Zitatform

Bárcena-Martín, Elena & Ana I. Moro-Egido (2013): Gender and poverty risk in Europe. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 69-99. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2013.771815

Abstract

"This study advances research on the structural dimension in the predominantly individual-oriented field of poverty studies by evaluating to what extent cross-national differences in population and structural characteristics can explain the differences in poverty outcomes by gender. To facilitate an approach that integrates individual and structural context dimensions, the paper takes advantage of multilevel techniques to test gender differences in the risk of being poor, entering into poverty, and exiting from poverty among seventeen European countries. The analysis covers single-adult households, drawing on data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EUSILC) for the years 2007-8. The study concludes that structural effects, such as welfare state policies, labor market characteristics, level of inequality, and the level of women's empowerment in the country, seem to be more relevant than individual effects in explaining differences in the gender poverty gap among countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Christofides, Louis N., Alexandros Polycarpou & Konstantinos Vrachimis (2013): Gender wage gaps, 'sticky floors' and 'glass ceilings' in Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 21, H. April, S. 86-102. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.01.003

Abstract

"We consider and attempt to understand the gender wage gap across 26 European countries, using 2007 data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The size of the gender wage gap varies considerably across countries, definitions of the gap, and selection-correction mechanisms. Most of the gap cannot be explained by the characteristics available in this data set. Quantile regressions show that, in a number of countries, the wage gap is wider at the top ('glass ceilings') and/or at the bottom of the wage distribution ('sticky floors'). We find larger mean/median gender gaps and more evidence of glass ceilings for full-time full-year employees, suggesting more female disadvantage in 'better' jobs. These features may be related to country-specific policies that cannot be evaluated at the individual-country level, at a point in time. We use the cross-country variation in the unexplained wage gaps of this larger-than-usual sample of states to explore the influence of (i) country policies that reconcile work and family life and (ii) their wage-setting institutions. We find that country policies and institutions are related to features of their unexplained gender wage gaps in systematic, quantitatively important, ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cipollone, Angela, Eleonora Patacchini & Giovanna Vallanti (2013): Women labor market participation in Europe. Novel evidence on trends and shaping factors. (IZA discussion paper 7710), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the changes in women's participation patterns across 15 EU countries over the last 20 years using individual data from ECHP and EUSILC databases. Our findings reveal a role of social policies and institutional factors that is stronger than what has so far been assessed. Labor market reforms explain almost 25% of the actual increase in labor force participation for young women, and more than 30% for highly educated women. The effects of labor market reforms on the participation of low skilled women in the labor force are instead surprisingly small. We also find that reforms of the institutional framework towards a model of flexicure labor market are effective in enhancing women labor supply only when deregulation is accompanied by sufficient social compensation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Corak, Miles (2013): Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 79-102. DOI:10.1257/jep.27.3.79

Abstract

"My focus is on the degree to which increasing inequality in the high-income countries, particularly in the United States, is likely to limit economic mobility for the next generation of young adults. I discuss the underlying drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility. The goal is to explain why America differs from other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher inequality, and how the process is different for the top 1 percent. I begin by presenting evidence that countries with more inequality at one point in time also experience less earnings mobility across the generations, a relationship that has been called 'The Great Gatsby Curve.' The interaction between families, labor markets, and public policies all structure a child's opportunities and determine the extent to which adult earnings are related to family background -- but they do so in different ways across national contexts. Both cross-country comparisons and the underlying trends suggest that these drivers are all configured most likely to lower, or at least not raise, the degree of intergenerational earnings mobility for the next generation of Americans coming of age in a more polarized labor market. This trend will likely continue unless there are changes in public policy that promote the human capital of children in a way that offers relatively greater benefits to the relatively disadvantaged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

El-Attar, Mayssun (2013): Trust, child care technology choice and female labor force participation. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 11, H. 4, S. 507-544. DOI:10.1007/s11150-013-9202-0

Abstract

"In this paper we investigate whether trust has an effect on the choice of child care technology and on female labor force participation. Mothers with less trust in others may decide to stay at home with their child instead of working. To do this, we sketch a simple model to show why this effect may be taking place, we measure trust using the European Social Survey and we test its influence on the choice of child care technology. To measure trust, we use the methodology proposed by Spady (Semiparametric methods for the measurement of latent attitudes and the estimation of their behavioural consequences. To measure trust, we use a recent semiparametric item response model. Compared to other measures of trust, using this technique has several advantages: it allows the aggregation of information from several questions and exploits additional information from personal and demographic characteristics. It also imposes very few parametric assumptions. The results show that trust matters for the degree of externalness of the child care technology people choose. It can therefore be a possible explanation for differences in female labor force participation across countries and across sociological groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elborgh-Woytek, Katrin, Monique Newiak, Kalpana Kochhar, Stefania Fabrizio, Kangni Kpodar, Philippe Wingender, Benedict Clements & Gerd Schwartz (2013): Women, work, and the economy. Macroeconomic gains from gender equity. (IMF staff discussion note 2013,10), Washington, DC, 32 S.

Abstract

"Women make up a little over half the world's population, but their contribution to measured economic activity, growth, and well-being is far below its potential, with serious macroeconomic consequences. Despite significant progress in recent decades, labor markets across the world remain divided along gender lines, and progress toward gender equality seems to have stalled. Female labor force participation (FLFP) has remained lower than male participation, women account for most unpaid work, and when women are employed in paid work, they are overrepresented in the informal sector and among the poor. They also face significant wage differentials vis-à-vis their male colleagues. In many countries, distortions and discrimination in the labor market restrict women's options for paid work, and female representation in senior positions and entrepreneurship remains low. The challenges of growth, job creation, and inclusion are closely intertwined. While growth and stability are necessary to give women the opportunities they need, women's participation in the labor market is also a part of the growth and stability equation. In particular, in rapidly aging economies, higher female labor force participation can boost growth by mitigating the impact of a shrinking workforce. Better opportunities for women can also contribute to broader economic development in developing economies, for instance through higher levels of school enrollment for girls. This Staff Discussion Note examines the specific macro-critical features of women's participation in the labor market, the constraints preventing women from developing their full economic potential, and possible policies to overcome these obstacles. Implementing policies that remove labor market distortions and create a level playing field for all will give women the opportunity to develop their potential and to participate in economic life more visibly. The analysis presented in this Staff Discussion Note is based on research undertaken in academia and by other international financial institutions, in addition to the IMF's own surveillance and research work (Appendix 1)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Erhel, Christine & Mathilde Guergoat-Lariviere (2013): Labor market regimes, family policies, and women's behavior in the EU. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 76-109. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2013.842649

Abstract

"Using the EU-SILC database (2005 - 06) for twenty-four European countries, this article develops a comparative perspective on labor market situations of women and mothers with very young children in relation to labor market institutions and policies (especially childcare and leave schemes). Using multilevel multinomial logit models, our results show firstly the heterogeneity of national arrangements of women's labor market integration in Europe (including among new member states). Secondly, our results show the links between some national policy variables and women's behavior, despite the fact that individual factors explain labor market situations the most. Women's employment is positively related to formal childcare and to characteristics of national labor market regimes. The use of informal childcare is associated with lower women's employment rates, which might be explained by a substitution effect. The employment rate of mothers with very young children is positively related to public childcare and negatively to parental leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Goulding, Kristine (2013): Gender dimensions of national employment policies. A 24 country study. (Employment working paper 152), Geneva, 177 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of this report is to provide grounding within a global context of the emerging issues, debates and considerations of gender equality within NEPs. The report focuses on the Decent Work Agenda; demand side considerations (i.e. macro- and microeconomic environment, foreign direct investment, sectoral policies to encourage employment); supply side considerations (i.e. the development of marketable skills); control over and access to productive resources and SME development; labour market policies (active and passive labour market policies, employment services); equal opportunity and treatment in employment; social protection and labour rights; work-family balance considerations; issues surrounding unpaid work; and policy formulation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation and budgeting. The report also includes a more in-depth analysis and review on 4 country studies (Union of the Comoros, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Republic of Korea and Republic of Serbia) to compare and document both gender responsive interventions and gender equality concerns of national employment policies and strategies. Based on lessons from these 4 cases, and in combination with global trends of how gender is included in NEPS, this report will highlight proactive strategies to include gender equality in the world of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karamessini, Maria & Jill Rubery (Hrsg.) (2013): Women and austerity. The economic crisis and the future for gender equality. (Routledge IAFFE Advances in feminist economics 11), Abingdon: Routledge, 358 S.

Abstract

"Austerity has become the new principle for public policy in Europe and the US as the financial crisis of 2008 has been converted into a public debt crisis. However, current austerity measures risk losing past progress towards gender equality by undermining important employment and social welfare protections and putting gender equality policy onto the back burner. This volume constitutes the first attempt to identify how the economic crisis and the subsequent austerity policies are affecting women in Europe and the US, tracing the consequences for gender equality in employment and welfare systems in nine case studies from countries facing the most severe adjustment problems.
The contributions adopt a common framework to analyse women in recession, which takes into account changes in women's position and current austerity conditions. The findings demonstrate that in the immediate aftermath of the financial crisis, employment gaps between women and men declined - but due only to a deterioration in men's employment position rather than any improvements for women. Tables are set to be turned by the austerity policies which are already having a more negative impact on demand for female labour and on access to services which support working mothers. Women are nevertheless reinforcing their commitment to paid work, even at this time of increasing demands on their unpaid domestic labour." (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Oláh, Livia Sz. & Ewa Fratczak (Hrsg.) (2013): Childbearing, women's employment and work-life balance policies in contemporary Europe. (Work and welfare in Europe), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 224 S.

Abstract

"This volume addresses the tensions between work and welfare with respect to fertility. Focusing on childbearing choices (intentions, desires) as influential predictors of future fertility, the contributors examine the importance of labour force attachment on young women's fertility plans in the context of increased labour market flexibility and differences in work-life balance policies across Europe in the early 21st century. Both high- and low-fertility societies of different welfare regimes are studied, illuminating processes of uncertainty and risk related to insecure labour force attachment and the incoherence effect in terms of women's and men's equal access to education and employment but unequal share of domestic responsibilities, constraining fertility. The synthesis of the findings shows how childbearing choices in relation to uncertainty, risk and incoherence offer a lens for understanding the capabilities of families to have and care for children in contemporary Europe. This volume contributes to the conceptual development of further research on the complex relationship between fertility, paid work and work-life balance policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pastore, Francesco & Simona Tenaglia (2013): Ora et non labora? A test of the impact of religion on female labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 7356), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the influence of religion on female participation to the labor market using data relative to women aged between 18 and 60 years in 47 European countries drawn from the European Values Study (EVS). We investigate the determinants of the probability of being employed rather than jobless in a LOGIT framework. The results show that women belonging to the Orthodox and, even more, Muslim denominations present a higher risk of non-employment than the agnostics, while being a Protestant increases the probability for a woman to be employed. Although its intensity is slightly weakening, the association between religious affiliation and female labor supply is robust to different sets of controls for individual and household heterogeneity as well as for welfare regimes and country specificities. Once disentangling religiously active and non-active women, we find that there are small differences between them in the case of the Orthodox and Muslim women, while active Catholic women tend to work less and non-active Protestant women tend to work more than average." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Smith, Mark, Agnieszka Piasna, Brendan Burchell, Jill Rubery, Anthony Rafferty, Janna Rose & Lauren Carter (2013): Women, men and working conditions in Europe. A report based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Dublin, 98 S. DOI:10.2806/46958

Abstract

"Despite much legislative progress in gender equality over the past 40 years, there are still gender gaps across many aspects of the labour market. Inequalities are still evident in areas such as access to the labour market, employment patterns and associated working conditions. This report explores gender differences across several dimensions of working conditions, examining relevant country differences, analysing the different occupational groups of both men and women, and comparing the public and private sectors. It also looks at the impact of the crisis on gender segregation in employment. Based on¿ findings from the ¿fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), conducted in 2010, the analysis offers a striking picture of women and men at work across 34 European countries today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sulak, Harun (2013): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland und im europäischen Vergleich. Aktuelle Entwicklung und Hintergründe. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 11-21.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen steht immer wieder im Fokus von Politik und Medien. Sei es bei der Frage nach einer gleichberechtigten Arbeitsmarktintegration zwischen den Geschlechtern im Allgemeinen oder bei der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf bzw. beim Ehegattensplitting im deutschen Steuerrecht im Speziellen. Auch in der Diskussion um den Fachkräftebedarf in Deutschland wird oft auf das vorhandene Potenzial bei der weiblichen Erwerbsbevölkerung hingewiesen (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2012). Die Daten zur Erwerbsstatistik weisen seit Jahren eine steigende Quote erwerbstätiger Frauen auf, sowohl für Deutschland als auch für Europa. Innerhalb der letzten zehn Jahre fiel der Anstieg in Deutschland dabei doppelt so hoch aus wie im Durchschnitt der EU. Der Abstand zur höheren Erwerbstätigenquote der Männer hat sich in diesem Zeitraum nochmals verringert - in Deutschland und auch im EU-Schnitt um rund 30 %. Mittlerweile nimmt Deutschland bei der Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen unter den EU-Staaten einen der vorderen Plätze ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"A new brochure explains what the gender pay gap is, its causes, and why closing it makes sense for both businesses and society in general. Key figures on equality between men and women in work are also provided, as well as information on the EU's work to tackle the pay gap and examples of national good practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report is a result of the Institute's work of the past three years, which presents a synthetic measure of gender equality - the Gender Equality Index. It is the only index that gives a comprehensive map of gender gaps in the EU and across Member States based on the EU policy framework" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The Country Profiles is a complementary publication to the main Gender Equality Index report. It provides the Gender Equality Index scores and gives supplemental comparable information on each Member State and the EU-27 overall. The Country Profiles offers a snapshot of national contexts, enhancing the usefulness of the Index scores and supporting their interpretation, to give policymakers and other users an update on the development of each Member State in the area of gender equality since 2005. It presents relevant variables to measure gender equality that are not included in the Index for methodological reasons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Forschung und Innovation (2013): She figures 2012. Gender in research and innovation. Statistics and indicators. (She figures 4), Brüssel, 153 S. DOI:10.2777/38520

Abstract

"Women employed as researchers still remain a minority, but are they catching up? Is their distribution throughout different fields of science changing over time? Are women effectively progressing in their careers to achieve top level positions? Are more women sitting on executive or advisory boards of research organisations?
Since 2003, the Directorate General for Research and Innovation of the European Commission publishes statistics and indicators on women in science and research to provide answers to the above questions, and more. The She Figures 2012 contains the most recent available data on the involvement of women covering the period from tertiary education to employment and their work-life outlook, in the 27 EU Member States and in the Associated Countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

(2013): Feeling the squeeze? Pay, wages and income under pressure. In: Foundation Focus H. 14, S. 1-23.

Abstract

"This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to achieve competitiveness? Given the pressure on pension systems, how many Europeans are returning to work after retirement? European countries make extensive use of collectively agreed pay; is real pay matching or surpassing the agreements reached through social dialogue? And what would be the impact of a Europe-wide minimum wage? These are among the questions addressed in this issue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The Report focuses on assessing the application of the equal pay provisions in practice in EU Member States and predicts that, for the future, the main challenge for all of them will be the correct application and enforcement of the rules established by the Directive. The Report is accompanied by Annexes providing guidance on gender-neutral job evaluation and classification systems, as well as an overview of the landmark EU and national case-law on equal pay and examples of national best practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Anderson, Robert, Hans Dubois, Tadas Leončikas & Eszter Sandor (2012): Third European quality of life survey. Quality of life in Europe: Impacts of the crisis. Dublin, 163 S. DOI:10.2806/42471

Abstract

"What determines life satisfaction and happiness? How do we value our social situation and immediate surroundings? How has this changed with the economic crisis? For the third wave of the European Quality of Life survey, 35,500 Europeans in all EU Member States were interviewed, in an effort to gain insights to these questions. This overview report presents findings and trends and shows that the impacts of the recession are indeed noticeable and measurable in some areas, while in others there are more long-term developments to be observed. While overall life satisfaction levels have not changed much, optimism about the future and trust in institutions have declined markedly in those countries most affected by the downturn. And groups that were already vulnerable - the long-term unemployed, older people in central and eastern Europe and single parents - report the highest levels of material deprivation and dissatisfaction with their life situation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bettio, Francesca, Marcella Corsi, Carlo D'Ippoliti, Antigone Lyberaki, Manuela Samek Lodovici & Alina Verashchagina (2012): The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies. Synthesis report. Brüssel, 174 S.

Abstract

"The report examines the impact of the global economic crisis on the situation of women and men in Europe and on gender equality policies. Il suggests that there has been a levelling down of gender gaps in employment, unemployment, wages, and poverty. Finds that the labour market behaviour of women has been similar to that of men. Argues that although there is evidence of contained but uneven retrenchment in welfare provision in the first years of the crisis, there is a threat that fiscal consolidation might ultimately reduce both welfare provision and related employment - with associated gender equality impacts. Finds that in the vast majority of countries gender mainstreaming has not been implemented in policy design and policy implementation over the crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bičáková, Alena (2012): Gender unemployment gaps in the EU. Blame the family. (CERGE-EI working paper 475), Prag, 44 S.

Abstract

"We provide a parsimonious explanation for 80% of the extensive variation in gender unemployment gaps across the EU. We do so by dividing the EU countries into two groups and applying a single explanatory factor within each group. Specifically, we suggest that gender unemployment gaps arise through a mechanism that involves the effect of childbirth on women's labor force participation. We account for most of the cross-country differences in the said gaps by the prevalence of gender discrimination within the group of countries where many women permanently leave the labor force after childbirth and by the length of statutory family leaves within the remaining group of EU countries. In addition, gender unemployment gaps among individuals with children younger than five result, to a great extent, from the drop in female labor force participation after childbirth, which implies a negative selection of women into the labor force at that stage of life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Korn, Evelyn & Matthias Wrede (2012): The effect of long-term-care subsidies on female labor supply and fertility. (CESifo working paper 3931), München, 25 S.

Abstract

"Fertility and the provision of long-term care are connected by an aspect that has not received attention so far: both are time consuming activities that can be produced within the household or bought at the market and are, thus, connected through the intertemporal budget constraint of the household that accounts for time and money. This paper models that link and analyzes the effect of intervention in the long-term-care market on female labor-market related decisions. It shows that women's fertility as well as their labor supply when young are affected by such policies. The overall effect can be decomposed into an opportunity-cost effect and a consumption-smoothing effect that each impact fertility as well as labor supply in opposite directions. Using European survey data, the paper shows that the consumption-smoothing effect is dominant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Smith, Mark (2012): Social regulation of the gender pay gap in the EU. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 365-380. DOI:10.1177/0959680112465931

Abstract

"There has been more than 30 years of equal pay legislation in the European Union yet the gap between male and female earnings has remained remarkably resilient and is present across all Member States, regardless of national institutional arrangements. The European regulatory landscape has changed to one relying heavily on soft law approaches and with more limited ambitions in the field of gender equality than at the creation of the European Employment Strategy in 1997. In this environment the European Commission has placed greater emphasis on the role of social partners in addressing the gender pay gap. This article critically reviews the role of social partners in addressing these pay inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stier, Haya, Noah Lewin-Epstein & Michael Braun (2012): Work-family conflict in comparative perspective. The role of social policies. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 265-279. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.02.001

Abstract

"This study focuses on the role of social policies in mitigating work-family incompatibilities in 27 countries. We ask whether work-family conflict is reduced in countries that provide family-friendly policies and flexible employment arrangements, and whether women and men are similarly affected by such policies. The study, based on the ISSP 2002, demonstrates considerable variation among countries in the perceived work-family conflict. In all but two countries, women report higher levels of conflict than men. At the individual level, working hours, the presence of children and work characteristics affect the perception of conflict. At the macro level, childcare availability and to a certain extent maternity leave reduce women's and men's sense of conflict. Additionally, the availability of childcare facilities alleviates the adverse effect of children on work-family balance for mothers while flexible job arrangements intensify this effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tavora, Isabel (2012): Understanding the high rates of employment among low-educated women in Portugal. A comparatively oriented case study. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 93-118. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2010.00489.x

Abstract

"This article addresses the question of why Portugal is an exception among southern European countries in having a high rate of female employment. Cross-national data show an even greater gap between Portugal and its southern European neighbours in the employment rates for low-educated women. This article presents case-based evidence on the work orientations, gender relations and reconciliation strategies of low-educated women working in the clothing industry in Portugal. The analysis reveals that while economic need plays an important role in their attachment to employment, their work decisions are forged by a complex set of attitudes regarding employment and the family. Traditional values regarding the role of women in the family co-exist with more modern values regarding their employment participation. Moreover, the institutional arrangements of childcare and reconciliation also appear to be more supportive than might be expected in a southern Europe welfare state. By focusing on a particular group of low-educated women, the findings suggest that the same welfare policies may have different impacts on the reconciliation strategies of women of different socioeconomic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Adsera, Alicia (2011): Where are the babies? Labor market conditions and fertility in Europe. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 1-32. DOI:10.1007/s10680-010-9222-x

Abstract

"Cross-country differences in both the age at first birth and fertility are substantial in Europe. This paper uses distinct fluctuations in unemployment rates across European countries during the 1980s and the 1990s combined with broad differences in their labor market arrangements to analyze the associations between fertility timing and the changing economic environment with close to 50,000 women from 13 European countries. First, it employs time-varying measures of aggregate market conditions in each woman's country as covariates and second, it adds micro-measures of each woman's labor market history to the models. High and persistent unemployment in a country is associated with delays in childbearing (and second births). The association is robust to diverse measures of unemployment and to controls for family-friendly policies. Besides moderate unemployment, a large public employment sector (which provides security and benefits) is coupled with faster transitions to all births. Women with temporary contracts, mostly in Southern Europe, are the least likely to give birth to a second child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Begall, Katia & Melinda Mills (2011): The impact of subjective work control, job strain and work-family conflict on fertility intentions. A European comparison. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 433-456. DOI:10.1007/s10680-011-9244-z

Abstract

"The link between employment and fertility is often only examined by focussing on women's labour market status or the impact of part- versus full-time employment. This study introduces a new explanation by extending research to examine how women's subjective perceptions of control or autonomy over work, job strain and work - family conflict influence fertility intentions. National-level measures of childcare enrolment under the age of three and the occurrence of parttime work are also included to examine their relation to fertility intentions and their interplay with perceptions of work. Using data from 23 countries from the 2004/5 European Social Survey (ESS), multilevel logistic regression models of fertility intentions are estimated separately for women without children and women with one child. Women with higher levels of work control are significantly more likely to intend to have a second child. Higher levels of job strain (time pressure) significantly lower fertility intentions for mothers in contexts where childcare availability is low. The prevalence of part-time work amongst the female work force significantly predicts the intention to become a mother but has different effects for women who work part-time themselves compared with full-time employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blome, Agnes (2011): Work/care policies in European welfare states. Continuing variety or change towards a common model? (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2011-401), Berlin, 54 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel analysiert vergleichend Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in fünfzehn europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Die zentrale Frage lautet, inwiefern Vereinbarkeitsarrangements durch wohlfahrtsstaatliche Leistungen unterstützt werden und ob und wie sich diese Leistungen in den letzten zwanzig Jahren verändert haben. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Datensammlung werden die Entwicklungen in den Elternzeit-, Elterngeld- und Arbeitszeitregelungen, der öffentlichen Kinderbetreuung, des Kindergeldes sowie der Steuersysteme, die die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf fördern, untersucht. Obwohl ein länderübergreifender Trend in Richtung des Zweiverdienermodells in den Daten sichtbar wird, bestehen weiterhin Unterschiede sowohl im aktuellen Entwicklungsstand der Vereinbarkeitspolitik als auch beim Reformtempo. Auffällig ist zudem, dass das Maßnahmenbündel in nahezu keinem Land kohärent ist. Unabhängig von den selbstgesteckten Zielen geben die Länder bestimmten Politikinstrumenten Vorrang gegenüber anderen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Galvez-Munoz, Lina, Paula Rodríguez-Modroño & Monica Dominguez-Serrano (2011): Work and time use by gender. A new clustering of European welfare systems. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 125-157. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.620975

Abstract

"Using Harmonised European Time-Use Survey (HETUS) data, this study shows how care work that takes place outside the marketplace represents an essential and distinctive part of national economies. Cross-national comparisons show persistent patterns and differences in observed gender inequalities on total workload and care responsibilities. This country-by-country and group-by-group analysis is based on cluster methodology. The main finding is that including time use in gendered analyses of welfare regimes shows how unpaid care work is at the core of gender inequality in all countries. The results of this analysis indicate that Eastern European countries are very heterogeneous and are distributed across three out of the four clusters obtained, a finding that constitutes a new departure point for analysis. Based on these findings, this study makes public policy recommendations about the importance of time-use surveys and how to improve the quality of care without decreasing women's well-being and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mendolicchio, Concetta & Thomas Rhein (2011): The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries. (IAB-Discussion Paper 20/2011), Nürnberg, 41 S.

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen die Bildungserträge in Europa in vergleichender Perspektive. Wir erweitern dazu das Modell von de la Fuente [(2003). Human Capital in a Global and Knowledge-based Economy. part II: Assessment at the EU Country Level. Report for the European Commission], indem wir die relevanten Parameter für Männer und Frauen schätzen und einige Variablen für staatliche Leistungen bei Eltern- oder Erziehungsurlaub und für Kinderbetreuung einführen. Daneben untersuchen wir den Einfluss der Bildung auf das Lohnprofil. Wir schätzen die Mincer-Koeffizienten für 12 westeuropäische Länder mit den EU-SILC-Daten für 2007 und nutzen sie als Input zur Kalibrierung eines Modells des Optimierungsproblem eines Individuums. Schließlich analysieren wir die Auswirkung und Relevanz verschiedener Politikbereiche. Insbesondere schätzen wir die Elastizitäten der Bildungserträge im Hinblick auf Änderungen der Arbeitslosenunterstützung, der marginalen und durchschnittlichen Steuersätze und Leistungen bei Mutterschaft und für Kinderbetreuung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Misra, Joya, Michelle Budig & Irene Boeckmann (2011): Work-family policies and the effects of children on women's employment hours and wages. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 139-157. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2011.571396

Abstract

"Welfare state generosity around work-family policies appears to have somewhat contradictory effects, at least for some measures of gender equality. Work-family policies, in encouraging higher levels of women's labor market participation, may have also contributed to lower wage-levels for women relative to men, for instance. We consider the relationship between particular work-family policies and mothers' employment outcomes. Analyses use data on employed women aged 25 - 45 from the Luxembourg Income Study for 21 countries across Eastern and Western Europe, North America, Israel, and Australia. We estimate within each country differences in employment hours and wages for women based on their number of children. Then, we examine the association of estimated per child penalties in wage and employment hours with country-level data on leaves and childcare. Work-family policies are generally associated with positive employment outcomes for mothers, relative to childless women. Work-facilitating policies such as childcare for young children have decisively positive effects on mothers' employment hours and wages. Work-reducing policies, such as parental leave, however, can have positive effects if the leaves are moderate in length, but tradeoffs if the leaves are long." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mosesdottir, Lilja (2011): Gender (in)equalities in the knowledge society. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 30-47. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2010.00533.x

Abstract

"The article seeks answers to the question why progress towards gender equality has not turned out to be an inevitable part of the transition towards the knowledge society in Europe, in spite of efforts to ensure such an outcome. In this analysis I demonstrate how the market processes involved in the transition to the knowledge society entail opposing tendencies regarding gender inequalities. The European Union (EU) has brought into play a certain degree of convergence pressure by integrating relevant objectives of the Lisbon Strategy into the European Employment Strategy (EES) in order to pressure member states to develop its model of the knowledge society, which involves economic, employment and social progress. The main concern here is to identify the extent to which the EES and, in particular, the gender mainstreaming strategy is a tool to challenge the market forces underlying gender inequalities. It is argued that the EU's policy processes take as a given, and indeed promote the predominance of market forces in the construction of the knowledge society. Hence, the EU does not have a clear vision of what perpetuates gender inequalities and therefore what needs to be done to change them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nopo, Hugo, Nancy Daza & Johanna Ramos (2011): Gender earnings gaps in the world. (IZA discussion paper 5736), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"This paper documents gender disparities in labor earnings for sixty-four countries around the world. Disparities are partially attributed to gender differences in observable sociodemographic and job characteristics. These characteristics are used to match males and females such that gender earnings disparities are computed only among individuals with the same characteristics, as in Nopo (2008). After comparing males and females with the same characteristics we found that the earnings gap falls within a range between 8% and 48% of average females' earnings, being more pronounced in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The unexplained earnings gaps are more pronounced among part-time workers and those with low education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Der Bericht bietet eine Zusammenschau verschiedenster familienpolitischer Aspekte im Vergleich der 34 OECD-Mitgliedsländer. Das Spektrum reicht von veränderten Familienstrukturen, über Geburtentrends und Beschäftigungsanreizen für Eltern bis hin zu unterschiedlichen Ansätzen der Familienförderung in OECD-Ländern.
Alle OECD-Länder sind bestrebt, Eltern mehr Wahlmöglichkeiten bei ihren Entscheidungen in Bezug auf Familie und Beruf zu bieten. In dieser Publikation werden die verschiedenen Methoden erörtert, die in der staatlichen Familienförderung eingesetzt werden. Ziel ist dabei die Beantwortung einer Reihe von Fragen, wie z.B.: Steigen die Ausgaben für Familienleistungen und inwieweit variieren sie je nach Alter des Kindes? Hatte die Krise Auswirkungen auf die staatlichen Hilfen für Familien? Wie kann Menschen am besten dabei geholfen werden, ihre Vorstellungen in Bezug auf die Zahl ihrer Kinder zu realisieren? Welche Effekte haben Elternurlaubsregelungen auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen und das Wohlergehen der Kinder? Sind die Kinderbetreuungskosten ein Hindernis für die Erwerbstätigkeit der Eltern, und können flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen hier Abhilfe schaffen? Was ist für Mütter der beste Zeitpunkt, um nach der Geburt ihres Kindes wieder ins Erwerbsleben zurückzukehren? Und welche Maßnahmen sind am besten geeignet, die Armut unter Alleinerziehenden zu mindern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"This report is the first annual report presented after the adoption of the Europe 2020 Strategy and the Commission's new Strategy for Equality between Women and Men. It describes recent developments in gender equality in the EU and presents statistics on all areas covered as well as recent new developments in the Member States. It establishes a state of play for the five priority areas of the Women's Charter and the Strategy, namely: equal economic independence; equal pay for equal work and work of equal value; equality in decision-making; dignity, integrity and an end to gender-based violence; and gender equality outside the Union. The report will be presented to the EPSCO Council in March 2011 and will be the basis of the discussions at the Gender Equality Dialogue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aboim, Sofia (2010): Gender cultures and the division of labour in contemporary Europe. A cross-national perspective. In: The sociological review, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 171-196. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01899.x

Abstract

"Drawing on the vast literature concerned with the cultural aspects of gender, this article explores the ways in which individuals living in different national contexts value the ideal of a dual earner/dual carer couple at the expense of the male breadwinner model. Via a comparison of fifteen European countries included in the Family and Gender Roles module of the 2002 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), three attitudinal patterns were identified: the unequal sharing that portrays a male breadwinner norm, the familistic unequal that also endorses a gender-segregated arrangement though with a greater wish for men's involvement in housework and childcare, and the dual earner/dual carer model, which, despite covering nearly 40 per cent of respondents, is very unequally distributed across countries. It is proposed that societal gender cultures are of major importance to an understanding of cross-national variations in attitudes and their relationship with the real forms of gender division of labour. The connection between couples' attitudes and practices is thus examined in order to assess the extent to which support for the dual earner/dual carer model encourages couples to engage in more equal sharing of paid and unpaid work. Findings reveal the importance of the normative dimension insofar as the impact of attitudes on practices seems to depend on the historical pathways of gender cultures and the ways in which they underpin welfare policies and female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Christofides, Louis N., Alexandros Polycarpou & Konstantinos Vrachimis (2010): The gender wage gaps, 'sticky floors' and 'glass ceilings' of the European Union. (IZA discussion paper 5044), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"We consider and attempt to understand the gender wage gap across 24 EU member states, all of which share the objective of gender equality, using 2007 data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The size of the gender wage gap varies considerably across countries and selection corrections affect the offered gap, sometimes substantially. Most of the gap cannot be explained by the characteristics available in this data set. Quantile regressions show that, in most countries, the wage gap is wider at the top of the wage distribution ('glass ceilings') and, in fewer countries, it is wider at the bottom of the wage distribution ('sticky floors'). These features are related to country-specific characteristics that cannot be evaluated at the member state level. We use the cross-country variation in this large sample of member states to explore the influence of (i) policies concerned with reconciling work and family life and (ii) wage-setting institutions. We find that policies and institutions are systematically related to unexplained gender wage gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elder, Sara (2010): Women in labour markets. Measuring progress and identifying challenges. Genf, 102 S.

Abstract

"The report focuses on the relationship of women to labour markets and compares employment outcomes for men and women to the best degree possible, given the latest available labour market indicators from the ILO Key Indicators of the Labour Market. The main findings highlight a continuing gender disparity in terms of both opportunities and quality of employment. There have certainly been areas of improvement particularly in raising female participation but, in general, the circumstances of female employment - the sectors where women work, the types of work they do, the relationship of women to the job, the wages they receive - bring fewer gains to women than are brought to the typical working male." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Genre, Veronique, Ramon Gomez-Salvador & Ana Lamo (2010): European women. Why do(n't) they work? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 42, H. 12, S. 1499-1514. DOI:10.1080/00036840701721547

Abstract

"This paper provides an empirical study of the determinants of female participation decisions in the European Union. The analysis is performed by estimating participation equations for different age groups (i.e. young, prime-age and older females), using annual data for a panel of 12 EU-15 countries over the period 1980-2000. Our findings show that the strictness of labour market institutions negatively affects the participation rate. Decisions linked to individual preferences with regards to education or fertility are also found relevant to participation of the youngest and prime-age females respectively. The inclusion of a proxy to capture cohort effects is crucial in order to explain the oldest females' participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gradín, Carlos, Coral del Río & Olga Canto (2010): Gender Wage Discrimination and Poverty in the EU. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 73-109. DOI:10.1080/13545701003731831

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the role of gender wage discrimination in household poverty rates in several European Union (EU) countries using the European Community Household Panel. In order to quantify the impact of discrimination on poverty, it proposes the construction of a counterfactual distribution of wages where discrimination against women has been removed. Using this new wage distribution, the study computes total household income and compares poverty rates in the absence of discrimination to those actually observed. The results show that, in general, discrimination against women plays a determinative role in the current levels of poverty in EU countries, although results by country show that this role differs in intensity and pattern. Further, the study finds that in EU countries the effect of discrimination on poverty risk dramatically increases for individuals in households that largely depend on working women' earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grönlund, Anne & Ida Öun (2010): Rethinking work-family conflict. Dual-earner policies, role conflict and role expansion in Western Europe. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 179-195. DOI:10.1177/0958928710364431

Abstract

"The aim of this article is to deepen the understanding of work -- family conflict and the impact of social policies by integrating the theoretical perspectives of role conflict and role expansion. First, we present a theoretical model identifying different mechanisms through which policy may affect both role conflict and role expansion, with a particular focus on dual-earner policies. Second, we examine some of its implications, using data from the European Social Survey comprising 10,950 employees in 15 countries. In contrast to traditional theories presenting conflict and expansion as mutually exclusive, we find that work -- family conflict and experiences of role expansion, measured with indicators of life satisfaction and psychological well being, may go hand in hand. The results also indicate that such a balance is more common in countries with dual-earner policies than in other countries. Women committing as strongly to work as men experience more work -- family conflict, but also high levels of well being and satisfaction. The findings largely support our theoretical arguments and imply that future research should examine the conflict-expansion nexus rather than focussing on either of the two. In this context, both gender and policy need to be considered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kotowska, Irena E., Anna Matysiak, Marta Styrc, Ariane Pailhe, Anne Solaz & Daniele Vignoli (2010): Second European quality of life survey. Family life and work. Dublin, 96 S.

Abstract

"Demographic change and labour market developments impact significantly on the family life and work of Europeans, with far-reaching consequences for the future. The policy approach in this area has in recent years focused on increasing the employment rates of women, finding ways for both men and women to achieve a better work - life balance and, more recently, promoting a rise in birth rates. This report explores the subject of work and family life across Europe, looking at ways to find a better balance between the demands of work and family responsibilities. Based on data from the second European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), conducted by Eurofound in 2007, the report analyses tensions between work demands and household and care tasks, against a background of different institutional settings, labour market structures and cultural factors. The findings point to the need for the introduction of measures to adjust working arrangements to the demands of family life, more equal sharing of care responsibilities between men and women, and the improvement of care services for elderly people in order to support family networks in carrying out their care responsibilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios & George Papadoudis (2010): A-typical work patterns of women in Europe. What can we learn from SHARELIFE? (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 221), Mannheim, 16 S.

Abstract

"The second half of the twentieth century was a time of rapid social transformation. Nowhere were the changes more radical than in women's participation in society and work. Women increasingly claimed a fuller and more active position in all societal functions. Though all parts of Europe and all social strata were affected, this process was unevenly distributed over time and space and driven by a variety of influences. Such influences could have been structural changes in production, transformations in the function of the family and last, but not least, attitudes in what woman's position ought to be, as reflected in shifts of policy priorities. This period of rapid change corresponds to the lifetime of individuals in the SHARE survey. When today's 50+ population were young girls, the world they were entering was very difficult from today. The long term social changes correspond to lived experience of women in the SHARE sample. The women in SHARE were witnesses to the foundation, flowering and restructuring of the Welfare State. Social policy stances towards maternity and family polices as well as labour market institutions were defining fissures between certain forms of the so-called 'European Social Model'. This paper begins exploring how these factors - labour and social policy transformation - were reflected in the lives of women in the SHARELIFE sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ponzellini, Anna Maria, Christine Aumayr & Felix Wolf (2010): Addressing the gender pay gap. Government and social partner actions. Dublin, 43 S.

Abstract

"Wage differentials between men and women across Europe are a major policy concern for the European Commission and the social partners. This report provides an overview of national studies on the gender pay gap, and examines the policies and actions of governments and social actors to combat pay discrimination. The report first reviews quantitative and qualitative studies on the unadjusted and adjusted pay gap and examines the many factors cited to explain the wage differentials. Then it explores specific actions carried out by governments to reduce the gender pay gap, such as legislative measures, general recommendations, monitoring procedures and suppport for low-paid occupations. It also looks at joint initiatives and collective bargaining undertaken by the social partners, as well as highlighting successful good practice examples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton & Clare Lyonette (Hrsg.) (2010): Gender inequalities in the 21st century. New barriers and continuing constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 297 S.

Abstract

"Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Content:
Jacqueline Scott, Rosemary Crompton,Clare Lyonette: Introduction: what's new about gender inequalities in the 21st century? (1-16);
PART I FAMILY AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGE;
Ingrid Schoon: Becoming adult: the persisting importance of dass and gender (19-39);
Fiona Devine: Class reproduction, occupational inheritance and occupational choices (40-58);
Angela Dale, Sameera Ahmed: Ethnic differences in women's economic activity: a focus an Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (59-81);
PART II OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND WELFARE REGIMES;
Janette Webb: Gender and the post-industrial shift (85-108);
Tracey Warren: Penalties of part-time work across Europe (109-125);
Nicky Le Feuvre: Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ (126-149);
PART III THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK;
Man Yee Kan, Jonathan Gershuny: Gender segregation and bargaining in domestic labour: evidence from longitudinal time-use data (153-173);
Rosemary Crompton, Clare Lyonette: Family, dass and gender 'strategies' in mothers' employment and childcare (174-192);
Jacqueline Scott, Anke C. Plagnol, Jane Nolan: Perceptions of quality of life: gender differences across the life course (193-212);
PART IV UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITIES;
Fran Bennett, Jerome De Henau, Sirin Sung: Within-household inequalities across classes? Management and control of money (215-241);
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund and Arne Mastekaasa: Restructuring gender relations: women's labour market participation and earnings inequality among households ( 242-254);
PART V CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY;
Anne Lise Ellingsceter: Feminist policies and feminist conflicts: daddy's care or mother's (257-274);
Mary Evans: A mysterious commodity: capitalism and femininity ( 275-289).

Zitatform

Smith, Mark & Paola Villa (2010): The ever-declining role of gender equality in the European Employment Strategy. In: Industrial relations journal, Jg. 41, H. 6, S. 526-543. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2010.00584.x

Abstract

"This article analyses the changing position of gender in the European Employment Strategy (EES) since its 2005 relaunch. Overall, we find a picture of mixed progress towards gender equality goals across Member States. There is evidence of the EU soft law approach leading to positive developments as the use of targets in conjunction with Country-Specific Recommendations and Points-to-Watch have had some influence in promoting gender equality policies among Member States. However, the weakened position of gender mainstreaming in European-level initiatives has led to gender being marginalised or ignored in national and EU policy responses to the crisis. The prominence of gender has declined further in the 2010 revision of the EES under the 2020 banner. This introduces new risks as the emphasis on gender equality falls further down the list of priorities in the streamlining of the Lisbon Process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ziegler, Petra (2010): Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Europäischen Union. Ein historischer Vergleich. Berlin: Logos, 302 S.

Abstract

"Das vorliegende Buch behandelt die gesetzlichen Vorgaben und Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds in der Europäischen Union und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, wobei neben der vergleichenden Analyse der Entwicklung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds ausgewählte Gesetze und Maßnahmen vorgestellt und Einschätzungen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit abgegeben werden. Der Lohnunterschied hat während des gesamten Erwerbslebens und darüber hinaus (Pensionsanspruch) Auswirkungen auf die Position der Frauen im wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Leben. Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied wird durch wichtige Entscheidungen wie Beschäftigungsmodus und Dauer der Erwerbstätigkeit, Unterbrechung der beruflichen Laufbahn sowie Verteilung der unbezahlten Betreuungsarbeit beeinflusst und stellt ein wesentliches Hindernis für Frauen dar, die gleiche wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit zu erreichen wie Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Europäische Kommission (2010): Bericht der Kommission an den Rat, das Europäische Parlament, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern - 2010. (Bericht der Kommission an den Rat, das Europäische Parlament, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern 2010), Brüssel, 14 S.

Abstract

"Jedes Jahr legt die Europäische Kommission dem Europäischen Rat zu seiner Frühjahrstagung einen Bericht über die Entwicklungen bei der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten vor.
Wesentliche Forderungen:
- Stärkung der geschlechtsspezifischen Dimension in allen Teilen der EU-Strategie für 2020,
- Verringerung des Lohngefälles zwischen Männern und Frauen durch spezielle Strategien,
- Frauen sollten dazu ermutigt werden, sich der Herausforderung einer Mitarbeit im Vorstand eines börsennotierten Unternehmens zu stellen,
- Verbesserung der Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf,
- Intensivierung der Anstrengungen zur Verhinderung und Bekämpfung sexualisierter Gewalt,
- Sicherstellung, dass die Politik der besonders schwierigen Lage bestimmter Frauengruppen Rechnung trägt - z. B. Frauen in prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen, ältere weibliche Arbeitnehmerinnen, Alleinerziehende, behinderte Frauen, Migrantinnen etc.,
- Einbeziehung der geschlechtsspezifischen Perspektive in die Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Rezession auf europäischer und nationaler Ebene." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)