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Nieuwenhuis, Rense & Wim Van Lancker (Hrsg.) (2020): The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy. Cham: Springer Palgrave Macmillan, 721 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2

Abstract

"This open access handbook provides a multilevel view on family policies, combining insights on family policy outcomes at different levels of policymaking: supra-national organizations, national states, sub-national or regional levels, and finally smaller organizations and employers. At each of these levels, a multidisciplinary group of expert scholars assess policies and their implementation, such as child income support, childcare services, parental leave, and leave to provide care to frail and elderly family members. The chapters evaluate their impact in improving children’s development and equal opportunities, promoting gender equality, regulating fertility, productivity and economic inequality, and take an intersectional perspective related to gender, class, and family diversity. The editors conclude by presenting a new research agenda based on five major challenges pertaining to the levels of policy implementation (in particular globalization and decentralization), austerity and marketization, inequality, changing family relations, and welfare states adapting to women’s empowered roles." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Springer) ((en))

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Norman, Helen (2020): Does paternal involvement in childcare influence mothers' employment trajectories during the early stages of parenthood in the UK? In: Sociology, Jg. 54, H. 2, S. 329-345. DOI:10.1177/0038038519870720

Abstract

"Understanding the conditions that facilitate mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in childcare and housework is important for achieving gender equity in paid and unpaid work. Using Sen's capabilities framework, the article explores the effect of paternal involvement in childcare on mothers' employment resumption nine months and three years' post-childbirth. Logistic regression is used on the UK's Millennium Cohort Study. Results show that the probability of mothers resuming employment increase at both time points if the father is more involved in childcare nine months post-birth - and in some cases, this is more important for her employment resumption than her occupational class and the number of hours the father spends in paid work. However, attitudes have an even stronger effect, and appear to drive behaviour, as the probability of mothers resuming employment increase significantly three years post-birth if either parent endorses more gender egalitarian roles in the first year of parenthood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Riederer, Bernhard & Caroline Berghammer (2020): The Part-Time Revolution: Changes in the Parenthood Effect on Women's Employment in Austria across the Birth Cohorts from 1940 to 1979. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 284-302. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz058

Abstract

"Comparing employment rates of mothers and childless women over the life course across the birth cohorts from 1940 to 1979 in Austria, we address the question of whether the parenthood effect on employment has declined. By following synthetic cohorts of mothers and childless women up to retirement age, we can study both the short-term and long-term consequences of having a child. We consider employment participation as well as working time and also perform analyses by educational level. Our study is based on the Austrian microcensus, conducted between 1986 and 2016, and uses descriptive methods, logistic regression models, and decomposition analysis. The results show that the increase in the proportion of part-time work has led to a declining work volume of mothers with young children, despite employment rates of mothers having increased across cohorts. Return to the workplace is progressively concentrated when the child is 3–5 years old, but the parenthood effect has become weaker only from the time children enter school. Part-time employment is primarily adopted (at least with younger children) by highly educated mothers and often remains a long-term arrangement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schnurr, Stephanie, Olga Zayts, Andreas Schroeder & Catherine Le Coyte-Hopkins (2020): 'It's not acceptable for the husband to stay at home': Taking a discourse analytical approach to capture the gendering of work. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 414-434. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12408

Abstract

"This article illustrates some of the ways in which the notion of (paid) work is actively being gendered, and how these gendering processes take place not only through organizational practices but also in discourses that circulate outside an organization in the private domain. Drawing on 15 in-depth interviews with women who opted out of their own professional career in order to accompany their husbands on their overseas work assignment to Hong Kong, we demonstrate some of the benefits of using a discourse analytical approach to capturing and identifying the processes through which these women actively (although not necessarily consciously) gender the notion of work, thereby reinforcing the gender order and its male bias. We argue that identifying and making visible these gendered and gendering practices is an important component of, and a potential trigger for, change both in organizations as well as private contexts." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schrenker, Annekatrin (2020): Do Women Expect Wage Cuts for Part-Time Work? (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 257), München ; Berlin, 48 S.

Abstract

"Wage expectations for full- and part-time employment are key for understanding the labor supply decisions of women. However, whether women expect different wages between part-time and full-time work is not fully understood. Using German survey data, I quantify the expected full-time/part-time wage differential for a representative sample of female workers. I document that women, on average, expect only minor part-time wage penalties (1-3 percent). Comparing beliefs to selectivity-adjusted estimates of the part-time wage gap indicates that women’s mean expectations are realistic. I also show that women with children and those in managerial positions expect sizeable part-time wage cuts, with mothers overestimating the part-time wage penalty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schwarze, Barbara & Lore Funk (2020): (Digital) arbeiten 2020: Chancengerecht für alle?: Teil 1: Wissen und Qualifzierung. Analyse einer Erwerbstätigenbefragung unter Genderaspekten. Bielefeld, 31 S.

Abstract

"Wie können Arbeitsprozesse gestaltet werden, um die Chancen, die in der Digitalisierung und – in unserem Fokus – im Homeoffice als Arbeitsort liegen, zu optimieren? Welche Folgen der Digitalisierung werden heute bereits positiv erfahren und wo sind weitere Aushandlungsprozesse und Nachbesserungen in der Umsetzung nötig? Wie könnte die Arbeitsteilung zwischen Frauen und Männern bei Erwerbs- und Reproduktionstätigkeiten so gestaltet werden, dass alle an Lebensqualität dazu gewinnen? Um ein möglichst differenziertes Bild über Rahmenbedingungen, Einstellungen und Praktiken rund um Arbeit im Jahr 2020 zu erhalten, wurden alle Personen, die aktuell in Deutschland erwerbstätig sind, aufgerufen, ihre Erfahrungen zu Homeoffice, digitaler Ausstattung, Weiterbildung und Arbeitsteilung in der Partner*innenschaft zu teilen. Mehr als 1.000 Männer und Frauen haben vom 8. bis 30 Juni 2020 an der Befragung teilgenommen. Die erste Veröffentlichung beleuchtet ausgewählte Aspekte der Studie, die sich auf das Wissen, die Qualifizierung und Weiterbildung bei der Arbeit von Zuhause aus beziehen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen: Die Zufriedenheit mit Angeboten an Fortbildungen im Bereich digitale Technologien und Anwendungen unter Beschäftigten im Homeoffice ist gering. Doch die Studienergebnisse liefern auch wertvolle Hinweise darauf, welche Wege eingeschlagen werden können, um diesen Missstand zu beheben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Solaz, Anne, Marika Jalovaara, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Silvia Meggiolaro, Dimitri Mortelmans & Inge Pasteels (2020): Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 145-176. DOI:10.20377/jfr-368

Abstract

"Seit der 1970er Jahren zeichnen sich viele europäische Länder durch hohe Trennungsraten wie auch hohe Arbeitslosenquoten aus. Bislang ist jedoch unklar, in welchem Zusammenhang ökonomische Entwicklungen und die Stabilität von Partnerschaften stehen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich damit, wie Arbeitslosigkeit, gemessen auf der Mikro- und Makroebene, das Trennungsrisiko in fünf europäischen Ländern in der Zeit vor der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise beeinflusst hat. Auf Basis umfassender Längsschnittdaten aus Belgien, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland und Italien zeigen die empirischen Analysen, in der diskrete Zeitmodelle verwendet werden, dass Arbeitslosigkeit in allen Ländern das Trennungsrisiko prinzipiell erhöht. Während sich vor allem auf der Mikroebene zeigt, dass die individuelle Arbeitslosigkeitserfahrung des Mannes einen positiven Einfluss auf das Trennungsrisiko ausübt, ergeben sich jedoch keine statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhänge auf der Makroebene. Der Einfluss der Arbeitslosigkeit der Frau ist weniger stark ausgeprägt als jene des Mannes und variiert deutlich zwischen den Ländern. In Deutschland und Italien, wo bis vor kurzem Familie und Erwerbstätigkeit wenig vereinbar waren, gibt es keinen statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhang von weiblicher Arbeitslosigkeit und Trennungsraten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zimmert, Franziska & Michael Zimmert (2020): Paid parental leave and maternal reemployment. Do part-time subsidies help or harm? (Discussion paper / Universität Sankt Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economics 2020-02), St. Gallen, 59 S.

Abstract

"Employment subsidies can incentivize mothers to shorten employment interruptions after childbirth. We examine a German parental leave reform promoting an early return to work in part-time. Exploiting the exogenous variation in the benefit entitlement length defined by the child's birthday, we apply machine-learning augmented semi-parametric difference-indifference estimation using administrative data. The reform yields positive average employment effects mainly driven by part-time employment as our dynamic optimization model for mothers on parental leave suggests. Conditional effects show that the policy creates heterogenous incentives depending on the opportunity costs of working part-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zoch, Gundula (2020): Public childcare provision and employment participation of East and West German mothers with different educational backgrounds. (SocArXiv papers), 31 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/pt5yk

Abstract

"By focusing on a period of a major public childcare expansion in Germany, this study investigates whether higher levels of childcare coverage for under-threes have been positively associated with employment among mothers with different educational backgrounds. Both standard economic labour theories and sociological theories presume that the effect of public childcare provision varies with mothers’ educational attainment. The analysis links county-level data on annual childcare ratios with individual-level data from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (2007-2016). To match mothers with similar characteristics in counties with childcare ratios above and below the annual median within East and West Germany, entropy balancing is applied. Findings indicate a positive relationship between childcare provision and maternal employment, with more pronounced associations for mothers with at least a vocational degree, those with a second birth, and those who receive full-time access to childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Das Dossier zur Verteilung unbezahlter Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern geht der Frage nach, warum Frauen mehr Zeit für Haushaltsführung, Pflege und Betreuung von Kindern und Erwachsenen sowie ehrenamtliches Engagement und informelle Hilfen aufbringen als Männer. Die Broschüre bildet die Grundlage für eine breite gesellschaftliche Diskussion darüber, wie Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gerechter zwischen den Geschlechtern aufgeteilt werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2020): 4. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 04), Berlin, 98 S.

Abstract

"Der nun vorliegende 4. Atlas ist eine aktualisierte Version des erstmals 2009 herausgegebenen Atlas. Ziel des Atlas ist es, die Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf zu verfolgen.1 Mit jeder Aktualisierung waren auch eine Weiterentwicklung des Atlas verbunden sowie die Aufnahme neuer Indikatoren. Im 4. Atlas hat sich dadurch die Struktur des Atlas noch einmal verändert. Indikatoren mit Bezug zum Spannungsfeld „Erwerbsarbeit und Sorgearbeit“ sind jetzt zu einem eigenständigen Kapitel zusammengefasst." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Hannah Paule-Paludkiewicz (2019): Long-term changes in married couples' labor supply and taxes: Evidence from the US and Europe since the 1980s. In: Journal of International Economics, Jg. 118, H. May, S. 44-62. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.01.014

Abstract

"We document the time-series of employment rates and hours worked per employed by married couples in the US and seven European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the UK) from the early 1980s through 2016. Relying on a model of joint household labor supply decisions, we quantitatively analyze the role of non-linear labor income taxes for explaining the evolution of hours worked of married couples over time, using as inputs the full country- and year-specific statutory labor income tax codes. We further evaluate the role of consumption taxes, gender and educational wage premia, and the educational composition. The model is quite successful in replicating the time series behavior of hours worked per employed married woman, with labor income taxes being the key driving force. It does however capture only part of the secular increase in married women's employment rates in the 1980s and early 1990s, suggesting an important role for factors not considered in this paper. An independent and important contribution of the paper is that we make the non-linear tax codes used as an input into the analysis available as a user-friendly and easily integrable set of Matlab codes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Bloome, Deirdre, Derek Burk & Leslie McCall (2019): Economic Self-Reliance and Gender Inequality between U.S. Men and Women. 1970-2010. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 124, H. 5, S. 1413-1467. DOI:10.1086/702278

Abstract

"Women have become increasingly economically self-reliant, depending more on paid employment for their positions in the income distribution than in the past. We know little about what happened to men, however, because most prior research restricts changes in self-reliance to be 'zero-sum,' with women's changes necessitating opposite and proportionate changes among men. This article introduces a measure that allows asymmetric changes and also incorporates multiple population subgroups and income sources beyond couples' labor earnings. Using Current Population Survey data, the authors find that women's self-reliance increased dramatically, as expected, but men's declined only slightly. The authors decompose these trends into changes in family structure and redistribution, which increased and decreased self-reliance, respectively, for men and women, though more for women. Labor market shifts, by contrast, were asymmetric and opposing, reducing men's self-reliance much less than they increased women's. The authors' approach opens opportunities for new insight into both gender inequality and the income attainment process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bosquet, Clément, Pierre-Philippe Combes & Cecilia García-Peñalosa (2019): Gender and promotions: Evidence from academic economists in France. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 121, H. 3, S. 1020-1053. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12300

Abstract

"The promotion system for French academic economists provides an interesting environment to examine the promotion gap between men and women. Promotions occur through national competitions for which we have information both on candidates and on those eligible to be candidates. We can then examine the two stages of the process: application and success. Women are less likely to seek promotion, and this accounts for up to 76% of the promotion gap. Being a woman also reduces the probability of promotion conditional on applying, although the gender difference is not statistically significant. Our results highlight the importance of the decision to apply." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brimblecombe, Simon & Shea McClanahan (2019): Improving gender outcomes in social security retirement systems. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 53, H. 3, S. 327-342. DOI:10.1111/spol.12476

Abstract

"Assessing whether retirement systems meet their varying objectives requires analysing outcomes across different categories of beneficiaries with different working, financial, demographic, and family situations. Policymakers should therefore assess systems on the distribution of outcomes rather than average outcomes.
Much has been written about the gender inequalities inherent in labour markets and how these are reflected and reproduced in pension systems, and there is growing evidence that recent reforms have exacerbated these trends. Recent research has turned to the policy measures available to policymakers to forestall or reverse these trends, but this literature tends to overlook important administrative measures that have the potential to reduce inequalities in access that could improve pension outcomes for women within the current policy framework. This paper examines the main issues surrounding gender inequality in retirement outcomes; explores the implications of recent reform trends in light of the differential outcomes for women, including policy options to mitigate the negative impacts; and concludes with a review of key administrative measures, including streamlining affiliation procedures, improving information, and simplifying payment of contributions and receipt of benefits and better compliance of employers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brussig, Martin, Dominik Postels & Lina Zink (2019): Erwerbsverläufe von Frauen und Männern mit niedrigen Versichertenrenten. (Sozialpolitische Schriften 96), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 279 S.

Abstract

"Gestützt auf reichhaltige Daten aus der Sozialversicherung (BASiD) wird untersucht, wie Erwerbsverläufe beschaffen sind, an deren Ende trotz langer Versicherungszeiten nur niedrige Rentenzahlbeträge stehen. Die Studie bezieht Risikofaktoren des Arbeitsmarktes und die Bedeutung rentenrechtlicher Regelungen ein. Die Ergebnisse versachlichen die Diskussion um die Leistungsfähigkeit der GRV in Deutschland und weisen auf Handlungsmöglichkeiten hin, um Niedrigrenten trotz langer Versicherungszeiten zu begrenzen." (Verlagsangaben)

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Bryson, Alex, John Forth & Stefanie Wolter (2019): Geschlechtsspezifische Lohngefälle in Europa. Was können wir aus Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten lernen? Ein Workshopbericht. In: IAB-Forum H. 19.07.2019, o. Sz.

Abstract

"Ein IAB-Workshop am 20. und 21. Mai 2019 beleuchtete das Lohngefälle zwischen Frauen und Männern in Europa. Im Mittelpunkt standen die wichtige Rolle der Unternehmen und des Arbeitsplatzes für die Erklärung des Phänomens. Die Vorträge zeigten, wie Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten Forschende und politische Entscheidungsträger darin unterstützen können, die Mechanismen zu verstehen, die den Lohnungleichheiten zugrunde liegen. Denn Linked-Employer-Employee-Daten ermöglichen Einblicke, die mit klassischen Befragungen von Einzelpersonen und Haushalten nicht gewonnen werden können. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich das geschlechtsspezifische Lohngefälle in vielen Ländern verringert, jedoch verdienen Frauen laut Eurostat-Statistik zum geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschied in jedem Land Europas heute im Durchschnitt immer noch weniger pro Stunde als Männer. Dies ist der Fall, obwohl Frauen einen großen Teil der Humankapitallücke (Wissen, berufliche Erfahrungen, Qualifikationen etc.) zu Männern schließen und sie im Erwerb von akademischen Qualifikationen sogar überholen konnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Buera, Francisco J., Joseph P. Kaboski & Min Qiang Zhao (2019): The rise of services. The role of skills, scale, and female labor supply. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 157-187. DOI:10.1086/702926

Abstract

"This paper provides a quantitative analysis of the growth in the service share in the United States. We model households that make decisions on home and market production of services that vary in their skill intensity at any point in time and vary in their optimal scale over time. We also allow for skill- and sector-biased technology progress. The benchmark model fully accounts for the rise in the service share, with the rising scale of services, rising demand for skill-intensive output, and skill-biased technical change all playing dominant roles. Furthermore, the model with multiperson households confirms that the essential findings of our benchmark model are robust to demographic considerations. It can explain two-thirds of the increase in female labor supply, which also plays a role in services growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Campa, Pamela & Michel Serafinelli (2019): Politico-economic regimes and attitudes: Female workers under state socialism. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 101, H. 2, S. 233-248. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_00772

Abstract

"This paper investigates whether attitudes are affected by politico-economic regimes. We exploit the efforts of state socialist regimes to promote women's economic inclusion. Using the German partition after World War II, we show that women from East-Germany are more likely to place importance on career success compared to women from West-Germany. Further, the population at large in East Germany is less likely to hold traditional gender role attitudes. Examining possible mechanisms, we find that the change in attitudes under the East German regime was larger in areas where the growth in female employment was larger. A comparison of Eastern versus Western Europe confirms these results." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Cavapozzi, Danilo, Simona Fiore & Giacomo Pasini (2019): Family dissolution and labour supply decisions over the life cycle. In: A. Börsch-Supan, J. Bristle, K. Andersen-Ranberg, A. Brugiavini, F. Jusot, H. Litwin & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2019): Health and socio-economic status over the life course : First results from SHARE Waves 6 and 7, S. 149-155. DOI:10.1515/9783110617245-015

Abstract

"Our study findings suggest strong gender differences in the effect of household dissolution on employment probability. Whereas household dissolution has a negligible effect on men's employment behaviour, the employment probability of women increases by 4.4 per cent during the year of a household split and by 8.6 per cent during the year of divorce. The effect is driven by women with children. Although both household split and divorce shape women labour supply also after their occurrence, we found an anticipated effect on employment choices only for divorce. This pattern might be driven by the choice of women to undertake job search activities only after they stop living as a couple with their former partners. Finally, we consistently find lower magnitudes when looking at household splits compared with divorce, for both men and women.
The policy implication of these findings is that once within-family income support disappears because a family dissolves, those more at risk - women out of the labour force with dependent children - should be given assistance to manage their work and family responsibilities. Access to childcare services and flexible work arrangements may help smooth the consequences of family dissolution." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chen, Xi (2019): The evolution of female labour force participation in urban China. In: The economics of transition, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 267-299. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12160

Abstract

"Starting from the late 1980s, despite rapid economic growth, female labour force participation in urban China has shown a general declining trend. Using repeated cross-sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIP), this paper attempts to systematically relate the decrease in the labour force participation of married women to the socio-economic changes happening in urban China during the same period of time. Adopting both linear and nonlinear decomposition techniques, the results indicate that the changes in married women's labour force participation during the periods 1995-2002 and 2007-2013 can be explained by the concurrent changes in the distribution of socio-economic variables, while the changes during the periods 1988-1995 and 2002-2007 are mostly driven by the leftward shift of married women's participation function." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Chiappori, Pierre André, José Alberto Molina, José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & Jorge Velilla (2019): Intertemporal labor supply and intra-household commitment. (IZA discussion paper 12353), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper adopts an intertemporal labor supply perspective to propose a test that allows us to distinguish between intra-household non-commitment, limited commitment, and full commitment. It investigates whether, after controling for current and future (expected) wages, past wage shocks have a lasting and significant impact on present labor supply and public consumption. Using a semi-log parametrization of labor supply and data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the US, the paper shows positive evidence in favor of the limited commitment model. Specifically, unexpected past wage shocks affect labor supply in exactly the way predicted by theory, as spouses' past wage deviations have a negative impact on their labor supply and a positive impact on their spouses'. In addition, wives' past wage shocks also impact negatively household public expenditure on housing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Collischon, Matthias (2019): Is there a glass ceiling over Germany? In: German economic review, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. e329-e359., 2018-03-20. DOI:10.1111/geer.12168

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the gender wage gap across the wage distribution using 2010 data from the German Statistical Agency. I investigate East and West Germany and the public sector separately to account for potential heterogeneities in wage gaps. I apply unconditional and conditional quantile regression methods to investigate the differences between highly paid men and women in distributions conditional and unconditional on covariates. The results indicate increasing gender wage gaps in all estimations, suggesting that there is indeed a glass ceiling over Germany even after controlling for a large set of observable characteristics (including occupation and industry). This finding is even more pronounced when also taking bonus payments into account." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Cools, Angela & Eleonora Patacchini (2019): The brother earnings penalty. In: Labour economics, Jg. 58, H. June, S. 37-51. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.02.009

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of sibling gender on adolescent experiences and adult labor market outcomes for a recent cohort of U.S. women. We document an earnings penalty from the presence of a younger brother (relative to a younger sister), finding that a next-youngest brother reduces adult earnings by about 7%. Using rich data on parent-child interactions, parents' expectations, disruptive behaviors, and adult outcomes, we provide a first step at examining the mechanisms behind this result. We find that brothers reduce parents' expectations and school monitoring of female children while also increasing females' propensity to engage in more traditionally feminine tasks. These factors help explain a portion of the labor market penalty from brothers." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Crotti, Robert, Thierry Geiger, Vesselina Ratcheva & Saadia Zahidi (2019): The global gender gap report 2020. Insight report. (The global gender gap report), Cologny/Geneva, 370 S.

Abstract

"Gender parity is fundamental to whether and how economies and societies thrive. Ensuring the full development and appropriate deployment of half of the world’s total talent pool has a vast bearing on the growth, competitiveness and future-readiness of economies and businesses worldwide. The Global Gender Gap Report benchmarks 153 countries on their progress towards gender parity. In addition, this year’s edition studies gender gaps prospects in the professions of the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Del Boca, Daniela, Christopher Flinn, Ewout Verriest & Matthew Wiswall (2019): Actors in the child development process. (IZA discussion paper 12103), Bonn, 105 S.

Abstract

"We construct and estimate a model of child development in which both the parents and children make investments in the child's skill development. In each period of the development process, partially altruistic parents act as the Stackelberg leader and the child the follower when setting her own study time. We then extend this non-cooperative form of interaction by allowing parents to offer incentives to the child to increase her study time, at some monitoring cost. We show that this incentive scheme, a kind of internal conditional cash transfer, produces efficient outcomes and, in general, increases the child's cognitive ability. In addition to heterogeneity in resources (wage offers and non-labor income), the model allows for heterogeneity in preferences both for parents and children, and in monitoring costs. Like their parents, children are forward looking, but we allow children and parents to have different preferences and for children to have age-varying discount rates, becoming more 'patient' as they age. Using detailed time diary information on the allocation of parent and child time linked to measures of child cognitive ability, we estimate several versions of the model. Using model estimates, we explore the impact of various government income transfer policies on child development. As in Del Boca et al. (2016), we find that the most effective set of policies are (external) conditional cash transfers, in which the household receives an income transfer given that the child's cognitive ability exceeds a prespecified threshold. We find that the possibility of households using internal cash transfers greatly increases the cost effectiveness of external cash transfer policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dilli, Selin, Sarah G. Carmichael & Auke Rijpma (2019): Introducing the historical gender equality index. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 31-57. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1442582

Abstract

"Despite recent progress, women are still disadvantaged by their greater domestic labor commitments and impaired access to well-paid jobs; and, in extreme cases, denied the right to live. This has consequences for the well-being of individuals and economic development. Although tools to evaluate country performance in gender equality, especially composite indicators, have been developed since the 1990s, a historical perspective is lacking. This study introduces a composite index of gender equality covering 129 countries from 1950 to 2003. This index measures gender equality in four dimensions (socioeconomic, health, household, and politics). The index shows substantial progress in gender equality, though there is little evidence that less gender-equal countries are catching up. Goldin's 'quiet revolution' hypothesis is tested as an explanation for this observation, but fails to provide a good explanation. Rather, the long-term institutional and historical characteristics of countries are the main obstacles to convergence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Feng, Jun, Paul Gerrans, Carly Moulang, Noel Whiteside & Maria Strydom (2019): Why women have lower retirement savings. The Australian case. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 145-173. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1533250

Abstract

"This study provides empirical evidence of the gender gap in retirement savings trajectories using a large longitudinal Australian database. The persistent trend of retirement income policy over recent decades has been to place responsibility for retirement savings accumulation with the individual employee. These plans are fundamentally linked to employment conditions and individual choices, which shape retirement savings trajectories and outcomes. Australia has a mature compulsory system and thus provides insight for countries embarking on similar paths. This study shows that the gender gap in retirement savings is observable from early on in an individual's paid working life and persists over time, providing evidence that women are disadvantaged early in their careers, with few signs of improvement. Men, in contrast, are overrepresented in the upper quartile of growth in retirement savings. This study provides important empirical evidence for policymakers concerned with gender differences in retirement outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friese, Marianne (2019): Weibliche Arbeit und ihr Beitrag zur Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals. Eine intersektionelle Analyse sozialer Ungleichheit. In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online H. 36, S. 1-15.

Abstract

"In der Sozial- und Theoriegeschichte der Berufsbildung hat das komplexe Bedingungsgefüge von Geschlecht und sozialer Ungleichheit eine lange Tradition. Diese wurzelt in der Transformation von der Agrar- zur Industriegesellschaft und damit verbundenen theoretischen Ansätzen der Industriepädagogik. Sie setzt sich fort in der Konstituierung von Ausbildungs- und Berufsstrukturen sowie damit entstehenden berufspädagogischen Konzepten seit Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Eng verbunden mit der Entwicklung von Berufsprinzipen ist der soziale Wandel von Familienstrukturen und lebensweltlichen Bezügen. In diesem Prozess hat sich weibliche Arbeit einerseits als entscheidender Motor der Modernisierung erwiesen. Zugleich wurden andererseits systematische Hemmnisse der Modernisierung von Berufsstrukturen und Alltagswelten erzeugt. Diese beruhen wesentlich auf sozialen Ungleichheiten, die sich auf Basis einer doppelten Differenz aufgrund von Genderstrukturen sowie Klassenstrukturen manifestieren.
Der folgende Beitrag nimmt eine historische Analyse des Beitrags weiblicher Arbeit zur Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals im Zuge der Industriegesellschaft vor. Der Fokus liegt auf der Analyse weiblicher Arbeit an der Schnittstelle von Lebenswelt und Berufsarbeit. Theoretische Bezüge rekurrieren auf sozialwissenschaftlichen Kapitaltheorien von Pierre Bourdieu (1983) sowie auf wirtschafts- und sozialhistorischen Studien zur Konstitution der Arbeiterklasse in der Industriegesellschaft des 18./19. Jahrhunderts in England (Thompson 1968), in Deutschland am Beispiel der Region Leipzig (Zwahr 1978) und in der Region Bremen am Beispiel der Konstitution des weiblichen Dienstbotenproletariats (Friese 1991). Die in der Studie zum weiblichen Dienstbotenproletariat von Friese zugrunde gelegte methodische Analyse sozialer Ungleichheit aufgrund von Klassen- und Geschlechtszugehörigkeit wird durch eine in der feministischen Forschung Ende der 1990er Jahren etablierte intersektionelle Analyse der wechselseitigen Verschränkung verschiedener Ungleichheitsstrukturen (Knapp 2005) erweitert und im theoretischen Rahmen der Transformation des ökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kapitals rekonstruiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ganesch, Franziska, Matthias Dütsch & Olaf Struck (2019): Betriebs- und raumstrukturelle Einflüsse der Beschäftigungsstabilität von Frauen. In: N. Burzan (Hrsg.) (2019): Komplexe Dynamiken globaler und lokaler Entwicklungen, Göttingen, S. 1-9.

Abstract

"Arbeitsmärkte sind nach betrieblicher Beschäftigungsstabilität und unterschiedlich hohen Löhnen segmentiert. Solche Segmentierungen lassen sich als betriebliche Beschäftigungssysteme analysieren. Zudem sind Beschäftigungsverhältnisse vor dem Hintergrund regionaler Gegebenheiten zu betrachten. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche betriebs- und regionenspezifischen Merkmale die Beschäftigungsstabilität und die Erwerbschancen von Frauen beeinflussen. Die quantitativ-empirischen Analysen auf Basis von Linked-Employer-Employee Daten (LIAB), die um regionalen Strukturindikatoren auf der Ebene von Raumordnungsregionen erweitert wurden, verdeutlichen, dass die Verortung in betrieblichen Beschäftigungssystemen stark von individuellen arbeitsmarktrelevanten Merkmalen, wie dem Geschlecht und dem höchsten Bildungsabschluss, abhängt. So sind weibliche Erwerbsverläufe von einer geringeren Stabilität und einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit für langfristige Beschäftigungen gekennzeichnet. Weder das Kinderbetreuungsangebot im Betrieb, noch die in der Region gemessene Kinderbetreuungsquote stabilisieren betriebliche Beschäftigungen von Frauen. Betriebliche Prosperitätsfaktoren gehen mit Stabilität einher, während unsichere und negative Zukunftserwartungen der Betriebe Beschäftigungen eher destabilisieren. Zudem ist festzustellen, dass Frauen seltener in Arbeitslosigkeit übergehen als Männer und dabei allerdings vergleichsweise häufiger Übergänge in Teilzeitarbeit und geringfügige Beschäftigungen vollziehen, um den Flexibilitätsanforderungen jeweils in und zwischen Beruf und Familie gerecht zu werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Geis-Thöne, Wido (2019): Lebenslagen von Müttern an den Übergängen in und aus Alleinerziehung. In: IW-Trends, Jg. 46, H. 3, S. 21-37. DOI:10.2373/1864-810X.19-03-02

Abstract

"Dass die Lebenslagen von alleinerziehenden Familien deutlich ungünstiger sind als von Paarfamilien, ist in der Literatur vielfach dokumentiert. Allerdings ist wenig darüber bekannt, inwieweit das Fehlen des zweiten Elternteils im Haushalt ursächlich hierfür ist und welche Rolle es spielt, dass es bei Müttern in verschiedenen Lebenslagen unterschiedlich häufig zu Trennungen und zum Eingehen neuer Partnerschaften nach Phasen der Alleinerziehung kommt. Diese beiden Übergänge werden mithilfe multivariater Analysen auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels betrachtet. Dabei zeigt sich ein stark negativer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Haushaltseinkommen und dem Wechsel von Müttern aus einer Paarfamilie in die Alleinerziehung. Zu solchen Trennungen kommt es besonders häufig, wenn die Familie zuvor Arbeitslosengeld II oder Sozialhilfe bezogen hat. Dies gilt auch, wenn für weitere Aspekte der Lebenslagen - zum Beispiel den Bildungsstand der Mütter - kontrolliert wird. Besonders selten wechseln hingegen selbst zugewanderte Mütter und Mütter mit größeren Familien in die Alleinerziehung. Eine neue Partnerschaft mit gemeinsamer Haushaltsführung gehen alleinerziehende Mütter verstärkt dann ein, wenn das jüngste Kind unter drei Jahre alt ist und sie Risiken scheuen. Insgesamt legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass die Lebenslagen der Alleinerziehenden sehr stark in die Zeit vor dem Wechsel des Familienstatus zurückreichen. Für die Familienpolitik heißt das, dass sie bei der Förderung von Alleinerziehenden nicht nur die Auswirkungen der Partnerlosigkeit, sondern auch davon unabhängige Problemfelder wie das Fehlen arbeitsmarktrelevanter Qualifikationen in den Blick nehmen sollte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gromadzki, Jan (2019): The Added Worker Effect, Employment Contracts, and the Reasons for the Wife's Inactivity. (IBS working paper / Instytut Badan Strukturalnych 2019,02), Warszawa, 23 S.

Abstract

"The recent literature provide compelling evidence of the existence of a significant added worker effect (AWE) - wives increase their labour supply in response to the job displacement of their husbands. However, little is known about the heterogeneity of the effect. I study the variation in the AWE depending on the reasons for the wife's inactivity, and on the husband's employment contract type. I find that the responses of discouraged women to the job displacement of their husbands were three times as strong as the responses of those women, who were inactive for reasons of health and family. This finding suggests that discouraged people are highly responsive to the income shocks that occur within a household. In addition, I find that the size of the AWE also depends on the type of employment contract the husband had. The results suggest that high employment protection reduces the wife's incentives to join the labour force after her husband's job displacement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Götz, Dagmar Michaela (2019): Nichterwerbstätige und geringfügig beschäftigte Frauen: Moderne Dienstleister in der Stillen Reserve des deutschen Arbeitsmarktes. Wirtschaftspotenzial und Aktivierbarkeit für den Arbeitsmarkt. Tübingen, 334 S. DOI:10.15496/publikation-27918

Abstract

"Nichterwerbstätige und geringfügig beschäftigte Frauen stellen mit ihrem allgemeinen und spezifischen Humankapital einen untererfassten ökonomischen Faktor der deutschen Wirtschaft dar. Tradierte sozio-ökonomische und soziokulturelle Bedingungen bei zunehmend besserer Ausbildungsgrundlage erschweren den Frauen während und nach Familienphasen eine Berufsausübung bzw. einen beruflichen Wiedereinstieg, manche Frauen entscheiden sich u.a. aus diesen Gründen für eine sehr langfristige, teilweise endgültige Abkehr vom Arbeitsmarkt. Auf Grund der vor allem seit den 1960er-Jahren etablierten sozialpolitischen Verbesserungen auf dem Ausbildungsmarkt für Mädchen und junge Frauen haben sich die Bedürfnisse der Frauen grundlegend gewandelt. Medizinische Entwicklungen trugen zur effektiveren Familienplanung bei. Familie und Berufsausübung konnten aus diesen Gründen und aufgrund neuer gesetzlicher und wirtschaftspolitischer Regelungen zunehmend besser vereinbart werden. Sowohl geringfügige, sozialversicherungsfreie als auch sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigungsverhältnisse erfahren seither einen Aufschwung. Bei der heutigen Teilpopulation der Stillen Reserve ist nun bemerkenswert, dass die Frauen i.d.R. eine qualifizierte Berufsausbildung, teils mit ungewöhnlichen Abschlüssen haben, deren arbeitsmarktpolitische Inwertsetzung in Zeiten des Fachkräftemangels von besonderem Interesse sein könnte. Bereits viele Jahre vor und erneut nach der Wirtschaftskrise 2008/2010 wurde evident, dass dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt qualifizierte Fachkräfte fehlen. Weitere Maßnahmen an sozialpolitischen Anreizsystemen sollten den Arbeitsmarkteintritt auch von Personen in der Stillen Reserve erleichtern, erreichten aber nur einen Teil der erwerbsfähigen Frauen, die der Stillen Reserve des Arbeitsmarktes zuzuordnen waren. Hieraus entwickelten sich die Forschungsfragen: Welche strukturell-qualitativen, räumlichen, sozioökonomischen und soziokulturellen Faktoren sind also ursächlich, dem Arbeitsmarkt nicht oder nur eingeschränkt zur Verfügung zu stehen? Unter welchen Bedingungen wäre dieses Erwerbspersonenpotenzial aktivierbar? Gestützt durch ökonomische und soziologische Theorien und Erklärungsansätze wurde für die Arbeit ein speziell auf die Fragestellungen abgestimmtes Forschungsdesign entwickelt. Für die quantitative Analyse wurden Daten aus den Mikrozensus 2008/2011 sowie qualitative Forschungsmethoden eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse sowie ein knapper Ausblick auf weitere mögliche Handlungsoptionen werden in der Forschungsarbeit präsentiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jungwirth, Ingrid & Carola Bauschke-Urban (Hrsg.) (2019): Gender and Diversity Studies. European Perspectives. Opladen: Budrich, 326 S. DOI:10.3224/84740549

Abstract

"What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and pertinent research and practical fields? On the back drop of current European developments – from the deregulation of economy, a shrinking welfare state to the dissolution and reinforcement of borders – the book examines the development of Gender and Diversity Studies in different European regions as well as beyond and focuses on central fields of theoretical reflection, empirical research and practical implementation policies and politics. Anti-discrimination policies of the EU contribute to an institutionalization of Gender and Diversity Studies and interact with legal, political, societal and economic factors which shape the academic and practical fields. Pressure towards the deregulation of economy, the reduction of welfare state institutions, increased requirements of mobility for individuals and, at the same time, stronger regulations of migration have an impact on research and theory development in the field of Gender and Diversity Studies. While certain rights and anti-discrimination policies are being strengthened within the EU, and while inner borders between member states dissolve and – recently at the same time partially also increase – external borders of Europe are simultaneously being enforced. The large flows of refugee migration towards and into Europe has put these questions on top of the agenda. Taking these processes as well as social and political changes in different European and border regions into account, the state of the art as well as future perspectives of Gender and Diversity Studies are debated from multiple European and border perspectives. What concepts of ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ emerge in the different regions and fields of studies?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaufman, Gayle & Hiromi Taniguchi (2019): Gender equality and work-family conflict from a cross-national perspective. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 6, S. 385-408. DOI:10.1177/0020715219893750

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between gender ideology at the individual level, gender equality at the country level, and women and men’s experiences of work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW). We use data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme as well as the 2011 to 2015 Human Development Reports. Our sample consists of 24,547 respondents from 37 countries. Based on multilevel mixed-effects logistic models, we find that women are more likely than men to experience WIF and FIW. At the individual level, traditional gender ideology positively predicts WIF and FIW. Women and men who reside in more gender-unequal countries have a higher likelihood of FIW while men in these contexts also are more likely to experience WIF. Societal gender inequality is more consequential for those who hold less traditional gender ideology. In conclusion, gender egalitarianism at the individual level and gender equality at the country level are both associated with less WIF and FIW. Policies that seek to address work–family balance should incorporate measures to promote gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kleemann, Frank, Jule Westerheide & Ingo Matuschek (2019): Arbeit und Subjekt. Aktuelle Debatten der Arbeitssoziologie. (Studientexte zur Soziologie), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 267 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-23260-3

Abstract

"Die Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie erfasst aktuelle Wandlungsprozesse der Arbeitswelt in einer großen Bandbreite von Themen und Analyseebenen. Das vorliegende Lehrbuch konzentriert sich auf arbeitssoziologische Perspektiven, bei denen der Wandel der Qualität von Arbeit für die arbeitenden Subjekte ein zentrales Thema ist. Dazu ist die Einbeziehung von Meso- und Makrostrukturen erforderlich: Betriebliche und überbetriebliche Entwicklungen, einschließlich gesellschaftlicher Reproduktionsprozesse und Geschlechterverhältnisse, werden in Ihren Auswirkungen auf die Qualität von Arbeit und auf die Subjekte erfasst. Das Lehrbuch fokussiert darauf, wie gesellschaftliche Realentwicklungen im arbeitssoziologischen Diskurs in den Blick genommen werden." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Lengfeld, Holger (2019): Abstiegsangst in Deutschland auf historischem Tiefstand. Ergebnisse der Auswertung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels 1991 - 2016. In: C. Lübke & J. Delhey (Hrsg.) (2019): Diagnose Angstgesellschaft? : Was wir wirklich über die Gefühlslage der Menschen wissen, S. 59-76. DOI:10.14361/9783839446140-004

Abstract

"Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich das Niveau der Abstiegsangst in Gesamtdeutschland im Jahr 2016 auf dem niedrigsten Stand seit 1991 befand. Seit 2006 ist es, nach langjährigem Anstieg, nahezu stetig rückläufig gewesen. Der Gruppenvergleich zeigt, dass dies für beide Geschlechter, für alle Altersgruppen und alle Schichten gilt. Zugleich finden sich einige Gruppenunterschiede, die ich unter Rückgriff auf arbeitsmarkttheoretische Argumente zumindest im Ansatz zu erläutern versuche. Im letzten Abschnitt fasse ich die Befunde zusammen und gebe einen Ausblick auf ein Forschungsprojekt, in dem wir uns mit weiterführenden Fragen der Abstiegsangst beschäftigen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Léime, Á Ní & Debra Street (2019): Working later in the USA and Ireland. Implications for precariously and securely employed women. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 39, H. 10, S. 2194-2218. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X18000508

Abstract

"Policies to extend working life (EWL) assume homogeneous workers face similar choices about working longer: this may be difficult for women, workers in physically onerous jobs or in low-paid precarious employment. Work-life trajectories are gendered; women interrupt employment and pension-building to provide care. There is occupational variation in capacities to prolong working lives: physically demanding jobs cause work-related health deficits. The precariously employed cannot contribute regularly to pensions and may face age discrimination. This research provides an inter-occupational and cross-national dimension to EWL research, comparing women teachers and health-care workers in the United States of America (USA) and Republic of Ireland. It documents intra-cohort distinctions that emerge among women when considering educational opportunities and occupational tracks expressed in lifecourse trajectories and accumulated capacities for extended work. Analysis draws on interview data from ten teachers and ten health-care workers in each country, comparing the implications of EWL policies for women workers: in precarious versus secure occupations and occupations with different physical demands. It reveals work-life trajectories leading to poorer financial and health outcomes for older health-care workers, especially in the USA. Most women (regardless of occupation or country) opposed extending working life, with concerns ranging from health status and ability to work to the desire to have healthy years in retirement. The most important distinctions are between the occupational categories considered, rather than cross-national differences. Implications for national and work-place policy and research are considered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maher, JaneMaree, Nickie Charles & Carol Wolkowitz (2019): Working mothers, injury and embodied care work. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 7, S. 877-894. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12270

Abstract

"In this article, we examine how mothers respond when injury interrupts maternal care, using the lens of embodied care, which we conceptualize as a form of 'body work'. We draw on findings from a qualitative research project with two organizations in Australia that help people with injuries to return to work, examining the experiences of workers who are also mothers of dependent children. Mothers' inability to care for children during periods of injury was a significant concern for our interviewees; constraints on physical labour and physical affection were particularly troubling, indicating the importance of embodied maternal caregiving to maternal roles. Yet, while these mothers inhabited the spheres of paid work and unpaid care work simultaneously, service providers did not consider embodied care work or its relevance to injured women's ongoing needs for support. While our findings reflect the experiences of injured women, they also suggest the need for a materialist analysis of the ways that both paid work and care activities are deeply enmeshed in and through the bodies of those doing the work. Employers and service organizations still fail to recognize maternal 'body work', and this may be typical of social attitudes more widely." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Manchester, Colleen Flaherty, Lisa M. Leslie & Patricia C. Dahm (2019): Bringing home the bacon: The relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 46-85. DOI:10.1111/irel.12225

Abstract

"We evaluate the relationships among breadwinner role, performance, and pay. Differences in pay are present despite limited differences in performance. We find a pay premium for primary-breadwinner employees across gender, yet a pay penalty for secondary-breadwinners employees only for women, suggesting an asymmetric relationship among breadwinner role, gender, and pay." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Meier, Volker & Matthew D. Rablen (2019): Political economy of redistribution between traditional and modern families. (CESifo working paper 7658), München, 22 S.

Abstract

"We analyse a model in which families may either be 'traditional' single-earner with caring for the child at home or 'modern' double-earner households using market child care. Family policies may favour either the one or the other group, like market care subsidies vs. cash for care. Policies are determined by probabilistic voting, where allocative and distributional impacts matter, both within and across groups. Due to its impact on intragroup distribution, both types of households are likely to receive subsidies. In early stages of development where most households are traditional, implemented policies favour them, though to a small extent. Net subsidies to traditional households are highest in some intermediate stage, which may explain the implementation of cash for care policies. Such policies will be tightened again in late stages of development, where the vast majority of voters come from modern households. Finally, in an environment in which many traditional households are not entitled to vote (immigrants who have not yet obtained citizenship), redistribution toward them may be abolished and in extreme cases even replaced by net transfers to modern households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oshio, Takashi (2019): Is a positive association between female employment and fertility still spurious in developed countries? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 41, S. 1277-1288. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.45

Abstract

"Background: The cross-sectional association between female employment and fertility across developed countries turned from negative to positive during the mid-1980s. The conventional view is that the observed positive association is spurious owing to country-specific heterogeneity.
Objective: We revisit the validity of this view using recent data up to 2017 from 24 countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Methods: Based on the data downloaded from the OECD database, we estimate the time-series association between the female labor force participation rate (FLFP) and total fertility rate (TFR) by fixed-effects regression models, which can control for country-specific heterogeneity.
Results: The more recent the data set used, the more likely it is that the time-series correlation will be positive between FLFP and TFR, even after controlling for country-specific heterogeneity. We also observe that public spending on families, especially in the form of benefits in kind, starts increasing once FLFP becomes sufficiently high.
Conclusions: A positive correlation between female employment and fertility in developed countries is no longer attributable to country-specific heterogeneity. The results are supportive of the view that higher female employment can make socioinstitutional contexts more favorable for childbearing, leading to a positive association between FLFP and TFR.
Contribution: This study underscored the need for further investigation of the association between female employment and fertility, which is likely to have changed in recent decades." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Ruppanner, Leah, Stephanie Moller & Liana Sayer (2019): Expensive childcare and short school days = Lower maternal employment and more time in childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey. In: Socius, Jg. 5, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1177/2378023119860277

Abstract

"This study investigates the relationship between maternal employment and state-to-state differences in childcare cost and mean school day length. Pairing state-level measures with an individual-level sample of prime working-age mothers from the American Time Use Survey (2005 - 2014; n = 37,993), we assess the multilevel and time-varying effects of childcare costs and school day length on maternal full-time and part-time employment and childcare time. We find mothers' odds of full-time employment are lower and part-time employment higher in states with expensive childcare and shorter school days. Mothers spend more time caring for children in states where childcare is more expensive and as childcare costs increase. Our results suggest that expensive childcare and short school days are important barriers to maternal employment and, for childcare costs, result in greater investments in childcare time. Politicians engaged in national debates about federal childcare policies should look to existing state childcare structures for policy guidance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sattari, Negin & Rebecca L. Sandefur (2019): Gender in academic STEM: A focus on men faculty. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 158-179. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12249

Abstract

"In this study, we explore how men faculty understand the role of gender in shaping faculty experiences in academic science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and how they position themselves in relation to inequalities disfavouring women. Our data reveal diversity among men in their understandings regarding challenges facing women in STEM. The majority of our participants revealed gender-blind perspectives and argued that the egalitarian structure of academia does not allow gender to impact attainments in STEM in any significant way. However, a considerable number of them felt privileged compared to women and described subtle ways in which gender shapes opportunities. Our findings show the important implications of men's sensitivity to gender in the ways they perform their professional roles as, for example, mentors, colleagues and teachers in relation to women in STEM. They further call for attention to men's perceptions of gender issues when designing institutional interventions for improving women's conditions in STEM." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schmitz, Sophia & Felix Weinhardt (2019): Immigration and the Evolution of Local Cultural Norms. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 174), München ; Berlin, 67 S.

Abstract

"We study the local evolution of cultural norms in West Germany in reaction to the sudden presence of East Germans who migrated to the West after reunification. These migrants grew up with very high rates of maternal employment, whereas West German families followed the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. We find that West German women increase their labor supply and that this holds within household. We provide additional evidence on stated gender norms, West-East friendships, intermarriage, and childcare infrastructure. The dynamic evolution of the local effects on labor supply is best explained by local cultural learning and endogenous childcare infrastructure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schneider, Norbert F., Harun Sulak & Ralina Panova (2019): Was kommt nach der Rushhour? Lebenslagen und Lebensverläufe von Frauen und Männern in der Lebensmitte. Berlin, 95 S.

Abstract

"Der Schwerpunkt der Familienpolitik in Deutschland liegt seit einigen Jahren auf jungen Familien mit kleinen Kindern. Die daran anschließende Lebensphase in der Lebensmitte ist bisher wissenschaftlich nur wenig erforscht und daher kaum im Blickfeld der Politik. Die Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung möchte mit Hilfe der Forschung des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung diese Lebensphase näher beleuchten und Konsequenzen für politisches Handeln aufzeigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sent, Esther-Mirjam & Irene van Staveren (2019): A feminist review of behavioral economic research on gender differences. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 1-35. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1532595

Abstract

"This study provides a critical review of the behavioral economics literature on gender differences using key feminist concepts, including roles, stereotypes, identities, beliefs, context factors, and the interaction of men's and women's behaviors in mixed-gender settings. It assesses both statistical significance and economic significance of the reported behavioral differences. The analysis focuses on agentic behavioral attitudes (risk appetite and overconfidence; often stereotyped as masculine) and communal behavioral attitudes (altruism and trust; commonly stereotyped as feminine). The study shows that the empirical results of size effects are mixed and that in addition to gender differences, large intra-gender differences (differences among men and differences among women) exist. The paper finds that few studies report statistically significant as well as sizeable differences - often, but not always, with gender differences in the expected direction. Many studies have not sufficiently taken account of various social, cultural, and ideological drivers behind gender differences in behavior." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Shure, Nikki (2019): School hours and maternal labor supply. In: Kyklos, Jg. 72, H. 1, S. 118-151. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12195

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect of extending the primary school day on maternal labor supply. I exploit the staggered nature of the recent German reform to extend school hours and assess whether or not gaining access to a full day school increases the likelihood that mothers enter into the labor market or extend their hours worked if already employed. I use the German Socio-Economic Panel data set (GSOEP) and link it to a self-collected school-level data set with geographical information software (GIS). Using a flexible difference-in-difference approach in the estimation of linear probability and logit models, I find that the policy has a statistically significant effect of approximately five percentage points at the extensive margin, drawing more women into the labor market. I find no significant effect of the policy at the intensive margin; women who were already working do not extend their hours worked. This has implications for policies to extend the school day that do not correspond to the working day." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Stojmenovska, Dragana (2019): Management gender composition and the gender pay gap: Evidence from British panel data. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 26, H. 5, S. 738-764. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12264

Abstract

"Women continue to earn less than their male counterparts globally. Scholars and feminist activists have suggested a partial explanation for this gender gap in earnings could be women's limited access to power structures at the workplace. Using the linked employer - employee data of the Workplace Employment Relations Study 2004 - 2011, this article asks what happens to the gender gap in earnings among non-managerial employees when the share of women in management at the workplace increases. The findings, based on workplace-fixed time-fixed effects regression models, suggest that workplace-level increases in the share of women in management are associated with decreases of the non-managerial gender gap in earnings. This effect appears to be largely unrelated to changes in equality and diversity policies, family-friendly arrangements and support for carers at the workplace." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Walsh, Lucas, Anne Keary & Joanne Gleeson (2019): Non-linear Transitions: An intergenerational longitudinal study of today's young women in education and work. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 27, H. 5, S. 468-485. DOI:10.1177/1103308818817632

Abstract

"Labour markets are characterized by uncertainty and youth transitions by change. This longitudinal study of three generations of Australian women from nine families suggests something more nuanced, featuring continuities and discontinuities threaded throughout the lives of daughters, mothers, grandmothers and aunts interviewed over three decades. Discussion focuses on the most recent generation of interviewees, following some of the threads of their testimonies back through previous generations of family to reveal similarities and some differences in their navigation of education and work. The findings suggest that the pathways of women today are more fluid but no more disrupted than previous generations, urging continued wider reflection on the concept of transition in youth studies and related relational, spatial and temporal dimensions of study and working life. Though problematic, the transitions metaphor still has meaning in the non-linear journeys of women as they navigate their ways from school to post-school life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))