Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Gendered ethnic discrimination and the role of recruiter gender. A field experiment (2024)
Zitatform
Erlandsson, Anni (2024): Gendered ethnic discrimination and the role of recruiter gender. A field experiment. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 232-250. DOI:10.1177/00016993231201482
Abstract
"Relying on data from a large-scale field experiment in Sweden, this article studies discrimination in recruitment on the basis of gender and ethnicity combined with recruiter gender. The study includes 5641 job applications sent in response to advertised vacancies, and the employer callbacks to these. Gender and either a Swedish or a foreign-sounding name were randomly assigned to the applications, and recruiter gender was documented whenever available. Based on the callback rates, there is evidence of ethnic discrimination against foreign-named job applicants by both male and female recruiters. Also, male applicants with foreign-sounding names are discriminated more than female applicants with foreign-sounding names. Thus, the results show gendered ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market, and this does not appear to depend on recruiter gender in general. However, the patterns for gendered ethnic discrimination by recruiter gender vary across occupational categories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Not just daycare: nordic mothers in research, development and innovation navigating work and childcare (2024)
Zitatform
Ikonen, Hanna-Mari, Minna Salminen-Karlsson & Gilda Seddighi (2024): Not just daycare: nordic mothers in research, development and innovation navigating work and childcare. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 27, H. 2, S. 208-224. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2022.2138739
Abstract
"Nordic welfare policies mitigate work–childcare reconciliation; however, they are not enough for mothers working in intensive work cultures. In addition, there are differences among the three Nordic states in both work–family policies and cultural norms as to how they should be used. In this article, we study the resources mothers who work in research, development and innovation (R&D&I) in Finland, Norway and Sweden rely on in their work–childcare reconciliation. Thematic analysis of interviews with 74 professionals resulted in identifying four main resources: father involvement, parental leave system and daycare, flexible working, and grandparent help and networks. Our analysis brings to view the blind spots in work and childcare reconciliation that Nordic care policies and flexible work schemes do not cover in the case of professional R&D&I mothers. We find that the role of fathers is overarching, as it regulates which of the other resources are used and how. We also argue that the role grandparents play as a resource is understudied." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Long Way to Gender Equality: Gender Pay Differences in Germany, 1871-2021 (2024)
Neef, Theresa;Zitatform
Neef, Theresa (2024): The Long Way to Gender Equality: Gender Pay Differences in Germany, 1871-2021. (Working paper / World Inequality Lab 04424,48), Paris, 54 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides the first time series of the gender earnings ratio for the full-time employed workforce in Germany since the 1870s and compares Germany's path with the Swedish and U.S. cases. The industrialization period yielded slow advances in economic gender relations due to women's delayed inclusion in the industrial workforce. The first half of the 20th century exhibited a marked leap. In Germany, the gender earnings ratio increased from 47% in 1913 to 58% in 1937. Similar increases are visible in Sweden and the United States. In all three countries, the interplay between increased women's education and increased returns to education due to the expanding white-collar sector fueled pay convergence. Yet in Germany, women's educational catch-up was slowed due to the dominance of on-the-job vocational training. German women's migration from low-paid agricultural work to higher-paid white-collar jobs was predominantly increasing the gender pay ratio. The postwar period brought diverging developments between Germany, Sweden and the United States due to different economic conditions and policy action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Gender Gap in Meaningful Work (2023)
Burbano, Vanessa C.; Rickne, Johanna; Meier, Stephan; Folke, Olle;Zitatform
Burbano, Vanessa C., Olle Folke, Stephan Meier & Johanna Rickne (2023): The Gender Gap in Meaningful Work. (Working paper / Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI) 2023,06), Stockholm, 39 S.
Abstract
"An understanding of differences in non-monetary work conditions is fundamental for a complete characterization of individuals’ well-being at work. Thus, to fully characterize gender inequalities in the labor market, scholars have begun to explore gender differences in non-monetary work conditions. We examine one such condition—meaningful work—using nationally representative survey data linked with worker and employer administrative data. We document a large and expanding gender gap in meaningful work, wherein women experience their jobs as more meaningful than men do. We then explore patterns underlying this difference. We find little correlation between women’s higher experience of meaningful work and either labor market decisions related to first parenthood or women’s under-representation in leadership jobs. Instead, the gender gap appears to be highly correlated with the sorting of more women into occupations with a high level of beneficence—the sense of having a prosocial impact. While both women and men experience such jobs as more meaningful, women do so by a larger margin. Next, we consider the relationship between the gender difference in meaningful work and the gender wage gap, contributing to the discussion on compensating differentials in work amenities. We find that while the gender gap in meaningful work closes a substantial part of the wage gap in lower-paid jobs, it does little to close the gap in higherpaid jobs where the gender wage gap is largest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Experiencing Gender Regimes: Accounts of Women Professors in Mexico, the UK and Sweden (2023)
Zitatform
Cohen, Laurie, Joanne Duberley & Beatriz Adriana Bustos Torres (2023): Experiencing Gender Regimes: Accounts of Women Professors in Mexico, the UK and Sweden. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 525-544. DOI:10.1177/09500170211041290
Abstract
"This article investigates differences between statistics on gender equality in Mexico, the UK and Sweden, and similarities in women professors’ career experiences in these countries. We use Acker’s inequality regime framework, focusing on gender, to explore our data, and argue that similarities in women professors’ lived experiences are related to an image of the ideal academic. This ideal type is produced in the interplay of the university gender regime and other gender regimes, and reproduced through the process of structuration: signification, domination and legitimation. We suggest that the struggle over legitimation can also be a trigger for change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
An examination of 'instrumental resources' in earmarked parental leave: The case of the work–life balance directive (2023)
Zitatform
De La Porte, Caroline, Zhen Im, Brigitte Pircher, Nuria Ramos Martin & Dorota Szelewa (2023): An examination of 'instrumental resources' in earmarked parental leave: The case of the work–life balance directive. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 525-539. DOI:10.1177/09589287231207557
Abstract
"This article examines factors that could contribute to explaining variation in take-up of leave among fathers in the light of the EU’s Work–Life Balance Directive (WLBD). The WLBD seeks to equalize care responsibilities between fathers and mothers, especially through reserved leave, with high compensation. The article begins with a cross-country overview of take-up of leave among eligible fathers, considering earmarking and the degree of compensation. Our results show variation, which cannot fully be explained by policy design (presence of high compensation with reserved leave for fathers). The article then theorizes that instrumental resources – information and accessible administrative application procedures – could be a missing link to understand the actual shift from de jure to de facto social rights. The article then carries out embedded case studies on these two aspects of instrumental resources, using original qualitative data collected during the implementation of the WLBD. The most striking finding is that countries with similar formal implementation of earmarked paid parental leave, display significant differences in commitment to instrumental resources. Put differently, the WLBD is being implemented differently, not regarding formal social rights, but on instrumental resources. This finding is important because it means that EU-initiated legislation on parental leave, could lead to differences in outcomes, that is, take-up of leave among fathers. The implication of our findings is that decision-makers and policy actors at EU level and in member states, should focus more on instrumental resources in the implementation process. This is particularly important for enhancing the de facto legitimacy of the EU in social policy, given that EU social regulation is increasing via the European Pillar of Social Rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Understanding Patterns and Trends in Income Mobility through Multiverse Analysis (2023)
Zitatform
Engzell, Per & Carina Mood (2023): Understanding Patterns and Trends in Income Mobility through Multiverse Analysis. In: American sociological review, Jg. 88, H. 4, S. 600-626. DOI:10.1177/00031224231180607
Abstract
"Rising inequalities in rich countries have led to concerns that the economic ladder is getting harder to climb. Yet, research on trends in intergenerational income mobility finds conflicting results. To better understand this variation, we adopt a multiverse approach that estimates trends over 82,944 different definitions of income mobility, varying how and for whom income is measured. Our analysis draws on comprehensive register data for Swedish cohorts born 1958 to 1977 and their parents. We find that income mobility has declined, but for reasons neglected by previous research: improved gender equality in the labor market raises intergenerational persistence in women?s earnings and the household incomes of both men and women. Dominant theories that focus on childhood investments have blinded researchers to this development. Methodologically, we show how multiverse analysis can be used with abduction?inference to the best explanation?to improve theory-building in social science." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK (2023)
Zitatform
Ferragina, Emanuele & Edoardo Magalini (2023): Maternal Employment and Childcare Use from an Intersectional Perspective: Stratification along Class, Contractual and Gender Lines in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 871-902. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxad021
Abstract
"Connecting streams of feminist and comparative social policy literature, this article investigates stratification in maternal employment and childcare use along class, contractual, and gender lines across six countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and five family policy models. Detailing the different stratifying factors that intervene in the relation between maternal employment and childcare use offers a concrete analysis of the complex link between social reproduction and work. Employing multivariate regressions and EU-SILC (2007–2018) data, it provides an intersectional perspective to the literature. First, we observe a process of formalization in childcare use with a parallel reduction of nonformal care for couples; this process is slower for single mothers. Second, we document a paradox in relation to the social investment approach: the relation between childcare use and maternal employment is stronger in countries that recently expanded childcare to modify their male-breadwinner orientation, but in these countries childcare use is more stratified along class/contract types, a concern for the outcomes of social investment strategies outside of Scandinavia. Being out of work, being in a lower social class, fulfilling domestic tasks and/or care activities, and having an atypical contract negatively correlates with childcare use in most countries. Third, households where partners have more similar earning levels use childcare to a greater extent. The article also provides models employing different dependent and independent variables, alternative family structures, full and part-time work, formal and nonformal childcare, and rich country details." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Workplace Sex Composition and Appreciation at Work (2023)
Folke, Olle; Rickne, Johanna;Zitatform
Folke, Olle & Johanna Rickne (2023): Workplace Sex Composition and Appreciation at Work. (Working paper / Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI) 2023,05), Stockholm, 24 S.
Abstract
"We study appreciation of one’s work using nationally representative survey data from Sweden linked with employer–employee data. The level of appreciation from colleagues rises sharply with the share of women in the workplace. This strong pattern holds for women and men workers, as well as for subordinates and managers. More appreciation from colleagues is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction and other indicators of worker well-being. These results demonstrate the benefits of workplace gender diversity and inclusion, and suggest new directions for research on gender inequality in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Employer Responses to Family Leave Programs (2023)
Ginja, Rita; Karimi, Arizo; Xiao, Pengpeng;Zitatform
Ginja, Rita, Arizo Karimi & Pengpeng Xiao (2023): Employer Responses to Family Leave Programs. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 107-135. DOI:10.1257/app.20200448
Abstract
"Search frictions make worker turnover costly to firms. A three-month parental leave expansion in Sweden provides exogenous variation that we use to quantify firms' adjustment costs upon worker absence. The reform increased women's leave duration and likelihood of separating from pre-birth employers. Firms with greater exposure to the reform hired additional workers and increased coworkers to make it coworkers' hours, incurring wage costs corresponding to 10 full-time equivalent months in addition to replacing the workers. These adjustment costs varied by firms' availability of internal substitutes. We also analyze a daddy-month reform and find similar employer responses to male workers' leave, albeit smaller in magnitude." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The gendered division of cognitive household labor, mental load, and family–work conflict in European countries (2023)
Zitatform
Haupt, Andreas & Dafna Gelbgiser (2023): The gendered division of cognitive household labor, mental load, and family–work conflict in European countries. In: European Societies online erschienen am 25.10.2023, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2271963
Abstract
"The unequal division of cognitive labor within households, and its potential association with mental load and stress, has gained substantial interest in recent public and scholarly discussions. We aim to deepen this debate theoretically and empirically. First, going beyond the question of whether the division of cognitive labor is gendered, we connect cognitive household labor with existing stress theories and ask whether men and women typically perform cognitive labor tasks that involve different levels of stress. We then discuss whether women perform these stressful tasks more often, making them more prone to higher levels of Family–work conflict. Second, we test the association between the division of cognitive labor and Family–work conflict empirically using large-scale survey data from 10 European countries within the Generations & Gender Programme (GGP). Results based on logistic regressions confirm that a high share of cognitive labor increases women's Family–work conflict, but not men's. We discuss future directions in the conceptualization and measurement of cognitive labor in the household and its implications for mental load. Through its contributions, this paper lays the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of the implications of an unequal division of cognitive labor in the household for gender inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave Reforms in South Korea, 1995–2021: Policy Translation and Institutional Legacies (2023)
Kim, Yeonjin; Lundqvist, Åsa;Zitatform
Kim, Yeonjin & Åsa Lundqvist (2023): Parental Leave Reforms in South Korea, 1995–2021: Policy Translation and Institutional Legacies. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 1113-1136. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxad008
Abstract
"This article aims to explore how policy translation and institutional legacies have shaped South Korean parental leave policies between 1995 and 2021. It draws on a document analysis of central political documents and interviews with a number of key policy actors in South Korea. The findings show that reforms of parental leave policies were implemented according to four major rationales: maternity protection; combating low-fertility rates; (working mothers’) work–family life reconciliation; and, finally, men's involvement in childcare. Swedish parental leave policies, especially the introduction of the quota system (the “daddy month”), served as inspiration. The current design of Korean parental leave differs, however, from that of Sweden, and is analyzed as a result of localized reforms surrounding plummeting fertility rates and institutional legacies, mainly connected to the organization of the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender-targeted transfers by default? - Evidence from a child allowance reform in Sweden (2023)
Zitatform
Lindahl, Erica, Olof Rosenqvist & Hakan Selin (2023): Gender-targeted transfers by default? - Evidence from a child allowance reform in Sweden. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102389
Abstract
"We exploit a sharp birthday discontinuity in a large and universal Swedish cash transfer program, creating plausibly exogenous variation in the default disbursement option, while holding entitlements and other financial incentives constant. When the cash transfer is paid out to the mother by default, instead of a 50/50 default, it has a large effect (55 percentage points) on the probability that the transfer is deposited in the mother's bank account also in the long run. Surprisingly, we find that the default policy redistributes resources to separated low-income mothers. We find no indications that the 100%-to-the-mother default induces mothers to work less or to take more responsibility for the children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Feminization, ageing and occupational change in Europe in the last 25 years (2023)
Mariscal-de-Gante, Álvaro; Fernández-Macías, Enrique ; Grubanov-Boskovic, Sara; Palencia-Esteban, Amaia;Zitatform
Mariscal-de-Gante, Álvaro, Amaia Palencia-Esteban, Sara Grubanov-Boskovic & Enrique Fernández-Macías (2023): Feminization, ageing and occupational change in Europe in the last 25 years. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2023,04), Sevilla, 23 S.
Abstract
"This paper presents new evidence on the interaction between demographic and occupational change in Europe over the last 25 years. We use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey covering six European countries to make the results representative of the different EU institutional families. The analysis is based on a cross-sectional comparison between the population and employment distributions in 1995 and 2019. This strategy allows us to study the changing demographic dynamics, which have brought a more feminised, aged and educated working population, in a context of structural employment change, where higher job polarisation or occupational upgrading are the main patterns. The results indicate that the increasing female participation has been accompanied by job polarisation, driven especially by the expansion of low-paid jobs among women. Although educational upgrading was particularly relevant for females, a multinomial logistic regression shows that occupational returns to education have declined more for women than men. Finally, despite the fact that the share of young (old) workers has decreased (increased), the occupational profile has changed similarly for both groups and the gender-based differences remain regardless of their age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Coworker peer effects on parental leave take-up (2022)
Zitatform
Carlsson, Magnus & Abdulaziz Abrar Reshid (2022): Coworker peer effects on parental leave take-up. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 124, H. 4, S. 930-957. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12485
Abstract
"This paper investigates coworker peer effects in parental leave usage in Sweden. We use an instrumental variable approach labeled peers of peers in which parental leave usage by family peers (siblings and cousins) of coworkers is used as an instrument for coworkers’ parental leave usage. For fathers, we find that a ten-day increase in average parental leave usage among coworkers increases usage by approximately one and a half days; while for mothers, the increase is approximately one day. The results are robust to alternative model specifications. We explore possible mechanisms and discuss policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Why do women ask for less? (2022)
Dreber, Anna; Säve-Söderbergh, Jenny; Heikensten, Emma;Zitatform
Dreber, Anna, Emma Heikensten & Jenny Säve-Söderbergh (2022): Why do women ask for less? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 78. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102204
Abstract
"Women are often less likely to negotiate or ask for less when they do negotiate compared to men. In this study, we send out a survey to a large sample of recent college graduates in Sweden. We ask respondents whether they made an explicit salary request and what the outcome was. We include several questions on beliefs and attitudes towards negotiations. While women are more likely to state a salary request, we find that they on average ask for less than men. This gender gap is reduced when we control for beliefs and attitudes. However, neither perceived social costs nor confidence appear to matter for the gender gap. Instead, while men and women consider themselves relatively similar to an ideal candidate applying for the same job, they differ on average in their beliefs about what constitutes a reasonable request amount for the ideal candidate. This variable is the only statistically significant mediating variable of the gender gap in salary requests, and suggests that information interventions affecting beliefs could potentially reduce the gender gap in negotiations. As our results are correlational they should however be interpreted with caution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Financial risk-taking and the gender wage gap (2022)
Zitatform
Edin, Per-Anders & Håkan Selin (2022): Financial risk-taking and the gender wage gap. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 75. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102144
Abstract
"Could differences in risk attitudes explain parts of the gender wage gap? We present estimates on the association between labor market outcomes and financial risk-taking using individual level administrative data on individual wealth portfolios and wage rates from year 2000, when high-quality wealth data were available in Sweden. The individual's share of risky to total financial assets is significantly and positively associated with the wage rate. However, it turns out that our risk measure explains only a small part of the observed gender difference in wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave within the Workplace: A Re-assessment of Opposite Educational Gradients for Women and Men (2022)
Zitatform
Eriksson, Helen, Sunnee Billingsley & Maria Branden (2022): Parental Leave within the Workplace: A Re-assessment of Opposite Educational Gradients for Women and Men. In: Sociology, Jg. 56, H. 5, S. 1032-1044. DOI:10.1177/00380385221109743
Abstract
"Educational gradients in parental leave length are opposite for women and men: highly educated women return to work faster than those with low education while highly educated men are absent longer than less educated men. Explanations for the opposite gradients are typically made at the individual- or couple-level. To date, no quantitative study has documented whether the opposite educational gradients hold also within workplaces. In this study, we use employer-employee matched Swedish register data with fixed-effects models to examine whether the educational gradient applies also among co-workers in the same workplace. The results show that three-quarters of the educational effect typically attributed to the individual father disappeared when comparing fathers within workplaces. The educational gradient of mothers remained largely unchanged. These findings provide the first population-level evidence for the primacy of the workplace in determining fathers? care choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender identity and relative income within households: Evidence from Sweden (2022)
Hederos, Karin; Stenberg, Anders;Zitatform
Hederos, Karin & Anders Stenberg (2022): Gender identity and relative income within households. Evidence from Sweden. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 124, H. 3, S. 744-772. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12477
Abstract
"Bertrand et al. (2015) show that the U.S. distribution of the wife’s share of household income drops sharply where the wife starts earning more than her husband. They attribute the drop to a gender norm prescribing that a wife's income should not exceed her husband’s income. We document a similar drop in Swedish data. However, we also show that there is a spike where spouses earn exactly the same. Excluding the equal-earning spouses, the drop is small and mostly statistically insignificant. We conclude that, if anything, we find only weak evidence that Swedish couples comply with this gender norm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Public policies supporting families with children across welfare regimes: An empirical assessment of six European countries (2022)
Martina, Pezer;Zitatform
Martina, Pezer (2022): Public policies supporting families with children across welfare regimes: An empirical assessment of six European countries. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 254-269. DOI:10.1177/09589287221080700
Abstract
"Public policies supporting families with children differ among countries but with the same goal of improving the well-being of children. Using a microsimulation model, this article assesses the cash support which families receive for their children in Croatia, Greece, Germany, the Slovak Republic, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The impact of policies across the income distribution on different family sizes, child-rearing cost compensation and child poverty is estimated. A method for the calculation of child-contingent payments for each child by order of birth in the family is proposed as a complementary indicator of policy design. The results confirm that a combination of universal and targeted support (either from family or social assistance benefits) is the most effective in poverty reduction and cost compensation. While high support for larger families greatly reduces poverty, generous universal or even lower support for large families has proved to be at least equally effective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship (2022)
Zitatform
Oggero, Noemi, Francesco Devicienti, Mariacristina Rossi & Davide Vannoni (2022): You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship. (Carlo Alberto notebooks 675), Turin, 33 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we investigate how the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship varies between sons and daughters, and whether such a process depends on living in a country characterized by a high gender gap. Using the SHARE dataset, we find that the effect on daughters’ entrepreneurial choices of having an entrepreneur as father is lower than the one on sons only in countries with a high gender gap. Moreover, it is just in countries with high gender inequality that the effect of having an entrepreneurial mother is different between sons and daughters, with the impact being positive for daughters only. We also develop an individual-level indicator of gender gap within countries that corroborates our findings, which we interpret as evidence of the presence of a role modeling mechanism. However, we find evidence of convergence across time of the intergenerational transmission process to the gender-independent transfer typical of more gender equal countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Does occupational gender composition affect women's chances of becoming managers? Evidence from France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK (2022)
Zitatform
Paola, Vanessa di, Arnaud Dupray & Stéphanie Moullet (2022): Does occupational gender composition affect women's chances of becoming managers? Evidence from France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 5/6, S. 473-490. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-12-2021-0315
Abstract
"The authors aim to explore the link between the gender composition of occupations and women's access to managerial positions in four societal contexts. Using EU-LFS data for 2015, the authors measure the relative gender equality performance of France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK regarding women's access to managerial positions, defined as levels 1 and 2 of the 2008 ISCO classification coupled with the exercise of managerial responsibilities. While gender-mixed working environments offer the largest number of managerial positions, they are also where women are least likely to reach such a position. Overall, except in Switzerland, women fare best in male-dominated occupations. Women do not appear to fare worse than men in female-dominated occupations, except in France. The findings question the relevance of policies aimed simply at reducing occupational gender segregation without providing safeguards against the deleterious effects that gender mixing may have on women's career advancement. The disparities between countries found here show that individual career advancement towards a managerial position may be driven by the social policies, gender ideology and institutions of the societal context. Examining how the societal dimensions involved in the poor performance of women in France and Switzerland are likely to differ sheds light on mechanisms behind the gender gap in management." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Reducing the gender gap in parental leave through economic incentives?: Evidence from the gender equality bonus in Sweden (2022)
Rosenqvist, Olof;Zitatform
Rosenqvist, Olof (2022): Reducing the gender gap in parental leave through economic incentives? Evidence from the gender equality bonus in Sweden. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2022,22), Uppsala, 39 S.
Abstract
"Using administrative data from Sweden, I study an internationally unique parental leave policy that rewarded parents with a financial bonus as a function of their division of paid parental leave. Results from a birthdate based regression discontinuity design show that the policy significantly reduced the absolute difference in days of paid leave between the parents. Since parents started earning bonus only after the exhaustion of the 60 reserved days for each parent, the response to the bonus was completely driven by the roughly 55 % of the couples who exhausted all reserved days. Within this group, the effect of the policy was particularly strong in the small group of parents where the father had the highest uptake, causing the effect on the mother-father difference in uptake to be insignificant. Labor market earnings and temporary parental leave (i.e., caring for the child when he/she is too sick to be in school/daycare center), which has been argued to be a good proxy for a parent’s general childcare involvement beyond the first years after childbirth, were not significantly affected by the bonus. However, mothers who lowered (increased) their uptake of parental leave in response to the bonus policy displayed negative (positive) point estimates for temporary parental leave and positive (negative) point estimates for labor earnings. While a corresponding pattern for fathers could not be observed, for mothers, the results suggest a potentially important link between the length of the early parental leave and later allocation of time between home and market production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Role of Firms in the Gender Wage Gap in Germany: Gender Equality at Work (2022)
Zitatform
OECD (2022): The Role of Firms in the Gender Wage Gap in Germany. Gender Equality at Work. (Gender Equality at Work), Paris, 78 S. DOI:10.1787/6cda329d-en
Abstract
"This review contributes to a better understanding of the gender wage gap in Germany and puts forward key elements of a policy package to reduce gender pay gaps. It provides a detailed analysis of the role of firms in the gender wage gap by focusing on the pay gap between similarly skilled men and women between and within firms. The within‑firm component captures differences in pay between men and women within firms related to differences in tasks and responsibilities, or differences in pay for work of equal value (e.g. bargaining, discrimination). The between‑firm component captures the role of differences in pay between firms (unrelated to workforce composition) due to the tendency of women to work in low‑wage firms. The review analyses gender differences in job mobility and the earnings consequences of career breaks following childbirth to shed light on the evolution of the gender wage gap across the working life. To put results for Germany in context, they are systematically benchmarked to those of four nearby countries (i.e. Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Sweden). The policy discussion extends the empirical analysis by putting forward a comprehensive policy package with an emphasis on policies targeted at firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
How individual gender role beliefs, organizational gender norms, and national gender norms predict parents' work-Family guilt in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Aarntzen, Lianne, Tanja van der Lippe, Elianne van Steenbergen & Belle Derks (2021): How individual gender role beliefs, organizational gender norms, and national gender norms predict parents' work-Family guilt in Europe. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 120-142. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2020.1816901
Abstract
"The guilt that mothers feel about the time and energy that they invest in work instead of their family is often proposed to be an important reason for why mothers ‘opt-out’ the career track. We sought to understand if mothers indeed experience more work-family guilt than fathers and how this relates to both their own gender role beliefs and organizational gender norms across nine European countries. Analyses draw on the European Social Workforce Survey, with data from 2619 working parents nested in 110 organizations in 9 European countries. Results showed that when fathers and mothers work more than a full-time week (a) fathers with traditional gender role beliefs felt less guilty, and (b) especially mothers working in an organization with low support for the parent role of working fathers felt guilty. Explorative analyses showed no effect of national gender norms on gender differences in guilt. Our results are beneficial for organizations and policy makers by showing that guilt in working mothers can be reduced by developing egalitarian organizational norms, in which there is support for the parent role of mothers and fathers, potentially helping mothers to focus on their careers alongside their families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender discrimination in hiring: An experimental reexamination of the Swedish case (2021)
Zitatform
Ahmed, Ali, Mark Granberg & Shantanu Khanna (2021): Gender discrimination in hiring: An experimental reexamination of the Swedish case. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 1. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0245513
Abstract
"We estimated the degree of gender discrimination in Sweden across occupations using a correspondence study design. Our analysis of employer responses to more than 3,200 fictitious job applications across 15 occupations revealed that overall positive employer response rates were higher for women than men by almost 5 percentage points. We found that this gap was driven by employer responses in female-dominated occupations. Male applicants were about half as likely as female applicants to receive a positive employer response in female-dominated occupations. For male-dominated and mixed occupations we found no significant differences in positive employer responses between male and female applicants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Intergenerational Mobility Trends and the Changing Role of Female Labor (2021)
Ahrsjö, Ulrika; Rasmussen, Joachim Kahr; Karadakic, René;Zitatform
Ahrsjö, Ulrika, René Karadakic & Joachim Kahr Rasmussen (2021): Intergenerational Mobility Trends and the Changing Role of Female Labor. (CEBI working paper series 2021,19), Copenhagen, 54 S.
Abstract
"We present new evidence on the existence and drivers of trends in intergenerational income mobility using administrative income data from Scandinavia along with survey data from the United States. Harmonizing the data from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, we first find that intergenerational rank associations in income have increased uniformly across Scandinavia for cohorts of children born between 1951 and 1979. These trends are robust to a large set of empirical specifications that are common in the associated literature. However, splitting the trends by gender, we find that father-son mobility has been stable in all three countries, while correlations involving females display substantial trends. Similar patterns are confirmed in the US data, albeit with slightly different timing. Utilizing information about individual occupation, education and income in the Scandinavian data, we find that intergenerational mobility in latent economic status has remained relatively constant for all gender combinations. This suggests that a gradual reduction in gender-specific labor market segregation, increased female labor force participation and increased female access to higher education has strengthened the signal value that maternal income carries about productivity passed on to children. Based on these results, we argue that the observed decline in intergenerational mobility in Scandinavia is consistent with a socially desirable development where female skills are increasingly valued at the labor market, and that the same is likely to be true also in the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Robots and the Gender Pay Gap in Europe (2021)
Zitatform
Aksoy, Cevat Giray, Berkay Özcan & Julia Philipp (2021): Robots and the Gender Pay Gap in Europe. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 134. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103693
Abstract
"Could robotization make the gender pay gap worse? We provide the first large-scale evidence on the impact of industrial robots on the gender pay gap using data from 20 European countries. We show that robot adoption increases both male and female earnings but also increases the gender pay gap. Using an instrumental variable strategy, we find that a ten percent increase in robotization leads to a 1.8 percent increase in the gender pay gap. These results are driven by countries with high initial levels of gender inequality and can be explained by the fact that men at medium- and high-skill occupations disproportionately benefit from robotization, through a productivity effect. We rule out the possibility that our results are driven by mechanical changes in the gender composition of the workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 13482 -
Literaturhinweis
Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (2021)
Zitatform
Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2021): Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1969), Berlin, 61 S.
Abstract
"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual’s earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for breadwinners and secondary earners separately, according to their potential earnings rather than gender. Our results show an average participation elasticity of 0.0-0.1 among breadwinners and 0.1-0.4 among secondary earners in the EU as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth: Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate (2021)
Bhalotra, Sonia; Palme, Marten; Clarke, Damian; Mühlrad, Hanna;Zitatform
Bhalotra, Sonia, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad & Marten Palme (2021): Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth. Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate. (Warwick economic research paper 1391), Coventry, 92 S.
Abstract
"IVF allows women to delay birth and pursue careers, but IVF massively increases the risk of twin birth. There is limited evidence of how having twins influences women's post-birth careers. We investigate this, leveraging a single embryo transfer (SET) mandate implemented in Sweden in 2003, following which the share of twin births showed a precipitous drop of 70%. Linking birth registers to hospitalization and earnings registers, we identify substantial improvements in maternal and child health and women's earnings following IVF birth, alongside an increase in subsequent fertility. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of SET, relevant given the secular rise in IVF births and growing concerns over twin birth risk. We contribute new estimates of the child penalty imposed by twin as opposed to singleton birth, relevant to the secular rise in the global twin birth rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Historical Gender Gap Index: A Longitudinal and Spatial Assessment of Sweden, 1870-1990 (2021)
Karlsson, Tobias; Perrin, Faustine; Kok, Joris;Zitatform
Karlsson, Tobias, Joris Kok & Faustine Perrin (2021): The Historical Gender Gap Index: A Longitudinal and Spatial Assessment of Sweden, 1870-1990. (Lund papers in economic history 217), Lund, 51 S.
Abstract
"Our knowledge of the long-run evolution of gender equality is limited. We currently lack quantitative indicators capable of capturing the variations on and changes in the individual dimensions of gender equality. This paper seeks to assess the long-run evolution of gender roles and relations in Sweden. To this end, we build a database with quantitative indicators of gender equality. These indicators allow us to construct a Historical Gender Gap Index (HGGI), which isused to describe and analyze the evolution of gender equality in Sweden during a phase characterized by industrialization, urbanization and demographic transition. We find that after a period of stagnation, Sweden from the 1940s onwards made significant progress in closing the gender gap to reach the high level of gender equality that it is now famous for. All counties have made substantial improvements in closing the gap over time, although some counties have been quicker than others. Our investigation reveals the existence of a convergence pattern between counties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers (2021)
Zitatform
Naldi, Lucia, Massimo Baù, Helene Ahl & Magdalena Markowska (2021): Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers. In: Small business economics, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 903-918. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00275-1
Abstract
"Using data on all businesses started by mothers of young children in Sweden between 2000 and 2014, we explore which factors are associated with entrepreneurship among mothers. We find that being unemployed or being an immigrant is positively associated with business start-up by mothers; however, our findings show that what matters more is the paternity leave taken by the mothers' partners. These findings suggest that in institutional contexts such as Sweden, gender inequality is not a persistent feature of most households and that women can make career choices by negotiating with their partners who will make use of the parental benefits offered by the government." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Trends in Women's Relative Earnings Within Couples Across the Transition to Parenthood in Sweden, 1987–2007 (2021)
Zitatform
Nylin, Anna-Karin, Kelly Musick, Sunnee Billingsley, Ann-Zofie Duvander & Marie Evertsson (2021): Trends in Women's Relative Earnings Within Couples Across the Transition to Parenthood in Sweden, 1987–2007. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 349-364. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa056
Abstract
"This article applies a couple perspective to assessing gender inequality in Sweden—a setting with high maternal labour force participation, a long history of family policy investment, and strong norms of gender equality. We address open questions about how couples' earnings following parenthood have changed over time, and how patterns of inequality in couples' earnings have played out across educational groups. Our study uses fixed effects methods and register data covering the total population of heterosexual couples giving birth in Sweden between 1987 and 2007 (N = 587,414 couples). It examines change in the female partner's share of total couple earnings from 2 years before to 8 years after first birth across parent cohorts differentiated by his and her education. Women's earnings share declines steeply following birth, across all groups. Results show modestly smaller declines among parents in the latest cohort in the year directly following childbirth. Change is most pronounced among couples with a highly educated female partner, and it appears driven by a marked dip in fathers' earnings that is new to this recent generation of men. Recent movement towards within-couple equality in Sweden appears driven by men's work adjustments, pointing to an important shift in the allocation of care work within couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Employment Trade-Offs under Different Family Policy Constellations (2021)
Olsen, Karen M.;Zitatform
Olsen, Karen M. (2021): Employment Trade-Offs under Different Family Policy Constellations. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 37-56. DOI:10.1177/0950017019892827
Abstract
"This article examines how employees consolidate the spheres of work and family in three countries with different family policy constellations: Sweden, Germany and Great Britain. The analyses are based on data from the International Social Survey Programme, 2015. Building on family policy typologies, the study demonstrates how gender and family and employment demands interact with the institutional setting regarding how people make employment trade-offs. The results show that (1) employees in Sweden make the fewest employment trade-offs, (2) family demands exert a gendered effect on employment trade-offs in Germany and (3) employment demands have both similar and distinct gender effects across countries. The article contributes to the literature by showing how individual characteristics interact with family policy constellations. The findings provide little support for a welfare-state paradox regarding family demands but some support with regard to employment demands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Navigating Institutions for Integration: Perceived Institutional Barriers of Access to the Labour Market among Refugee Women in Sweden (2021)
Zitatform
Spehar, Andrea (2021): Navigating Institutions for Integration: Perceived Institutional Barriers of Access to the Labour Market among Refugee Women in Sweden. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 3907-3925. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feaa140
Abstract
"Sweden may in many respects be regarded as one of the most gender-equal countries in the world today. However, when looking at the situation of immigrant women a more unsettling picture emerges. Employment rates illustrate large gaps between native and immigrant women, as well as significant gender gaps between immigrant men and women. When investigating plausible explanations for underrepresentation of immigrant women in the labour market, scholars have mainly focussed on cultural and individual explanatory factors. In contrast, this article casts our analytical gaze towards institutional factors by examining the experiences of refugee women who, despite expressing a positive attitude and strong willingness to establish themselves on the Swedish labour market, had not succeeded in finding secure employment. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with refugee women, the results suggest that the insufficient institutional support during the first years in Sweden, devaluation of competence and challenges with ‘starting over’ are perceived as central barriers hindering their access to the Swedish labour market. To facilitate higher labour force participation among refugee women in Sweden it is crucial to develop and implement gender-sensitive measures that target different groups of immigrant women and meet their distinct experiences, needs, and interests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Peer effects and parental leave of fathers (2021)
Tallås Ahlzén, Malin;Zitatform
Tallås Ahlzén, Malin (2021): Peer effects and parental leave of fathers. (Swedish Institute for Social Research. Working paper 2021,1), Stockholm, 27 S.
Abstract
"This paper explores peer effects in parental leave uptake between male coworkers in Sweden. More specifically, I use the first parental leave quota, introduced in 1995, to estimate the peer effects in a fuzzy Regression discontinuity design. The results are allowed to differ with plant characteristics related to monetary and normative costs facing the employee, as well as monetary costs facing the employer. Further, the quality of response of both peers and fathers is evaluated. The empirical analysis indicates that there is no peer effect in Sweden on average and the heterogeneity analysis of costs reveal no robust differences. While the first stage is strong throughout, there is no robust reduced form. This implies that peers (and fathers) responded to the reform, but there was no additional effect on fathers from their peers. I suggest two features of the Swedish setting which in combination are especially unfavorable for peer effects. Firstly, the extensive margin among Swedish fathers was relatively high before the reform. Secondly, the Swedish system allows for continuous applications of parental leave and a flexible outtake. I provide suggestive evidence of a tradeoff between the scope for peer effects and the quality of the information transmitted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Financial risk-taking and the gender wage gap (2020)
Zitatform
Edin, Per-Anders & Håkan Selin (2020): Financial risk-taking and the gender wage gap. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2020,16), Uppsala, 52 S.
Abstract
"Could differences in risk attitudes explain parts of the gender wage gap? We present estimates on the association between labor market outcomes and financial risk-taking using individual level administrative data on individual wealth portfolios and wage rates. The individual’s share of risky to total financial assets i s significantly and positively associated with the wage rate. However, it turns out that our risk measure explains only a small part of the observed gender difference in wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender Differences in Professional Career Dynamics: New Evidence from a Global Law Firm (2020)
Ganguli, Ina; Hausmann, Ricardo; Viarengo, Martina;Zitatform
Ganguli, Ina, Ricardo Hausmann & Martina Viarengo (2020): Gender Differences in Professional Career Dynamics: New Evidence from a Global Law Firm. (IZA discussion paper 13174), Bonn, 44 S.
Abstract
"We examine gender gaps in career dynamics in the legal sector using rich panel data from one of the largest global law firms in the world. The law firm studied is representative of multinational law firms and operates in 23 countries. The sample includes countries at different stages of development. We document the cross-country variation in gender gaps and how these gaps have changed over time. We show that while there is gender parity at the entry level in most countries by the end of the period examined, there are persistent raw gender gaps at the top of the organization across all countries. We observe significant heterogeneity among countries in terms of gender gaps in promotions and wages, but the gaps that exist appear to be declining over the period studied. We also observe that women are more likely to report exiting the firm for family and work-life balance reasons, while men report leaving for career advancement. Finally, we show that various measures of national institutions and culture appear to play a role in the differential labor-market outcomes of men and women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: Economica , 88 (2021), 349, 105-128 -
Literaturhinweis
Parental leave benefits, household labor supply and children's long-run outcomes (2020)
Ginja, Rita; Jans, Jenny; Karimi, Arizo;Zitatform
Ginja, Rita, Jenny Jans & Arizo Karimi (2020): Parental leave benefits, household labor supply and children's long-run outcomes. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 261-320. DOI:10.1086/704615
Abstract
"We study how parental leave benefit levels affect household labor supply, family income, and child outcomes, exploiting the Speed Premium (SP) in the Swedish leave system. The SP grants mothers higher benefits for a subsequent child without re-establishing eligibility through market work, if two births occur within a pre-specified interval. We use the spacing eligibility cutoffs in a Regression Discontinuity framework and find that the SP improves educational outcomes of the older child, but not of the younger. Impacts are likely driven by increased maternal time and the quality of maternal time relative to the counterfactual mode of care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
How rankings disguise gender inequality: a comparative analysis of cross-country gender equality rankings based on adjusted wage gaps (2020)
Zitatform
Goraus, Karolina, Joanna Tyrowicz & Lucas van der Velde (2020): How rankings disguise gender inequality: a comparative analysis of cross-country gender equality rankings based on adjusted wage gaps. (GRAPE working paper 46), Warszawa, 23 S.
Abstract
"In the case of gender wage gaps, adjusting adequately for individual characteristics requires prior assessment of several important deficiencies, primarily whether a given labor market is characterized by gendered selection into employment, gendered segmentation and whether these mechanisms differ along the distribution of wages. Whether a country is perceived as more equal than others depends on the interaction between the method of adjusting gender wage gap for individual characteristics and the prevalence of these deficiencies. We make the case that this interaction is empirically relevant by comparing the country rankings for the adjusted gender wage gap among 23 EU countries. In this relatively homogeneous group of countries, the interaction between method and underlying deficiencies leads to substantial variation in the extent of unjustified inequality. A country may change its place in the ranking by as much as ten positions - both towards greater equality and towards greater inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Pathways to gender equality: A configurational analysis of childcare instruments and outcomes in 21 European countries (2020)
Zitatform
Lauri, Triin, Kaire Põder & Rossella Ciccia (2020): Pathways to gender equality. A configurational analysis of childcare instruments and outcomes in 21 European countries. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 646-665. DOI:10.1111/spol.12562
Abstract
"The ability to produce desired outcomes represents an important basis of the legitimacy of social policies. Nonetheless, policy outcomes have not systematically figured in the analysis of childcare regimes despite growing political interest in issues such as female employment, gender wage gap, and men's involvement in childcare. In this article, we use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to investigate the relationship between the configuration of policy instruments, attitudes toward childcare and outcomes in 21 European countries. Our results show that there is only one mix of policy instruments consistently linked with positive gen- der equality outcomes and this route has the quality of the universal caregiver model. It also demonstrates that both a combination of policy instruments and favorable attitudinal factors are necessary to produce desirable outcomes in the gender division of paid work and unpaid childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010 (2020)
Zitatform
Ma, Li, Gunnar Andersson, Ann-Zofie Duvander & Marie Evertsson (2020): Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 49, H. 2, S. 361-381. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000230
Abstract
"Sweden is often considered a forerunner in family change and developments towards less gendered family production patterns. In this study, we focus on recent developments towards more gender-equal sharing of parental leave in Sweden. We explore how fathers’ use of parental leave has changed over time before and since the turn of the century. As the parental leave benefit is individual and earnings-based, we examine how fathers’ individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with their parental leave uptake over time, to determine whether there are forerunners and laggards in recent family change. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to data from national registers. Our study demonstrates a bifurcation in trends in recent decades. This is associated with the extension of reforms that reserve part of the leave for fathers, the so-called “daddy months”, but stretches beyond the impact of any such reforms. Taking a long leave of over two months was pioneered by better-educated residents of metropolitan areas and surrounding suburbs, as well as Swedish-born fathers. Young fathers, low-income earners and foreign-born fathers lagged behind in these developments. We regard the unstable labour market situation of the latter as a contributing factor in widening social inequalities in family-related behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
A Survey of Gender Gaps through the Lens of the Industry Structure and Local Labor Markets (2020)
Petrongolo, Barbara; Ronchi, Maddalena;Zitatform
Petrongolo, Barbara & Maddalena Ronchi (2020): A Survey of Gender Gaps through the Lens of the Industry Structure and Local Labor Markets. (CEP discussion paper 1688), London, 39 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we discuss some strands of the recent literature on the evolution of gender gaps and their driving forces. We will revisit key stylized facts about gender gaps in employment and wages in a few high-income countries. We then discuss and build on one gender-neutral force behind the rise in female employment, namely the rise of the service economy. This is also related to the polarization of female employment and to the geographic distribution of jobs, which is expected to be especially relevant for female employment prospects. We finally turn to currently debated causes of remaining gender gaps and discuss existing evidence on labor market consequences of women's heavier caring responsibilities in the household. In particular, we highlight how women's stronger distaste for commuting time may feed into gender pay gaps by making women more willing to trade off steeper wage gains for shorter commutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Part-time employment as a way to increase women's employment: (Where) does it work? (2019)
Zitatform
Barbieri, Paolo, Giorgio Cutuli, Raffaele Guetto & Stefani Scherer (2019): Part-time employment as a way to increase women's employment: (Where) does it work? In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 249-268. DOI:10.1177/0020715219849463
Abstract
"Part-time employment has repeatedly been proposed as a solution for integrating women into the labor market; however, empirical evidence supporting a causal link is mixed. In this text, we investigate the extent to which increasing part-time employment is a valid means of augmenting women's labor market participation. We pay particular attention to the institutional context and the related characteristics of part-time employment in European countries to test the conditions under which this solution is a viable option. The results reveal that part-time employment may strengthen female employment in Continental Europe and especially in Southern Europe, where an increase in part-time employment - even if it is demand-side driven - leads to greater employment participation among women. We also discuss some policy implications and trade-offs: Although part-time work can lead to higher numbers of employed women, it does so at the cost of increasing gendered labor market segregation. We analyze data from the European Labor Force Survey (EU-LFS) 1992 - 2011 for 19 countries and 188 regions and exploit regional variation over time while controlling for time-constant regional characteristics, time-varying regional labor market features, and (time-varying) confounding factors at the national level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Family dissolution and labour supply decisions over the life cycle (2019)
Cavapozzi, Danilo; Fiore, Simona; Pasini, Giacomo;Zitatform
Cavapozzi, Danilo, Simona Fiore & Giacomo Pasini (2019): Family dissolution and labour supply decisions over the life cycle. In: A. Börsch-Supan, J. Bristle, K. Andersen-Ranberg, A. Brugiavini, F. Jusot, H. Litwin & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2019): Health and socio-economic status over the life course : First results from SHARE Waves 6 and 7, S. 149-155. DOI:10.1515/9783110617245-015
Abstract
"Our study findings suggest strong gender differences in the effect of household dissolution on employment probability. Whereas household dissolution has a negligible effect on men's employment behaviour, the employment probability of women increases by 4.4 per cent during the year of a household split and by 8.6 per cent during the year of divorce. The effect is driven by women with children. Although both household split and divorce shape women labour supply also after their occurrence, we found an anticipated effect on employment choices only for divorce. This pattern might be driven by the choice of women to undertake job search activities only after they stop living as a couple with their former partners. Finally, we consistently find lower magnitudes when looking at household splits compared with divorce, for both men and women.
The policy implication of these findings is that once within-family income support disappears because a family dissolves, those more at risk - women out of the labour force with dependent children - should be given assistance to manage their work and family responsibilities. Access to childcare services and flexible work arrangements may help smooth the consequences of family dissolution." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Patterns of labour market participation and their impact on the well-being of older women (2019)
Zitatform
Chłoń-Domińczak, Agnieszka, Iga Magda & Pawel A. Strzelecki (2019): Patterns of labour market participation and their impact on the well-being of older women. In: A. Börsch-Supan, J. Bristle, K. Andersen-Ranberg, A. Brugiavini, F. Jusot, H. Litwin & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2019): Health and socio-economic status over the life course : First results from SHARE Waves 6 and 7, S. 129-139. DOI:10.1515/9783110617245-013
Abstract
"We focus on identifying the patterns of the full and interrupted careers of women in 13 European countries that participated in the third and subsequent waves of SHARE, in particular the retrospective SHARELIFE survey. Using the survey results, we distinguish women who have had full or interrupted labour market careers. We also analyse differences in the patterns of women's interrupted careers among countries. We then assess whether a link exists between the pattern of labour market career and the current socio-economic situation of older women, including their health, income and life satisfaction levels. Thus, we contribute to studies on various dimensions of life at later stages." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Parental leave policies and continued childbearing in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (2019)
Duvander, Ann-Zofie ; Neyer, Gerda; Viklund, Ida; Garðarsdóttir, Ólöf; Lappegård, Trude; Andersen, Synøve N.;Zitatform
Duvander, Ann-Zofie, Trude Lappegård, Synøve N. Andersen, Ólöf Garðarsdóttir, Gerda Neyer & Ida Viklund (2019): Parental leave policies and continued childbearing in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 40, S. 1501-1528. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.51
Abstract
"Background: Demographic theories maintain that family policies that support gender equality may lead to higher fertility levels in postindustrial societies. This phenomenon is often exemplified by the situation in the Nordic countries. These countries have parental leave policies that promote a gender-equal work-care balance for both parents, and these countries have comparatively high fertility levels. However, very little is known about the association between these policies and childbearing at the individual level.
Objective: We explore how fathers' parental leave use is related to subsequent childbearing in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, and we examine whether differences exist in childbearing outcomes among fathers who use no leave, those who use only the leave allocated to them by the policy, and those who use more than that amount of leave.
Methods: The study is based on 15 years of administrative register data on parental leave use in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Event history analysis is used to follow parental couples from the end of the parental leave use for their first or second child until a new birth takes place.
Results: There is a positive association between fathers' leave use and second births in all three countries, while there is a negative association between fathers' parental leave use and third births in Norway and Sweden. Taking more than the 'father's quota' does not consistently increase the second-birth intensities.
Conclusions: The two-child norm is closely connected to the norm of fathers being engaged in child rearing, while only a select group of fathers continue with a third child.
Contribution: The study shows that the association between gender equality and fertility differs between countries and by the parity of the child. It also shows the need to differentiate between policy-induced gender-equal behavior and gender-egalitarian parenting." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Are female managers agents of change or cogs in the machine?: An assessment with three-level manager-employee linked data (2019)
Hek, Margriet van; Lippe, Tanja van der;Zitatform
Hek, Margriet van & Tanja van der Lippe (2019): Are female managers agents of change or cogs in the machine? An assessment with three-level manager-employee linked data. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 316-331. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz008
Abstract
"In this study, we investigate whether female managers contribute to greater gender equality in organizations. Specifically, we examine whether women's and men's earnings are affected by the share of female managers in their organization, and by being supervised by a female manager. We formulate opposing hypotheses arguing that women are either change agents who reduce gender inequality in earnings in their organization, or cogs in the machine who do not influence or even enlarge gender inequality in earnings. We employ unique manager-employee linked data from nine countries to test these hypotheses. Results are in line with the weak version of the women as cogs in the machine hypothesis: women's and men's earnings are not affected by the share of female managers in their organization, nor by being supervised by a female manager. Gender equality in earnings is thus not stimulated by female managerial representation. Between-country variations in results are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Child penalties across countries: evidence and explanations (2019)
Kleven, Henrik; Zweimüller, Josef; Landais, Camille; Steinhauer, Andreas; Posch, Johanna;Zitatform
Kleven, Henrik, Camille Landais, Johanna Posch, Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimüller (2019): Child penalties across countries. Evidence and explanations. (CEPR discussion paper 13474), London, 19 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence on child penalties in female and male earnings in different countries. The estimates are based on event studies around the birth of the first child, using the specification proposed by Kleven et al. (2018). The analysis reveals some striking similarities in the qualitative effects of children across countries, but also sharp differences in the magnitude of the effects. We discuss the potential role of family policies (parental leave and child care provision) and gender norms in explaining the observed differences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Cultural value orientations and work-family conflict: The mediating role of work and family demands (2019)
Masuda, Aline D.; Sortheix, Florencia; Beham, Barbara; Naidoo, Loren J.;Zitatform
Masuda, Aline D., Florencia Sortheix, Barbara Beham & Loren J. Naidoo (2019): Cultural value orientations and work-family conflict. The mediating role of work and family demands. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 112, H. June, S. 294-310. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.04.001
Abstract
"The current paper examined the associations between Schwartz's (2006) cultural value orientations and individuals' work-family conflict. Results of multilevel analyses across 19 European countries (N?=?16,145) showed that the cultural value orientation of embeddedness vs. autonomy, hierarchy vs. egalitarianism, and mastery vs. harmony were related to individuals' higher levels of family-to-work conflict (FWC). Embeddedness vs. autonomy was positively related with work-to-family conflict (WFC). These results hold after controlling for both individual-level predictors of WFC and the GLOBE cultural values of in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, performance orientation, and power distance. Whereas gender egalitarianism was negatively related to WFC, in-group collectivism was not related to any form of work-family conflict. Also, performance orientation (PO) related to lower FWC and WFC. Further, our analysis yielded significant indirect effects of embeddedness vs. autonomy and hierarchy vs. egalitarianism on FWC via family demands (household size) and on WFC via working demands (total working hours). Implications for theory and practice are discussed." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug