Arbeitszeit: Verlängern? Verkürzen? Flexibilisieren?
Verkürzung, Verlängerung oder Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit stehen immer wieder im Zentrum der Debatten. Was wünschen sich Unternehmen und Beschäftigte? Wie kann Arbeitszeitpolitik die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsplätze und die Sicherung vorhandener Arbeitsplätze unterstützen?
Dieses Themendossier bietet Publikationen zur Entwicklung der Arbeitszeiten in Deutschland auch im internationalen Vergleich, zur betrieblichen Gestaltung der Arbeitszeit und zu den Arbeitszeitwünschen der Beschäftigten.
Publikationen zur kontroversen Debatte um die Einführung der Vier-Tage-Woche finden Sie in unserem Themendossier Vier-Tage-Woche – Arbeitszeitmodell der Zukunft?
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Fostering Employment and Total Hours Worked: Perspectives for France and Germany: Joint statement (2025)
Bozio, Antoine ; Schnitzer, Monika ; Simon, Lenard; Runschke, Benedikt; Lapeyre, Alice; Werding, Martin ; Weber, Enzo ;Zitatform
Bozio, Antoine, Alice Lapeyre, Enzo Weber, Benedikt Runschke, Monika Schnitzer, Lenard Simon & Martin Werding (2025): Fostering Employment and Total Hours Worked: Perspectives for France and Germany. Joint statement. 12 S.
Abstract
"France and Germany are both confronted with labour market bottlenecks that limit the total volume of work in the economy. While they face similar challenges - such as boosting labour force participation and improving job quality - their labour markets differ in key structural dimensions, leading to divergent policy priorities. To achieve higher employment of better quality, each country will need to implement a tailored mix of policies, targeting its specific weaknesses. In some cases, the policy levers required are similar; in others, they differ significantly due to institutional and demographic differences. This policy brief rests on a systematic comparison of labour market participation between France and Germany to identify the most relevant margins for reform and the levers that could support convergence towards stronger employment outcomes in both countries. This policy brief presents the key stylized facts and policy recommendations that can be drawn for France and Germany. Our analyses build on extensive work by Bozio et al. (2025),* who updated previous work by Blundell et al. (2011, 2013). Using harmonized survey data, the authors examine employment and hours worked over the past 55 years in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They provide detailed analyses of employment patterns and working hours across sub-groups of workers - by gender, age, and education level - over time. Their work identifies room to increase hours worked in both countries, along with relevant policies to achieve this, and contributes to the reflection on the gradual harmonisation of labour markets in both countries" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work schedules (2025)
Zitatform
Devaro, Jed (2025): Work schedules. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 238. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2025.107209
Abstract
"In a new model of work schedules, employers choose the number of working hours and either assign the specific hours worked or let workers choose their preferred hours via flextime. Workers’ preferences over schedules, and their tendencies to fatigue from long shifts, influence their productivities. An inverted-U-shaped hours-output profile arises. Flextime policies shift its peak rightward. Long hours go hand-in-hand with flextime. The employer finds flextime less appealing when wages exogenously increase. Analysis of a worker-employer matched panel of British workplaces in 2004 and 2011 reveals that flextime and other flexible work practices mitigate the productivity erosion from long hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working Time Mismatch and Employee Subjective Well-being across Institutional Contexts: A Job Quality Perspective (2025)
Zitatform
Ling, Wanying, Senhu Wang & Zhuofei Lu (2025): Working Time Mismatch and Employee Subjective Well-being across Institutional Contexts: A Job Quality Perspective. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 470-495. DOI:10.1177/09500170241259330
Abstract
"Despite the well-documented negative impact of working time mismatch on employee subjective well-being, little is known about the extent to which this association can be explained by job quality and how these patterns may differ across institutional contexts. Utilizing panel data from the UK and cross-country data from Europe, the decomposition analyses show that for underemployment, more than half of the negative effects are explained by low job quality, especially poor career prospects. For overemployment, more than a third of its negative effect is explained by low job quality, with poor prospects, social environment and work–life balance being significant contributing factors. This interplay between job quality and working time mismatch on subjective well-being varies notably across different welfare and employment regimes. These findings reveal how job quality dimensions differentially contribute to the well-being of overemployed and underemployed individuals, highlighting the distinctive role of institutional context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women and the Standard Workweek: Developing a Typology of Work Schedules in the UK (2025)
Zitatform
Whillans, Jennifer (2025): Women and the Standard Workweek: Developing a Typology of Work Schedules in the UK. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 39, H. 5, S. 1127-1153. DOI:10.1177/09500170251336933
Abstract
"When do women work? Which women work when? Much of our understanding of the temporal organization of women’s paid work relies on oversimplified stylised estimates of duration and categorical indicators of work timing. Using United Kingdom Time Use Survey 2014–2015 workweek grid data and innovative sequence analysis, this research provides new empirical evidence by identifying a typology of women’s work schedules , including variants of and departures from the standard workweek. Furthermore, sociodemographic and job characteristics are found to be associated with different work schedules. A feminist evaluation of findings highlights the insufficiency of the standard/nonstandard dichotomy and presents new ways of describing worktime that better capture the complex and diverse experiences of women. It concludes that, while the standard workweek is not strictly identifiable as a type of schedule, it acts as an organizing principle of worktime among contemporary working women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does the 'right to request' flexible work policy influence men’s and women’s uptake of flexible working and well-being: findings from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2025)
Zitatform
Xue, Baowen, Heejung Chung, Ran Gu & Anne McMunn (2025): Does the 'right to request' flexible work policy influence men’s and women’s uptake of flexible working and well-being: findings from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. In: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, S. 1-8. DOI:10.1136/jech-2025-224166
Abstract
"Background: The ‘right to request’ flexible working policy has been gradually extended and, by 2014, extended to cover all workers with at least 26 weeks of continuous employment. The impact of these policy changes is unclear. This research aims to assess the effects of the 2014 policy reform on the uptake of flexible working and its impact on health and well-being, focusing on gender differences. Methods: Data were drawn from waves 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2010–2020). We employed a doubly robust difference-in-differences method to estimate the average treatment effects on the treated of the 2014 policy reform. This analysis examined the effects on the uptake of flexible working, mental and physical health, and satisfaction with life, job and leisure. Findings: The 2014 policy reform increased women’s uptake of reduced hours work arrangements, with the effect growing stronger over time. However, no increase in uptake was observed among men. No strong effects were found for flexitime or teleworking arrangements for either men or women. Additionally, the policy reform resulted in a reduction in psychological distress and improved life satisfaction among women. Conclusions: The reduction in women’s psychological distress and improved life satisfaction might be partly explained by the increased women’s uptake of reduced hours arrangements, which may have enabled women to better meet their family care demands. However, even the gender-neutral policies on flexible working may inadvertently exacerbate gender inequalities in labour force participation by pushing women more into part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What (wo)men want? Evidence from a factorial survey on preferred work hours in couples after childbirth (2024)
Zitatform
Begall, Katia (2024): What (wo)men want? Evidence from a factorial survey on preferred work hours in couples after childbirth. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 342-356. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad054
Abstract
"The division of labour remains persistently gendered, in particular among couples with children. Previous research shows that women’s lower economic resources are an important factor driving these inequalities, but because gender and (relative) earnings are highly correlated in male–female couples, their relative importance is difficult to disentangle with observational data. Using a factorial survey conducted among approximately 700 employed men and women of childbearing age in Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, the contribution of relative earnings and gender in explaining work-care divisions in couples with children is disentangled. The results show that men and women do not differ in their preferences for their own work hours after childbirth, but both prefer the father to work more hours than the mother. Moreover, the combination of own and partners’ preferred hours shows that men and women in all three countries prefer a modified male-breadwinner model after childbirth in scenarios where the male partner earns more or partners have equal earnings. Preferences for egalitarian divisions of labour appear to be slightly stronger in men compared to women and respondents with more egalitarian views on care tasks show less gender-specialization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work Schedules (2024)
Zitatform
Devaro, Jed (2024): Work Schedules. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17061), Bonn, 61 S.
Abstract
"In a new model of work schedules, employers choose the number of working hours and either dictate the exact hours to be worked or delegate that decision to workers via flextime. Workers' preferences over schedules influence their productivities. An inverted-U-shaped hours-output profile arises; flextime policies shift its peak to the right. Long hours are found to go hand-in-hand with flextime, and the employer finds flextime less appealing when wages exogenously increase. Analysis of a worker-employer matched panel of British workplaces surveyed in 2004 and 2011 reveals that flextime and other flexible work practices mitigate the productivity-eroding consequences of long hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Preferences for collective working-time reduction policies: a factorial survey experiment (2023)
Zitatform
Castro, Damaris & Brent Bleys (2023): Preferences for collective working-time reduction policies: a factorial survey experiment. (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2023,1076), Gent, 26 S.
Abstract
"Collective working-time reduction (WTR) policies, organized by companies, organizations, sectors or governments, can yield benefits across diverse domains including productivity and well-being. Despite an increasing number of WTR trials, the attractiveness of such policies remains relatively underexplored in literature. In this study, a factorial survey experiment investigates employees' preferences for collective WTR policies with pay reduction that vary along five dimensions. Findings reveal that employees favour policies that minimize pay reduction, that reduce working time moderately rather than extensively, and that establish a high degree of flexibility for taking up the additional leisure time. Moreover, the uptake amongst significant others matters: participation of colleagues as well as of close friends and family positively influences WTR attractiveness, although the latter primarily matter in WTR-supportive company cultures. Our findings provide valuable guidance for companies, organizations and policymakers when devising collective WTR policies and underline the importance of societal participation to enhance WTR attractiveness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does work time reduction improve workers' well-being? Evidence from global four-day workweek trials (2023)
Zitatform
Fan, Wen, Juliet Schor, Orla Kelly & Guolin Gu (2023): Does work time reduction improve workers' well-being? Evidence from global four-day workweek trials. (SocArXiv papers), 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/7ucy9
Abstract
"Time spent on the job is a fundamental aspect of working conditions that influences many aspects of individuals’ lives. In this ground-breaking research, we study how an organization-wide four-day workweek Intervention - with no reduction in pay - affects workers’ well-being. Participating organizations undergo pre-trial work reorganisation to improve efficiency and collaboration, followed by a six-month four-day workweek trial. Based on data collected from 2,134 employees in 123 organizations before and after the trial, we find that the trial leads to improvements in multiple measures of subjective well-being, including burnout, job satisfaction, positive affect, mental health, and physical health. Larger reductions in individuals' weekly hours predict greater gains in well-being outcomes. Mediation analysis indicates that three factors significantly contribute to the relationship between reduced working hours and increased well-being: improvements in self-reported work ability, reductions in sleep problems, and decreased levels of fatigue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Performance pay, work hours and employee health in the UK (2023)
Zitatform
Green, Colin P. & John S. Heywood (2023): Performance pay, work hours and employee health in the UK. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 84. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102387
Abstract
"A large body of research links performance pay to poorer worker health. The mechanism generating this link remains in doubt. We examine a common suspect, that performance pay causes employees to work longer hours in pursuit of higher pay. Using UK data, we demonstrate that performance pay is associated with more work hours and a higher probability of working long hours. Yet approximately two thirds of these differences reflect worker sorting rather than behavioral change. The remaining effects are small except those for labourers. Indeed, controlling for hours of work does not diminish the link between worse self-reported health and performance pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The results are in: The UK's four-day week pilot (2023)
Lewis, Kyle; Kamarāde, Daiga; Fan, Wen ; Kelly, Orla ; Mullens, Francisca ; Gu, Guolin; Stronge, Will; Kellam, Jack; Bridson Hubbard, Niamh; Kikuchi, Lukas; White, Jon; Burchell, Brendan ; Schor, Juliet ; Frayne, David;Zitatform
Lewis, Kyle, Will Stronge, Jack Kellam, Lukas Kikuchi, Juliet Schor, Wen Fan, Orla Kelly, Guolin Gu, David Frayne, Brendan Burchell, Niamh Bridson Hubbard, Jon White, Daiga Kamarāde & Francisca Mullens (2023): The results are in: The UK's four-day week pilot. Crookham Village, 69 S.
Abstract
"This report details the full findings of the world’s largest four-day working week trial to date, comprising 61 companies and around 2,900 workers, that took place in the UK from June to December 2022. First, the report sets out the methodologies and forms of data collection employed in the course of the trial research, introduces key components of the four-day week trial’s design, and offers a breakdown of the participating organisations. We then turn to an analysis of data collected over the course of the trial: first, looking at the key metrics in company performance, such as revenue and staff turnover, before turning to employee-focused data, including health, well-being and work-life balance. Finally – and as an important addition to much of the previous four-day week trial research – we offer a range of ‘perspectives from the shopfloor’, drawing on extensive interview data from trial participants, staff and managers alike. We include focused case studies that highlight standout examples of differing practice across the four-day week companies, showing how participants, in their own words, tackled challenges, perceived the impacts, and reflected on the trial experience." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie eine deutschsprachige Ausgabe der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung in Deutsch. -
Literaturhinweis
Income dynamics in the United Kingdom and the Impact of the Covid-19 recession (2022)
Zitatform
Bell, Brian, Nicholas Bloom & Jack Blundell (2022): Income dynamics in the United Kingdom and the Impact of the Covid-19 recession. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 1849-1878. DOI:10.3982/QE1872
Abstract
"In this paper, we use an employer‐based survey of earnings and hours to set out the key patterns in UK earnings dynamics from 1975 to 2020, with a particular focus on the most recent recession. We demonstrate that (log) earnings changes exhibit strongly procyclical skewness and have become increasingly leptokurtic, and thus less well approximated by a log‐normal distribution, over the period of study. This holds across genders and sectors. Exploiting the long duration of our panel, we then explore the responsiveness of earnings and hours to aggregate and firm‐level shocks, finding ample heterogeneity in the exposure of different types of workers to aggregate shocks. Exposure is falling in age, firm size, skill level, and permanent earnings, and is lower for unionized and public sector workers. The qualitative patterns of earnings changes across workers observed in the Covid‐19 recession of 2020 are broadly as predicted using the previously estimated exposures and size of the shock. Firm‐specific shocks are important for wages given the variation in within‐firm productivity and the patterns of heterogeneity are markedly different than for aggregate shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Overtime in Europe: Regulation and practice (2022)
Cabrita, Jorge; Foden, David; Cerf, Catherine;Zitatform
Cabrita, Jorge, Catherine Cerf & David Foden (2022): Overtime in Europe: Regulation and practice. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 48 S. DOI:10.2806/095550
Abstract
"Despite the well-known adverse effects of regular long working hours on workers’ health, well-being and performance, many workers in the EU continue to work beyond their normal hours. Part of this additional working time is classified as overtime. This report takes a comparative overview of how overtime is regulated in the EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom, including its definition, the limits on its use and the compensation received by workers for working extra hours. The report assesses the extent of the phenomenon using national-level data, delves into the factors that explain it, and examines the potential consequences for workers and firms. Finally, the report summarises the current debate on the topic, as uncompensated working hours, structural overtime and monitoring of working hours are currently some of the most discussed work-related issues across the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labour Market (2022)
Zitatform
Dolado, Juan J., Etienne Lalé & Helene Turone (2022): Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labour Market. (Discussion Paper / University of Bristol, Department of Economics 22/763), Bristol, 50 S.
Abstract
"We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.'s zero-hours contract (ZHC)- a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows workers to decline any workload. We find quantitatively mixed welfare effects of ZHCs. On one hand they unlock job creation among firms that face highly volatile business conditions and increase labor force participation of individuals who prefer flexible work schedules. On the other hand, the use of ZHCs by less volatile firms, where jobs are otherwise viable under regular contracts, reduces welfare and likely explains negative employee reactions to this contract." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Performance Pay Influence Hours of Work? (2022)
Zitatform
Green, Colin P. & John S. Heywood (2022): Does Performance Pay Influence Hours of Work? (IZA discussion paper 15474), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"A large body of research links performance pay to poorer worker health. The exact mechanism generating this link remains in doubt. We examine a common suspect, that performance pay causes employees to work longer hours in pursuit of higher pay. Using representative data for the UK, we demonstrate that performance pay is associated with more work hours and a higher probability of working long hours. Yet approximately two thirds of these differences reflect worker sorting rather than behavioral change. The remaining influence appears too small to generate the differences in health except for blue-collar occupations that we isolate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fathers' Perceptions of the Availability of Flexible Working Arrangements: Evidence from the UK (2021)
Zitatform
Cook, Rose, Margaret O'Brien, Sara Connolly, Matthew Aldrich & Svetlana Speight (2021): Fathers' Perceptions of the Availability of Flexible Working Arrangements: Evidence from the UK. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 6, S. 1014-1033. DOI:10.1177/0950017020946687
Abstract
"A conditional right to request flexible working arrangements (FWAs) has existed for most UK employee parents since 2003. However, there are growing concerns about access, particularly among fathers. Using nationally representative data from the 2015 UK Household Longitudinal Survey, this article examines fathers? perceptions of the availability of hours reduction, schedule flexibility and working from home. Results show that almost one-third of fathers believe that FWAs that reduce working hours are unavailable to them, compared with one-tenth of mothers. There are no gender differences in perceptions of availability of schedule and location flexibility. Among fathers, those with lower education levels, in lower status occupations, working in the private sector and in workplaces that do not have trade union presence are more likely to believe that FWAs are unavailable. Therefore, even though most employees now have the right to request FWAs, a significant minority of fathers do not perceive FWAs to be available to them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Some Welfare Economics of Working Time (2021)
Zitatform
Fitzroy, Felix & Jim Jin (2021): Some Welfare Economics of Working Time. (IZA discussion paper 14810), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"Few skilled workers in the UK have flexible working time – GPs are the exception – most can only choose between unemployment, or full-time work, which has changed little in recent years, while part time work is mainly unskilled. This market rigidity imposes major welfare losses, in contrast to flexibility of worktime for all in the Netherlands, which has the best work-life balance. Stagnating real wages and rising employer market power and inequality follow declining unionisation, but a standard four-day week, tax reform, basic income, and flexibility rights for all could reverse these trends and provide major welfare gains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Work Schedule Control on Volunteering among Early Career Employees (2021)
Zitatform
Mantovan, Noemi, Robert M. Sauer & John Wilson (2021): The Effect of Work Schedule Control on Volunteering among Early Career Employees. (IZA discussion paper 14723), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"Recent trends in the labor market see increasing numbers of workers having to deal with "schedule precarity" including volatile hours, rotating shift work, unpredictable work hours and lack of choice on the part of the employee. These trends are of concern to those interested in fostering levels of civic engagement because they potentially limit volunteering. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) containing information on work schedules in 2011 and 2013 among employees to determine the effect of changes in work schedules on becoming a volunteer using transition regressions. We investigate interactions between work schedule measures and pay structure because workers paid by the hour have lower volunteer rates than salaried workers. The study finds that, while three of the schedule dimensions are unrelated to volunteering, transitioning towards more schedule control has a positive effect on volunteering. However, interaction analysis shows this positive effect is confined to salaried workers whereas for hourly paid workers the effect is negative. The results support the idea that having more freedom to set one's work schedule reduces work-life conflict but suggest that this positive effect is limited to those who can take advantage of it." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, Flexibility Stigma and the Perceived Negative Consequences of Flexible Working in the UK (2020)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2020): Gender, Flexibility Stigma and the Perceived Negative Consequences of Flexible Working in the UK. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 151, S. 521-545. DOI:10.1007/s11205-018-2036-7
Abstract
"This study examines the prevalence and the gender differences in the perceptions and experiences of flexibility stigma -- i.e., the belief that workers who use flexible working arrangements for care purposes are less productive and less committed to the workplace. This is done by using the 4th wave of the Work-Life Balance Survey conducted in 2011 in the UK. The results show that 35% of all workers agree to the statement that those who work flexibly generate more work for others, and 32% believe that those who work flexibly have lower chances for promotion. Although at first glance, men are more likely to agree to both, once other factors are controlled for, women especially mothers are more likely to agree to the latter statement. Similarly, men are more likely to say they experienced negative outcomes due to co-workers working flexibly, while again mothers are more likely to say they experienced negative career consequences due to their own flexible working. The use of working time reducing arrangements, such as part-time, is a major reason why people experience negative career outcomes, and can partially explain why mothers are more likely to suffer from such outcomes when working flexibly. However, this relationship could be reverse, namely, the stigma towards part-time workers may be due to negative perceptions society hold towards mothers' commitment to work and their productivity. In sum, this paper shows that flexibility stigma is gendered, in that men are more likely to discriminate against flexible workers, while women, especially mothers, are more likely to suffer from such discrimination." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexible Working and Unpaid Overtime in the UK: the Role of Gender, Parental and Occupational Status (2020)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung & Mariska van der Horst (2020): Flexible Working and Unpaid Overtime in the UK. The Role of Gender, Parental and Occupational Status. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 151, H. 2, S. 495-520. DOI:10.1007/s11205-018-2028-7
Abstract
"Recent studies have shown that flexible boundaries between work and family may make employees work harder and longer. Yet most studies were not able to show whether there are differences across different types of flexible working arrangements, and whether this relationship may only hold for certain groups of workers. We examine how three different types of flexible working arrangements, that is schedule control, flexitime, and teleworking, are associated with an increase in unpaid overtime hours of workers in the UK using the Understanding Society data from 2010 to 2015 and fixed effects panel regression models. Results show that the flexible arrangements that were introduced primarily for work-life balance purposes, i.e., flexitime and teleworking, do not necessarily increase unpaid overtime hours significantly. On the other hand, workers' control over their schedule, mainly introduced as a part of high-performance strategies, leads to increased unpaid overtime hours. This is especially true for professional men, and women without children, especially those working full-time, and surprisingly part-time working mothers. The results of this study point to the importance of distinguishing between different groups of workers as well as between different types of arrangements when examining outcomes of flexible working. Furthermore, the results of the study contribute to the argument that performance enhancing flexible working arrangements can potentially exacerbate gender inequalities in the labour market by enabling men to commit more time to their jobs, while for women, especially full-time working mothers, this may be less possible." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe (2020)
Zitatform
Giménez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2020): The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 13461), 42 S.
Abstract
"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Like ships passing in the night? Nonstandard work schedules and spousal satisfaction in Finland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (2020)
Zitatform
Malinen, Kaisa, Anna Rönkä & Eija Sevón (2020): Like ships passing in the night? Nonstandard work schedules and spousal satisfaction in Finland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 192-213. DOI:10.20377/jfr-359
Abstract
"Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeiten und Zufriedenheit in der Ehe unter finnischen (n = 347), nieder ländischen (n = 304) und britischen (n = 337) Eltern. Neben dem Vergleich von Eltern mit außergewöhnlichen Arbeitszeiten und Eltern mit regulären Tagesarbeitszeiten, wurde gesondert untersucht, welche Rolle Morgen-, Abend-, Nacht- und Wochenendarbeit und andere arbeitszeitbezogenen Variablen (Arbeitsstunden, Änderungen der eigenen Arbeitszeiten und der des Ehepartners und deren Einfluss auf die eigenen Arbeitszeiten bzw. die des Ehepartners) spielen. Die Daten aus drei Ländern wurden mithilfe des Strukturgleichungsmodells durch einen Mehrgruppenvergleich in Impuls analysiert. Unter den anwesenden europäischen Arbeitnehmern wurden nur wenige Hinweise für eine Korrelation zwischen negativen Assoziationen zu Arbeitszeiten (damit zusammenhängenden Faktoren) und der Zufriedenheit in der Ehe festgestellt. Bei den untersuchten Assoziationen wurden keine Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern gefunden. Die quantitativen Analysen wurden durch Inhaltsanalysen der Eltern ergänzt, in denen sie beschreiben, wie sie die Auswirkungen der Arbeitszeiten auf ihre eheliche Beziehung erleben. Die Eltern beschrieben ihre Arbeitszeiten meist so, dass diese einen negativen Einfluss auf die Möglichkeiten zur gemeinsamen Zeitnutzung, auf die Organisation des Alltags sowie auf die psychologischen und physiologischen Reaktionen und die eheliche Kommunikation haben. Einige gaben jedoch auch Vorteile und Problemlösungen an, die in Verbindung zu ihren Arbeitszeiten stehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment: Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment: Evidence from Eight Panels (2020)
Zitatform
Schröder, Martin (2020): Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment: Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment. Evidence from Eight Panels. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 152, H. 1, S. 317-334. DOI:10.1007/s11205-020-02433-5
Abstract
"This article uses random and fixed effects regressions with 743,788 observations from panels of East and West Germany, the UK, Australia, South Korea, Russia, Switzerland and the United States. It shows how the life satisfaction of men and especially fathers in these countries increases steeply with paid working hours. In contrast, the life satisfaction of childless women is less related to long working hours, while the life satisfaction of mothers hardly depends on working hours at all. In addition, women and especially mothers are more satisfied with life when their male partners work longer, while the life satisfaction of men hardly depend on their female partners' work hours. These differences between men and women are starker where gender attitudes are more traditional. They cannot be explained through differences in income, occupations, partner characteristics, period or cohort effects. These results contradict role expansionist theory, which suggests that men and women profit similarly from moderate work hours; they support role conflict theory, which claims that men are most satisfied with longer and women with shorter work hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries (2020)
Tuda, Dora;Zitatform
Tuda, Dora (2020): Desired hours worked over the business cycle: stylised facts for European countries. (Trinity economics papers 1320), Dublin, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper documents stylised facts on desired hours per employed worker in European countries and identifies the effect of recessions on desired hours. Actual hours worked are usually used to estimate preferences on the labour market. However, actual hours are constrained by labour demand and therefore measure hours worked in the general equilibrium. Descriptive statistics from EU Labour Force Survey show that desired hours are countercyclical and that the underemployment gap increases due to higher desired hours worked of employed individuals. I identify the effect of recessions on desired hours using variation in regional unemployment rates from 2000 to 2017. I find that a 1 percentage point higher unemployment rate increases desired hours, on average, by 2 - 8 hours on a yearly level (3 - 5 minutes in the reference week). The results offer a lower bound estimate for the whole sample period of booms and busts. To narrow the sample period, I use a panel of individuals from the French LFS (EEC) and find even bigger effects. In France, from 2007q4 to 2009q1, an increase in regional unemployment rate by 1 percentage point increases desired hours by 1.6 hours in the reference week. Bottom decile of the income distribution significantly increases desired hours in all countries, suggesting an income effect labour supply response in recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is thursday the new friday?: The future of working time and hopes for a four-day week (2019)
Briône, Patrick;Zitatform
Briône, Patrick (2019): Is thursday the new friday? The future of working time and hopes for a four-day week. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Berlin, 23 S.
Abstract
In letzter Zeit ist das Interesse an einer Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit in Großbritannien enorm gewachsen. Zuletzt schlossen sich die Gewerkschaften sowie die Labour-Partei der Forderung nach einer Vier-Tage-Woche an. Nach einem Jahrzehnt stagnierender Produktivität suchen britische Arbeitgeber nach innovativen Lösungen. Einige Unternehmen haben bereits begonnen, mit der Vier-Tage-Woche zu experimentieren, um das Engagement und Wohlbefinden ihrer Angestellten zu erhöhen und das Phänomen des sog. Präsentismus (das Ableisten überflüssiger Arbeitsstunden) zu verringern. Fallstudien zeigen, dass eine Vier-Tage-Woche in ausgewählten Fällen Vorteile mit sich bringen würde. Jedoch bestehen ernsthafte Hindernisse im Hinblick auf die politische Umsetzung.
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Literaturhinweis
Are flexible work arrangements associated with lower levels of chronic stress-related biomarkers?: A study of 6025 employees in the UK household longitudinal study (2019)
Zitatform
Chandola, Tarani, Cara L Booker, Meena Kumari & Michaela Benzeval (2019): Are flexible work arrangements associated with lower levels of chronic stress-related biomarkers? A study of 6025 employees in the UK household longitudinal study. In: Sociology, Jg. 53, H. 4, S. 779-799. DOI:10.1177/0038038519826014
Abstract
"Debates around the benefits of flexible work arrangements for employee well-being are limited by a lack of empirical analyses on whether flexible working enables employees with work or family stressors to cope with their levels of stress. This study examines whether the availability and use of different flexible work arrangements are associated with lower allostatic load (an index of chronic stress-related biomarkers) in a large representative study of UK adults. Male and female employees who made use of reduced hours working arrangements had lower levels of allostatic load. Among women caring for two or more children aged under 15, there was a difference of almost one unit of the allostatic load index (an additional biomarker risk) between women who used reduced hours flexible work and those without such arrangements. Reduced hours flexible work arrangements could enable women who combine work and family roles to reduce their levels of chronic stress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe (2019)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung (2019): 'Women's work penalty' in access to flexible working arrangements across Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 23-40. DOI:10.1177/0959680117752829
Abstract
"Many assume that women and workers in female-dominated workplaces will have better access to flexible working arrangements. Some use this as justification for the low wages found in these workplaces. Yet, empirical results are mixed. I explore this question by examining workers' access to schedule control across 27 European countries, and find no discernible gender differences in access to schedule control when individual and company-level characteristics are taken into account. However, working in female-dominated jobs and/or sectors significantly reduces access to schedule control for both men and women. This 'women's work penalty' in female-dominated sectors varies across Europe but nowhere was the access better compared to sectors where both genders are equally represented. This raises concerns regarding the lack of favourable working conditions, in addition to low pay found in female-dominated workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zero-hours contracts and labour market policy (2019)
Zitatform
Datta, Nikhil, Giulia Giupponi & Stephen Machin (2019): Zero-hours contracts and labour market policy. In: Economic Policy, Jg. 34, H. 99, S. 369-427. DOI:10.1093/epolic/eiz008
Abstract
"The evolving nature of atypical work arrangements is studied. A particular focus is placed on one such form of work relation: zero-hours contracts (ZHCs). The paper uses existing secondary data and new survey data collected for the specific purpose of studying alternative work arrangements to describe the nature of ZHC work in the UK labour market. The interaction with labour market policy is explored, in the context of the 2016 introduction of the UK's National Living Wage. ZHC work is shown to be an important feature of today's work arrangements, and the wage cost shock induced by the new, higher minimum wage resulted in an increased use of ZHCs in the UK social care sector, and in low wage sectors more generally." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Reasons to reduce: A vignette-experiment examining men and women's considerations to scale back following childbirth (2018)
Zitatform
Breeschoten, Leonie van, Anne Roeters & Tanja van der Lippe (2018): Reasons to reduce: A vignette-experiment examining men and women's considerations to scale back following childbirth. In: Social Politics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 169-200. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxy003
Abstract
"The reduction of working hours can help avoid work-family conflict, yet many people who would like to scale back do not actually do so. This vignette-experiment examines which considerations are most important in men and women's decision-making whether to scale back following childbirth. About 2,464 vignettes were conducted in the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Results indicate that men find the income of their partner and career consequences most important, while women focus mainly on partner income and collegial support. Swedes, however, differ from their Dutch and British counterparts, and express more counter-gender-normative behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking (2018)
Zitatform
Chung, Heejung & Mariska van der Horst (2018): Women's employment patterns after childbirth and the perceived access to and use of flexitime and teleworking. In: Human Relations, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 47-72. DOI:10.1177/0018726717713828
Abstract
"This article sets out to investigate how flexitime and teleworking can help women maintain their careers after childbirth. Despite the increased number of women in the labour market in the UK, many significantly reduce their working hours or leave the labour market altogether after childbirth. Based on border and boundary management theories, we expect flexitime and teleworking can help mothers stay employed and maintain their working hours. We explore the UK case, where the right to request flexible working has been expanded quickly as a way to address work - life balance issues. The dataset used is Understanding Society (2009 - 2014), a large household panel survey with data on flexible work. We find some suggestive evidence that flexible working can help women stay in employment after the birth of their first child. More evidence is found that mothers using flexitime and with access to teleworking are less likely to reduce their working hours after childbirth. This contributes to our understanding of flexible working not only as a tool for work - life balance, but also as a tool to enhance and maintain individuals' work capacities in periods of increased family demands. This has major implications for supporting mothers' careers and enhancing gender equality in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Normalarbeit: Nur Vergangenheit oder auch Zukunft? (2018)
Zitatform
Muckenhuber, Johanna, Josef Hödl & Martin Griesbacher (Hrsg.) (2018): Normalarbeit. Nur Vergangenheit oder auch Zukunft? (Gesellschaft der Unterschiede 37), Bielefeld: Transcript, 357 S.
Abstract
"Im Zuge der breit und kontinuierlich geführten Debatte um 'atypische' Beschäftigungsverhältnisse als gesellschaftliche Herausforderung ist das 'typische' Normalarbeitsverhältnis zunehmend aus dem Fokus des Interesses gerückt. Doch was verstehen wir unter Normalarbeit? Welche Erwartungen sind mit ihr verbunden? Ist sie ein Bild der Vergangenheit oder ein Weg in die Zukunft der Arbeit?
Die Beiträge des Bandes liefern eine vertiefte kritisch-interdisziplinäre Auseinandersetzung mit dem Konzept und der Wirklichkeit von 'Normalarbeit' und behandeln ihre begrifflichen Rahmenlinien und Entstehungsbedingungen. Aspekte der Arbeitszeit und Besonderheiten der Kompetenzanforderungen sowie beruflichen Qualifikation werden ebenso thematisiert wie interessenpolitische Perspektiven." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis und Leseprobe vom Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
Good, bad and very bad part-time jobs for women?: re-examining the importance of occupational class for job quality since the 'Great Recession' in Britain (2018)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey & Clare Lyonette (2018): Good, bad and very bad part-time jobs for women? Re-examining the importance of occupational class for job quality since the 'Great Recession' in Britain. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 747-767. DOI:10.1177/0950017018762289
Abstract
"Britain has long stood out in Europe for its extensive but poor-quality part-time labour market dominated by women workers, who are concentrated in lower-level jobs demanding few skills and low levels of education, offering weak wage rates and restricted advancement opportunities. This article explores trends in part-time job quality for women up to and beyond the recession of 2008/9, and asks whether post-recessionary job quality remains differentiated by occupational class. A pre-recessionary narrowing of the part-time/full-time gap in job quality appears to have been maintained for the women in higher-level part-time jobs, while part- and full-timers in lower-level jobs suffered the worst effects of the recession, signalling deepening occupational class inequalities among working women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungsregime im Vergleich: Arbeitsqualität von Teilzeitbeschäftigung in Deutschland, Schweden und dem Vereinigten Königreich (2017)
Zitatform
Fritz, Martin (2017): Beschäftigungsregime im Vergleich. Arbeitsqualität von Teilzeitbeschäftigung in Deutschland, Schweden und dem Vereinigten Königreich. (Bonner Reihe der empirischen Sozialforschung 01), Opladen: Budrich, 277 S.
Abstract
"Brauchen wir mehr und bessere Teilzeitjobs? Ausgehend von der gesellschaftspolitischen Diskussion um eine Verringerung der Arbeitszeit thematisiert der Autor die Arbeitsqualität von Teilzeitbeschäftigten in Deutschland, Schweden und dem Vereinigten Königreich. Seine Analysen führen dabei nicht nur zu empirisch fundierten Zahlen und Fakten und zuverlässigen Ergebnissen. Durch die Integration familienpolitischer Aspekte entwickelt er zudem das Konzept der Beschäftigungsregime weiter und macht es für praktisches politisches Handeln fruchtbar." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements: comparing workplaces in different countries and industries (2017)
Zitatform
Wiß, Tobias (2017): Paths towards family-friendly working time arrangements. Comparing workplaces in different countries and industries. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 7, S. 1406-1430. DOI:10.1111/spol.12270
Abstract
"Although studies have examined the distribution and conditions of employer-provided work - family arrangements, we still lack a systematic investigation of how these vary for different countries and industries. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey 2010, this study examines the conditions under which firms provide family-friendly working time arrangements and what the differences are across four countries (Austria, Denmark, Italy and the UK) and four industries. The impact of employee representatives, employee involvement, manager support and female managers varies across countries and industries because of the institutional environment (prevailing family model, industrial relations) and workforce composition (gender). The impact of employee representatives depends on their co-determination rights, and the direction of their effect on the prevailing family model (e.g. negative in conservative countries such as Austria) and the gender composition of the workforce (negative in male-dominated production, but positive in services). Employee involvement in the work organization is significantly positive in Austria and Denmark (both with co-operative industrial relations), while manager support has the strongest effect in the UK (liberal regime). At the industry level, female supervisors are positively associated with family-friendly working time arrangements only in the male-dominated production industry. These findings suggest that the effects of agency variables and their direction vary depending on the institutional context." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hours worked in Europe and the US: new data, new answers (2016)
Zitatform
Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe (2016)
Zitatform
Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002
Abstract
"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working hours, work identity and subjective wellbeing (2015)
Zitatform
Bryan, Mark & Alita Nandi (2015): Working hours, work identity and subjective wellbeing. (ISER working paper 2015-21), Colchester, 43 S.
Abstract
"Following theories of social and economic identity, we use representative data containing measures of personal identity to investigate the interplay of work identity and hours of work in determining subjective wellbeing (job satisfaction, job-related anxiety and depression, and life satisfaction). We find that for a given level of hours, having a stronger work identity is associated with higher wellbeing on most measures. Working long hours is associated with lower wellbeing and working part-time is associated with higher wellbeing, but for men hours mainly affect their job-related anxiety and depression rather than reported satisfaction. The relationships between hours and wellbeing are generally strengthened when controlling for identity implying that individuals sort into jobs with work hours that match their identities. Work identity partially mitigates the adverse effects of long hours working on job satisfaction and anxiety (for women) and on life satisfaction (for men). The effects of both work hours and identity are substantial relative to benchmark effects of health on wellbeing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informal caring and labour market outcomes within England and Wales (2015)
Zitatform
Drinkwater, Stephen (2015): Informal caring and labour market outcomes within England and Wales. In: Regional studies, Jg. 49, H. 2, S. 273-286. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2013.766320
Abstract
"Landesinterne Analysen der Verknüpfungen zwischen informeller Pflege und den Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt wurden bisher nur in begrenztem Umfang durchgeführt, obwohl bei der informellen Pflege starke regionale Schwankungen auftreten. Dieses Thema ist von Bedeutung, weil die Gebiete mit dem höchsten Ausmaß von informeller Pflege in der Regel von relativ geringer Wirtschaftsaktivität und niedrigen Beschäftigungsquoten gekennzeichnet sind. Trotz der starken Schwankungen bei der informellen Pflege weisen die Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt für verschiedene Pflegekategorien in England und Wales keine ausgeprägten Unterschiede auf. Allerdings sind die Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt für Männer und Frauen, die in großem Umfang Pflegedienste leisten, insbesondere in den Tälern von Südwales starken Einflüssen ausgesetzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2015)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2015): Long workweeks and strange hours. In: ILR review, Jg. 68, H. 5, S. 1007-1018. DOI:10.1177/0019793915592375
Abstract
"U.S. workweeks are long compared to workweeks in other rich countries. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. The authors examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Only small portions of the U.S. - European differences are attributable to observable characteristics. Adjusting for demographic and occupational differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by no more than 10% if the average European workweek prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the United States would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap in employment hours: do work-hour regulations matter? (2015)
Zitatform
Landivar, Liana Christin (2015): The gender gap in employment hours. Do work-hour regulations matter? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 550-570. DOI:10.1177/0950017014568139
Abstract
"In all developed countries, women, especially mothers, work fewer paid hours than their spouses. However, the magnitude of the gender gap varies significantly by country, ranging from 2 to 20 hours per week in this study. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, this article investigates whether work-hour regulations have a significant effect on household allocation of paid labour and gender work-hour inequality. Two main types of work-hour regulations are examined: standard weekly work hours and the maximum allowable weekly work hours. Results show that households in countries with shorter maximum weekly work hours had less work-hour inequality between spouses, as each additional allowable overtime hour over the standard working week increased the work-hour gap between couples by 20 minutes. These results indicate that couples' inequality in work hours and gender inequality in labour supply are associated with country-level work-hour regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, age and flexible working in later life (2015)
Zitatform
Loretto, Wendy & Sarah Vickerstaff (2015): Gender, age and flexible working in later life. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 233-249. DOI:10.1177/0950017014545267
Abstract
"In many countries economic and social concerns associated with ageing populations have focused attention onto flexible forms of working as key to encouraging people to work longer and delay retirement. This article argues that there has been a remarkable lack of attention paid to the role of gender in extending working lives and contends that this gap has arisen because of two, inter-related, oversights: little consideration of relationships between gender and flexible working beyond the child-caring phase of life; and the prevailing tendency to think of end of working life and retirement as gender-neutral or following a typical male trajectory. The findings of a qualitative study of people aged 50+ in the UK challenge some of the key assumptions underpinning the utility of flexible work in extending working lives, and provide insight into the ways in which working in later life is constructed and enacted differently for men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working-time flexibility and autonomy: a European perspective on time adequacy (2015)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2015): Working-time flexibility and autonomy. A European perspective on time adequacy. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 259-274. DOI:10.1177/0959680114543604
Abstract
"This study examines the effect of working-time flexibility and autonomy on time adequacy, using the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey. It addresses gender differences and institutional contexts in the UK, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands, and reveals that time arrangements have gendered meanings. While working-time flexibility and autonomy are positively related to time adequacy for women, for men they tend to imply overtime and work intensification. Furthermore, working-time regimes also shape time arrangements. In the UK, employees have time adequacy primarily when they work fixed hours, while in the Netherlands, employees profit most from working-time autonomy. Moreover, unlike in Germany and the UK, men and women in the Netherlands and Sweden benefit more equally from working-time flexibility and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work-life balance/imbalance: the dominance of the middle class and the neglect of the working class (2015)
Zitatform
Warren, Tracey (2015): Work-life balance/imbalance. The dominance of the middle class and the neglect of the working class. In: The British Journal of Sociology, Jg. 66, H. 4, S. 691-717. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12160
Abstract
"The paper was stimulated by the relative absence of the working class from work-life debates. The common conclusion from work-life studies is that work - life imbalance is largely a middle-class problem. It is argued here that this classed assertion is a direct outcome of a particular and narrow interpretation of work-life imbalance in which time is seen to be the major cause of difficulty. Labour market time, and too much of it, dominates the conceptualization of work-life and its measurement too. This heavy focus on too much labour market time has rendered largely invisible from dominant work-life discourses the types of imbalance that are more likely to impact the working class. The paper's analysis of large UK data-sets demonstrates a reduction in hours worked by working-class men, more part-time employment in working-class occupations, and a substantial growth in levels of reported financial insecurity amongst the working classes after the 2008-9 recession. It shows too that economic-based work-life imbalance is associated with lower levels of life satisfaction than is temporal imbalance. The paper concludes that the dominant conceptualization of work-life disregards the major work-life challenge experienced by the working class: economic precarity. The work-life balance debate needs to more fully incorporate economic-based work-life imbalance if it is to better represent class inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Giving up: how gendered organizational cultures push mothers out (2014)
Zitatform
Cahusac, Emma & Shireen Kanji (2014): Giving up: how gendered organizational cultures push mothers out. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 57-70. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12011
Abstract
"Explanations for professional and managerial mothers' departure from paid work concentrate on childcare and women's preferences or choices. In contrast, our study, based on in-depth interviews with professional and managerial mothers in London, shows that women's experiences within hegemonic masculine cultures play a key role. For example, working time norms require these mothers to work exceptionally long hours, to have permeable time boundaries even if they have negotiated reduced working hours and to 'socialize' in the evenings. Mothers are limited in their ability to protest or implement creative working time solutions because they feel they must hide their motherhood, which in itself creates tension. Mothers who are seemingly supported to work fewer hours are sidelined to lower-status roles for which they are underpaid and undervalued in relation to their experience and previous seniority. Unless mothers mimic successful men, they do not look the part for success in organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Long workweeks and strange hours (2014)
Zitatform
Hamermesh, Daniel S. & Elena Stancanelli (2014): Long workweeks and strange hours. (NBER working paper 20449), Cambridge, Mass., 14 S. DOI:10.3386/w20449
Abstract
"American workweeks are long compared to other rich countries'. Much less well-known is that Americans are more likely to work at night and on weekends. We examine the relationship between these two phenomena using the American Time Use Survey and time-diary data from 5 other countries. Adjusting for demographic differences, Americans' incidence of night and weekend work would drop by about 10 percent if European workweeks prevailed. Even if no Americans worked long hours, the incidence of unusual work times in the U.S. would far exceed those in continental Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Working time flexibility and autonomy: Facilitating time adequacy?: a European perspective (2014)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2014): Working time flexibility and autonomy: Facilitating time adequacy? A European perspective. (WSI-Diskussionspapier 190), Düsseldorf, 20 S.
Abstract
"This study examines the effect of working time flexibility and autonomy on time adequacy using the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) in 2010. Drawing on gender theory and welfare state theory, gender differences and the institutional contexts of the UK, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands are taken into account. The study reveals that time arrangements have gendered meanings. While working time flexibility and autonomy are positively related to time adequacy for women, men tend to experience overtime and work intensification in connection with working time autonomy. Furthermore, working time regimes also shape time arrangements. In the UK, employees have time adequacy primarily when they work fixed hours, while in the Netherlands, employees profit most from working time autonomy. Moreover, unlike in Germany and the UK, men and women in the Netherlands and Sweden benefit more equally from working time flexibility and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age: a matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Matteazzi, Eleonora, Ariane Pailhe & Anne Solaz (2014): Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age. A matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 955-985. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537457
Abstract
"Using the European Union Statistics an Income and Living Conditions data for the year 2009, the authors evaluate how vertical and horizontal job segregation explains the differential between fulltime and part-time pay for prime-age women in four European countries: Austria, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The selected countries are representative of different welfare state regimes, Labor market regulations, and extents and forms of parttime employment. Full-time hourly wages exceed part-time hourly wages, especially in market-oriented economies, such as Poland and the United Kingdom. Results using the Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods show that most of the full-time -- part-time wage gap is driven by job segregation, especially its vertical dimension. Vertical segregation explains an especially large Part of the pay gap in Poland and die United Kingdom, where, more than elsewhere, part-timers are concentrated in low-skilled occupations and the wage disparities across occupations are quite large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States (2014)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Carol Graham (2014): Employment, late-life work, retirement, and well-being in Europe and the United States. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-5
Abstract
"Flexible work arrangements and retirement options provide one solution for the challenges of unemployment and underemployment, aging populations, and unsustainable public pension systems in welfare states around the world. We examine the relationships between well-being and job satisfaction on the one hand and employment status and retirement, on the other, using Gallup World Poll data for several European countries and the United States. We find that voluntary part-time workers are happier, experience less stress and anger, and have higher job satisfaction than other employees. Using statistical matching, we show that late-life workers under voluntary part-time or full-time arrangements have higher well-being than retirees. There is no well-being premium for involuntary late-life work and self-employment compared to retirement, however. Our findings inform ongoing debates about the optimal retirement age and the fiscal burdens of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction: a cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (2014)
Zitatform
Roeters, Anne & Lyn Craig (2014): Part-time work, women's work-life conflict, and job satisfaction. A cross-national comparison of Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 55, H. 3, S. 185-203. DOI:10.1177/0020715214543541
Abstract
"This study uses the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2013 'Family and Changing Gender Roles' module (N?=?1773) to examine cross-country differences in the relationship between women's part-time work and work - life conflict and job satisfaction. We hypothesize that part-time work will lead to less favorable outcomes in countries with employment policies that are less protective of part-time employees because the effects of occupational downgrading counteract the benefits of increased time availability. Our comparison focuses on the Netherlands and Australia while using Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden as benchmarks. Part-time employment is prevalent in all five countries, but has the most support and protection in the Dutch labor market. We find little evidence that country of residence conditions the effects of part-time work. Overall, the results suggest that part-time work reduces work-life conflict to a similar extent in all countries except Sweden. The effects on job satisfaction are negligible. We discuss the implications for social policies meant to stimulate female labor force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, sexuality and male-dominated work: the intersection of long-hours working and domestic life (2014)
Zitatform
Wright, Tessa (2014): Gender, sexuality and male-dominated work. The intersection of long-hours working and domestic life. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 28, H. 6, S. 985-1002. DOI:10.1177/0950017013512713
Abstract
"The UK construction and transport sectors remain the most heavily male-dominated industries, showing minimal progress in women's participation. Long and inflexible working hours presume a male model of the worker unconstrained by caring responsibilities. Yet the experiences of the minority of women who work in these sectors are of interest to those concerned with reducing occupational gender segregation. Sexuality is often overlooked in differentiating women's experience of male-dominated work, and gender conflated with heterosexuality. Through examining the interaction of domestic circumstances and work arrangements of heterosexual women and lesbians, this article finds that atypical domestic circumstances may be required to support male-dominated work. Heterosexual 'breadwinner' norms were challenged by women's capacity for higher earnings from male-dominated work, but often required strategies to manage associated emotions. Evidence from lesbian relationships indicates a possible shift from prioritization of financial self-sufficiency in the context of legal status for same-sex partnerships." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Arbeitszeitpolitik
- Arbeitszeitentwicklung
- Arbeitszeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten
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Arbeitszeitgestaltung
- gleitende Arbeitszeit
- Vertrauensarbeitszeit
- Arbeitszeitkonten
- Schichtmodelle, Wochenendarbeit
- Langzeiturlaub, Blockfreizeit
- Arbeit auf Abruf, KAPOVAZ
- Bereitschaftsdienst
- Job Sharing, Teilzeit, Altersteilzeit
- Telearbeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Kinderbetreuung, Elternzeit
- Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Pflege
- Alter
- Geschlecht
- geografischer Bezug