcare and the minutes per day spent on childcare. We control for the following parental leave characteristics: duration of leave, amount of benefits and the number of weeks reserved for the father. The main results are that duration of parental leave, exclusive weeks for the father and any benefit compared to no benefit have a positive impact on fathers' childcare participation. Parental leave weeks reserved for the father and parental leave benefits affect fathers' minutes of childcare positively. It is concluded that parental leave characteristics have effects on fathers' childcare participation and time spent on childcare, but that parental leave policies have to be evaluated within the framework of each country's family policy package." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Work-to-family and family-to-work spillover: the implications of childcare policy and maximum work-hour legislation (2012)
Zitatform
Ruppanner, Leah & Joy E. Pixley (2012): Work-to-family and family-to-work spillover: the implications of childcare policy and maximum work-hour legislation. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 283-297. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9303-6
Abstract
"This paper addresses the relationship between individual-level work-to-family and family-to-work spillover and two country-level policy measures: childcare policy and maximum work hour legislation. Coupling Gornick and Meyers' (Families that work: policies for reconciling parenthood and employment, 2003) policy measures with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the authors analyze whether men and women in countries with stronger childcare policies and maximum work-hour legislation exhibit work-to-family and family-to-work spillover. The authors find that neither childcare policy nor maximum work-hour legislation is significantly associated with work-to-family spillover. Stronger childcare policy is associated with lower family-to-work spillover for women, especially for women with young children. Maximum-hour legislation is associated with greater family-to-work spillover for women, with a significantly larger effect for mothers of young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Sonntagsarbeit: Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten (2011)
Wirtz, Anna; Nachreiner, Friedhelm; Rolfes, Katharina;Zitatform
Wirtz, Anna, Friedhelm Nachreiner & Katharina Rolfes (2011): Sonntagsarbeit. Auswirkungen auf Sicherheit, Gesundheit und Work-Life-Balance der Beschäftigten. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 65, H. 2, S. 136-146.
Abstract
"Obwohl die Anzahl der Beschäftigten in biologisch und sozial ungünstigen Arbeitszeiten stetig steigt, liegen bislang nur äußerst wenige Erkenntnisse zu den Effekten der Arbeit am Wochenende, und insbesondere an Sonntagen, auf die Sicherheit, Gesundheit und soziale Teilhabe der Beschäftigten vor. Die vorliegende Studie demonstriert anhand der Daten aus zwei großen und repräsentativen europäischen Umfragen, dass Arbeit an Sonntagen das Risiko für arbeitsbedingte Unfälle sowie gesundheitliche und soziale Beeinträchtigungen deutlich erhöht. Diese Zusammenhänge lassen sich auch nach der Kontrolle potenziell konfundierender Effekte nachweisen. Das durch Sonntagsarbeit offensichtlich erhöhte Risiko für die Gefährdung von Arbeitsschutzzielen sollte daher in der Diskussion um die gesetzlichen Spielräume für die Sonntagsarbeit, z. B. im Einzelhandel, wie bei einer möglichen Revision der europäischen Arbeitszeitrichtlinie sowie insbesondere bei der Gestaltung der konkreten Arbeitszeiten auf jeden Fall angemessen berücksichtigt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitszeitverkürzung zur Umverteilung von Arbeit: internationale Beispiele (2010)
Zitatform
Flecker, Jörg, Annika Schönauer, Christoph Hermann & Bernadette Allinger (2010): Arbeitszeitverkürzung zur Umverteilung von Arbeit. Internationale Beispiele. (FORBA-Forschungsbericht 2010,01), Wien, 52 S.
Abstract
"Durch die Auswirkungen der gegenwärtigen Wirtschaftskrise auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Form stark steigender und vermutlich längere Zeit anhaltender Arbeitslosigkeit rückt die Sicherung von Beschäftigung durch eine Verkürzung und Umverteilung von Arbeitszeit wieder stärker in das öffentliche und politische Interesse. Innerhalb der Europäischen Union gibt es recht unterschiedliche nationale Traditionen und Erfahrungen, was die Verkürzung und Umverteilung von Arbeitszeit betrifft. Eine große Bandbreite an individuellen und kollektiven Maßnahmen wurde über viele Jahre mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2001 legte FORBA einen vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales in Auftrag gegebenen Bericht vor, der eine Übersicht der arbeitszeitpolitischen Maßnahmen insbesondere des Staates in ausgewählten Mitgliedsstaaten in der Europäischen Union enthielt (Flecker et al. 2001). Es wurden darin insbesondere die Entstehungsbedingungen, die Umsetzung und die Wirkungen von Arbeitszeitverkürzung, -umverteilung und - flexibilisierung beschrieben. In der aktuellen Diskussion in Österreich besteht großes Interesse an den Maßnahmen und Erfahrungen in anderen Ländern. Ziel des Papiers ist es, ausgewählte Teile des genannten Berichts zu aktualisieren und neuere Entwicklungen darzustellen. Der Bericht basiert auf einer Literaturrecherche, auf der Auswertung von Datenbanken, wie dem European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO), einer E-Mail-Umfrage unter Delegierten von EUROCADRES und ergänzenden Informationen von weiteren ExpertInnen in den ausgewählten Ländern. Im ersten Abschnitt werden Reaktionen auf die Krise, insbesondere Kurzarbeit, beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil folgen Beispiele für die Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit durch Maßnahmen zur Gestaltung der Lebensarbeitszeit. Der dritte Teil behandelt die Verkürzung der Wochenarbeitszeit und die Begrenzung von Überstunden und der vierte Teil befasst sich mit der Differenzierung der Arbeitszeit, also der unterschiedlichen Regelung der Arbeitszeit für verschiedene Gruppen von Beschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Working time management and SME performance in Europe (2010)
Zitatform
Smith, Mark & Stefan Zagelmeyer (2010): Working time management and SME performance in Europe. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 392-409. DOI:10.1108/01437721011056994
Abstract
"This paper aims to explore the management of working time flexibility and firm performance, measured by operating hours, in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe.
Design/methodology/approach: The paper analyses the European Capital Operating time, Work and Employment Survey (EUCOWE), designed to collect workplace information on operating hours. With data on more than 17,000 establishments in six European countries - France, Germany, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the UK - the paper analyses working time patterns and operating hours.
Findings: The authors show the positive relationship between company size and operating times and how SMEs make more limited use of more advanced forms of working-time organisation that may allow them to extend their operating hours. The use of less complex working time measures such as overtime does not have the same positive association with operating hours. However, the results also highlight that smaller establishments can still benefit from the adoption of certain working time practices. The results suggest that the influence of the regulatory environment on the use of working practices or the duration of operating hours is not straightforward, and as such the impact of national regulatory frameworks cannot be discounted in the country-specific differences identified.
Originality/value: The paper uses the first comparable data on operating hours and working patterns to demonstrate the limitations on SME operating times across European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union (2009)
Delsen, Lei ; Schief, Sebastian; Kocoglu, Yusuf; Munoz de Bustillo, Rafael; Cette, Gilbert ; Bauer, Frank; Fernández-Macías, Enrique ; Sieglen, Georg; Smith, Mark ; Zagelmeyer, Stefan ; Smits, Jeroen; Groß, Hermann; Sylvain, Arnaud;Zitatform
(2009): Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union. (Contributions to economics), Heidelberg u.a.: Physica-Verl., 217 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2185-7
Abstract
Der Band ist die zweite Veröffentlichung im Rahmen des Projekts EUCOWE 'Working Times and Operating Hours in Europe'. In sechs europäischen Ländern - Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande, Portugal, Spanien und Deutschland - wurde im Jahre 2003 eine Unternehmensbefragung zum Thema Arbeits- und Betriebszeiten durchgeführt. Das Projekt EUCOWE stellt die erste repräsentative und standardisierte europäische Betriebserhebung dar, die Unternehmen aller Kategorien und Größen sowie alle Wirtschaftszweige abdeckt. Der Band baut auf der ersten im Jahre 2007 erschienenen Publikation auf, in der die Untersuchungsmethode und deskriptive nationale Ergebnisse sowie erste vergleichende Analyseergebnisse präsentiert wurden, und ergänzt diese. In diesem zweiten Buch präsentiert das Forschungsteam von EUCOWE detaillierte ländervergleichende Analysen zur Beziehung zwischen Betriebszeiten, Arbeitszeiten und Beschäftigung in der Europäischen Union. In sechs empirischen Kapiteln des Bandes werden detaillierte vergleichende Analysen der Determinanten und Konsequenzen der Dauer und Flexibilität von Öffnungszeiten und Betriebszeiten vorgelegt. (IAB)
-
Literaturhinweis
International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics (2009)
Fleck, Susan E.;Zitatform
Fleck, Susan E. (2009): International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 132, H. 5, S. 3-31.
Abstract
"A study of 13 countries reveals that measures of hours worked based on administrative sources are relatively low while measures based on establishment and labor force surveys are relatively high; thus, although ever improving, these measures cannot yet be taken at face value and are useful only for broad comparisons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns (2009)
Zitatform
Smith, Mark, Stefan Zagelmeyer & Georg Sieglen (2009): Small and medium-sized establishments in Europe: operating hours and working time patterns. In: L. Delsen, F. Bauer, G. Cette & M. Smith (Hrsg.) (2009): Comparative analyses of operating hours and working times in the European Union, S. 117-142. DOI:10.1007/978-3-7908-2185-7_5
Abstract
In dem Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Betriebszeiten und Arbeitszeitformen in Abhängigkeit von der Betriebsgröße untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie, der Daten aus dem Projekt EUCOWE 'Working Times and Operating Hours in Europe' zugrunde liegen, steht die Frage nach spezifischen Mustern der Nutzung unterschiedlicher Arbeitszeitformen zur Entkopplung und Flexibilisierung von Arbeits- und Betriebzeiten von kleinen und mittelgroßen Betrieben im Unterschied zu Großbetrieben. Berücksichtigung finden dabei auch verschiedene weitere betriebliche Charakteristika wie die betriebliche Eigenständigkeit, die Wirtschaftszweigzugehörigkeit und die Wettbewerbsorientierung. Darüber hinaus werden länderspezifische Unterschiede der Betriebszeitorganisation zwischen den untersuchten Ländern (Deutschland, Spanien, Portugal, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Niederlande) aufgezeigt. (IAB)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Sieglen, Georg; -
Literaturhinweis
Working time preferences, labour market transitions and job satisfaction (2008)
Zitatform
Bijwaard, Govert, Bram van Dijk & Jaap de Koning (2008): Working time preferences, labour market transitions and job satisfaction. In: R. J. A. Muffels (Hrsg.) (2008): Flexibility and employment security in Europe : labour markets in transition, S. 255-277.
Abstract
Die Verfasser legen eine Längsschnittanalyse auf der Basis des niederländischen OSA-Household-Panels für die Jahre 1986 bis 1998 vor. Vor einem arbeitsmarkttheoretischen Hintergrund werden Übergänge am Arbeitsmarkt modelliert und zu Arbeitszufriedenheit und Arbeitszeitpräferenzen in Beziehung gesetzt. Es zeigt sich, dass das Ausmaß, in dem Arbeitszeitwünsche realisiert werden, aus der Diskrepanz zwischen tatsächlichen und gewünschten Arbeitsstunden ablesbar ist und die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Veränderung des Arbeitszeit signifikant beeinflusst. Eine solche Veränderung wird noch wahrscheinlicher, wenn die Zufriedenheit mit dem Arbeitsplatz gering ist. Arbeitszeit- und Arbeitsplatzwechsel führen zu einer Reduktion der genannten Diskrepanz und zu höherer Arbeitszufriedenheit. (IAB)
-
Literaturhinweis
Job search, hours restrictions, and desired hours of work (2008)
Zitatform
Bloemen, Hans G. (2008): Job search, hours restrictions, and desired hours of work. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 137-179. DOI:10.1086/522069
Abstract
"A structural empirical job search model is presented that incorporates the labor supply decision of individuals. The arrival of a job offer is modeled as a random draw from a wage-hours offer distribution. Subjective information is used on desired working hours to identify optimal hours from offered hours. Policy simulations are performed to address several policy questions: Does a decrease in unemployment benefits lead to the acceptance of jobs with less preferred working hours? How does a decrease in the length of the standard working week affect the job acceptance behavior of the unemployed?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA: are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (2008)
Boeri, Tito ; Zylberberg, Andre; Cahuc, Pierre ; Crépon, Bruno ; Burda, Michael; Schank, Thorsten ; Hamermesh, Daniel S. ; Weil, Philippe ; Lomwel, Gijsbert van; Kramarz, Francis; Nordström Skans, Oskar ;Zitatform
Boeri, Tito, Michael Burda & Francis Kramarz (Hrsg.) (2008): Working hours and job sharing in the EU and USA. Are Europeans lazy? Or Americans crazy? (Report for the Fondazione Rodolfo DeBenedetti), Oxford u. a.: Oxford University Press, 269 S.
Abstract
"In the last 50 years the gap in labour productivity between Europe and the US has narrowed considerably with estimates in 2005 suggesting a EU-US labour productivity gap of about 5 per cent. Yet, average per capita income in the EU is still about 30 % lower than in the US. This persistent gap in income per capita can be almost entirely explained by Europeans working less than Americans. Why do Europeans work so little compared to Americans? What do they do with their spare time outside work? Can they be induced to work more without reducing labour productivity? If so, how? And what is the effect on well-being if policies are created to reward paid work as opposed to other potentially socially valuable activities, like childbearing? More broadly, should the state interfere at all when it comes to bargaining over working hours? This volume explores these questions and many more in an attempt to understand the changing nature of the hours worked in the USA and EU, as well as the effects of policies that impose working hour reductions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Is part-time employment here to stay?: evidence from the Dutch labour force survey 1992-2005 (2008)
Zitatform
Bosch, Nicole, Anja Deelen & Rob Euwals (2008): Is part-time employment here to stay? Evidence from the Dutch labour force survey 1992-2005. (IZA discussion paper 3367), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"To balance work and family responsibilities, the Netherlands have chosen a unique model that combines a high female employment rate with a high part-time employment rate. The model is likely to be the result of (societal) preferences as the removal of institutional barriers, like lower marginal tax rates for partners and better childcare facilities, has not led to more working hours. It is, however, an open question whether the model is here to stay or whether younger generations of women will choose full-time jobs in the near future. We investigate the development of working hours over successive generations of women using the Dutch Labour Force Survey 1992-2005. We find evidence of an increasing propensity to work part-time over the successive generations, and a decreasing propensity to work full-time for the generations born after the early 1950s. Our results are in line with results of studies on social norms and attitudes as they find a similar pattern over the successive generations. It therefore seems likely that without changes in (societal) preferences the part-time employment model is indeed here to stay for some more time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Working time developments 2008 (2008)
Carley, Mark;Zitatform
Carley, Mark (2008): Working time developments 2008. Dublin, 35 S.
Abstract
"In 2008, average collectively agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.6 hours; agreed normal annual working time averaged about 1,740 hours. Of the three economic sectors examined in this study, agreed weekly working hours are highest in metalworking (38.7), followed by the banking and local government sectors (both 38.3). Average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement was 25.2 days across the EU in 2008, although the total varied significantly between the 'old' and the new Member States. This report also examines statutory working time and leave limits, and actual working hours. This annual update looks at a number of aspects of the duration of working time in the European Union and Norway in 2008, based on contributions from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) national centres. The study examines the following issues: average weekly working hours as set by collective agreements - both at national level and for three specific economic sectors; statutory limits on weekly and daily working time; average actual weekly working hours; annual leave entitlement, as set by collective agreements and law; and estimates of average collectively agreed annual working time. The report provides a general overview of the current situation and developments regarding working time, but the figures provided should be read with caution, and the various notes and explanations borne in mind. This reflects the fact that there are a number of problems in international comparisons of the length of working time. Comparable data are not collected in all countries, while particular difficulties include the following: the existence of different ways of calculating working time, with annual, rather than weekly calculation increasingly common in some countries (TN0308101S); the fact that working time reductions in some countries have been introduced through extra days off or cuts in annual working hours, leaving the normal working week relatively unchanged; the increasing use of schemes whereby weekly working hours may vary considerably, with an average being maintained over a reference period; the treatment of part-time workers; the differing roles of collective bargaining and legislation, with the latter having an impact on actual hours in some countries, but acting only as a maximum 'safety net' in others." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries (2008)
Presser, Harriet B.; Gornick, Janet C.; Parashar, Sangeeta;Zitatform
Presser, Harriet B., Janet C. Gornick & Sangeeta Parashar (2008): Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 2, S. 83-103.
Abstract
"Labor force surveys conducted in several European countries in 2005 indicate high levels of nonstandard work hours, varying by gender; by contrast, nonstandard work hours for both men and women vary little by whether they have or do not have children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Der Alltag als Balanceakt: Zeitkonflikte und Zeitregulierung in niederländischen Haushalten (2008)
Zitatform
Wotschack, Philip & Rafael Wittek (2008): Der Alltag als Balanceakt: Zeitkonflikte und Zeitregulierung in niederländischen Haushalten. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 119, S. 19-21.
Abstract
In der zunehmenden Anzahl von Zweiverdiener-Haushalten sind beide Partner damit konfrontiert, berufliche und familiäre Anforderungen in den Alltag zu integrieren. Hieraus entstehen neue Kooperations- und Koordinationsprobleme, und die Bedeutung von Abstimmungs- und Verhandlungsprozessen zur Vereinbarung von Erwerbsarbeit, Hausarbeit, Zeit für Partnerschaft und Familienleben nimmt zu. Die Ergebnisse eines niederländischen Forschungsprojekts, in dessen Rahmen 542 Zweiverdienerpaare befragt wurden, belegen den hohen Regulierungsbedarf, der eine Reihe informeller Vereinbarungen und Konfliktlösungsstrategien nach sich zieht. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die Mehrheit der Paare keine zufriedenstellende Lösung zur Vereinbarung der konkurrienden Anforderungen findet. (IAB)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
-
Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug