Zitatform

Gathmann, Christina & Björn Sass (2017): Taxing childcare. Effects on childcare choices, family labor supply and children. (IZA discussion paper 10813), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Previous studies report a wide range of estimates for how female labor supply responds to childcare prices. We shed new light on this question using a reform that raised the prices of public day-care. Parents respond by reducing public day-care and increasing childcare at home. Parents also reduce informal childcare indicating that public day-care and informal childcare are complements. Female labor force participation declines and the response is strongest for single parents and low-income households. The short-run effects on cognitive and non-cognitive skills are mixed, but negative for girls. Spillover effects on older siblings suggest that the policy affects the whole household, not just targeted family members." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Geyer, Johannes & Clara Welteke (2017): Closing routes to retirement. How do people respond? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1653), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"We present quasi-experimental evidence on the employment effects of an unprecedented large increase in the early retirement age (ERA). Raising the ERA has the potential to extend contribution periods and to reduce the number of pension beneficiaries at the same time, if employment exits are successfully delayed. However, workers may not be able to work longer or may choose other social support programs as exit routes from employment. We study the effects of the ERA increase on employment and potential program substitution in a regression-discontinuity framework. Germany abolished an important early retirement program for women born after 1951, effectively raising the ERA for women by three years. We analyze the effects of this huge increase on employment, unemployment, disability pensions, and inactivity rates. Our results suggest that the reform increased both employment and unemployment rates of women age 60 and over. However, we do not find evidence for active program substitution from employment into alternative social support programs. Instead employed women remained employed and unemployed women remained unemployed. The results suggest an increase in inequality within the affected cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hanappi, Doris & Isabella Buber-Ennser (2017): When paid work matters for fertility intentions and subsequent behavior. Evidence from two waves of the Austrian gender and generation survey. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 245-280. DOI:10.12765/CPoS-2017-15en

Abstract

"The anticipated risk of job loss and material insecurity are related to fertility postponement in the same way as unemployment is. Given the sequential nature of fertility and occupational decisions, unfavorable working conditions should be resolved before having children, and result in an increase in people's assignment of importance to paid work when developing their childbearing plans. We aim to demonstrate this link, focusing on perceived employment and material insecurity, the importance assigned to paid work in forming fertility intentions, the construction of fertility intentions, and their realization. Using two waves of the Austrian Generations and Gender Survey, we apply probit regressions to analyze gender variations in the associations between uncertainty conditions, the importance of paid work, fertility intentions and behavior. Results reveal that work and related benefits become salient when they are insecure, and that material insecurity among men discourages childbearing. For women, we find support for the hypothesis that the anticipated risk of job loss inhibits the realization of fertility intentions - intentions which are less likely to be constructed under such conditions from the onset of family planning processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heyne, Stefanie (2017): Culture and female labor force participation in international comparison. Mannheim, 178 S.

Abstract

"The central aim of this thesis is to examine whether cultural factors contribute to the explanation of differences in female labor force participation in international comparison. Previous research explaining these differences usually relies on modernization theory and explains differences in female labor force participation with different levels of modernization and related social changes like educational expansion. However, this approach has failed to explain the strong differences in female labor force participation between countries in general and between countries with similar levels of development in particular. Institutionalist approaches have tried to solve the paradox of differences in female labor force participation among highly developed countries but cannot explain the strong variation of female labor force participation among developing countries where only rudimentary welfare systems exist. This has raised the question whether the cultural approach is more suited to explain female labor force participation in an international comparison." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hochgürtel, Tim (2017): Familiengründung und -erweiterung im Kohortenvergleich. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 6, S. 60-73.

Abstract

"Auf Basis der Zeitreihe der Familien zeigt sich, dass in den vergangenen 25 Jahren die Anzahl der Familien in Deutschland deutlich abgenommen hat. Auf Grundlage solcher Querschnittsbetrachtungen lassen sich jedoch keine Erkenntnisse gewinnen, wie sich das Familiengründungsverhalten sowie die Neigung, eine bestehende Familie zu vergrößern, verändern. Um Rückschlüsse auf mögliche Veränderungen bei der Familiengründung und -erweiterung zwischen Kohorten zu ziehen, erfolgt in diesem Aufsatz eine kohortenorientierte Untersuchung.
Untersucht werden hierbei die kohortenspezifische Neigung Partnerschaften einzugehen, die kohortenspezifische Entscheidung zur Elternschaft sowie zu weiteren Kindern und darüber hinaus der kohortenspezische Anteil von Alleinerziehenden." (Autorenreferat, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)

Zitatform

Hupkau, Claudia & Marion Leturcq (2017): Fertility and mothers' labor supply. New evidence using time-to-conception. (CEP discussion paper 1463), London, 52 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the impact of children on their mothers' labor market outcomes in the UK. We use time-to-conception of the first child as an exogenous variation in the probability of having more children. We find that having more children decreases the propensity to work in long part-time jobs but does not reduce participation for high- and intermediate-skilled mothers. For low skilled women, the impact on participation is large and negative. We show that the selection into having a second child is positive for low-skilled mothers and negative for high-skilled and intermediate-skilled mothers. Women most attached to the labor market are also those that tend to have only one child among high- and intermediate-skilled women. The reverse is true for low-skilled women: those least attached to the labor market are also less likely to have a second child. This appears to be driven by unobserved attributes that negatively affect both labor market outcomes and the likelihood to remain in a relationship with the father of the first child, which in turn negatively affects the probability to have a second child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jensen, Per H., Rasmus Juul Møberg, Ralf Och & Birgit Pfau-Effinger (2017): Explaining differences in women's working time in European cities. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 138-156. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1268700

Abstract

"Women's work-time pattern in Europe is highly heterogeneous; some women work short or long part-time hours, while others work full-time. Few studies, however, have analysed the factors constituting women's work-time pattern. The article aims to explain why women's working time differs in five relatively big European cities, which represent an urban environment that is particularly supportive to women's employment, and the study is based on a new original telephone survey from 2013 among women 25 - 64 years of age. It is hypothesized and analysed how women's work-time pattern is the result of women's family-cultural orientation, individual and family characteristic, the gendered division of household task, women's position in the vertical and horizontal division of labour, and city of residence. Findings support the theoretical assumptions that there is a significant relationship between family-cultural orientation and work practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karber, Anke, Jens Müller, Kerstin Nolte, Peter Schäfer & Tilmann Wahne (Hrsg.) (2017): Zur Gerechtigkeitsfrage in sozialen (Frauen-)Berufen. Gelingensbedingungen und Verwirklichungschancen. Opladen: Budrich, 279 S.

Abstract

"Personenbezogene soziale Dienstleistungsberufe befinden sich aktuell in einer kontroversen Lage: Auf der einen Seite erfahren sie eine erhebliche Expansion, begleitet von steigenden Qualitätsansprüchen an Erziehungs-, Bildungs-, Betreuungs- und Pflegetätigkeiten. Auf der anderen Seite entspricht die Anerkennung dieser Frauenberufe jedoch nach wie vor nicht ihrer tatsächlichen gesamtgesellschaftlichen Bedeutung. Dieses Spannungsfeld erörtern die AutorInnen aus verschiedenen Perspektiven." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kasearu, Kairi, Lara Maestripieri & Costanzo Ranci (2017): Women at risk: The impact of labour-market participation, education and household structure on the economic vulnerability of women through Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 202-221. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1268703

Abstract

"While increasing female employment has contributed to reducing gender inequality, it has also exposed women to higher economic insecurity. The contribution of this paper is to understand the social conditions that might expose women to economic insecurity in different European cities. Specific aspects have been considered: (a) reduced (part time) work, (b) hampered labour-market participation (unemployment, involuntary inactivity due to care tasks), (c) different household structures (single/couple; with/without young children) or (d) educational level of both partners in the household. Data are based on a survey carried out in 2012 in seven European cities, representative of the different welfare/gender regimes in Europe. The results show that the most important divide is between women cohabiting/not cohabiting with a partner. Splitting the analysis on these two groups of women, differentiated configurations of conditions exposing women to economic insecurity have emerged in different welfare/care regimes. While Nordic, Central-eastern and Anglo-Saxon cities substantiate an individualised model of exposure to economic insecurity mostly driven by women's participation in the labour market, in Continental and Mediterranean cities insecurity mainly depends on the educational levels (mainly of the partner in the case of coupled women) and the organisation of the household (presence of children)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kopf, Eva & Cordula Zabel (2017): Activation programmes for women with a partner in Germany. Challenge or replication of traditional gender roles. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 239-253., 2016-09-18. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12249

Abstract

"In 2005, Germany implemented major welfare benefit reforms that encourage an adult worker model of the family. In this study, we hypothesised that, despite these reforms, women's assignments to activation programmes would in practice still tend to replicate the degree of labour market attachment to which they had become accustomed relative to their partner in the past. We compared programme entries between women in former male breadwinner, dual earner, no-earner and female breadwinner households and applied event-history analysis to large-scale administrative data. Our findings showed that in western Germany - but not in eastern Germany - women's assignments to activation programmes indeed replicated their prior labour market attachment relative to their partner." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Krueger, Alan B. (2017): Where have all the workers gone? An inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate. In: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity H. Fall, S. 1-87.

Abstract

"The U.S. labor force participation rate has declined since 2007, primarily because of population aging and ongoing trends that preceded the Great Recession. The labor force participation rate has evolved differently, and for different reasons, across demographic groups. A rise in school enrollment has largely offset declining labor force participation for young workers since the 1990s. Labor force participation has been declining for prime age men for decades, and about half of prime age men who are not in the labor force may have a serious health condition that is a barrier to working. Nearly half of prime age men who are not in the labor force take pain medication on any given day; and in nearly two-thirds of these cases, they take prescription pain medication. Labor force participation has fallen more in U.S. counties where relatively more opioid pain medication is prescribed, causing the problem of depressed labor force participation and the opioid crisis to become intertwined. The labor force participation rate has stopped rising for cohorts of women born after 1960. Prime age men who are out of the labor force report that they experience notably low levels of emotional well-being throughout their days, and that they derive relatively little meaning from their daily activities. Employed women and women not in the labor force, by contrast, report similar levels of subjective well-being; but women not in the labor force who cite a reason other than 'home responsibilities' as their main reason report notably low levels of emotional well-being. During the past decade, retirements have increased by about the same amount as aggregate labor force participation has declined, and the retirement rate is expected to continue to rise. A meaningful rise in labor force participation will require a reversal in the secular trends affecting various demographic groups, and perhaps immigration reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lansky, Mark, Jayati Ghosh, Dominique Méda & Uma Rani (Hrsg.) (2017): Women, gender and work. Vol. 2: Social choices and inequalities. Genf: International Labour Organization, 755 S.

Abstract

"On many aggregate measures of labour market performance, gender gaps have narrowed steadily across much of the world over recent decades. They have even 'reversed' in some cases. Yet, the statistical picture is not entirely what it seems. The gaps have often narrowed through levelling down, and there are other problems as well: gendered social regulation still powerfully shapes the life choices of women and men, both directly - through explicit socio-cultural norms and constraints - and indirectly, through the interplay of gender roles and identities that typically finds expression in the unequal sharing of unpaid domestic care work and consequent labour market inequalities.
This second volume of Women, gender and work is an invitation to reflect upon the connections between measured labour market outcomes and the real lives people lead, what work means to them, the care work continuum, and the very notion of 'gender equality'. It features some 30 recent articles selected from the International Labour Review, Offering the insights of economists, sociologists and lawyers into a wide range of gender issues and country settings, from Mali to Switzerland, from Jamaica to Malaysia. The diversity of situations, patterns and trends suggests that male-female inequalities might usefully be considered from the perspective of absolute disadvantage. Hence the strong case for a social policy framework that focuses on the improvement of quality of life rather than equalization of women's and men's (often poor) economic performances as an end in itself. What matters is what women (and men) are capable of doing, in freedom, to pursue their own conception of happiness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lien, Shih-cheng (2017): Wohnstandort und räumliche Mobilität im Kontext steigender Frauenerwerbstätigkeit. Eine Analyse für West- und Ostdeutschland. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 299 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-15858-3

Abstract

"Shih-Cheng Lien untersucht die Bedeutung der gestiegenen Frauenerwerbstätigkeit für die Veränderungen von Wohnstandort und räumlicher Mobilität. Mit Hilfe einer sekundärstatistischen Analyse des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP) für die Jahre 1993 bis 2008 analysiert sie die zunehmende Ausdifferenzierung der Lebensführung von Frauen - Lebensformen, Erwerbsbeteiligung und Arbeitszeit - in Abhängigkeit vom Bildungsniveau und die daraus folgenden Tendenzen der räumlichen Entwicklung bezüglich Alltagsmobilität, Wohnmobilität und Wohnstandortentscheidungen unterschiedlicher Haushaltstypen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk legt die Autorin auf die unterschiedlichen Entwicklungen in Ost- und Westdeutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lietzmann, Torsten (2017): The contribution of mothers' employment on their family's chances of ending welfare benefit receipt in Germany. Analysis of a two-stage process. In: Sociological research online, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 1-21., 2017-01-09. DOI:10.5153/sro.4232

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht, inwieweit die individuelle Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern zur Beendigung des Bezugs von Leistungen der Grundsicherung in Deutschland beiträgt. Hierbei wird der Prozess von erwerbsbedingten Ausstiegen in zwei Schritte aufgeteilt: erstens der Übergang in Beschäftigung und zweitens die Wahrscheinlichkeit mit der neuen Beschäftigung den Leistungsbezug zu beenden. Die Analyse fokussiert Mütter, da ihr Arbeitsmarktverhalten speziellen Restriktionen unterliegt. Die Analyse identifiziert die Determinanten mit ereignisanalytischen und Probit-Modellen auf Basis administrativer Daten zu Leistungsbezug und Erwerbstätigkeit. Während die Kinderbetreuungsaufgaben im Haushalt - gemessen anhand des Alters des jüngsten Kindes - nur den Prozess der Arbeitsaufnahme beeinflusst, ist die Haushaltsgröße nur relevant für die Wahrscheinlichkeit den Bezug zu beenden. Die Arbeitsmarktressourcen der Mütter unterstützen die Arbeitsmarktintegration, für den Ausstieg aus dem Leistungsbezug ist eher die Art der aufgenommenen Beschäftigung hinsichtlich Arbeitszeit, Beruf und Branche entscheidend." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lietzmann, Torsten & Claudia Wenzig (2017): Arbeitszeitwünsche und Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern: Welche Vorstellungen über die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie bestehen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 10/2017), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Erwerbsarbeit sowie Haus- und Erziehungsarbeit sind in Deutschland noch immer ungleich zwischen den Geschlechtern verteilt. Die Erhöhung der Frauen- und Müttererwerbstätigkeit ist als politisches Ziel verankert, um einerseits die finanzielle Situation der Familien zu verbessern und andererseits die finanzielle Eigenständigkeit von Frauen zu stärken. Ob dieses Ziel erreicht werden kann, hängt neben strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen wie etwa Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten auch von den Einstellungen der Betroffenen zu Familie und Beruf ab. Die Autoren gehen der Frage nach, wie die Arbeitszeiten von Männern und Frauen je nach Familienkontext variieren und welche Idealvorstellungen hinsichtlich des Arbeitszeitumfangs bestehen. Um besser abschätzen zu können, ob es bei der Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern ungenutzte Potenziale gibt, werden in diesem Kurzbericht Einstellungen von Frauen zu Müttererwerbstätigkeit und externer Kinderbetreuung genauer untersucht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Neumark, David & Peter Shirley (2017): The long-run effects of the earned income tax credit on women's earnings. (NBER working paper 24114), Cambrige, Mass., 46 S. DOI:10.3386/w24114

Abstract

"We use longitudinal data on marriage and children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to characterize women's exposure to the federal and state Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) during their first two decades of adulthood. We then use measures of this exposure to estimate the long-run effects of the EITC on women's earnings as mature adults. We find some evidence indicating that exposure to a more generous EITC when women were unmarried and had young (pre-school) children leads to higher earnings and hours, and perhaps wages, in the longer run. We also find some evidence that exposure to a more generous EITC when women had young children but were married leads to lower earnings and hours in the longer run. These longer-run effects are to some extent consistent with what we would expect if the short-run effects of the EITC on employment that are documented in other work, and predicted by theory, are reflected in effects of the EITC on cumulative labor market experience (and other consequences of labor market attachment) that influence earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2017): The economic consequences of family policies. Lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 205-230. DOI:10.1257/jep.31.1.205

Abstract

"By the early 21st century, most high-income countries have put into effect a host of generous and virtually gender-neutral parental leave policies and family benefits, with the multiple goals of gender equity, higher fertility, and child development. What have been the effects? Proponents typically emphasize the contribution of family policies to the goals of gender equity and child development, enabling women to combine careers and motherhood, and altering social norms regarding gender roles. Opponents often warn that family policies may become a long-term hindrance to women's careers because of the loss of work experience and the higher costs to employers that hire women of childbearing age. We draw lessons from existing work and our own analysis on the effects of parental leave and other interventions aimed at aiding families. We present country- and micro-level evidence on the effects of family policy on gender outcomes, focusing on female employment, gender gaps in earnings, and fertility. Most estimates range from negligible to a small positive impact. But the verdict is far more positive for the beneficial impact of spending on early education and childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2017): The economic consequences of family policies. Lessons from a century of legislation in high-income countries. (IZA discussion paper 10505), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We draw lessons from existing work and our own analysis on the effects of parental leave and other interventions aimed at aiding families. The outcomes of interest are female employment, gender gaps in earnings and fertility. We begin with a discussion of the historical introduction of family policies ever since the end of the nineteenth century and then turn to the details regarding family policies currently in effect across high-income nations. We sketch a framework concerning the effects of family policy to motivate our country- and micro-level evidence on the impact of family policies on gender outcomes. Most estimates of the impact of parental leave entitlement on female labor market outcomes range from negligible to weakly positive. The verdict is far more positive for the beneficial impact of spending on early education and childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pestel, Nico (2017): Marital sorting, inequality and the role of female labour supply. Evidence from East and West Germany. In: Economica, Jg. 84, H. 333, S. 104-127. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12189

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect of marital sorting on earnings inequality, taking into account extensive and intensive margin labour supply choices. Using German microdata, the observed distribution of couples' earnings is compared to a counterfactual of random matches. In West Germany, marital sorting is found to be disequalizing only after adjusting for labour supply. This means that positive sorting in earnings potential is veiled by low female participation rates. In East Germany, the impact is highly disequalizing even when earnings are taken as given, due to the fact that East German women are more attached to the labour market." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Pocock, Barbara & Sara Charlesworth (2017): Multilevel work-family interventions. Creating good-quality employment over the life course. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 23-46. DOI:10.1177/0730888415619218

Abstract

"Poor-quality jobs have significant costs for individual workers, their families, and the wider community. Drawing mainly on the Australian case, the authors' focus is on the structural challenges to work - life reconciliation and the multiple-level interventions necessary to create quality employment that supports workers to reconcile work and family over the life course. The authors argue that interventions are necessary in three domains: at the macrosocial and economic level, in the regulatory domain, and in the workplace domain. The nature and success of these interventions is also critical to gender equality and to responding to the changing gender and care composition of the workforce across OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rainer, Helmut, Anita Fichtl & Timo Hener (2017): Familienpolitik in Deutschland. Kausale Evaluationsstudien und ausgewählte Ergebnisse. In: Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 117-131. DOI:10.1515/pwp-2017-0010

Abstract

"Anita Fichtl, Timo Hener und Helmut Rainer liefern einen Überblick über die empirische Forschung zu den Auswirkungen familienpolitischer Maßnahmen auf Erwerbstätigkeit und Einkommen von Familien, auf das Wohlergehen von Kindern und auf die Fertilität. Anhand von quasi-experimentellen Evaluationsstudien, die eindeutige Wirkungsrichtungen aufdecken sollen, zeichnen sie die Effekte von vier wichtigen familienpolitischen Leistungen nach: Kindergeld, Elterngeld, Betreuungsgeld und öffentlich geförderte Kinderbetreuung. Ihr Fokus liegt auf den Ergebnissen deutscher Studien, die sie mit internationaler Evidenz ergänzen und vergleichen. Vor der Folie der empirischen Erkenntnisse weisen die Autoren auf Problemfelder der deutschen Familienpolitik hin und leiten weiteren Forschungsbedarf ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Rossin-Slater, Maya (2017): Maternity and family leave policy. (IZA discussion paper 10500), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"Maternity and family leave policies enable mothers to take time off work to prepare for and recover from childbirth and to care for their new children. While there is substantial variation in the details of these policies around the world, the existing research yields the following general conclusions. First, despite important barriers to the take-up of leave, both the implementation of new programs and extensions of existing ones increase leave-taking rates among new parents. Second, leave entitlements less than one year in length can improve job continuity for women and increase their employment rates several years after childbirth; longer leaves can negatively influence women's earnings, employment, and career advancement. Third, extensions in existing paid leave policies have no impact on measures of child well-being, but the introduction of short paid and unpaid leave programs can improve children's short- and long-term outcomes. Fourth, while more research is needed, the current evidence shows minimal impacts of existing U.S. state-level programs on employer-level outcomes such as employee productivity, morale, profitability, turnover rates, or the total wage bill." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schleutker, Elina (2017): Women's work-life preferences. Reconceptualization and cross-country description over time. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 292-312. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2017.1290266

Abstract

"According to Hakim's preference theory, women can be divided into three groups based on their work - family preferences: home-centered, adaptive and work-centered. Here it is argued that Hakim's conceptualization of the adaptive women is unsatisfactory, as it does not take into consideration how the adaptive women want to combine work and family. The paper offers a reconceptualization of the adaptive group. Based on when women want to return to employment after childbirth, and how many hours they would like to work, three types of adaptive women are distinguished: the home-oriented adaptive women, the truly adaptive women and the work-oriented adaptive women. To demonstrate the fruitfulness of the reconceptualization, a cross-sectional descriptive study of women's preferences over time is conducted by employing data from International Social Survey Programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schulz, Florian & Henriette Engelhardt (2017): The development, educational stratification and decomposition of mothers' and fathers' childcare time in Germany. An update for 2001-2013. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 277-297. DOI:10.3224/zff.v29i3.02

Abstract

"Diese Studie aktualisiert das empirische Wissen über die Entwicklung, die Bildungsstratifizierung und die Dekomposition der Zeitverwendung von Müttern und Vätern für Kinderbetreuung mit den aktuellen Zeitbudgetdaten für Deutschland. Auf Basis der der letzten beiden Erhebungen der Deutschen Zeitverwendungsstudie 2001/2002 und 2012/2013 werden die Zeitbudgets für die Gesamtzeit für Kinderbetreuung sowie sechs Einzeltätigkeiten mit OLS-Regressionen und Oaxaca- Dekompositionen untersucht. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Zeit für Kinderbetreuung von Müttern und Vätern zwischen 2001 und 2013 angestiegen ist, es einen Bildungsgradienten für Vorlesen gibt und signifikante Veränderungen in den Zeitbudgets nicht auf Kompositionsveränderung der Bevölkerung zurückgeführt werden können. Insgesamt belegt die Studie weniger die Dynamik als vielmehr die Stabilität und die geringe Bildungsdifferenzierung der Zeitverwendung für Kinderbetreuung. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass die Veränderungen in der Gesamtzeit für Kinderbetreuung nicht auf proportionale Veränderungen in allen, sondern nur auf Veränderungen in wenigen Einzeltätigkeiten zurückgeführt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schwab, Klaus, Richard Samans, Saadia Zahidi, Till Alexander Leopold, Vesselina Ratcheva, Ricardo Hausmann & Laura D¿Andrea Tyson (2017): The global gender gap report 2017. Insight report. (The global gender gap report), Cologny/Geneva, 349 S.

Abstract

"Gender parity is fundamental to whether and how economies and societies thrive. Ensuring the full development and appropriate deployment of half of the world's total talent pool has a vast bearing on the growth, competitiveness and future-readiness of economies and businesses worldwide. The Global Gender Gap Report benchmarks 144 countries on their progress towards gender parity across four thematic dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. In addition, this year's edition also analyses the dynamics of gender gaps across industry talent pools and occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stadler, Bettina & Ingrid Mairhuber (2017): Arbeitszeiten von Paaren: Aktuelle Verteilungen und Arbeitszeitwünsche. (FORBA-Forschungsbericht 2017,03), Wien, 66 S.

Abstract

"Mit dem hier präsentierten Projekt wird der Blick auf Paare gerichtet und untersucht, wie die Verteilung der Erwerbs-Arbeitszeit zwischen den Ehe- bzw. LebenspartnerInnen mit und ohne Kinder gestaltet ist und ob sich diese in der Zeit von 2005 bis 2015 verändert hat. Kommen reduzierte Arbeitszeiten, konkret weniger geleistete Überstunden von Männern, Frauen zugute? D.h., haben Frauen dadurch die Möglichkeit, sich stärker in der Erwerbsarbeit zu engagieren und ihre Erwerbsarbeitszeiten auszuweiten? Oder können keine Entwicklungen in diese Richtung beobachtet werden? Diese und weitere Fragen werden in den folgenden Ausführungen untersucht." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Westermeier, Christian, Markus M. Grabka, Björn Jotzo & Anika Rasner (2017): Veränderung der Erwerbs- und Familienbiografien lässt einen Rückgang des Gender-Pension-Gap erwarten. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 84, H. 12, S. 235-243., 2017-03-22.

Abstract

"Die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede im Rentenzahlbetrag der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung werden sich im Kohortenvergleich verringern. Während in der Kriegskohorte der 1936 bis 1945 Geborenen der so genannte Gender-Pension-Gap noch 56 Prozent in West- und 34 Prozent in Ostdeutschland beträgt, wird er sich basierend auf einem vom DIW Berlin entwickelten Fortschreibungsmodell zur Simulation von Erwerbs- und Familienbiografien bei der Kohorte der 1966 bis 1970 Geborenen auf 43 beziehungsweise 18 Prozent reduzieren. Mitverantwortlich für diesen Trend ist, dass Männer im Kohortenvergleich kürzere Phasen ihres Erwerbslebens in Vollzeit arbeiten werden. Bei westdeutschen Frauen dagegen ist eine starke Zunahme von Teilzeitbeschäftigung bei gleichzeitigem Rückgang von Phasen der Hausfrauentätigkeit zu beobachten. Aber auch ostdeutsche Frauen werden in zunehmenden Maße Teilzeittätigkeiten aufnehmen. Allerdings weisen sie längere Phasen von Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit auf und weichen damit weiterhin von westdeutschen Frauen ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zanella, Giulio (2017): How does grandparent childcare affect labor supply? Childcare provided by grandparents helps young working mothers, but reduces the labor supply of older women. (IZA world of labor 337), Bonn, 9 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.337

Abstract

"Older people in developed countries are living longer and healthier lives. A prolonged and healthy mature period of life is often associated with continued and active participation in the labor market. At the same time, active grandparents can offer their working offspring a free, flexible, and reliable source of childcare. However, while grandparent-provided childcare helps young parents (especially young mothers) overcome the negative effects of child rearing on their labor market participation, it can sometimes conflict with the objective of providing additional income through employment for older workers, most notably older women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Das Gutachten knüpft an die umfassende Analyse der Gleichstellungssituation in Deutschland an, die im Ersten Gleichstellungsbericht geleistet wurde. Insbesondere bedeutet dies, dass sich auch das vorliegende Gutachten an einer Lebensverlaufsperspektive orientiert, um den Stand und mögliche Handlungsansätze für die Gleichstellungspolitik zu untersuchen. In den letzten fünf Jahren haben sich die Erwerbsbiografien und damit auch die Lebensverläufe allerdings weiter ausdifferenziert. Armutsgefährdete Alleinerziehende (vor allem Frauen), (prekäre) Selbstständige, die mit ihrem Unternehmen beständig um das wirtschaftliche Überleben kämpfen, und Menschen, die Angehörige pflegen, werden immer stärker zu Risikogruppen. Das Gutachten nimmt außerdem in den Blick, dass die Folgen der Digitalisierung zunehmend alle Lebens- und Arbeitsbereiche durchdringen. Das vorliegende Gutachten greift Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts auf, um sie weiterzuentwickeln und für die aktuelle gesellschaftliche Situation zu konkretisieren. Dabei war zu berücksichtigen, welche politischen und gesetzlichen Entwicklungen es seither auf maßgeblichen Feldern gegeben hat. Dieses Gutachten soll zwar nicht die Umsetzung der Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts systematisch erfassen und auswerten. Es berücksichtigt in seinen Analysen und Empfehlungen aber, dass zwischenzeitlich gleichstellungspolitisch relevante Maßnahmen neu eingeführt wurden, insbesondere das ElterngeldPlus, die Familienpflegezeit, das Pflegeunterstützungsgeld, das Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionen in der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst (FüPoG) und das Mindestlohngesetz (MiLoG). Erste Schritte zu einem Gesetz für mehr Lohngerechtigkeit zwischen Frauen und Männern sind unternommen worden; zum Zeitpunkt des Abschlusses dieses Gutachtens lag dem Bundestag allerdings noch kein Gesetzentwurf vor. Auch die gleichstellungspolitisch relevanten Befunde der Gesamtevaluation familienpolitischer Leistungen aus dem Jahr 2014 werden im vorliegenden Gutachten berücksichtigt. In Anknüpfung an die Lebensverlaufsperspektive konzentriert sich das Sachverständigengutachten auf die gleichstellungsorientierte Gestaltung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit. Diese Schwerpunktsetzung wird im folgenden Kapitel B ausführlich begründet und in ein Verhältnis zu weiteren gleichstellungspolitischen Zielen gesetzt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Women in the Workplace 2018 is the largest comprehensive study of the state of women in corporate America. Since 2015, LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company have published this report annually to give companies and employees the information they need to advance women and improve gender diversity within their organizations. McKinsey & Company also conducted similar research in 2012. This year, 279 companies employing more than 13 million people shared their pipeline data and completed a survey of their HR practices. In addition, more than 64,000 employees were surveyed on their workplace experiences, and we interviewed women of different races and ethnicities and LGBTQ women for additional insights. Since 2015, 462 companies employing almost 20 million people have participated in the study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The ILO-Gallup report, 'Towards a better future for women and work: Voices of women and men', provides a first-ever account of global attitudes and perceptions of women and men regarding women and work. The results come from the Gallup World Poll which was conducted in 142 countries and territories and surveyed almost 149,000 adults. It is representative of more than 99 per cent of the global adult population.
The findings are revealing: A total of 70 per cent of women and a similar 66 per cent of men would prefer that women work at paid jobs. Each of these figures are more than double the percentages of those who would prefer women to stay at home. Women worldwide would prefer to be either working at paid jobs (29 per cent) or be in situations in which they could both work and take care of their families (41 per cent), according to the joint ILO-Gallup report. Only 27 per cent of women want to stay at home.
The 70 per cent of women who would like to work at paid jobs notably includes a majority of women who are not in the workforce. Importantly, this is true in almost all regions worldwide, including several regions where women's labour force participation is traditionally low, such as the Arab States and territories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Allmendinger, Jutta, Sophie Krug von Nidda & Vanessa Wintermantel (2016): Lebensentwürfe junger Frauen und Männer in Bayern. München, 64 S.

Abstract

"Junge Frauen und Männer, ihre Rolle in Beruf, Familie und Gesellschaft werden heutzutage in Politik und Medien heiß diskutiert, auch in Bayern. Zwischen Eltern- und Betreuungsgeld, Frauenquote und Ehegattensplitting nimmt eine Reihe von (oft widersprüchlichen) frauen- sowie familienpolitischen Maßnahmen diese Zielgruppe in den Blick. Zugleich wenden sich junge Menschen zunehmend von bestimmten Formen politischer Beteiligung ab - so ging bei der Landtagswahl 2013 fast die Hälfte der unter 35-Jährigen nicht zur Wahl. Scheinbar erreicht die beschriebene Mischung politischer Bemühungen nicht die tatsächlichen Lebensrealitäten und Erwartungen junger Frauen und Männer in Bayern. Für die Studie des BayernForums der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung wurden Menschen zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren in Bayern dazu befragt, wie sie ihr Leben gestalten und welche Wünsche und Vorstellungen sie für ihre Zukunft haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bauer, Thomas K., Florian Beyer, Julia Bredtmann, Sebastian Otten, Julia Piel, Katja Sabisch & Magdalena A. Stroka (2016): Die Auswirkungen von Familienarbeit auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das (Alters-)Einkommen und die Gesundheit von Frauen. Eine empirische Analyse. (RWI-Materialien 102), Essen, 67 S.

Abstract

"Nicht zuletzt aufgrund des zu erwartenden Fachkräftemangels in Deutschland ist eine fortlaufende Analyse der Faktoren, die einer Erhöhung der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen entgegenstehen, wirtschafts- und gesellschaftspolitisch zwingend erforderlich. Eine von den politischen Akteuren weniger beachtete und in der Öffentlichkeit seltener diskutierte jedoch ungleich bedeutendere Ursache für die geringere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist deren höhere Belastung durch 'Familienarbeit'. Als Familienarbeit werden unbezahlte Tätigkeiten im Haushalt, wie die Erziehung von Kindern oder die Pflege Angehöriger, bezeichnet. Das interdisziplinär angelegte empirische Forschungsprojekt versucht, auf Basis soziologischer und ökonomischer Theorien zur Organisation von Familien und unter Verwendung einer Vielfalt empirischer Methoden und verschiedener innovativer Datensätze (i) belastbare empirische Evidenz zu dem Ausmaß geschlechterspezifischer Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Engagements in unbezahlter Arbeit zu generieren und (ii) die Konsequenzen einer höheren Belastung mit Familienarbeit für die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das Einkommen, die Alterssicherung und die Gesundheit der Betroffenen zu analysieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bee, C. Adam & Joshua Mitchell (2016): The hidden resources of women working longer. Evidence from linked survey-administrative data. (NBER working paper 22970), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w22970

Abstract

"Despite women's increased labor force attachment over the lifecycle, household surveys such as the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) do not show increases in retirement income (pensions, 401(k)s, IRAs) for women at older ages. We use linked survey-administrative data to demonstrate that retirement incomes are considerably underreported in the CPS ASEC and that women's economic progress at older ages has been substantially understated over the last quarter century. Specifically, the CPS ASEC shows median household income for women age 65-69 rose 21 percent since the late 1980s, while the administrative records show an increase of 58 percent. Survey biases in women's own incomes appear largest for women with the longest work histories. We also exploit the panel dimension of our data to follow a cohort of women and their spouses (if present) as they transition into retirement in recent years. In contrast to previous work, we find that most women do not experience noticeable drops in income up to five years after claiming social security, with retirement income playing an important role in maintaining their overall standard of living. Our results pose a challenge to the literature on the 'retirement consumption puzzle' and suggest total income replacement rates are high for recent retirees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berger, Eva M. & Luke Haywood (2016): Locus of control and mothers' return to employment. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1586), Berlin, 51 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effect of locus of control (LOC) on the length of mothers' employment break after childbirth. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), duration data reveals that women with an internal LOC return to employment more quickly than women with an external LOC. We find evidence that this effect is mainly related to differential appreciation of the career costs of longer maternity leave. Given the high level of job protection enjoyed by mothers in Germany, economic consequences of differences in this non-cognitive skill can be expected to be larger in other settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bertrand, Marianne, Patricia Cortés, Claudia Olivetti & Jessica Pan (2016): Social norms, labor market opportunities, and the marriage gap for skilled women. (NBER working paper 22015), Cambrige, Mass., 65 S. DOI:10.3386/w22015

Abstract

"In most of the developed world, skilled women marry at a lower rate than unskilled women. We document heterogeneity across countries in how the marriage gap for skilled women has evolved over time. As labor market opportunities for women have improved, the marriage gap has been growing in some countries but shrinking in others. We discuss a theoretical model in which the (negative) social attitudes towards working women might contribute towards the lower marriage rate of skilled women, and might also induce a non-linear relationship between their labor market prospects and their marriage outcomes. The model is suited to understand the dynamics of the marriage gap for skilled women over time within a country with set social attitudes towards working women. The model also delivers predictions about how the marriage gap for skilled women should react to changes in their labor market opportunities across countries with more or less conservative attitudes towards working women. We test the key predictions of this model in a panel of 23 developed countries, as well as in a panel of US states." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bick, Alexander (2016): The quantitative role of child care for female labor force participation and fertility. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 639-668. DOI:10.1111/jeea.12143

Abstract

"I document that the labor force participation rate of West German mothers with children aged zero to two exceeds the corresponding child-care enrollment rate, while the opposite is true for mothers whose children are older than two but below the mandatory schooling age. These facts also hold for a cross-section of E.U. countries. I develop a life-cycle model that explicitly accounts for this age-dependent relationship by including various types of nonpaid and paid child care. I calibrate this model to data for West Germany and use the calibrated model for policy analysis. Increasing the supply of subsidized child care for children aged zero to two generates an increase in the maternal labor force participation rate consistent with empirical evidence from other settings; however, this increase is too small to conclude that the lack of subsidized child care accounts for the low labor force participation rate of mothers with children aged zero to two. The response along the intensive margin suggests that a large fraction of part-time working mothers would work full-time if they had greater access to subsidized child care. Finally, making subsidized child care available to more women does not achieve one of the commonly stated goals of such reforms, namely to increase the fertility rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biewen, Martin & Stefanie Seifert (2016): Potential parenthood and career progression of men and women. A simultaneous hazards approach. (IZA discussion paper 10050), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"We analyze individual career transitions of men and women in Germany. Our particular focus is on the association of upward, downward and horizontal job changes with individual fertility. In contrast to most of the literature, we focus on potential rather than realized fertility. Based on mixed multivariate proportional hazard models with competing risks, we find a significant negative relationship between the contemporaneous probability of having a child and horizontal career transitions for women, and a positive significant association of the hazard of parenthood with upward career transitions for men. These effects persist if we apply fixed effects panel data models allowing for correlation of individual parenthood hazards with unobserved individual characteristics. Independent of their sources, our results suggest clear gender differences in the relationship between career patterns and potential fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, David M. & Ryan M. Goodstein (2016): Commitment in the household. Evidence from the effect of inheritances on the labor supply of older married couples. (IZA discussion paper 10059), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We study the effect of receiving an inheritance on the labor force participation (LFP) of both the recipient and the recipient's spouse in a population of older married couples. An inheritance is not subject to laws governing division of marital property at divorce, because it is not acquired with income earned during marriage. Hence it plays the role of a 'distribution factor' in the intrahousehold allocation of resources, increasing bargaining power of the recipient. Controlling for inheritance expectations, we interpret the receipt of an inheritance as a shock to wealth. Our results indicate that receiving an inheritance reduces LFP of the recipient by four percentage points, comparable in magnitude to the effect of a decline in health. However, an inheritance has little or no effect on LFP of the spouse. These estimates are inconsistent with a dynamic, collective model of the household in which spouses have the ability to commit to an ex ante efficient allocation. The results are consistent with a model of limited commitment in which a shock to household resources can alter bargaining power. We discuss the implications for reform of Social Security spouse and survivor benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blau, David M. & Ryan M. Goodstein (2016): Commitment in the household. Evidence from the effect of inheritances on the labor supply of older married couples. In: Labour economics, Jg. 42, H. October, S. 123-137. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.08.003

Abstract

"We study the effect of receiving an inheritance on the labor force participation (LFP) of both the recipient and the recipient's spouse in a population of older married couples. An inheritance is not subject to laws in the U.S. governing division of marital property at divorce, because it is not acquired with income earned during marriage. Hence it plays the role of a 'distribution factor' in the intrahousehold allocation of resources, increasing bargaining power of the recipient. Controlling for inheritance expectations, we interpret the receipt of an inheritance as a shock to wealth. Our results indicate that receiving an inheritance reduces LFP of the recipient by four percentage points, comparable in magnitude to the effect of a self-reported decline in health. However, an inheritance has little or no effect on LFP of the spouse. These estimates are inconsistent with a dynamic, collective model of the household in which spouses have the ability to commit to an ex ante efficient allocation. The results are consistent with a model of limited commitment in which a shock to household resources can alter bargaining power. We discuss the implications for reform of Social Security spouse and survivor benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Botsch, Kerstin (2016): Soldatsein. Zur sozialen Konstruktion von Geschlecht und sexueller Orientierung in der Bundeswehr. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 343 S.

Abstract

"Kerstin Botsch untersucht, inwiefern die Öffnung der Bundeswehr für Frauen und Homosexuelle zu Beginn der 2000er Jahre eine Veränderung in der 'Männerbastion' Militär bewirkt hat. Auf der Grundlage von Gruppendiskussionen und Einzelinterviews belegt sie, wie Soldatinnen und Soldaten das Militär auch heute noch als durch und durch männliche Domäne konstruieren. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere in der Orientierung am Symbol des 'Kampfsoldaten', das untrennbar mit militärischen Kernbereichen verknüpft ist. Die Autorin untersucht empirisch die Verflechtung der Kategorien Geschlecht und sexuelle Orientierung und zeigt, dass diese Kategorien in der sozialen Praxis je nach Kontext unterschiedlich relevant gesetzt werden. Der Gleichstellungsanspruch der Bundeswehr und die soziale Realität klaffen noch deutlich auseinander." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bremhorst, Vincent, Michaela Kreyenfeld & Philippe Lambert (2016): Fertility progression in Germany. An analysis using flexible nonparametric cure survival models. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 505-534. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.18

Abstract

"Objective: This paper uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) to study the transition to second and third births. In particular, we seek to distinguish the factors that determine the timing of fertility from the factors that influence ultimate parity progression.
Methods: We employ cure survival models, a technique commonly used in epidemiological studies and in the statistical literature but only rarely applied to fertility research.
Results: We find that education has a different impact on the timing and the ultimate probability of having a second and a third birth. Furthermore, we show that the shape of the fertility schedule for the total population differs from that of 'susceptible women' (i.e., those who have a second or a third child).
Conclusions: Standard event history models conflate timing and quantum effects. Our approach overcomes this shortcoming. It estimates separate parameters for the hazard rate of having a next child for the 'susceptible population' and the ultimate probability of having another child for the entire population at risk.
Contribution: We go beyond standard cure survival models, also known as split population models, used in fertility research by specifying a flexible non-parametric model using Bayesian P-splines for the latent distribution (related to the timing of an extra birth) instead of a parametric model. Our approach is, so far, limited to time-constant covariates, but can be extended to include time-varying covariates as well." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2016): Work - family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 119-177. DOI:10.1177/0730888415615385

Abstract

"Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work - family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bujard, Martin (2016): Das flexible Zweiverdienermodell und seine vielfältigen Chancen. ... und wie die Politik es familienphasen-sensibel gestalten kann. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 214), Sankt Augustin, 14 S.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen favorisieren eine partnerschaftliche Aufteilung von Beruf und Familienarbeit. Im Zweiverdienermodell lassen sich politisch definierte Ziele besser erreichen. Familienpolitische Reformen wie Kita-Ausbau und Elterngeld üben einen positiven Einfluss auf die Geburtenrate und die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit aus. Der Schlüssel zu einem familienphasen-sensiblen Zweiverdienermodell liegt im Arbeitsmarkt: Es bedarf mehr qualifizierter Teilzeitstellen, langfristige Rückkehrperspektiven in Vollzeitarbeit und Karrierepfade, die temporäre familienbedingte Auszeiten ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Buschmann, Benjamin, Debora Gärtner, Veronika Grimm, Christopher Osiander & Gesine Stephan (2016): Wer würde unter welchen Umständen für Tarifkommissionen kandidieren? Ergebnisse einer Vignettenstudie. (LASER discussion papers 93), Erlangen, 16 S.

Abstract

"Verhandlungsergebnisse hängen davon ab, ob die Interessen von Gruppen in Verhandlungen vertreten werden. Dies legt nahe, dass sich die geschlechtsspezifische Lohnlücke unter anderem durch eine stärkere Beteiligung von Frauen an Tarifkommissionen abbauen ließe. Mit Hilfe eines faktoriellen Surveys untersucht dieser Beitrag, wie wahrscheinlich es ist, dass Beschäftigte unter verschiedenen Umständen für eine Gehaltsverhandlungskommission kandidieren würden und welche Einflussmöglichkeiten sie im Fall einer Wahl für sich sehen würden. Frauen geben insgesamt deutlich seltener als Männer an, dass sie für eine Position in der Verhandlungskommission kandidieren würden. Ebenso erwarten sie im Mittel signifikant seltener, in den Verhandlungen etwas bewirken zu können. Dieser Geschlechterunterschied lässt sich durch persönliche und arbeitsplatzbezogene Merkmalen der Befragten erklären, die aber teilweise wiederum selbst Ergebnis geschlechtsspezifischen Verhaltens sein dürften. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass vor allem Regelungen, die eine Anrechenbarkeit von Gremiensitzungen auf die Arbeitszeit festschreiben, dazu geeignet sein können, die Bereitschaft zur Mitarbeit zu erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bünning, Mareike & Matthias Pollmann-Schult (2016): Parenthood, child care, and nonstandard work schedules in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 295-314. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153698

Abstract

"An increasing proportion of the European labor force works in the evening, at night or on weekends. Because nonstandard work schedules are associated with a number of negative outcomes for families and children, parents may seek to avoid such schedules. However, for parents with insufficient access to formal child care, working nonstandard hours or days may be an adaptive strategy used to manage child-care needs. It enables 'split-shift' parenting, where parents work alternate schedules, allowing one of the two to be at home looking after the children. This study examines the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules among parents and nonparents in 22 European countries. Specifically, we ask whether the provision of formal child care influences the extent to which parents of preschool-aged children work nonstandard schedules. Using data from the European Social Survey and multilevel models, we find evidence that the availability of formal child care reduces nonstandard work among parents. This indicates that access to formal child care enables parents to work standard schedules. To the extent that nonstandard work schedules are negatively associated with child wellbeing, access to formal child care protects children from the adverse effects of their parents' evening and night work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Christiansen, Lone, Huidan Lin, Joana Pereira, Petia Topalova & Rima Turk (2016): Individual choice or policies? Drivers of female employment in Europe. (IMF working paper 2016,49), Washington, DC, 44 S.

Abstract

"Female labor force participation has increased markedly in many European countries during the past decades. Nonetheless, participation rates remain low in some economies, and a significant gender gap persists in most countries. Using micro-level data to control for factors that influence personal choice, we re-examine the determinants of female employment in Europe. The results highlight the importance of positive attitudes towards women working and individual characteristics such as years of education and number of children. However, even after controlling for these factors, policies are also key drivers of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ciavolino, Enrico, Claudia Sunna, Paola De Pascali & Mariangela Nitti (2016): Women resignation during maternal leave. In: Quality and Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, Jg. 50, H. 4, S. 1747-1763. DOI:10.1007/s11135-015-0233-x

Abstract

"Pregnant women and mothers are one of the most vulnerable parts of the workforce. Despite legal provisions are intended to safeguard the motherhood and prevent the mothers' discrimination, the phenomenon of the voluntary resignation during maternity leave is a current issue in the Southern-Italy society. The multifaceted aspects characterizing the reasons leading the mothers to abandon the workplace are explored through a complex statistical model, namely a hierarchical structural equation model." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Cools, Sara & Marte Ström (2016): Parenthood wage penalties in a double income society. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 391-416. DOI:10.1007/s11150-014-9244-y

Abstract

"We estimate how parenthood affects hourly wages using panel data for Norwegian employees in the years 1997 - 2007. Though smaller than for most other OECD countries, we find substantial wage penalties to motherhood, ranging from a 1.2 % wage reduction for women with lower secondary education to 4.9 % for women with more than four years of higher education. Human capital measures such as work experience and paid parental leave do not explain the wage penalties, indicating that in the Norwegian institutional context, mothers are protected from adverse wage effects due to career breaks. We do however find large heterogeneity in the effects, with the largest penalties for mothers working full time and in the private sector. Contrary to most studies using US data and to previous research from Norway, we find a small wage penalty also to fatherhood. Also for men, the penalty is greater for those who work full time and in the private sector. A substantial share of the fatherhood wage penalty is explained by paternity leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dahl, Gordon B., Katrine V. Løken, Magne Mogstad & Kari Vea Salvanes (2016): What is the case for paid maternity leave? In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 98, H. 4, S. 655-670. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00602

Abstract

"We assess the case for generous government-funded maternity leave, focusing on a series of policy reforms in Norway that expanded paid leave from 18 to 35 weeks. We find the reforms do not crowd out unpaid leave and that mothers spend more time at home without a reduction in family income. The increased maternity leave has little effect on children's schooling, parental earnings and labor force participation, completed fertility, marriage, or divorce. The expansions, whose net costs amounted to 0.25% of GDP, have negative redistribution properties and imply a considerable increases in taxes at a cost to economic efficiency." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))