Zitatform

Magda, Iga, Aneta Kielczewska & Nicola Brandt (2018): The "family 500+" child allowance and female labour supply in Poland. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1481), Paris, 21 S. DOI:10.1787/1a30745e-en

Abstract

"In 2016 the Polish government introduced a large new child benefit, called 'Family 500+', with the aim to increase fertility from a low level and reduce child poverty. The benefit is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. Increasing out-of-work income significantly, the transfer can reduce incentives to participate in the labour market. We study the impact of the new benefit on female labour supply, using Polish Labour Force Survey data. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology we find that the labour market participation rates of women with children decreased after the introduction of the benefit compared to childless women. The estimates suggest that by mid-2017 the labour force participation rate of mothers dropped by 2- 3 percentage points, depending on the estimation specification, as a result of the 'Family 500+' benefit. The effect was higher among women with lower levels of education and living in small towns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Magda, Iga, Aneta Kielczewska & Nicola Brandt (2018): The effects of large universal child benefits on female labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 11652), Bonn, 19 S.

Abstract

"In 2016 the Polish government introduced a large new child benefit, called 'Family 500+', with the aim to increase fertility from a low level and reduce child poverty. The benefit is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. Increasing out-of-work income significantly, the transfer can reduce incentives to participate in the labour market. We study the impact of the new benefit on female labour supply, using Polish Labour Force Survey data. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology we find that the labour market participation rates of women with children decreased after the introduction of the benefit compared to childless women. The estimates suggest that by mid-2017 the labour force participation rate of mothers dropped by 2-3 percentage points, depending on the estimation specification, as a result of the 'Family 500+' benefit. The effect was higher among women with lower levels of education and living in small towns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mosca, Irene & Robert E. Wright (2018): Is personality endogenous? Evidence from Ireland. (IZA discussion paper 11414), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"There is a growing interest in economics in the role played by personality in explaining labour market behaviour. Research to date points to the Big-5 personality traits being a possible determinant of wages and employment. However, most of this research is based on the assumption that personality is exogenous. This paper examines the potential endogeneity of personality in the context of employment behaviour amongst Irish women. A quasi-experimental design, generated by implementation and abolition of the so-called 'Marriage Bar', is employed. The Marriage Bar was the legal requirement that women leave paid employment upon getting married in Ireland. Because this law was abolished only in the 1970s, many of the women affected are still alive and are among the respondents in The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. The identification strategy is based on the comparison of two groups of women affected by the Marriage Bar. The comparison is between those who returned to employment after being forced to leave the labour market and those who did not. The analysis supports the view that researchers interested in the relationship between the Big-5 and labour market outcomes should not view the potential problem of 'the endogeneity of personality' as a problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Neumann, Emma (2018): Source country culture and labor market assimilation of immigrant women in Sweden. Evidence from longitudinal data. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 585-627. DOI:10.1007/s11150-018-9420-6

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the role of source country culture on gender roles for labor market assimilation of immigrant women in Sweden. Sweden ranks as one of the world's most gender-equal countries and at the same time a recipient of many immigrants from countries with more traditional views on gender roles and gender equality. I find that the labor force participation of immigrant women in Sweden is related to their source country culture, in the sense that women from countries where women's labor market participation is low (high) also have low (high) participation in the Swedish labor market. However, all immigrant women assimilate towards, but do not reach parity with, the participation rate of native women, and the difference between women from high- and low-participation countries diminishes with length of residence in Sweden. This indicates that source country culture on gender roles does not have a persistent effect on immigrant women's labor market participation in Sweden. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of taking into account unobservable time-constant individual and source country factors when estimating the relationship between source country culture and immigrants' labor market outcomes. Neglecting to control for these factors could lead researchers to misrepresent the rate of assimilation and overstate the effect of source country culture." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Nolan, Anne & Alan Barrett (2018): Working beyond 65 in Ireland. (IZA discussion paper 11664), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Extending working lives is often proposed as one route through which the costs associated with population ageing can be managed. In that context, understanding who currently works for longer can help policymakers to design policies to facilitate longer working. In particular, it is important to know if longer working is a choice or a necessity, where necessity arises from a lack of pension income. In this paper, we use data from the first four waves of the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA), covering the period 2010-2016, to examine patterns of labour force participation among men and women aged 65+. We find that a lack of pension income is an important determinant of later-life working and that this applies for both men and women. Although older women are significantly less likely to work than older men, we find few differences in the pattern of determinants of longer working among older men and women. However, while women are significantly less likely to work than men, this effect is stronger among married women compared to single women. This suggests that older women without immediate access to family-provided financial support may need to work to support themselves. This adds to the picture of later life work being a necessity as opposed to a choice. However, an alternative explanation is that older married women may also have caring responsibilities that reduce their labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

O'Connor, Pat, Clare O'Hagan & Breda Gray (2018): Femininities in STEM: Outsiders Within. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 312-329. DOI:10.1177/0950017017714198

Abstract

"This article describes a typological framework with axes relating to career and (non-work) relationship commitment to show how a specific cohort of women enact femininity(ies) in the context of the institutionalised practices that define science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) as a masculine domain. Based on the accounts of 25 women in such disciplines in an Irish university, four types are identified: careerist femininity; individualised femininity; vocational femininity; and family-oriented femininity. All of these are constituted in relation to the meanings attached to the masculinist STEM career which performatively render women outsiders. The typology moves beyond the career/paid work and work/life dichotomies to encompass both the re-envisioning of career as vocation (Type 3) and the development of a highly individualised lifestyle orientation based on a high commitment to both (Type 2). It points to the variation, complexity and contradictions in how women do femininities in the academic STEM environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Osuna, Victoria (2018): What accounts for the increase in female labor force participation in Spain. (Economics. Discussion papers 2018-06), Kiel, 29 S.

Abstract

"Over the last three decades, Spanish female labor force participation (LFP) has tremendously increased, particularly, that of married women. At the same time, the income tax structure, the fiscal treatment of families, policies to reconcile family and work, and the education distribution of married couples have substantially changed. By contrast, the gender wage gap has remained quite stable. In this paper the author investigates the relevance of these factors in accounting for the growth in Spanish married women labor force participation from 1994 to 2008. For that purpose, she uses Kaygusuz (Taxes and female labor supply, 2010) model of household labor market participation, and data from Eurostat to calibrate the model and evaluate its performance. The model successfully accounts for the rise in aggregate female labor force participation, and matches hours worked by males and females. The model is also able to replicate the pattern of female labor force participation by age and education. From this analysis we can conclude that changes in tax rates and in the education distribution are the main factors behind the increase in female LFP during the late nineties, while changes in child care costs and earning profiles are mainly responsible for the subsequent growth in the 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Osuna, Victoria (2018): What accounts for the increase in female labor force participation in Spain. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-26. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-16

Abstract

"Over the last three decades, Spanish female labor force participation (LFP) has tremendously increased, particularly, that of married women. At the same time, the income tax structure, the fiscal treatment of families, policies to reconcile family and work, and the education distribution of married couples have substantially changed. By contrast, the gender wage gap has remained quite stable. In this paper the author investigates the relevance of these factors in accounting for the growth in Spanish married women labor force participation from 1994 to 2008. For that purpose, she uses Kaygusuz' model of household labor market participation, and data from Eurostat to calibrate the model and evaluate its performance. The model successfully accounts for the rise in aggregate female labor force participation, and matches hours worked by males and females. The model is also able to replicate the pattern of female labor force participation by age and education. From this analysis we can conclude that changes in tax rates and in the education distribution are the main factors behind the increase in female LFP during the late nineties, while changes in child care costs and earning profiles are mainly responsible for the subsequent growth in the 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Papapetrou, Evangelia & Pinelopi Tsalaporta (2018): Is there a case for intergenerational transmission of female labour force participation and educational attainment? Evidence from Greece during the crisis. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 237-258. DOI:10.1111/labr.12134

Abstract

"The paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of female educational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of labour force participation in Greece, in 2011. Results show that parental educational background, and especially maternal, is identified as a key determinant of women's high level of educational achievement. A wife's labour force participation decision is related to her husband's mother's and mother's participation, and even more strongly related to her own level of educational achievement along with the number of children in the household. The labour force participation of the mother of the husband is more important than that of the woman's own mother, indicating a strong transmission of the husband's cultural model. Results point to the presence of heterogeneity of cultural transmission of female labour supply conditional on household income." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pfahl, Svenja, Laura Rauschnick, Stefan Reuyß & Jürgen P. Rinderspacher (2018): Kinderbetreuung über Nacht. Kritische Bestandsaufnahme einer institutionellen Kinderbetreuung rund um die Uhr aus der Sicht von Beschäftigten, Kindern, pädagogischen Fachkräften und betrieblichen Akteuren. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Study 382), Düsseldorf, 133 S.

Abstract

"Welche Vor- und Nachteile haben erweiterte Betreuungszeiten in Kitas aus der Perspektive von Beschäftigten und ihren Kindern? Im Fokus stehen die Wünsche, Bedarfe und Erfahrungen von Eltern und Kindern, die bereits Erfahrungen mit erweiterter Kinderbetreuung gesammelt haben. Die Studie gibt einen Überblick über Qualitätsanforderungen und zeigt unterschiedliche Realisierungsformen. Zusätzlich wird skizziert, welche Voraussetzungen aus Sicht der pädagogischen Fachkräfte in den Kitas gegeben sein müssen, um das Kindeswohl bei erweiterten Betreuungszeiten zu gewährleisten. Ziel ist die Abschätzung der familialen, betrieblichen und gesellschaftlichen Folgen als Grundlage für die öffentlich geführte Debatte um Arbeits- und Betreuungszeiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pohl, R. Vincent (2018): Medicaid and the labor supply of single mothers. Implications for health care reform. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 1283-1313. DOI:10.1111/iere.12304

Abstract

"The Medicaid expansions and health insurance subsidies of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) change work incentives for single mothers. To evaluate the employment effects of these policies ex ante, I estimate a model of labor supply and health insurance choice exploiting variation in pre-ACA Medicaid policies. Simulations show that single mothers increase their labor supply at the extensive and intensive margin by 12% and 7%, respectively, uninsurance rates decline by up to 40%, and an average family's welfare improves by 1,600 dollars per year. Health insurance subsidies and not Medicaid expansions mostly drive these effects." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2018): Parenthood and Life Satisfaction in Europe : The Role of Family Policies and Working Time Flexibility. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 387-411. DOI:10.1007/s10680-017-9433-5

Abstract

"The life satisfaction of parents residing with dependent children varies greatly between countries. This article examines how country-level characteristics -- the provision of family allowances and formal child care, and the level of working time flexibility -- account for these cross-national differences, using data from the European Social Survey from 2004 and 2010 for 27 countries. Parents report greater life satisfaction in countries that offer generous financial benefits to families, high child care provision, and high working time flexibility than parents residing in counties with low levels of support. Results also show that these national contextual factors are associated with lower levels of financial strain and work - life conflicts among parents. These findings suggest that the mitigating effect of family benefits, child care provision, and working time flexibility on the psychosocial and financial burdens of parenthood is a key mechanism in the association between national contextual factors and parental life satisfaction." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Preston, Alison & Elisa Birch (2018): The Western Australian wage structure and gender wage gap. A post-mining boom analysis. In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 60, H. 5, S. 619-646. DOI:10.1177/0022185618791589

Abstract

"Whilst there is a large literature on the determinant of wages in Australia, relatively few studies have examined the determinants of wages at a state level. In this article, we present a study of the determinants of earnings in Western Australia, a state that experienced rapid growth during the mining boom of 2003-2013. We show that the relatively stronger wage growth in Western Australia since 2001 is the product of both compositional and price effects. We also report on the Western Australia and rest of Australia gender wage gaps. Our decomposition analysis of the mean gender wage gap shows that industry effects (as a result of gender segmentation across industry) account for a much larger share of the Western Australia gender wage gap than they do elsewhere in Australia, with the mining, construction and transport sectors driving the industry effects. Using quantile analysis we show that, relative to the rest of Australia, the Western Australia gender wage gaps are larger at both the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. At the median the Western Australia gender wage gap, at 2014-2016, is on par with that prevailing elsewhere in Australia, with women in both groups earning 10% less than their male counterparts, all else held equal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reichelt, Malte (2018): Frauen stoßen noch immer an die gläserne Decke - trotz betrieblicher Förderung der Chancengleichheit. In: IAB-Forum H. 16.07.2018, o. Sz.

Abstract

"Der Lohnunterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen ist in Deutschland noch immer groß. Betriebliche Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Chancengleichheit von Frauen und Männern und formalisierte Personalprozesse sollen dazu beitragen, diese Kluft zu verringern und faire Löhne sicherzustellen. Dabei zeigt sich: Im Niedriglohnbereich wirken diese Maßnahmen zwar durchaus. Sie tragen aber kaum dazu bei, die "gläserne Decke" für Frauen zu durchbrechen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Richiardi, Matteo, Brian Nolan & Lane Kenworthy (2018): The US labour force participation debacle. Learning from the contrast with Britain. (ISER working paper 2018-12), Colchester, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rodríguez-Planas, Núria, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano & Anastasia Terskaya (2018): Independent thinking and hard working, or caring and well behaved? Short- and long-term impacts of gender identity norms. (IZA discussion paper 11694), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we explore the causal effect of gender-identity norms on female teenagers' engagement in risky behaviors relative to boys in the US. To do so, we exploit idiosyncratic variation across adjacent grades within schools in the proportion of high-school peers' mothers who think that important skills for both boys and girls to possess are traditionally masculine ones, such as to think for him or herself or work hard, as opposed to traditionally feminine ones, namely to be well-behaved, popular or help others. We find that a higher proportion of mothers who believe that independent thinking and working hard matter for either gender reduces the gender gap in risky behaviors, traditionally more prevalent among males, both in the short and medium run. We also find evidence of convergence in the labor market in early adulthood. Short- and medium-run results are driven by a reduction in males' engagement in risky behaviors; long-run results are driven by females' higher annual earnings and lower welfare dependency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Romiti, Agnese (2018): The effects of immigration on household services, labour supply and fertility. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 80, H. 4, S. 843-869., 2017-11-08. DOI:10.1111/obes.12225

Abstract

"Fertility and female labour force participation are no longer negatively correlated in developed countries. At the same time, increased immigration affects supply and prices of household services, which are relevant to fertility and employment decisions. This paper analyses the effect of immigration on labour supply and fertility of native women in the UK. Adopting an instrumental variable approach, I find that immigration increases female labour supply without affecting fertility. My results show that immigration increases the size of the childcare sector, and reduces its prices, suggesting that immigrants may ease the trade-off between working and child rearing among native women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schiefer, Katrin (2018): Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Dimensionierung, Struktur und Determinanten. (Familie und Gesellschaft 34), Würzburg: Ergon, 275 S.

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht die Familienleitbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Es wird angenommen, dass sich aufgrund der Etablierung völlig unterschiedlicher Familienmodelle (male vs. dual breadwinner) während der Teilung Deutschlands auch unterschiedliche Familienvorstellungen entwickelt haben. Diese werden eingehend untersucht, um beantworten zu können, inwiefern sie heute noch in den Köpfen der Bevölkerung verankert sind. Dabei werden folgende Fragen analysiert: Welche Dimensionen von Familienleitbildern bzw. welche Familienleitbildtypen können unterschieden werden? Welche Ost-West-Unterschiede existieren und wie können diese erklärt werden? Die umfassenden empirischen Analysen auf der Basis der Familienleitbildstudie des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung belegen den Fortbestand der unterschiedlichen Familienmodelle in der deutschen Gesellschaft. Wobei sich insbesondere die pro-egalitäre Doppelverdienerfamilie als ostdeutsches Leitbild identifizieren lässt. Dabei scheint es sich trotz der (politischen) Veränderungen nach der Wiedervereinigung um ein stabiles Leitbild zu handeln. Diese Situation dürfte zusätzlich durch die aktuelle Entwicklung der Familienpolitik hinsichtlich einer egalitäreren Aufteilung von Kinderbetreuung und Erwerbsarbeit befördert werden." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2018): Breadwinning as care? The meaning of paid work in mothers' and fathers' constructions of parenting. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 445-462. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1318112

Abstract

"As some scholars have argued for a distinct conceptualisation of breadwinning and for understanding breadwinning as a form of care, this study addresses parents' constructions of breadwinning and its connections to care. It is based on an in-depth interpretive analysis of multiple-perspective, qualitative longitudinal interviews with 22 Austrian mothers and fathers from three points in time during their transition to parenthood. The analysis revealed four different types of breadwinning concepts by considering the jointly constructed meaning of mothers' and fathers' paid work within a parental couple and further relied on Tronto's [(1993). Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care. New York, NY: Routledge] conceptualisation of care as a four-step process. The results indicate that respondents construct a clear difference between earning money and breadwinning. Additionally, a difference is made between breadwinning and taking care of the family's subsistence, predominantly so for mothers. In conclusion, breadwinning can definitely be considered a form of care and thus a form of involvement in parenting, but it cannot be regarded a form of involvement in caregiving. The holistic picture of parents' joint constructions enabled us to contribute to the existing conceptualisations of breadwinning and of parental involvement, thus providing a novel perspective on matters of gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schröder, Martin (2018): How working hours influence the life satisfaction of childless men and women, fathers and mothers in Germany. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 65-81. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1004

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel zeigt mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels, dass Väter - und in geringerem Maße kinderlose Männer und Frauen - am zufriedensten sind, wenn sie Vollzeit oder länger arbeiten. Die Lebenszufriedenheit von Müttern ist dahingegen kaum von ihren Arbeitszeiten beeinflusst. Rationale Einkommensmaximierung kann dieses Muster nicht erklären, da es sogar in Haushalten auftritt, in denen Frauen mehr verdienen als Männer. Die Ergebnisse zeigen sich ebenfalls bei Menschen mit sehr sicheren Arbeitsplätzen und sehr wenig Haus- und Kinderbetreuungsarbeit. Damit widersprechen sie den Prognosen der expansionistischen Rollentheorie, dass Männer und Frauen zufriedener sind, wenn sie beide gleich umfangreich erwerbstätig sind. Für Männer passen die Ergebnisse am besten zu den Vorhersagen der traditionellen Rollentheorie, wonach Menschen zufriedener sind, wenn sie stereotypen Geschlechterrollen entsprechen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

Zitatform

Skora, Thomas (2018): Die räumliche Dimension der Vereinbarkeitsfrage. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Arbeitsweg und Elternschaft. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 8-11.

Abstract

"Bei den gestiegenen Herausforderungen für Eltern, berufliche und familiäre Ziele miteinander vereinbaren zu können, wurde bisher im öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Diskurs der Aspekt des täglichen Pendelns zum Arbeitsplatz nur selten berücksichtigt. Diese Forschungslücke greift der Beitrag auf und untersucht, ob und inwieweit große Pendelentfernungen die Entscheidung zur Erstelternschaft beeinflussen. Gleichzeitig wird analysiert, welche Veränderungen die Familiengründung beim Pendel- und Erwerbsverhalten nach sich zieht. So zeigt sich zum Beispiel, dass vor allem westdeutsche Frauen im Zuge der Erstgeburt ihre Pendeldistanz im Durchschnitt reduzieren. Ergänzend dazu gibt der Autor, Dr. Thomas Skora, in einem Interview mit Bevölkerungsforschung Aktuell Auskunft über zentrale Ergebnisse seiner Studie, die zugleich auch seine Dissertation darstellt." (Autorenreferat)

Zitatform

Strawinski, Pawel, Aleksandra Majchrowska & Paulina Broniatowska (2018): Occupational segregation and wage differences. The case of Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 378-397. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2016-0141

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relation between occupational segregation and the gender wage differences using data on three-digit occupational level of classification. The authors examine whether a statistically significant relation between the share of men in employment and the size of the unexplained part of the gender wage gap exists.
Design/methodology/approach: Traditional Oaxaca (1973) - Blinder (1973) decomposition is performed to examine the differences in the gender wage gaps among minor occupational groups. Two types of reweighted decomposition - based on the parametric estimate of the propensity score and non-parametric proposition presented by Barsky et al. (2002) - are used as the robustness check. The analysis is based on individual data available from Poland.
Findings: The results indicate no strong relation between occupational segregation and the size of unexplained differences in wages. The unexplained wage differences are the smallest in strongly female-dominated and mixed occupations; the highest are observed in male-dominated occupations. However, they are probably to a large extent the result of other, difficult to include in the econometric model, factors rather than the effects of wage discrimination: differences in the psychophysical conditions of men and women, cultural background, tradition or habits. The failure to take them into account may result in over-interpreting the unexplained parts as gender discrimination.
Research limitations/implications: The highest accuracy of the estimated gender wage gap is obtained for the occupational groups with a similar proportion of men and women in employment. In other male- or female-dominated groups, the size of the estimated gender wage gaps depends on the estimation method used.
Practical implications: The results suggest that decreasing the degree of segregation of men and women in different occupations could reduce the wage differences between them, as the wage discrimination in gender balanced occupations is the smallest.
Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the few conducted at such a disaggregated level of occupations, and one of few studies focused on Central and Eastern European countries and the first one for Poland." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Sánchez-Marcos, Virginia & Carlos Bethencourt (2018): The effect of public pensions on women's labor market participation over a full life cycle. In: Quantitative economics, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 707-733. DOI:10.3982/QE667

Abstract

"Spousal and survivor pensions are two important provisions of the US Social Security pension system. In this paper, we assess the impact of these benefits on the female employment rate in the context of a full life-cycle model in which households decide on female labor supply and savings. One important aspect of our model is that we allow for returns to labor market experience so that participation decisions affect not only current earnings and Social Security pension eligibility but also future earnings. We quantify the effect on female labor supply and on household inequality of (i) removing spousal benefit, (ii) removing both spousal and survivor pension benefits, and (iii) extending from 35 to 40 the number of periods of the working career that are considered when calculating the retired worker's pension. We find that reforms (i) and (ii) significantly increase female employment throughout the life cycle, whereas reform (iii) has a very mild effect. The effect of (ii) on income inequality in older household is large, whereas the effect on consumption inequality is small. All three reforms have substantial effects on Social Security expenditure and fiscal revenues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tocchioni, Valentina (2018): Exploring the childless universe. Profiles of women and men without children in Italy. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 451-470. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.19

Abstract

"Background: In recent decades, several Western countries have experienced a large increase in childlessness. Relatively little is known about the profiles of childless women in Italy, and virtually nothing about childless men.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to address this gap by identifying typical life course trajectories of childless women and men in Italy from a gender perspective and in a cross-cohort comparison.
Methods: In order to identify typical patterns I adopted a holistic perspective, applying sequence analysis to data on partnership, employment, and education for a sample of childless women and men derived from the 2009 Italian Family and Social Subjects survey.
Results: Six profiles each were identified for childless women and men, which illustrate the marked heterogeneity of the childless universe. Four out of the six were similar for both genders. Importantly, the life course of the childless evolved across cohorts, with an increasing proportion of employed women and single men in the youngest generations.
Contribution: This work sheds light on differences in childlessness in Italy by gender and generation. It confirms the role of factors such as not having a partner, and adds new empirical findings such as the pattern of disadvantaged, less-educated women and that of highly educated men with a history of unstable employment." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Tophoven, Silke, Veronika Kretschmer, Richard Peter, Anita Tisch & Jean-Baptist du Prel (2018): Erwerbsverlauf und Gesundheit älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter. (IAB-Bibliothek 371), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 214 S. DOI:10.3278/300988w

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen im höheren Erwerbsalter ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Um sie auch künftig zu ermöglichen, ist das Wissen um die spezifische Situation dieser Gruppe, grade in Bezug auf gesundheitliche Aspekte, besonders wichtig. Die Dissertation bietet einen Überblick zu den Erwerbsverläufen und aktuellen Erwerbs- und Gesundheitssituationen älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter und untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen
- verschiedenen Erwerbsverlaufstypen und bisheriger Alterssicherung
- prekärer Beschäftigung und funktionaler Gesundheit
- der Tätigkeit in geschlechtersegregierten Berufen und depressiven Symptomen sowie
- Veränderungen der Arbeitsbedingungen und psychischer Gesundheit." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? (IZA discussion paper 11639), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? In: Social science research, Jg. 75, H. September, S. 154-167. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.06.009

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verniers, Catherine & Jorge Vala (2018): Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace. The mediating role of motherhood myths. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0190657

Abstract

"The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths according to which women's work threatens children and family life mediates the relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother's career. We tested this hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012 from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vos, Duco de, Evert Meijers & Maarten van Ham (2018): Working from home and the willingness to accept a longer commute. In: The annals of regional science, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 375-398. DOI:10.1007/s00168-018-0873-6

Abstract

"It is generally found that workers are more inclined to accept a job that is located farther away from home if they have the ability to work from home one day a week or more (telecommuting). Such findings inform us about the effectiveness of telecommuting policies that try to alleviate congestion and transport-related emissions, but they also stress that the geography of labour markets is changing due to information technology. We argue that estimates of the effect of working from home on commuting time may be biased because of sorting based on residential- and commuting preferences. In this paper we investigate the relationship between telecommuting and commuting time, controlling for preference-based sorting. We use 7 waves of data from the Dutch Labour Supply Panel and show that on average telecommuters have higher marginal cost of one-way commuting time, compared to non-telecommuters. We estimate the effect of telecommuting on commuting time using a fixed effects approach, and we show that preference-based sorting biases cross-sectional results upwards. This suggests that the bias due to sorting based on residential preferences is strongest. Working from home allows people to accept 5% longer commuting times on average, and every additional 8 h of working from home are associated with 3.5% longer commuting times." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Vuri, Daniela (2018): Joint custody law and mothers' labor market outcomes. Evidence from the USA. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 1203-1237. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0680-x

Abstract

"This paper studies the economic implications for mothers of the changes in child custody law from maternal preference to joint custody using the 1960 - 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS). Variation in the timing of the joint custody reform across states provides a natural experimental framework to study the causal effect of shared custody on mothers' economic outcomes. The results show that only single mothers experience a decrease in earnings as a consequence of the adoption of the joint custody law, exposing them to a higher risk of poverty. The paper discusses a possible explanation for these findings, namely that the higher child support payment the mother receives from the non-custodial father in case of joint custody might discourage her from looking for high paid jobs or investing in her career." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Weber, Enzo & Franziska Zimmert (2018): Arbeitszeiten zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: Wie Diskrepanzen entstehen und wie man sie auflöst. (IAB-Kurzbericht 13/2018), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Arbeitszeitwünsche und tatsächliche Arbeitszeiten der Beschäftigten in Deutschland stimmen oft nicht überein, zum Beispiel aufgrund familiärer und berufsbezogener Rahmenbedingungen. Solche Arbeitszeitdiskrepanzen treten bei Frauen ebenso auf wie bei Männern und können sich auf die Lebens-, Gesundheits- oder Arbeitszufriedenheit der Betroffenen negativ auswirken. Kürzere Arbeitszeiten können die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf vereinfachen oder dabei helfen, Familienarbeit ausgewogener zu gestalten. In dem Wunsch nach einer Arbeitszeitverlängerung liegt ein Beschäftigungspotenzial, das zur Sicherung des Arbeitskräftebedarfs beitragen kann. In dem Kurzbericht wird die Verbreitung von Arbeitszeitdiskrepanzen in den letzten 30 Jahren betrachtet und untersucht, welche Faktoren zu ihrer Entstehung beziehungsweise zu ihrer Auflösung beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wieschke, Johannes (2018): Frequency of employer changes and their financial return: gender differences amongst German university graduates. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1186/s12651-017-0235-3

Abstract

"Diese Studie nutzt eine Stichprobe bayerischer Hochschulabsolventen, um Geschlechtsunterschiede sowohl in der Häufigkeit als auch in den finanziellen Erträgen von Arbeitgeberwechseln zu untersuchen. Die Such- und Matchingtheorien werden genutzt, um Hypothesen zu entwickeln, die anschließend gegeneinander getestet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen ihren Arbeitgeber in den ersten Jahren nach dem Abschluss häufiger wechseln als Männer. Das kann zu einem großen Teil durch unterschiedliche Arbeitsmarktstrukturen erklärt werden, vor allem durch die Tatsache, dass Frauen in ihrer ersten Beschäftigung seltener in Großbetrieben, in Führungspositionen und mit unbefristeten Verträgen arbeiten und weniger zufrieden mit ihrer Arbeit sind. Sobald auf all diese Faktoren kontrolliert wird, ändert der Koeffizient sein Vorzeichen, d. h. unter gleichen Umständen wechseln Männer den Arbeitgeber häufiger. Weiterhin profitieren sowohl Männer als auch Frauen finanziell von Arbeitgeberwechseln. Männer erhalten höhere absolute Erträge, aber aufgrund ihrer höheren Einstiegseinkommen existiert bei den relativen Erträgen kein Unterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen und somit auch kein Einfluss auf die Gender Pay Gap. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Besonderheiten des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Wiswall, Matthew & Basit Zafar (2018): Preference for the workplace, investment in human capital, and gender. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 133, H. 1, S. 457-507. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjx035

Abstract

"We use a hypothetical choice methodology to estimate preferences for workplace attributes from a sample of high-ability undergraduates attending a highly selective university. We estimate that women on average have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for jobs with greater work flexibility and job stability, and men have a higher WTP for jobs with higher earnings growth. These job preferences relate to college major choices and to actual job choices reported in a follow-up survey four years after graduation. The gender differences in preferences explain at least a quarter of the early career gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wuiame, Nathalie, herausgegeben von T. Johnson (Hrsg.) Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration (2018): Female (un)employment and work-life balance. A discussion paper from the Employment Thematic Network. (ESF technical dossier 08), Brüssel, 37 S. DOI:10.2767/022588

Abstract

"The objective of this paper is to give an updated overview of the different situations of men and women in the labour market. It examines what the contribution of the Structural and Investment Funds - and especially the ESF - can be, in terms of both female employment and work life balance initiatives. The report concludes with some recommendations on how current and future European funds can better support female employment and gender equality through fighting gender stereotypes and gender segregation, changing the prevalent working culture, providing high-quality and affordable care solutions, and supporting women in specific situations such as victims of domestic violence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Yu, Haiyue, Jin Cao & Shulong Kang (2018): Fertility cost, intergenerational labor division, and female employment. (CESifo working paper 7293), München, 36 S.

Abstract

"China has set to increase the minimum retirement age, to ease the pressure from pension expenditure and the falling labor supply caused by the aging population. However, policy debates have so far neglected the crucial fact that families in China largely rely on retired grandparents for childcare. Using novel and high-quality survey data, we demonstrate that intrafamily downward labor transfer towards childcare significantly increases young females' labor force participation rate and their labor income, and such effects do not exist for males. Furthermore, we show that the positive effects from grandparental childcare are higher for better-educated, urban females with younger children. This paper thus reveals a large, hidden cost in the new retirement policy -- the reduced feasibility of grandparental support, due to postponed retirements, may crowd out productive labor of young females, -- and rationalizes a series of social protection policies to accompany the phase-in of the new retirement scheme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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de Muizon, Marc Jourdain (2018): Why do married women work less in the UK than in France? In: Labour economics, Jg. 51, H. April, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.12.002

Abstract

"Compared to their French counterparts, British married women choose fewer working hours but similar employment rates. This is driven mostly by the labour supply choices of those with young children. To understand why, I estimate a structural labour supply model and simulate counterfactual hours distributions. Differences in non-work income and childcare prices together explain about two-thirds of the observed labour supply gap for mothers of young children. Most prime-aged British married women also face significantly lower taxes compared to their France counterparts though they do not work significantly more aggregate hours. I estimate strong preferences differences across the Channel." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2018): Anspruch und Wirklichkeit des ElterngeldPlus und der Partnerschaftsmonate. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/3310). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/3533 (23.07.2018)), 11 S.

Abstract

"Das Elterngeld mit ElterngeldPlus und Partnerschaftsbonus ist nicht nur die beliebteste Familienleistung, sondern auch der größte Einzelposten im Haushalt des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ). Deshalb begrüßen wir die Flexibilisierung des Elterngeldes durch das ElterngeldPlus und den Partnerschaftsbonus. Leider gibt es in der Umsetzung erhebliche Mängel. Dies wird deutlich anhand des Untersuchungsberichts 'Das Eltergeld- Plus nach zwei Jahren - Befragung der Bezieherinnen und Bezieher im Auftrag des BMFSFJ' des Instituts für Demoskopie Allensbach, der seit wenigen Wochen vorliegt. Auf diesem umfassenden Bericht über das Elterngeld, ElterngeldPlus und den Partnerschaftsbonus basiert zum größten Teil der Bericht der Bundesregierung (Bundestagsdrucksache 19/400). Ergänzt wird der Bericht durch die Quartalsstatistiken zum Elterngeld des Statistischen Bundesamtes." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Das ElterngeldPlus bietet Müttern und Vätern die Möglichkeit, länger staatliche Unterstützung für die Betreuung ihrer neugeborenen Kinder zu erhalten als durch das herkömmliche Elterngeld. Über drei Viertel der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer sind mit dem ElterngeldPlus vollständig zufrieden (77 Prozent). Das zeigt eine schriftliche Befragung von Müttern und Vätern, die ElterngeldPlus beziehen. Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend ermittelte das Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach dabei 2017 die Muster bei der Nutzung der Leistung, die wirtschaftliche Lage der Beziehenden und die Auswirkungen des Bezugs auf die Berufstätigkeit der Eltern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft als wachstumsstarke Zukunftsbranche im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung und einer zunehmend wissensbasierten Ökonomie, hat sich die Staatsregierung als ein zentrales Vorhaben im Arbeitsbereich der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft die Fortschreibung des ersten sächsischen Kulturwirtschaftsberichtes von 2008 vorgenommen. Da dies in zweistufiger Form geschieht, aktualisiert der vorliegende Zwischenbericht die Zahlen und Fakten und wirft ein Schlaglicht auf die Themen Frauen in der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft, Förderinstrumente und Digitalisierung. Dieser nun vom Wirtschaftsministerium zusammen mit dem Kunstministerium vorgelegte erste Teil bildet die Grundlage für eine inhaltliche, qualitative Interpretation, welche in einem zweiten Schritt eine Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Verwaltung und Multiplikatoren im Bereich der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft im Rahmen des Zweiten Kulturwirtschaftsberichtes ermöglichen soll. Anhand der ermittelten Datengrundlage lässt sich feststellen, welchen quantitativen Beitrag die Kultur- und Kreativbranche zur Wirtschaftsleistung in den urbanen und ländlichen Kulturräume leistet, wobei genauere Erkenntnisse zur Situation geringfügig Beschäftigter sowie kleinerer Unternehmen ebenso erstmals einbezogen wurden wie die Situation der Frauen in der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft. Die Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft in Sachsen sehen wir als eine Branche mit hoher Innovationskraft, geprägt von Vielfalt sowie guten Beschäftigungs- und Entwicklungspotenzialen. Neben den bereits bestehenden Förderinstrumenten, war ein wichtiger Schritt zu ihrer Stärkung Mitte 2017, die Einrichtung und Anschubfinanzierung durch Mittel des Freistaates Sachsen von 'Kreatives Sachsen' - dem Sächsischen Zentrum für Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft - als zentrale Anlaufstelle für alle Akteure der Kultur- und Kreativbranche. So sehr die Kultur- und Kreativbranche in Sachsen unübersehbar auch weiterhin einem deutlichen Wachstumstrend folgt, macht sich in ihr zugleich ein Wandel bemerkbar, der in starkem Maße von der Digitalisierung beeinflusst wird. Degressiven Entwicklungen durch veränderte Mediennutzungsgewohnheiten in den Bereichen Buchmarkt und Pressemarkt stehen andererseits Wachstumspotenziale durch digitale Anwendungen in anderen Bereichen gegenüber. Wir freuen uns, dass es gelungen ist, durch die vorliegende Bestandsaufnahme die Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft Sachsens unter wirtschafts- und arbeitsmarkpolitischen, aber auch kulturpolitischen Gesichtspunkten auszuleuchten. Damit soll der Weg geebnet werden zur Erstellung des Zweiten Kulturwirtschaftsberichtes, zur Weiterentwicklung der Branche und zur Erschließung kultur- und kreativwirtschaftlicher Potentiale für andere Branchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"While digital technologies offer leapfrog opportunities and help empower women, gender-based digital exclusion remains widespread and has many causes. The report Bridging the Digital Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate is an effort by the OECD, working with the G20, that aims to provide policy directions for consideration by all governments. It analyses a range of drivers at the root of the digital gender divide in order to draw attention to critical areas for policy action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Alemann, Annette von, Sandra Beaufaÿs & Beate Kortendiek (Hrsg.) (2017): Alte neue Ungleichheiten? Auflösungen und Neukonfigurationen von Erwerbs- und Familiensphäre. (Gender. Sonderheft 04), Opladen: Budrich, 181 S.

Abstract

"Wie sehen die Lebensrealitäten von Frauen und Männern in den Lebensbereichen 'Erwerbssystem' und 'Familie' aus? Welche Interdependenzen und damit möglicherweise einhergehenden Ungleichheiten im Geschlechterverhältnis ergeben sich hieraus? Das Heft präsentiert theoretische und empirische Beiträge, die sich mit der Auflösung und Neubestimmung der gesellschaftlichen Sphären 'Erwerbsarbeit' und 'private Lebensführung' auseinandersetzen. Dabei werden neben der Analyse des Bestehenden auch aktuelle Tendenzen und Perspektiven diskutiert. "(Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Ayala, Luis & Milagros Paniagua (2017): The impact of in-work benefits on female labor supply and income distribution in Spain. (EUROMOD working paper 2017,17), Colchester: EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research, 36 S.

Abstract

"In-work benefits (IWBs) have become very common transfer programs that seek to meet both efficiency and equity targets. An expanding literature has assessed the effects of these policies on income distribution and labor supply showing important implications for female labor participation. In this paper, we estimate the distributional and behavioral impacts of a simulated IWB in Spain based on the replacement of the existing working mother tax credit (WMTC) using as a reference the US Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). We simulate the effects of the proposed scheme using EUROMOD and a discrete choice model of labor supply. Our results show that the enhancement of the proposed IWB would have significant and positive effects both in terms of female labor participation and inequality and poverty reduction. The introduction of this IWB would generate a substantial increase in labor participation at the extensive margin and a non-negligible reduction at the intensive margin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bächmann, Ann-Christin & Dörthe Gatermann (2017): The duration of family-related employment interruptions. The role of occupational characteristics. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 143-160., 2017-03-23. DOI:10.1007/s12651-017-0226-4

Abstract

"Nach der Geburt eines Kindes unterbrechen viele Frauen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit. Diese familienbedingten Erwerbspausen führen zu Karrierenachteilen, deren Ausmaß entscheidend von der Dauer der Unterbrechung abhängt. Aufgrund der nachhaltigen Bedeutung des Berufs für den gesamten Erwerbsverlauf in Deutschland untersuchen wir, inwieweit berufliche Merkmale diese Dauer beeinflussen. Dabei konzentrieren wir uns auf den Effekt beruflicher Geschlechtersegregation und die damit einhergehenden Berufsmerkmale Lohnniveau und Teilzeitquote und testen gegenläufige Hypothesen: Einerseits sollte das geringere Lohnniveau in frauendominierten Berufen durch niedrigere Opportunitätskosten zu längeren Erwerbsunterbrechungen führen. Andererseits sollten sich hohe Teilzeitquoten in frauendominierten Berufen aufgrund der besseren Vereinbarkeitsmöglichkeiten verkürzend auf Erwerbsunterbrechungen auswirken. Zudem wird untersucht, ob der Frauenanteil selbst darüber hinaus einen eigenständigen Effekt auf die Unterbrechungsdauer aufweist. Wir testen diese Hypothesen anhand von Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte 6), die um berufliche Merkmale beruhend auf der Stichprobe der Integrierten Arbeitsmarktbiographien und des Mikrozensus erweitert werden. Wir betrachten dazu Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes in den Jahren 1992 bis 2010. Anhand von diskreten Ereignisdatenmodellen zeigt sich, dass ein hohes berufliches Lohnniveau die Rückkehr von Müttern auf den Arbeitsmarkt beschleunigt, während der Teilzeitanteil und der Frauenanteil selbst keinen signifikanten Einfluss aufweisen." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Christiansen, Lone, Huidan Lin, Joana Pereira, Petia Topalova & Rima Turk (2017): Unlocking the potential of greater female employment in Europe. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 5-16. DOI:10.1007/s10272-017-0636-0

Abstract

"This paper investigates the drivers of female labour force participation in Europe, as well as the implications of achieving greater gender diversity in senior corporate positions. Re-examining the drivers of women's decisions to work is particularly important in the context of Europe. In many European countries, the process of closing gender gaps in labour force participation has stalled, despite greater gender equality in human capital investment, declining birth rates, changing social norms and equal legal access to employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Dehos, Fabian & Marie Paul (2017): The effects of after-school programs on maternal employment. (Ruhr economic papers 686), Essen, 40 S. DOI:10.4419/86788796

Abstract

"Das vorliegende Diskussionspapier untersucht den Einfluss einer massiven Ausweitung von Ganztagsbetreuung an Grundschulen auf das Arbeitsangebot von Müttern im westdeutschen Kontext einer niedrigen Vollzeitbeschäftigungsquote. Wir verwenden einen Instrumentvariablenansatz und nutzen zur Identifikation des Effektes regionale und zeitliche Variation in der Zuteilung von Fördergeldern eines bundesweiten Investitionsprogramms. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die zusätzlichen Ganztagsschulplätze weder einen Einfluss auf die Anzahl der geleisteten Arbeitsstunden noch auf die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Müttern mit Grundschulkindern haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dew, Brian (2017): The problem with blaming men for not working. A comparison of labor market outcomes for men and women. Washington, DC, 11 S.

Abstract

"Researchers, partially in response to the slow labor market recovery from the Great Recession and the 2016 presidential election in the United States, are interested in why men, and particularly men without a college education, aren't as likely to be working. Some explanations point to survey data on how leisure time is used to argue that men aren't working because they would rather do something else (such as play video games, or engage in other online leisure activities). Other research points to how increasing opioid usage is causing men to be unable to work. One problem with these explanations is that within specific age and education groups, changes to women's employment outcomes are often actually worse than men's. That is, the 'problem with men' is not specific to men.
This short paper compares changes since 1990 to men's and women's employment rates (also called the employment-population ratio) for three age subgroups of men and women without a college education. Changes to the employed share of each group show up in the group's employment rate, therefore discussion focuses on explanations for similarities and differences in trends in men's and women's employment rates since 2000. According to the latest available microdata - the October 2017 Current Population Survey (CPS) - roughly 44 million Americans between the ages of 25 and 54 (sometimes referred to as 'prime-age') report a high school diploma or less as their highest level of educational attainment (35.2 percent of the age 25 to 54 population). Of this group, slightly more than half, or 54.2 percent, are men. The prime-age group is divided into ten-year age subgroups (25-34, 35-44, and 45-54) to reduce the effect of demographic trends on employment rate data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Elveren, Adem Y., Christa Marr & Yvonne Renard (2017): Feminization of labour and profit rates. Evidence from OECD countries. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 24, H. 7, S. 481-484. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2016.1203057

Abstract

"The article examines the effect of the feminization of labour on profit rates and capacity utilization by employing an indirect and two-stage least squares models for 21 OECD countries during the 1970 - 2008 period. Findings show that higher women's labour force participation rates and gender wage gap lead to higher profit rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fendel, Tanja & Beate Jochimsen (2017): Child care reforms and labor participation of migrant and native mothers. (IAB-Discussion Paper 09/2017), Nürnberg, 22 S.

Abstract

"Wie andere Länder ist auch Deutschland bemüht, die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Müttern durch ein erhöhtes Angebot öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung zu steigern. Ob die letzten Kinderbetreuungsreformen von 2013 in dieser Hinsicht erfolgreich sind, ist eine offene Frage. Während von dem eingeführten Betreuungsgeld für Familien, die für ihre Kinder im Alter von 1-2 Jahren keine öffentliche Kinderbetreuung nutzen, negative Effekte zu erwarten sind, sollte der seit 2013 geltende Rechtsanspruch auf öffentliche Betreuung für Kinder des gleichen Alters zu einem Anstieg der Nutzung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung führen und somit die Rückkehr der Mütter in Beschäftigung beschleunigen. Für die Untersuchung nutzen wir das sozio-ökonomische Panel (SOEP) und führen eine multivariate Analyse im Rahmen eines zweistufigen Difference- in-Difference-Ansatz' durch. Entgegen der Erwartungen finden wir für Mütter, die nach Deutschland migriert sind, in der kurzen Frist keine negativen Effekte der beiden Reformen auf das Arbeitsangebot. Für die gesamte Stichprobe sowie für deutsche Mütter ergeben sich signifikant positive Arbeitsmarktpartizipationseffekte für beide Reformteile zusammen. Ziele der Bundesregierung waren es, Familien dafür zu kompensieren keine öffentliche Kinderbetreuung für ihre jungen Kinder zu nutzen (1. Reformteil) sowie Mütter bei der Rückkehr in den Arbeitsmarkt nach der Geburt des Kindes zu unterstützen (2. Reformteil). In der kurzen Frist scheinen beide Ziele erfüllt worden zu sein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)