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Cascio, Elizabeth U., Steven J. Haider & Helena Skyt Nielsen (2015): The effectiveness of policies that promote labor force participation of women with children. A collection of national studies. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 64-71. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.08.002

Abstract

"Numerous countries have enacted policies to promote the labor force participation of women around the years of childbearing, and unsurprisingly, many research articles have been devoted to evaluating their effectiveness. Perhaps more surprisingly, however, six such articles were submitted independently over several months to Labour Economics and subsequently made it through the normal review process. These articles are collected in the Special Section that follows. This article provides additional background to facilitate the understanding of the policies that are evaluated in the Special Section articles and, more importantly, a discussion of what can be learned from the articles as a collection. Taken together, the articles are quite informative in demonstrating how the effectiveness of policies can vary across different national contexts and how this variation itself can be usefully examined with the standard theoretical framework." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chakraborty, Indraneel, Hans A. Holter & Serhiy Stepanchuk (2015): Marriage stability, taxation and aggregate labor supply in the U.S. vs. Europe. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 72, H. May, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2015.01.001

Abstract

"Americans work more than Europeans. Using micro-data from the United States and 17 European countries, we document that women are typically the largest contributors to the cross-country differences in work hours. We also show that there is a negative relation between taxes and annual hours worked, driven by men, and a positive relation between divorce rates and annual hours worked, driven by women. In a calibrated life-cycle model with heterogeneous agents, marriage and divorce, we find that the divorce and tax mechanisms together can explain 45% of the variation in labor supply between the United States and the European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash & Nadia Steiber (2015): Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 39, H. March, S. 59-75. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001

Abstract

"This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992 - 2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Drahs, Sascha, Ulrich Schneider & Philipp Schrauth (2015): Geplante und tatsächliche Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern. (DIW-Roundup 64), Berlin, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in Deutschland befindet sich seit mehreren Jahrzehnten in einer stetigen Aufwärtsbewegung. Trotzdem gibt es immer noch große Unterschiede zwischen den Erwerbsverläufen von Frauen und Männern. Mit der Geburt eines Kindes beginnt für viele Frauen eine längere Erwerbsunterbrechung, oftmals gefolgt von einem Übergang in eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Dieser Beitrag stellt einige Zahlen und Fakten bezüglich der Erwerbsunterbrechung von Müttern zusammen. Auf der Basis der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) kommen wir zu dem Schluss, dass Mütter zu Beginn der Auszeit deren Dauer häufig unterschätzen. Auch die zukünftigen Arbeitszeiten entwickeln sich oft anders als ursprünglich geplant." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ehlert, Martin (2015): Couples' strategies after job loss in West Germany and the United States. The Added Worker Effect and linked life courses. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 135, H. 1, S. 55-66. DOI:10.3790/schm.135.1.55

Abstract

"In couple households, income losses due to men's displacements may be offset by an increase in women's earnings, the so called 'Added Worker Effect' (AWE). I argue that previous research largely neglected the variation of the AWE due to intra-household characteristics. Following the idea of 'linked life courses', intra-household processes have an influence on the AWE and that this influence is structured by gender norms. I test the implications of this perspective using panel data from West Germany (GSOEP) and the United States (PSID). Results support my expectation that male breadwinner couples have lower AWE than modern and semi-modernized couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fischer, Justina A. V. & Francesco Pastore (2015): Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis. Religion and female employment over time. (IZA discussion paper 9244), Bonn, 9 S.

Abstract

"This study analyses whether the role of religion for employment of married women in Europe has changed over time and along women's life cycles. Using information on 44'000 married European women from the World Values Survey 1981-2013, we find that in OECD-Europe there is little difference among women of any age since 1997. For non-OECD-Europe, we find differences by religion among young women, but not among those older than 40 years, which we attribute to an upbringing under communist regimes. Only Muslim women show a lower employment probability that persists across time, regions, and life cycles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fortin, Nicole M. (2015): Gender role attitudes and women's labor market participation: opting-out, AIDS, and the persistent appeal of housewifery. In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 379-401. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.379

Abstract

"After a century of remarkable growth, U.S. female labor force participation (FLP) has leveled-off in the late 1990s, despite continuous improvement in fundamental economic variables, such as educational attainment. Using data from the 1977-2006 General Social Surveys (GSS), this paper studies the impact of changing gender role attitudes on the evolution of FLP. The analysis uses a double prong instrumental variable strategy in the context of a variant of two-sample two-stage least squares (TS2LS). First, it appeals to extraneous attitudes found in the GSS, and second to an exogenous shock to attitudes, namely the AIDS scare, which may have acted as a counter-current to the 'Pill Revolution', using repeated cross-sectional data from the 1988-2006 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). Gender role attitudes, whose progression stalled in the mid-1990s when the AIDS crisis peaked, are found to explain at least a third of the recent leveling-off in FLP that is, as much as all the usual variables combined." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Furtado, Delia (2015): Can immigrants help women "have it all"? Immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 4, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40176-015-0043-x

Abstract

"This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the tradeoffs women face when making joint fertility and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high-skilled US-born women in cities that have experienced larger immigrant inflows. Most interestingly, these changes have been accompanied by decreases in the strength of the negative correlation between childbearing and labor force participation, an often-used measure of the difficulty with which women combine motherhood and labor market work. Using a structured statistical model, I show that the immigrant-induced attenuation of this negative correlation can explain about 24% of the immigrant-induced increases in the joint likelihood of childbearing and labor force participation in the US between the years 1980 and 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gangl, Markus & Andrea Ziefle (2015): The making of a good woman: extended parental leave entitlements and mothers' work commitment in Germany. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 121, H. 2, S. 511-563. DOI:10.1086/682419

Abstract

"The authors investigate the relationship between family policy and women's attachment to the labor market, focusing specifically on policy feedback on women's subjective work commitment. They utilize a quasi-experimental design to identify normative policy effects from changes in mothers' work commitment in conjunction with two policy changes that significantly extended the length of statutory parental leave entitlements in Germany. Using unique survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and difference-in-differences, triple-differenced, and instrumental variables estimators for panel data, they obtain consistent empirical evidence that increasing generosity of leave entitlements led to a decline in mothers' work commitment in both East and West Germany. They also probe potential mediating mechanisms and find strong evidence for role exposure and norm setting effects. Finally, they demonstrate that policy-induced shifts in mothers' preferences have contributed to retarding women's labor force participation after childbirth in Germany, especially as far as mothers' return to full-time employment is concerned." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gehringer, Agnieszka & Stephan Klasen (2015): Labor force participation of women in the EU - What role do family policies play? (Discussion papers, Center for European, Governance and Economic Development Research 242), Göttingen, 30 S.

Abstract

"We empirically study the role of different family policies in determining women┐s labor market behavior in the countries of the European Union between 1997 and 2008. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market. At the same time, family policies are to provide support to families while also helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity. We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between four types of family policies and labor force participation and (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of any on overall labor force, but higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant determinant of women's full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Katharina Wrohlich (2015): The effects of family policy on maternal labor supply. Combining evidence from a structural model and a quasi-experimental approach. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 84-98. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.001

Abstract

"Parental leave and subsidized child care are prominent examples of family policies supporting the reconciliation of family life and labor market careers for mothers. In this paper, we combine different empirical strategies to evaluate the employment effects of these policies for mothers with young children. In particular we estimate a structural labor supply model and exploit quasi-experimental variation from a parental leave reform in Germany. Our findings suggest that a combination of parental leave benefits and subsidized child care leads to sizable employment effects of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Glauber, Rebecca & Justin Robert Young (2015): On the fringe: Family-friendly benefits and the rural-urban gap among working women. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 97-113. DOI:10.1007/s10834-014-9418-z

Abstract

"This study drew on longitudinal, nationally representative data to estimate rural-urban inequality in women's access to family-friendly benefits. Multivariate fixed effects regression models showed that compared to urban women, rural women's odds of reporting access were 11 % lower for flexible work scheduling, 24 % lower for job-protected maternity leave, 13 % lower for paid sick time, 21 % lower for vacation time, and 20 % lower for health insurance. The rural-urban gap in sick time was explained by differences in unionization, as rural women were less likely to be unionized than urban women. Our findings suggest that rural women's work - family experiences may be more constrained than urban women's work - family experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guetto, Raffaele, Ruud Luijkx & Stefani Scherer (2015): Religiosity, gender attitudes and women's labour market participation and fertility decisions in Europe. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 155-172. DOI:10.1177/0001699315573335

Abstract

"The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory underlines the importance of changing values and attitudes to explain the trend toward low fertility and raising female labour market participation. We contribute to this debate comparing religiosity and gender attitudes over several European countries using three waves of the European Values Study (1990, 1999 and 2008). By dealing with the issues of measurement invariance and endogeneity between values and behaviour, our results support some critiques of the SDT theory. The pace of the process of sociocultural change has not been the same across European countries and the forerunners of the SDT, that is, the most secularized and gender-egalitarian societies, now have the highest female labour market participation rates and the highest fertility. We provide evidence for a 'macro - micro paradox' regarding the role of values on family behaviours. Religiosity is positively correlated with fertility and housewifery, while gender attitudes are only correlated with women's labour market decisions. These correlations are stronger in more traditional countries, even if aggregate fertility is lower. We stress the necessity to integrate cultural and structural explanations, suggesting the lack of family policies and the rigidity of the family formation process as possible mechanisms to unravel this paradox." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Günalp, Burak, Seyit Mümin Cılasun & Elif Öznur Acar (2015): Male-female labor market participation and the extent of gender-based wage discrimination in Turkey. (Economics. Discussion papers 2015-56), Kiel, 30 S.

Abstract

"A gender differential in wages is considered to be discriminatory if the differential cannot be explained by gender differences in productivity. Numerous studies have been performed to measure the extent of gender wage discrimination in countries across the world, and most report a substantial amount of wage differential after adjusting for productivity differences. This differential has been attributed to labor market discrimination against women. Using data from 2003 and 2010 Household Budget Surveys conducted by Turkish Statistical Institute, this study examines the male-female earnings differentials and measures the extent of pay discrimination in Turkey. To analyze the components of the earnings gap, two methodologies are employed: The standard Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method and the Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decomposition method. The results of the study indicate that in both years, a significant portion of the observed wage differential is attributable to wage discrimination which records a rise over the period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haan, Peter & Andreas Thiemann (2015): Ausweitung der in der Rentenversicherung anrechenbaren Kindererziehungszeiten. Mütter pausieren nicht länger vom Job. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 82, H. 47, S. 1119-1125.

Abstract

"Einer der Gründe, weshalb Frauen meist geringere Rentenansprüche haben als Männer, sind familienbedingte Auszeiten vom Beruf. Um dies abzumildern, rechnet die Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung Kindererziehungszeiten an, während derer Frauen Rentenanwartschaften erwerben, obwohl sie nicht in die Rentenversicherung einzahlen. Dies soll den Müttern eine weitgehend eigenständige Alterssicherung garantieren. Die zusätzlichen Entgeltpunkte aufgrund der Kindererziehungszeiten könnten Mütter jedoch auch dazu veranlassen, längere Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt einzulegen oder früher in Rente zu gehen. Auf diese Weise würden die Rentenansprüche für Mütter dann wieder reduziert. Wie genau wirkt sich eine großzügigere Berücksichtigung von Kindererziehungszeiten also auf die Erwerbsunterbrechung von Frauen nach der Geburt aus? Das DIW Berlin hat dies in der vorliegenden Studie anhand der Rentenreform des Jahres 1992 auf Basis kombinierter Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung und der Bundesagentur für Arbeit untersucht. Damals wurde die Kindererziehungszeit von einem Jahr auf drei Jahre ausgeweitet. Das zentrale Ergebnis: Die Reform hat nicht dazu geführt, dass Frauen die Dauer ihrer Erwerbsunterbrechung nennenswert verändert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Herr, Jane Leber (2015): The labor supply effects of delayed first birth. In: The American economic review, Jg. 105, H. 5, S. 630-637. DOI:10.1257/aer.p20151119

Abstract

"In this paper I compare the relationship between first-birth timing and post-birth labor supply for high school and college graduate mothers. Given that pre-birth wages are increasing in fertility delay, the rising opportunity cost of time would suggest that among both groups, later mothers work more. Yet I only find this pattern for high school graduates. For college graduates, I instead find that there is a strong U-shaped pattern between hours worked within motherhood, and the career timing of first birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Icking, Maria & Katharina Czudaj (2015): Arbeitsmarktreport NRW 2015. Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt mit einem Sonderkapitel: Alleinerziehende am Arbeitsmarkt. Bottrop, 147 S.

Abstract

"Mit den Sonderberichten zum Arbeitsmarkt in NRW werden die regelmäßig vierteljährlich er-scheinenden Quartalsberichte zur Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes um ausgewählte Vertiefungsbereiche ergänzt.
Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden Sonderberichts ist die Analyse der Situation von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, wobei sich diese Situation immer in den geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden zwischen Männern und Frauen spiegelt. Betrachtet werden ausgewählte Indikatoren zu Erwerbstätigkeit, Aus- und Weiterbildung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung.
Bei der Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen kann die Lebenssituation von Frauen nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Deswegen werden in diesem Bericht auch Indikatoren aufgenommen, die sich auf Familie, Kinder und Lebensformen beziehen.
Eine zentrale Rahmenbedingung für die Erwerbstätigkeit ist der Bildungsstand und die Berufsqualifikation. Hier zeigt sich im Zeitverlauf deutlich, dass jüngere Frauen Männer in Bezug auf das Niveau der Bildungsabschlüsse überholt haben, allerdings wird weiterhin eine starke Segmentierung der Berufsbereiche deutlich.
Die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen, dennoch sind große Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen im Hinblick auf den Umfang der Erwerbstätigkeit bestehen geblieben. Hintergrund sind hier insbesondere die Familienaufgaben, die traditionell auch weiterhin von Frauen ausgeübt werden und den Umfang der Erwerbstätigkeit bestimmen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern mit minderjährigen Kindern gesondert betrachtet." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Jepsen, Christopher & Lisa K. Jepsen (2015): Labor-market specialization within same-sex and difference-sex couples. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 54, H. 1, S. 109-130. DOI:10.1111/irel.12078

Abstract

"We use data from the 2000 decennial U.S. Census to compare differences in earnings, hours worked, and labor-force participation between members of different household types, including same-sex couples, different-sex couples, and roommates. Both same-sex and different-sex couples exhibit some degree of household specialization, whereas roommates show little or no degree of specialization. Of all household types, married couples exhibit by far the highest degree of specialization with respect to labor-market outcomes. With respect to differences in earnings and hours, gay male couples are more similar to married couples than lesbian or unmarried heterosexual couples are to married couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalb, Guyonne, Trinh Le & Felix Leung (2015): Outcomes for teenage mothers in the first years after birth. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 255-279.

Abstract

"This study compares the educational, employment, health and partnership outcomes of teenage mothers with outcomes of women first giving birth in their twenties and those without children. The study finds that teenage motherhood has a range of negative effects, some of which worsen over time (e.g. educational outcomes) and others diminish over time (e.g. employment effects). Although some of the associations of teenage motherhood with poorer outcomes in the first years after birth are unlikely to be causal since they disappear after ensuring treatment and control group are comparable, other associations remain strong. Propensity score matching analysis suggests that relative to childless women: teenage mothers are less likely to complete Year 12, be employed, and be in good health; they are more likely to smoke; and have less personal income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalísková, Klára (2015): Tax and transfer policies and female labor supply in the EU. (EUROMOD working paper 2015,01), Cambridge, 30 S.

Abstract

"This study contributes to the female labor supply responsiveness literature by measuring the effect of tax-benefit policies on female labor supply based on a broad sample of 26 European countries in 2005-2010. The tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD is used to calculate a measure of work incentives at the extensive margin-the participation tax rate, which is then used as the main explanatory variable in a female employment equation. This allows me to deal with the endogeneity of income in a new way by using a simulated instrumental variable based on a fixed EU-wide sample of women. Results suggest that a 10 percentage point increase in the participation tax rate decreases the female employment probability by 2 percentage points. The effect is higher for single mothers, for women in the middle of the skills distribution, and in countries that have lower rates of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Khoudja, Yassine & Fenella Fleischmann (2015): Ethnic differences in female labour force participation in the Netherlands. Adding gender role attitudes and religiosity to the explanation. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 91-102. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcu084

Abstract

"Female labour force participation varies greatly between different ethnic groups, but previous research on human capital and household conditions has not been able to fully explain these differences. Using large-scale representative survey data of four ethnic minority groups and the Dutch majority in the Netherlands, we add gender role attitudes and religiosity to the explanatory model. The results of heterogeneous choice models and interval regressions show that the predicted negative effects of traditional gender role attitudes and of religiosity contribute to the explanation of ethnic differences in female labour force participation, in addition to human capital and household conditions. These factors moreover partly explain differences between Dutch, Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, and Antillean women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koelet, Suzana, Helga de Valk, Ignace Glorieux, Ilse Laurijssen & Didier Willaert (2015): The timing of family commitments in the early work career. Work-family trajectories of young adults in Flanders. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 657-690. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.22

Abstract

"Objective: This article examines the diverse ways in which young adults develop both their professional career and family life in the years immediately after they complete their education. Building a career and starting a family often occur simultaneously in this stage of life. By studying the simultaneous developments in these life domains, we can gain a better understanding of this complex interplay.
Methods: The data consist of a sample of 1,657 young adults born in 1976 who were interviewed as part of the SONAR survey of Flanders at ages 23, 26, and 29 about their education, their entry into and early years on the labour market, and their family life. Sequence analysis is used to study the timing of union formation and having children among these young adults, as well as how these events are related to their work career. Multinomial regression analysis is applied to help us gain a better understanding of the extent to which these life course patterns are determined by education and economic status at the start of the career.
Results: The results reveal a set of work-family trajectories which vary in terms of the extent of labour market participation and the type and timing of family formation. Various aspects of the trajectory are found to be determined by different dimensions of an individual's educational career (duration, level, field of study). Education is more relevant for women than for men, as a man's trajectory is more likely than a woman's to be determined by the first job.
Conclusions: By using a simultaneous approach which takes into account both family and work, this life course analysis confirms that men have a head start on the labour market, and examines the factors which influence the distinct trajectories of young women and men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koyama, Jill (2015): Constructing gender: refugee women working in the United States. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 258-275. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feu026

Abstract

"Drawing on data collected during a 26-month ethnographic study of refugees in a city in upstate New York, I examine the gendered and gendering training and work contexts with which refugee women engage. Utilizing the notion of assemblage, a term often associated with actor-network theory (ANT), I ask, among other questions, how do the gathered collages of texts, aims, histories, resources, knowledges, and practices that instantiate what we might recognize as resources for newcomers, come to frame refugee women as they enter the workforce? I demonstrate that through the processes of becoming employed, certain material objects, such as completed job applications, combine with case workers' assessments of employability, and employers' ethnic and gender stereotypes, to create socio-material renderings of refugee women. However, even as they participate in the labour market, the refugee women push against the constraints imposed by their limited English-language ability, lack of formal education, initial lack of socio-economic connections, culturally-defined gender roles, and gender stereotypes. I argue that greater efforts through changes in the national policy and also the related practices of local resettlement agencies should address gender more explicitly. Greater time investment in educational programmes, a longer period of workforce training in more varied, less gender-stereotypical areas, and explicit programmes educating the receiving community about the refugees could result not only in greater economic adaptation, but also increased social integration for refugee women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kunadt, Susann (2015): Kinderbetreuungsangebote für eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie. Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie aus den Jahren 2010/2011. (GESIS papers 2015,07), Mannheim, 32 S.

Abstract

Die Autorin thematisiert zunächst die Ursachen für die hohe Zahl kinderloser Wissenschaftler/innen sowie die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen an deutschen Hochschulen. Hierzu zählen die prekären Beschäftigungsbedingungen, die spezifische Wissenschaftskultur sowie der Mangel an Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten. Im Folgenden wird die Evaluation eines Landesprogrammes zur Schaffung von Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten an den Hochschulen in Baden-Württemberg vorgestellt. Hierzu wurde unter anderem von März bis Mai 2011 eine Online-Befragung des wissenschaftlichen Personals an einer ausgewählten, am Programm teilnehmenden Hochschule realisiert. Die Befragung diente dazu, die Wirkung von Kinderbetreuungsangeboten exemplarisch zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlichen Mehrbedarf an Kinderbetreuungsangeboten und ihren positiven Nutzen für die Wissenschaftler/innen mit Kind. Sie machen aber auch deutlich, dass neben Kinderbetreuung längerfristige Jobperspektiven für eine Familiengründung essentiell sind. (IAB)

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Lauber, Verena, Sarah Reiter & Johanna Storck (2015): Familienfreundlichkeit in Unternehmen. Status Quo in Deutschland und Forschungsstand. (DIW-Roundup 77), Berlin, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern hat in Deutschland sowie in den meisten industrialisierten Ländern in den vergangenen Jahren stetig zugenommen. In Deutschland ist die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen mit Kindern von 59 Prozent im Jahr 2000 auf rund 66 Prozent im Jahr 2012 angestiegen. Der Großteil der erwerbstätigen Mütter geht jedoch nach wie vor einer Teilzeitbeschäftigung nach. Dies kann ein Hinweis darauf sein, dass die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie nicht ausreichend gewährleistet ist. Tatsächlich berichten viele Eltern, dass sich Familie und Beruf in Deutschland nur schwer vereinbaren lassen. Auch für die USA lässt sich zeigen, dass Frauen, die Karriere und Familie gleichzeitig unter einen Hut bringen möchten, eine geringere Lebenszufriedenheit aufweisen, als Frauen, welche nur eines der beiden Ziele verfolgen. In Deutschland, wie auch in anderen Industrieländern, reagieren immer mehr Unternehmen auf die Bedürfnisse ihrer Arbeitnehmer und versuchen mithilfe von familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen qualifizierte Fachkräfte zu gewinnen bzw. an ihr Unternehmen zu binden. Zu der Frage, welche Maßnahmen Unternehmen in Deutschland ergreifen und inwiefern familienfreundliche Maßnahmen in Betrieben die elterlichen Arbeitsentscheidungen und die persönliche Zufriedenheit beeinflussen, gibt es für Deutschland bisher kaum repräsentative Forschungsergebnisse. Vor allem fehlt es an empirisch fundierten Analysen, welche auf einen Kausalzusammenhang zwischen familienfreundlichen Arbeitsplätzen einerseits und Zufriedenheit oder Arbeitsverhalten der Arbeitnehmer andererseits schließen lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mannberg, Andrea & Tomas Sjögren (2015): Conflicting identities and social pressure. Effects on the long-run evolution of female labour supply. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 269-290. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpu055

Abstract

"Drawing on psychological theories of social identity and cognitive dissonance, we develop a dynamic model for the evolution of female labour supply. We assume that agents, in addition to consumption and leisure, also derive utility from complying with social and personal norms such that deviations from norms induce psychological costs. An important contribution is that we allow for conflicting norms and we assume that the weight of these norms in the agent's utility is endogenous. We show that conflicting norm incentives may have long-run effects on labour supply: for example, the long-run effect of a wage increase on labour supply is reinforced if agents can adjust the weight attached to a given norm, and that women may be prevented from making a full transition from homemakers to breadwinners if such a transition make them outsiders in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Paulitz, Tanja, Melanie Goisauf & Sarah Zapusek (2015): Work-Life-Balance + Wissenschaft = unvereinbar? Zur exkludierenden Vergeschlechtlichung einer entgrenzten Lebensform. In: Gender, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 130-144. DOI:10.3224/gender.v7i2.19317

Abstract

"Work-Life-Balance (WLB) gilt als vielversprechendes Konzept, um Arbeit und Leben zu vereinbaren und die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter voranzutreiben. Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie sich dieser Anspruch im traditionell entgrenzten Feld der Wissenschaft darstellt, besonders im Hinblick auf den im Konzept verankerten Anspruch der Geschlechtsneutralität. Auf der Grundlage einer qualitativen empirischen Studie an einer österreichischen Universität argumentieren wir, dass sich die Annahme einer grundsätzlichen Unvereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie zu einem exkludierenden Diskurs im Feld ausgeformt hat: WLB wird auf die Frage der Vereinbarkeit von Kindern und Karriere verkürzt und diese wird insbesondere Frauen zugewiesen; dadurch wird ihnen zugleich der Rang einer vollständigen Wissenschaftlerin abgesprochen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pencavel, John (2015): Whose preferences are revealed in hours of work? (IZA discussion paper 9182), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"It has become orthodox in economics research to interpret the association between hourly earnings and working hours as the expression of the preferences of workers. This convention originated in H. Gregg Lewis' explanation for the decline in hours of work since the nineteenth century. His explanation rested on an explicit resolution of the identification problem inherent in any quantity (hours) - price (wage) relation. For over forty years, researchers have neglected this identification problem with the result that the findings in the purported 'labor supply' literature are of questionable value." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Peukert, Almut (2015): Aushandlungen von Paaren zur Elternzeit. Arbeitsteilung unter neuen Vorzeichen? (Geschlecht und Gesellschaft 61), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 312 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-07071-7

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht mit empirischen Methoden, wie Paare die Kindererziehungszeiten organisieren und verhandeln und wie sich das Elterngeld auf die geschlechtergerechte Aufteilung der Familienarbeit ausgewirkt hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke Plagnol (2015): Job quality and women's labour market participation. (European Trade Union Institute. Policy brief 2015,06), Brüssel, 5 S.

Abstract

"This Policy Brief provides an overview of female employment in the EU and of how it is affected by a transition to motherhood, as well as of recent policies devised to remedy the post-2008 unemployment crisis.
It also investigates the link between job quality and women's employment patterns. The study concludes that the EU should concentrate on putting job quality back on to the policy agenda, e.g. through increased use of employment indicators, in particular job quality indicators, in the process of monitoring social and employment developments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pronzato, Chiara Daniela & Giuseppe Sorrenti (2015): When context does matter. Childcare and maternal employment. Trying to solve the puzzle. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 3-8.

Abstract

"This paper reviews the recent literature on childcare provision and maternal employment, and uses simple statistics to show this relationship across European countries and regions. In particular, it studies how the association between childcare availability and mothers' labour market participation may vary across different European contexts. Studies using data from Nordic countries - where levels of female market participation are relatively high - tend to find smaller effects of childcare provision than studies using data from Southern countries. The same relationship has been found at a micro-level: focusing on Italy, a country characterised by low female work participation, we have found that childcare availability is more crucial to less labour-attached mothers. This result is in line with studies which find that family policies are particularly important for less educated women (Del Boca, Pasqua and Pronzato 2009; Pronzato 2009)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Röhr-Sendlmeier, Uma M. (2015): Wieviel Mutter braucht das Kind? Zur Situation berufstätiger Mütter und ihrer Kinder. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 188), Sankt Augustin, 10 S.

Abstract

"In der Diskussion um die Berufstätigkeit von Müttern wird immer wieder die Frage nach den Auswirkungen der mütterlichen Abwesenheit auf das Kindeswohl aufgeworfen. Die Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen werden nur nach und nach im öffentlichen Diskurs berücksichtigt. Zu den aktuellen entwicklungspsychologischen Forschungsergebnissen zur Bindungssicherheit und zur frühkindlichen Betreuung außerhalb der Familie und den Zusammenhängen zwischen mütterlicher Berufstätigkeit und den schulischen Leistungen sowie der Lebenszufriedenheit und den sozial-emotionalen Kompetenzen der Kinder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Röhr-Sendlmeier, Una M. & Anna Katharina Pracht (2015): Die öffentliche Diskussion um Mütter im Beruf. Argumentationslinien in Printmedien und Online-Publikationen seit 2005. In: Bildung und Erziehung, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 495-514. DOI:10.7788/bue-2015-0408

Abstract

"On the basis of widely read print and online media, the public discussion in Germany on working mothers since 2005 is analyzed applying the technique of theoretical sampling. After documenting how the general situation of mothers at work was seen in Germany, the content analysis focusses on different positions regarding social and political schemes. Dominant topics were the proportion of women in top managerial positions, part time employment, financial support for families and legal regulations concerning out-of-family care for children younger than three years of age. Initiatives and flexibilities of companies were discussed. A shift in the published discourse was found from a critical view on the situation of working mothers towards greater attention given to the question of how both parents could find an adequate work-lifebalance. Published opinion showed to be biased with respect to the importance given to singular issues. Lately, more people have taken to expressing their own opinion on the internet aside the established print and online media." (Author's abstract, © Böhlau Verlag) ((en))

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Rønsen, Marit & Ragni Hege Kitterød (2015): Gender-equalizing family policies and mothers' entry into paid work. Recent evidence from Norway. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 59-89. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2014.927584

Abstract

"Universal parental leaves with job protection and earnings compensation increase women's labor market attachment, but very long leaves may have negative consequences at both individual and societal levels. Using panel data from the period 1996 - 2010, we study whether it is possible to offset the potential negative effects on women's labor supply of long parental leaves by policies targeted especially at fathers, and policies making formal daycare cheaper and more easily available. Norway is used as example, since all recent extensions in the parental leave scheme have been reserved for fathers and at the same time the daycare sector has expanded rapidly. We find that Norwegian mothers did enter work faster after childbirth in the late 2000s than a decade earlier. The latest initiatives may thus have contributed to a shortening of women's career interruptions and a more equal division of paid and unpaid work among parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schilling, Elisabeth (2015): Unterbrochene Karrieren. Wandel weiblicher Erwerbsverläufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 153 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-03903-5

Abstract

"Das Buch analysiert, wie Beschäftigte der öffentlichen Verwaltung mit unterbrochenen Erwerbsverläufen ihr Arbeitsleben gestalten, welche Bedeutung Partizipation in der Arbeitswelt für sie hat, wie sie beruflichen Erfolg definieren und die Balance zwischen dem Beruflichen und dem Privaten herstellen. Der Analyse liegt eine qualitative Studie mit biographischen Interviews zugrunde. Frauen erzählten über ihre Erfahrungen des Aus- und Wiedereinstiegs, über ihre Wünsche, Hindernisse auf dem Weg zur Verwirklichung dieser Wünsche und Realitäten im Arbeitsalltag. Durch die Vorstellung der Typologie von Übergangserfahrungen werden diese Erkenntnisse systematisiert und für den Leser greifbar gemacht. Zum Schluss werden Vorschläge für spezifische Personalentwicklungsmaßnahmen gemacht." (Verlagsangaben)

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Schober, Pia S. & Gundula Zoch (2015): Change in the gender division of domestic work after mummy or daddy took leave. An examination of alternative explanations. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 803), Berlin, 39 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates how the duration of child care leave taken by mothers and fathers relates to changes in couples' division of housework and child care after postnatal labour market return in Germany. It explores whether take-up of child care related leave may impact the gender division of domestic work beyond the period of leave and examines three theoretical explanations: 1) development of domestic work skills, 2) bargaining power based on economic resources, and 3) adaptations in gender role or parenting identities. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992-2012) on 797 and 762 couples with a first or second birth, respectively, we applied OLS regression models with lagged dependent variables in combination with Heckman selection correction. The results suggested that dual-earner couples where mothers took longer leaves experienced a greater shift towards a gender-traditional division of domestic labour after childbirth even in the medium-term after labour market return. The linear relationship and stronger effects on the division of child care than for housework lent support to identity-based explanations. Paternal leave take-up was associated with a more equal division of housework and child care after first births but not after second birth transitions. The relationship with the leave duration was less clear. In terms of explaining the mechanisms for fathers, the findings provided greatest support for explanations relating to domestic skills development possibly in combination with changes in fathering identities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Steffens, Melanie C. & Ma. Àngels Viladot (2015): Gender at work. A social psychological perspective. (Language as social action 18), New York: Lang, 312 S.

Abstract

"While many women receive equal education, such equality is nowhere in sight when it comes to women's and men's career success: men still earn significantly more than women and are more likely to be promoted. In this book, the authors offer a state of the art review of applied social-psychological research on gender at work, shedding light on all the different ways that work-related perceptions, attributions, outcomes, and the like differ for women and men. Focusing on domains (e.g., engineering) and positions (e.g., leadership) that are marked by women's underrepresentation, the first part of the book looks at gender at work in terms of stereotypes, attitudes, and social roles, including parenthood, while the second part takes a social identity and communication perspective, exploring the situations in which men and women interact at work. Many chapters focus on applied questions, such as career choice, effects of role models, and sexual harassment at work. Theories and findings are applied to these topics, with conclusions and recommendations drawn throughout the book." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stockhammer, Hilde (2015): Gender Gaps am Arbeitsmarkt. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 45-59.

Abstract

"Im 'Gleichstellungsindex Arbeitsmarkt' werden 30 Indikatoren aggregiert, die die Positionierung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt beeinflussen. Gender Gaps werden auf einen Blick sichtbar. Der Index ermöglicht eine rasche Überprüfung und Beobachtung von Veränderungen der Gleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt und an dessen Schnittstellen. Gleichzeitig sollen die wichtigsten Handlungsfelder für Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen identifiziert werden. Der Gesamtwert des Gleichstellungsindex Arbeitsmarkt liegt bei 71%. Das heißt, auf Basis der verwendeten Indikatoren erreichten Frauen im Jahr 2013 durchschnittlich 71% der Männerwerte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Thiemann, Andreas (2015): Pension wealth and maternal employment. Evidence from a reform of the German child care pension benefit. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1499), Berlin, 45 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses administrative data to investigate how a change in pension wealth affects a mother's employment decision after child birth. I exploit the extension of the child care pension benefit in 1992 as a natural experiment in a regression discontinuity design to estimate short- and medium-run employment effects. In comparison to most family benefits, the child care pension benefit is accumulated upon child birth but only becomes effective on the verge of retirement. Hence, the employment response depends on how a mother discounts future pension benefits. The results suggest that the change in pension wealth does not affect maternal employment, which is not in line with a forward looking rational behavior. Therefore, the child care pension benefit increases maternal old-age income without causing negative employment reactions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Uunk, Wilfred (2015): Does the cultural context matter? The effect of a country's gender-role attitudes on female labor supply. In: European Societies, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 176-198. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2014.995772

Abstract

"Despite substantial country variation in gender-role attitudes and female labor supply and theoretical arguments stressing the consequences of contextual attitudes for individual behavior, prior research did not find evidence for an effect of a country's gender-role attitudes on female labor supply. In this study I reassess this finding using a powerful multilevel design on the 2008 wave of the European Values Study on 33 countries. I find a substantial positive and independent effect of a country's egalitarian gender-role attitudes on individual women's odds of labor market attachment. The original, gross effect can for one-fourth be attributed to an effect of individual gender-role attitudes and one-tenth to an institutional effect. These findings indicate that the cultural (attitude) context matters for female labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vandecasteele, Leen & Frederike Esche (2015): Women's labour force exit. The role of her partner's socio-economic position. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 135, H. 1, S. 35-46. DOI:10.3790/schm.135.1.35

Abstract

"Using the longitudinal data of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) we studied the effect of both partners' education and occupational status on womens likelihood to exit the labour market and to become a housewife. The event-history analyses show that women partnered with high status men were more likely to exit the labour force than women with lower status partners. Yet, stronger than the effects of the partner's resources is the deterring effect of a woman's own education and occupation. Hence, both partners' resources work in different directions. We illustrate that considering the combined effect of both partners' statuses as well as relative status differences is essential to assess the role of partner effects on female labour market exits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Waffenschmidt, Brigitte (2015): Familienleben und Erwerbsarbeit bei Doppelkarrierepaaren. Auswirkungen betrieblicher und staatlicher Maßnahmen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 262 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-09825-4

Abstract

"Auf Basis von sechzehn qualitativ geführten Leitfadeninterwies mit Doppelkarrierepaaren untersucht Brigitte Waffenschmidt die Wirkungsweise familienbezogener Maßnahmen staatlicher Institutionen und personalpolitische Instrumente der Erwerbsorganisationen zur Lösung des Vereinbarkeitskonflikts von Familienleben und Erwerbsarbeit. Die Autorin analysiert die Akzeptanz der Vereinbarkeitsmaßnahmen im staatlichen und beruflichen Umfeld von Doppelkarrierepaare sowie die Wechselwirkung der verschiedenen Maßnahmen. Bewertet wird die Wirkungsweise der Vereinbarkeitsmaßnahmen anhand eines normativen Bezugsrahmens, der sich aus den Merkmalen Anerkennung, Umverteilung, Chancengleichheit und Wahlmöglichkeiten zusammensetzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wanger, Susanne (2015): Frauen und Männer am Arbeitsmarkt: Traditionelle Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster sind nach wie vor verbreitet. (IAB-Kurzbericht 04/2015), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen ist in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich gestiegen. Inzwischen sind fast genauso viele Frauen wie Männer erwerbstätig. Doch betrachtet man die Arbeitsstunden als Bezugsgröße, zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede. Der hohe Anteil von Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten, führt zu einer ausgeprägten Arbeitszeitlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern. Vor allem in der Familienphase verfestigen sich die Unterschiede in den geleisteten Arbeitszeiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and womens' supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1517), Berlin, 46 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP) we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to non-market work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and women's supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (IZA discussion paper 9471), Bonn, 46 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to nonmarket work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wippermann, Carsten (2015): 25 Jahre Deutsche Einheit. Gleichstellung und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit in Ostdeutschland und Westdeutschland. Berlin, 120 S.

Abstract

"Zum Jubiläum '25 Jahre Deutsche Einheit' beantwortet die Untersuchung die Frage der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in beiden Teilen Deutschlands: Wie waren Geschlechterverhältnisse von Frauen und Männer in Ost und West vor der Wiedervereinigung und wie haben sie sich bis heute entwickelt, etwa im Bereich der Erwerbstätigkeit, dem Zugang zu Führungspositionen, den Aufgaben im Haushalt, der Kinderbetreuung und anderem? Mit einer aktuellen bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Befragung vermittelt die Untersuchung ein differenziertes Bild der Gleichstellungsentwicklung und entlarvt zum Teil noch bestehende Vorurteile und Verklärungen. Die deutsche Einheit ist nach 25 Jahren auch hinsichtlich der Gleichstellung vorangekommen, doch zeigt sich in einigen Bereichen eine 'Verspätung' Westdeutschlands im Vergleich zu Ostdeutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zagheni, Emilio, Marina Zannella, Gabriel Movsesyan & Brittney Wagner (2015): A comparative analysis of European time transfers between generations and genders. (SpringerBriefs in population studies), Dordrecht: Springer London, 48 S. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-9591-3

Abstract

"This comparative study of European time transfers reveals the full extent of transfers in the form of unpaid work and highlights the existence of important gender differences in household time production. A large quantity of goods and services are produced by household members for their own consumption, without involving market transactions. Despite the economic and social importance of unpaid work, these productive activities are largely invisible to traditional national economic accounts. As a consequence, standard measures of intergenerational transfers typically ignore household production, and thus underestimate the overall value of goods and services produced over the life cycle; in particular, the economic contribution of females. The book uses a life course approach to offer policy-relevant insights into the effect of demographic and social change on intergenerational ties and gender inequality in household production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Entscheidung von Eltern, wer nach der Geburt der Kinder welchen Anteil der Erwerbs- und der Familienarbeit übernimmt, prägt die (Erwerbs-)Biographien von Müttern und Vätern. Zudem nimmt sie in vielen Familien Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Stabilität, die soziale Teilhabe und die jeweiligen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Partner bis hin zur Absicherung für das Alter. Die im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend erstellte Studie untersucht diese Weichenstellung im Familienleben anhand einer repräsentative Befragung von Müttern und Vätern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die Berufsorientierung von Frauen, insbesondere die von Müttern, ist enorm gewachsen, Karrierewünsche inbegriffen. Immer mehr Männer wünschen sich, mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern zu verbringen. Ausgewogene Vereinbarkeit, Partnerschaftlichkeit und stabile Einkommensverhältnisse - darum geht es Familien heute. Gleichzeitig befinden wir uns mitten in einem umfassenden gesellschaftlichen Wandel: Digitalisierung, demografischer Wandel, Globalisierung und die Beschleunigung von Arbeitsprozessen führen zu neuen Herausforderungen. So sind im demografischen Wandel eine wachsende Zahl älterer Menschen im Fall der Pflegebedürftigkeit durch immer weniger junge Menschen zu betreuen, denn der Wunsch, soweit es geht in der Familie zu pflegen, ist nach wie vor groß. Auf der anderen Seite wird Arbeit flexibler, die Familienformen sind vielfältiger geworden - und das führt zu mehr Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Diese Veränderungen bieten die Chance für einen Qualitätssprung für eine NEUE Vereinbarkeit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher (2015): Report on equality between women and men 2014. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 60 S.

Abstract

"The Report on equality between women and men 2014 presents the latest figures illustrating the most recent developments. The report presents key EU actions on gender equality, which combine legislation, policy measures and funding. It includes projects at national and grass-roots level, highlighting the joint efforts by the EU and its Member States. In line with its obligations under the treaties, the EU promotes gender equality in all its activities, from education to work, from research to external policy." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))