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Magda, Iga, Aneta Kielczewska & Nicola Brandt (2018): The effects of large universal child benefits on female labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 11652), Bonn, 19 S.

Abstract

"In 2016 the Polish government introduced a large new child benefit, called 'Family 500+', with the aim to increase fertility from a low level and reduce child poverty. The benefit is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. Increasing out-of-work income significantly, the transfer can reduce incentives to participate in the labour market. We study the impact of the new benefit on female labour supply, using Polish Labour Force Survey data. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology we find that the labour market participation rates of women with children decreased after the introduction of the benefit compared to childless women. The estimates suggest that by mid-2017 the labour force participation rate of mothers dropped by 2-3 percentage points, depending on the estimation specification, as a result of the 'Family 500+' benefit. The effect was higher among women with lower levels of education and living in small towns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möhring, Katja & Andreas Weiland (2018): Ausgleich oder Verschärfung von Einkommensrisiken? Lebensläufe und Alterseinkommen in Deutschland aus der Paarperspektive. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 4, S. 463-493. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0023

Abstract

"Wir analysieren Erwerbs- und Einkommensbiografien von Paaren mittels einer Multichannel-Sequenzmusteranalyse, um Rückschlüsse auf das Alterseinkommen von Frauen in Deutschland und Ausgleichsprozesse im Haushaltskontext abzuleiten. Datengrundlage ist eine Verknüpfung der administrativen Daten der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung mit dem 'Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe', die Biografieinformationen west- und ostdeutscher Personen der Geburtskohorten 1927 bis 1965 (N = 2.292) enthält. Wir identifizieren acht Paarverlaufsmuster, die sich in ihrer Nähe zu einem männlichen Alleinverdiener- oder einem Zweiverdienermodell unterscheiden. Während Frauen von kontinuierlicher Erwerbstätigkeit und kurzen Erziehungsunterbrechungen in Hinblick auf ihr Individual- und Haushaltseinkommen substanziell profitieren, stellen Biografien mit Erwerbsausstieg ein Armutsrisiko auf Haushaltsebene dar, das im Alter nur durch stark überdurchschnittliche Partnereinkommen ausgeglichen werden kann." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Neumann, Emma (2018): Source country culture and labor market assimilation of immigrant women in Sweden. Evidence from longitudinal data. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 585-627. DOI:10.1007/s11150-018-9420-6

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the role of source country culture on gender roles for labor market assimilation of immigrant women in Sweden. Sweden ranks as one of the world's most gender-equal countries and at the same time a recipient of many immigrants from countries with more traditional views on gender roles and gender equality. I find that the labor force participation of immigrant women in Sweden is related to their source country culture, in the sense that women from countries where women's labor market participation is low (high) also have low (high) participation in the Swedish labor market. However, all immigrant women assimilate towards, but do not reach parity with, the participation rate of native women, and the difference between women from high- and low-participation countries diminishes with length of residence in Sweden. This indicates that source country culture on gender roles does not have a persistent effect on immigrant women's labor market participation in Sweden. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of taking into account unobservable time-constant individual and source country factors when estimating the relationship between source country culture and immigrants' labor market outcomes. Neglecting to control for these factors could lead researchers to misrepresent the rate of assimilation and overstate the effect of source country culture." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Nolan, Anne & Alan Barrett (2018): Working beyond 65 in Ireland. (IZA discussion paper 11664), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Extending working lives is often proposed as one route through which the costs associated with population ageing can be managed. In that context, understanding who currently works for longer can help policymakers to design policies to facilitate longer working. In particular, it is important to know if longer working is a choice or a necessity, where necessity arises from a lack of pension income. In this paper, we use data from the first four waves of the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA), covering the period 2010-2016, to examine patterns of labour force participation among men and women aged 65+. We find that a lack of pension income is an important determinant of later-life working and that this applies for both men and women. Although older women are significantly less likely to work than older men, we find few differences in the pattern of determinants of longer working among older men and women. However, while women are significantly less likely to work than men, this effect is stronger among married women compared to single women. This suggests that older women without immediate access to family-provided financial support may need to work to support themselves. This adds to the picture of later life work being a necessity as opposed to a choice. However, an alternative explanation is that older married women may also have caring responsibilities that reduce their labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Connor, Pat, Clare O'Hagan & Breda Gray (2018): Femininities in STEM: Outsiders Within. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 312-329. DOI:10.1177/0950017017714198

Abstract

"This article describes a typological framework with axes relating to career and (non-work) relationship commitment to show how a specific cohort of women enact femininity(ies) in the context of the institutionalised practices that define science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) as a masculine domain. Based on the accounts of 25 women in such disciplines in an Irish university, four types are identified: careerist femininity; individualised femininity; vocational femininity; and family-oriented femininity. All of these are constituted in relation to the meanings attached to the masculinist STEM career which performatively render women outsiders. The typology moves beyond the career/paid work and work/life dichotomies to encompass both the re-envisioning of career as vocation (Type 3) and the development of a highly individualised lifestyle orientation based on a high commitment to both (Type 2). It points to the variation, complexity and contradictions in how women do femininities in the academic STEM environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Osuna, Victoria (2018): What accounts for the increase in female labor force participation in Spain. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-26. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-16

Abstract

"Over the last three decades, Spanish female labor force participation (LFP) has tremendously increased, particularly, that of married women. At the same time, the income tax structure, the fiscal treatment of families, policies to reconcile family and work, and the education distribution of married couples have substantially changed. By contrast, the gender wage gap has remained quite stable. In this paper the author investigates the relevance of these factors in accounting for the growth in Spanish married women labor force participation from 1994 to 2008. For that purpose, she uses Kaygusuz' model of household labor market participation, and data from Eurostat to calibrate the model and evaluate its performance. The model successfully accounts for the rise in aggregate female labor force participation, and matches hours worked by males and females. The model is also able to replicate the pattern of female labor force participation by age and education. From this analysis we can conclude that changes in tax rates and in the education distribution are the main factors behind the increase in female LFP during the late nineties, while changes in child care costs and earning profiles are mainly responsible for the subsequent growth in the 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Papapetrou, Evangelia & Pinelopi Tsalaporta (2018): Is there a case for intergenerational transmission of female labour force participation and educational attainment? Evidence from Greece during the crisis. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 237-258. DOI:10.1111/labr.12134

Abstract

"The paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of female educational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of labour force participation in Greece, in 2011. Results show that parental educational background, and especially maternal, is identified as a key determinant of women's high level of educational achievement. A wife's labour force participation decision is related to her husband's mother's and mother's participation, and even more strongly related to her own level of educational achievement along with the number of children in the household. The labour force participation of the mother of the husband is more important than that of the woman's own mother, indicating a strong transmission of the husband's cultural model. Results point to the presence of heterogeneity of cultural transmission of female labour supply conditional on household income." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pohl, R. Vincent (2018): Medicaid and the labor supply of single mothers. Implications for health care reform. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 1283-1313. DOI:10.1111/iere.12304

Abstract

"The Medicaid expansions and health insurance subsidies of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) change work incentives for single mothers. To evaluate the employment effects of these policies ex ante, I estimate a model of labor supply and health insurance choice exploiting variation in pre-ACA Medicaid policies. Simulations show that single mothers increase their labor supply at the extensive and intensive margin by 12% and 7%, respectively, uninsurance rates decline by up to 40%, and an average family's welfare improves by 1,600 dollars per year. Health insurance subsidies and not Medicaid expansions mostly drive these effects." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ravazzini, Laura & Jenny Chesters (2018): Inequality and wealth: Comparing the gender wealth gap in Switzerland and Australia. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 83-107. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1458202

Abstract

"Although the gender gap in incomes has been extensively researched, scant attention has been paid to the gender wealth gap. This paper compares the gender wealth gap in Australia with that of Switzerland. Using data from the 2010 Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) and the 2012 Swiss Household Panel (SHP), this study attributes the gender wealth gap to differences in permanent income and education. Furthermore, the gender wealth gap is much larger in Switzerland than in Australia. The study links this finding to the type of wealth held by individuals in these two countries. Differences in wealth accumulation among women in Switzerland and Australia are likely to be linked to the housing market and to family policies for (single) mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Richiardi, Matteo, Brian Nolan & Lane Kenworthy (2018): The US labour force participation debacle. Learning from the contrast with Britain. (ISER working paper 2018-12), Colchester, 48 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruby, Sophie & Sylka Scholz (2018): Care, care work and the struggle for a careful world from the perspective of the sociology of masculinities. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 73-83. DOI:10.1007/s11614-018-0284-z

Abstract

"Das Thema Fürsorge und Fürsorgearbeit wird in der feministischen Forschung sowohl theoretisch als auch empirisch oftmals mit dem weiblichen Geschlecht verbunden. In unserem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Aspekt, dass im Gegensatz zur feministischen Theorie in der Männlichkeitstheorie Care und Carework noch stark untertheoretisiert sind. So stellt zum Beispiel Vaterschaft und Care im Konzept der hegemonialen Männlichkeit weitgehend eine Leerstelle dar. Herausgearbeitet werden soll, in welcher Hinsicht Männer und die Konstruktion von Männlichkeiten von den aktuellen Umstrukturierungsprozessen vom Fordismus zum Postfordismus betroffen sind. Caring Masculinities gelten in der europäischen Männlichkeitspolitik als zentraler Weg zur Entwicklung nicht-dominanter Männlichkeiten. Erörtert wird, inwieweit es ein brauchbares theoretisches Konstrukt für die Forschung in diesem Feld sein kann." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Skora, Thomas (2018): Die räumliche Dimension der Vereinbarkeitsfrage. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Arbeitsweg und Elternschaft. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 8-11.

Abstract

"Bei den gestiegenen Herausforderungen für Eltern, berufliche und familiäre Ziele miteinander vereinbaren zu können, wurde bisher im öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Diskurs der Aspekt des täglichen Pendelns zum Arbeitsplatz nur selten berücksichtigt. Diese Forschungslücke greift der Beitrag auf und untersucht, ob und inwieweit große Pendelentfernungen die Entscheidung zur Erstelternschaft beeinflussen. Gleichzeitig wird analysiert, welche Veränderungen die Familiengründung beim Pendel- und Erwerbsverhalten nach sich zieht. So zeigt sich zum Beispiel, dass vor allem westdeutsche Frauen im Zuge der Erstgeburt ihre Pendeldistanz im Durchschnitt reduzieren. Ergänzend dazu gibt der Autor, Dr. Thomas Skora, in einem Interview mit Bevölkerungsforschung Aktuell Auskunft über zentrale Ergebnisse seiner Studie, die zugleich auch seine Dissertation darstellt." (Autorenreferat)

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Sundsbø, Astrid Ouahyb (2018): Parenting support in Europe's North. How is it understood and evaluated in research? In: Social policy and society, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 431-441. DOI:10.1017/S1474746418000027

Abstract

"Parenting support in the Nordic countries builds upon a century-long tradition of controls and services run by municipalities and county councils (Hagelund, 2008; Danielsen and Mühleisen, 2009; Lundqvist, 2015). However, with the introduction of structured parental guidance programmes from the 1990s onward (mainly based on research insights and experiences from the US and UK), new elements have been added to the former policy legacy (Lundqvist, 2015)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tophoven, Silke, Veronika Kretschmer, Richard Peter, Anita Tisch & Jean-Baptist du Prel (2018): Erwerbsverlauf und Gesundheit älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter. (IAB-Bibliothek 371), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 214 S. DOI:10.3278/300988w

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen im höheren Erwerbsalter ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Um sie auch künftig zu ermöglichen, ist das Wissen um die spezifische Situation dieser Gruppe, grade in Bezug auf gesundheitliche Aspekte, besonders wichtig. Die Dissertation bietet einen Überblick zu den Erwerbsverläufen und aktuellen Erwerbs- und Gesundheitssituationen älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter und untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen
- verschiedenen Erwerbsverlaufstypen und bisheriger Alterssicherung
- prekärer Beschäftigung und funktionaler Gesundheit
- der Tätigkeit in geschlechtersegregierten Berufen und depressiven Symptomen sowie
- Veränderungen der Arbeitsbedingungen und psychischer Gesundheit." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? In: Social science research, Jg. 75, H. September, S. 154-167. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.06.009

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? (IZA discussion paper 11639), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Irene van Staveren (2018): Does age exacerbate the gender-wage gap? New method and evidence from Germany, 1984-2014. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 108-130. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2018.1503418

Abstract

"Given theoretical premises, the gender-wage gap adjusted for individual characteristics is likely to vary according to age. This study adapts John DiNardo, Nicole M. Fortin, and Thomas Lemieux's (1996) semi-parametric technique to disentangle year, cohort, and age effects in adjusted gender-wage gaps. The study relies on a long panel of data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) covering 1984-2015. The results indicate that, in Germany, the gender-wage gap increases over a birth cohort's lifetime, including in the post-reproductive age for some birth cohorts. The results suggest that age and gender are overlapping handicaps in the labor market and call for a policy intervention." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verick, Sher (2018): Female labor force participation and development. Improving outcomes for women takes more than raising labor force participation - good jobs are important too. (IZA world of labor 87), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.87.v2

Abstract

"Der Zusammenhang zwischen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung eines Landes und der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen wird durch den Verlauf von Wirtschaftswachstum und Bildungserwerb, durch Geburtenraten, soziale Normen und andere Faktoren geprägt. Die Erwerbsquote zeichnet nur ein Teilbild der Frauenbeschäftigung und lässt Aussagen über ihre Qualität nur eingeschränkt zu. Deren Verbesserung kann nur unter Berücksichtigung von angebots- und nachfrageseitigen Aspekten erreicht werden. Ein erleichterter Zugang zu sekundärer und höherer Bildung ist dabei entscheidend, muss aber mit der Schaffung von passenden Jobs für Frauen einhergehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Verniers, Catherine & Jorge Vala (2018): Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace. The mediating role of motherhood myths. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 1-23. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0190657

Abstract

"The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist. The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths according to which women's work threatens children and family life mediates the relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother's career. We tested this hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012 from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vignoli, Daniele, Anna Matysiak, Marta Styrc & Valentina Tocchioni (2018): The positive impact of women's employment on divorce. Context, selection, or anticipation? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 1059-1110. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.37

Abstract

"Background: Empirical findings regarding the impact of women's employment on divorce are mixed. One explanation is that the effects are moderated by the country context. Another is that previous studies have failed to account for unobserved factors that introduce bias into the estimated effects. Studies also rarely consider possible anticipatory employment behavior on the part of women who are thinking of divorce.
Objective: The aim of this study is to deepen our understanding of the nexus between women's employment and divorce in a comparative perspective.
Methods: We adopt an analytical strategy that allows us to account for selection and anticipation mechanisms. Namely, we estimate marital disruption and employment jointly, and monitor the timing of divorce after employment entry. This approach is implemented using micro-level data for Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland.
Results: We find that women's employment facilitates marital disruption in Italy and Poland, but not in Germany and Hungary. We also show that selection effects play out differently in different contexts. Finally, we notice traces of anticipatory behavior in Italy.
Contribution: We conclude that women's employment is less likely to be linked to divorce in countries with easier access to divorce and in countries with more generous financial support for families and single mothers, which in turn makes women less reliant on the market. With this study we hope to encourage future researchers to consider the potentially distorting effects of selection and anticipation strategies in (comparative) divorce research." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Vuri, Daniela (2018): Joint custody law and mothers' labor market outcomes. Evidence from the USA. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 1203-1237. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0680-x

Abstract

"This paper studies the economic implications for mothers of the changes in child custody law from maternal preference to joint custody using the 1960 - 2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS). Variation in the timing of the joint custody reform across states provides a natural experimental framework to study the causal effect of shared custody on mothers' economic outcomes. The results show that only single mothers experience a decrease in earnings as a consequence of the adoption of the joint custody law, exposing them to a higher risk of poverty. The paper discusses a possible explanation for these findings, namely that the higher child support payment the mother receives from the non-custodial father in case of joint custody might discourage her from looking for high paid jobs or investing in her career." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Wang, Jing, Morley Gunderson & David Wicks (2018): The earnings effect of sexual orientation. British evidence from worker-firm matched data. In: BJIR, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 744-769. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12304

Abstract

"Using the British Workplace Employment Relations Study (WERS) with its preferred self-identified measure of sexual orientation as well as its organizational-level variables, we find that gay men earn about the same as heterosexual men and lesbians earn significantly more than heterosexual women. Working in an organization with a diversity and equity management (DEM) policy generally has a positive effect on the earnings of gay men and lesbians, especially if they are single. Implications for theories of diversity management, discrimination and market versus household production are discussed." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Wilkens, Mathijn, Jorge Cabrita, Jean-Marie Jungblut & Robert Anderson (2018): Striking a balance: Reconciling work and life in the EU. Working conditions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, IV, 70 S. DOI:10.2806/560184

Abstract

"How to combine work with life is a fundamental issue for many people, an issue that policymakers, social partners, businesses and individuals are seeking to resolve. Simultaneously, new challenges and solutions are transforming the interface between work and life: an ageing population, technological change, higher employment rates and fewer weekly working hours. This report aims to examine the reciprocal relationship between work and life for people in the EU, the circumstances in which they struggle to reconcile the two domains, and what is most important for them in terms of their work - life balance. The report draws on a range of data sources, in particular the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wiswall, Matthew & Basit Zafar (2018): Preference for the workplace, investment in human capital, and gender. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 133, H. 1, S. 457-507. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjx035

Abstract

"We use a hypothetical choice methodology to estimate preferences for workplace attributes from a sample of high-ability undergraduates attending a highly selective university. We estimate that women on average have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for jobs with greater work flexibility and job stability, and men have a higher WTP for jobs with higher earnings growth. These job preferences relate to college major choices and to actual job choices reported in a follow-up survey four years after graduation. The gender differences in preferences explain at least a quarter of the early career gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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de Muizon, Marc Jourdain (2018): Why do married women work less in the UK than in France? In: Labour economics, Jg. 51, H. April, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.12.002

Abstract

"Compared to their French counterparts, British married women choose fewer working hours but similar employment rates. This is driven mostly by the labour supply choices of those with young children. To understand why, I estimate a structural labour supply model and simulate counterfactual hours distributions. Differences in non-work income and childcare prices together explain about two-thirds of the observed labour supply gap for mothers of young children. Most prime-aged British married women also face significantly lower taxes compared to their France counterparts though they do not work significantly more aggregate hours. I estimate strong preferences differences across the Channel." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Abstract

"Im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft als wachstumsstarke Zukunftsbranche im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung und einer zunehmend wissensbasierten Ökonomie, hat sich die Staatsregierung als ein zentrales Vorhaben im Arbeitsbereich der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft die Fortschreibung des ersten sächsischen Kulturwirtschaftsberichtes von 2008 vorgenommen. Da dies in zweistufiger Form geschieht, aktualisiert der vorliegende Zwischenbericht die Zahlen und Fakten und wirft ein Schlaglicht auf die Themen Frauen in der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft, Förderinstrumente und Digitalisierung. Dieser nun vom Wirtschaftsministerium zusammen mit dem Kunstministerium vorgelegte erste Teil bildet die Grundlage für eine inhaltliche, qualitative Interpretation, welche in einem zweiten Schritt eine Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Verwaltung und Multiplikatoren im Bereich der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft im Rahmen des Zweiten Kulturwirtschaftsberichtes ermöglichen soll. Anhand der ermittelten Datengrundlage lässt sich feststellen, welchen quantitativen Beitrag die Kultur- und Kreativbranche zur Wirtschaftsleistung in den urbanen und ländlichen Kulturräume leistet, wobei genauere Erkenntnisse zur Situation geringfügig Beschäftigter sowie kleinerer Unternehmen ebenso erstmals einbezogen wurden wie die Situation der Frauen in der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft. Die Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft in Sachsen sehen wir als eine Branche mit hoher Innovationskraft, geprägt von Vielfalt sowie guten Beschäftigungs- und Entwicklungspotenzialen. Neben den bereits bestehenden Förderinstrumenten, war ein wichtiger Schritt zu ihrer Stärkung Mitte 2017, die Einrichtung und Anschubfinanzierung durch Mittel des Freistaates Sachsen von 'Kreatives Sachsen' - dem Sächsischen Zentrum für Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft - als zentrale Anlaufstelle für alle Akteure der Kultur- und Kreativbranche. So sehr die Kultur- und Kreativbranche in Sachsen unübersehbar auch weiterhin einem deutlichen Wachstumstrend folgt, macht sich in ihr zugleich ein Wandel bemerkbar, der in starkem Maße von der Digitalisierung beeinflusst wird. Degressiven Entwicklungen durch veränderte Mediennutzungsgewohnheiten in den Bereichen Buchmarkt und Pressemarkt stehen andererseits Wachstumspotenziale durch digitale Anwendungen in anderen Bereichen gegenüber. Wir freuen uns, dass es gelungen ist, durch die vorliegende Bestandsaufnahme die Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft Sachsens unter wirtschafts- und arbeitsmarkpolitischen, aber auch kulturpolitischen Gesichtspunkten auszuleuchten. Damit soll der Weg geebnet werden zur Erstellung des Zweiten Kulturwirtschaftsberichtes, zur Weiterentwicklung der Branche und zur Erschließung kultur- und kreativwirtschaftlicher Potentiale für andere Branchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2018): Vereinbarkeit von Ausbildung und Familie - Entwicklung betrieblicher Teilzeitausbildung. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 19/412). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/683 (06.02.2018)), 22 S.

Abstract

"Ausgeschriebene und unbesetzte Teilzeitausbildungsstellen, Nachfrage, Abschluss von Ausbildungsverträgen in Voll- und Teilzeit, Wirksamkeit der 11 Modellprojekte des BMBF, Förderung für Alleinerziehende, Branchen und Berufe mit den meisten Teilzeitplätzen, Angebot im öffentlichen Dienst, Alleinerziehende im SGB-II-Bezug ohne abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung, Anträge von Azubis in betrieblicher Ausbildung auf SGB II-Leistungen bzw. auf Wechsel in Teilzeit, zahlr. weitere Einzelfragen zur Teilzeitausbildung, gesetzgeberischer Handlungsbedarf betr. Rechtsanspruch, Akzeptanzförderung (insgesamt 24 Einzelfragen)" (Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP)

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher (2018): Report on equality between women and men in the EU 2018. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 70 S. DOI:10.2838/168837

Abstract

"The Commission is marking International Women's Day with the release of its 2018 report on equality between men and women, as well as a presentation of a report on women in tech. We are not there yet.
The Commission has acted to trigger change. It put forward a proposal to improve the work-life balance of working families, an Action plan to tackle the gender pay gap and called to put an end to violence against women through funding and awareness-raising actions.
The 2018 gender equality report shows that progress has stalled in certain areas: women still take on the majority of caring responsibilities in families, the gender pay gap has stagnated at 16% for years and violence against women remains a problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"While digital technologies offer leapfrog opportunities and help empower women, gender-based digital exclusion remains widespread and has many causes. The report Bridging the Digital Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate is an effort by the OECD, working with the G20, that aims to provide policy directions for consideration by all governments. It analyses a range of drivers at the root of the digital gender divide in order to draw attention to critical areas for policy action." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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André, Christophe & Hugo Bourrousse (2017): Fighting gender inequality in Sweden. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1395), Paris, 31 S. DOI:10.1787/37b4d789-en

Abstract

"Sweden ranks among the best OECD countries in terms of gender equality. Women have a high employment rate, outperform men in education and are well represented in government and parliament. Nevertheless, without further policy measures, achieving parity is still a distant prospect in several areas. Wage differences between genders persist; women are under-represented on private company boards, in senior management positions, in many well-paid and influential professions and among entrepreneurs. Hence, there is scope to make further progress on gender equality. The share of the parental leave reserved for each parent should be increased further, as inequality in leave-taking and long parental leaves harm women's career prospects. Fighting stereotypes in education is necessary to improve women's access to professions where they are under-represented. Government programmes need to promote women's entrepreneurship further. Special attention should also be paid to the integration of foreign-born women, whose employment rate is much lower than for their male counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bičáková, Alena (2017): A note on selection and gender unemployment gaps. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 428-438. DOI:10.1007/s12122-017-9257-4

Abstract

"Previous research has documented the impact of positive selection into employment on the ranking of countries by gender wage gaps. This note focuses on the impact of selection into labor force on cross-country differences in gender unemployment gaps. We construct the Manski bounds for the selection-free gender unemployment gaps in 26 EU countries and show that - without additional assumptions - the observed gender unemployment gaps carry little information about the selection-free gender differences in unemployment. Contrary to the common assumption of positive selection into labor force (similar to positive selection into employment documented in the gender wage gap research), we also point at an example of negative-selection bias. We show that labor force withdrawal of mothers on job-protected family leaves may lead to an overestimation of the selection-free gender unemployment gaps by as much as 1 p.p." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Boll, Christina, Anja Rossen & André Wolf (2017): The EU gender earnings gap. Job segregation and working time as driving factors. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 237, H. 5, S. 407-452., 2017-09-16. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2017-0100

Abstract

"In diesem Papier analysieren wir den Umfang und die Determinanten des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohngefälles in Europa. Hierzu aktualisieren wir die bestehenden Ergebnisse in der Literatur anhand des Structure of Earnings Survey 2010 (SES). Auf Basis eines umfassenden Ländervergleichs (21 EU-Länder plus Norwegen) untersuchen wir die Determinanten der erklärten und unerklärten Lohnlücke mit Hilfe der Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass etwa ein Drittel der Lücke auf den Einfluss der verwendeten Variablen zurückzuführen ist. Humankapitalbezogene Faktoren sind eher von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Vielmehr wird die sektorale Segregation der Geschlechter als das wichtigste Hindernis für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter bei den Löhnen identifiziert. Darüber hinaus trägt die Tatsache, dass Frauen häufiger Teilzeitstellen bekleiden, signifikant zur Lücke bei. Zudem erzielen Frauen niedrigere Sektorprämien als Männer, was auf eine weniger vorteilhafte Jobpositionierung von Frauen innerhalb von Branchen und Firmen hinweisen könnte. Wir schließen daraus, dass Strategien zur Schließung der Lohnlücke zwischen den Geschlechtern die Branchenebene stärker in den Blick nehmen sollten." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Castellano, Rosalia & Rocca Antonella (2017): The dynamic of the gender gap in the European labour market in the years of economic crisis. In: Quality and Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, Jg. 51, H. 3, S. 1337-1357. DOI:10.1007/s11135-016-0334-1

Abstract

"Closing the gender gap in the labour market is one of the main goals of European Union and part of a wider effort to eliminate social inequalities. In recent decades, all developed countries have suffered a deep global economic crisis, that has increased social and economic inequalities. In Europe, the crisis involved problems of European stability and growth, but the crisis did not affect the euro-area countries to the same extent, and the consequences and recovery were correspondingly asymmetrical. In this paper, we analyse the changes that occurred in the gender gap in the European labour markets from 2007 to 2012 to understand if the recession has further increased or reduced the gender differentials. At this aim, we combine the use of two different statistical methodologies. Through the composite indicator methodology, we test how the rank of countries in relation to gender equality has changed in these years. In addition, the Dynamic Factor Analysis allows us to identify the factors that drive these changes. Moreover, the contextual analysis of the measures that were utilized to face the crisis could give policy makers some useful suggestions on the most efficacious actions to take." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Elveren, Adem Y., Christa Marr & Yvonne Renard (2017): Feminization of labour and profit rates. Evidence from OECD countries. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 24, H. 7, S. 481-484. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2016.1203057

Abstract

"The article examines the effect of the feminization of labour on profit rates and capacity utilization by employing an indirect and two-stage least squares models for 21 OECD countries during the 1970 - 2008 period. Findings show that higher women's labour force participation rates and gender wage gap lead to higher profit rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia & Joshua Mitchell (2017): The new life cycle of women's employment. Disappearing humps, sagging middles, expanding tops. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 161-182. DOI:10.1257/jep.31.1.161

Abstract

"A new life cycle of women's employment emerged with cohorts born in the 1950s. For prior cohorts, life-cycle employment had a hump shape; it increased from the twenties to the forties, hit a peak, and then declined starting in the fifties. The new life cycle of employment is initially high and flat, there is a dip in the middle, and a phasing out that is more prolonged than for previous cohorts. The hump is gone, the middle is a bit sagging, and the top has greatly expanded. We explore the increase in cumulative work experience for women from the 1930s to the 1970s birth cohorts using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the Health and Retirement Study. We investigate the changing labor force impact of a birth event across cohorts and by education, and also the impact of taking leave or quitting. We find greatly increased labor force experience across cohorts, far less time out after a birth, and greater labor force recovery for those who take paid or unpaid leave. Increased employment of women in their older ages is related to more continuous work experience across the life cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grönlund, Anne, Karin Halldén & Charlotta Magnusson (2017): A Scandinavian success story? Women's labour market outcomes in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 97-119. DOI:10.1177/0001699316660595

Abstract

"In current research, the extensive family policies of the Scandinavian countries have been problematized and described as hampering women's careers. However, mechanisms have been little investigated and the Scandinavian countries are often regarded as a single policy model. Based on an account of institutional variety we study gender gaps in hourly wages and access to authority positions in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and explore the importance of segregation, skills and work interruptions. The analysis uses pooled cross-sectional data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 2004 and 2010. The results show that gender gaps vary both in size and regarding the mechanisms producing them. In particular, we find that gender segregation has a radically different impact in the four countries. The analysis suggests that the mechanisms linking family policies to labour market outcomes are more complex than envisaged in the current debate and point to the importance of comparing seemingly similar countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hauret, Laetitia & Donald R. Williams (2017): Cross-national analysis of gender differences in job-satisfaction. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 203-235. DOI:10.1111/irel.12171

Abstract

"Research over the past two decades has found significant gender differences in subjective job satisfaction, with the result that women report greater satisfaction than men in some countries. This paper examines the so-called 'gender paradox' using data from the European Social Survey for a subset of fourteen countries in the European Union. We focus on the hypothesis that women place higher values on certain work characteristics than men, which explains the observed differential. Using estimates from Probit and ordered Probit models, we conduct standard Blinder - Oaxaca decompositions to estimate the impact that differential valuations of characteristics have on the gender difference in self-reported job satisfaction. The results indicate that females continue to report higher levels of job satisfaction than do men in some countries, and the difference remains even after controlling for a wide range of personal and job characteristics and working conditions. The decompositions suggest that a relatively small share of the gender differential is attributable to gender differences in the weights placed on working conditions in most countries. Rather, gender differences in job characteristics contribute relatively more to explaining the gender - job satisfaction differential." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Heyne, Stefanie (2017): Culture and female labor force participation in international comparison. Mannheim, 178 S.

Abstract

"The central aim of this thesis is to examine whether cultural factors contribute to the explanation of differences in female labor force participation in international comparison. Previous research explaining these differences usually relies on modernization theory and explains differences in female labor force participation with different levels of modernization and related social changes like educational expansion. However, this approach has failed to explain the strong differences in female labor force participation between countries in general and between countries with similar levels of development in particular. Institutionalist approaches have tried to solve the paradox of differences in female labor force participation among highly developed countries but cannot explain the strong variation of female labor force participation among developing countries where only rudimentary welfare systems exist. This has raised the question whether the cultural approach is more suited to explain female labor force participation in an international comparison." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jensen, Per H. & Rasmus Juul Møberg (2017): Does women's employment enhance women's citizenship? In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 178-201. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1268701

Abstract

"The EU discourse on increasing female employment holds promise. The integration of women into the labour market supposedly supports economic growth, social cohesion, and citizenship. The question is, however, whether the expected consequences of female employment are consistent with reality. Using the EU discourse as a point of departure, this paper scrutinises the effects of female employment from a citizenship perspective in three European cities: Aalborg (Denmark), Leeds (England), and Bologna (Italy). Using survey data collected in the three cities, it quantitatively analyses whether employment counteracts poverty, supports social and political participation, and increases social trust. It also analyses whether there are spill-over effects from the different dimensions of citizenship; that is, whether poverty leads to social isolation, political apathy, and low levels of social trust. We find that unemployment is important for citizenship but that the differences between employed women and women outside the labour force are rather limited. We also find that the effect of a woman's position in the vertical and horizontal division of labour is rather limited, and no spill-over effects from economic hardship on other dimensions of citizenship exist. What matters for citizenship are personal and family characteristics as well as the city of residence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Khan, Haroon Ur Rashid, Anwar Khan, Khalid Zaman, Agha Amad Nabi, Sanil S. Hishan & Talat Islam (2017): Gender discrimination in education, health, and labour market. A voice for equality. In: Quality & quantity, Jg. 51, H. 5, S. 2245-2266. DOI:10.1007/s11135-016-0384-4

Abstract

"The objective of the study is to examine the impact of gender discrimination in education, health, and labour market on economic growth in a panel of 20 high-income OECD countries for the period of 1980 - 2015. In addition, the study proposed an index of pro-equality growth, which is flared with education, health, and labour market initiatives to promote economic growth. The results show that gender parity index for educational attainment significantly promotes economic growth while health and labour market required substantial policy reforms to reduce health and labour market inequalities to sustain long-term economic growth. The results classified three countries as highly equitable growth, one country for equitable growth, two countries are moderate growth, four countries are less equitable growth while remaining 10 countries fall in the category of inequitable growth, where greater inequality promotes economic growth on the cost of education, health, and labour market inequalities." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kleven, Henrik & Camille Landais (2017): Gender inequality and economic development. Fertility, education and norms. In: Economica, Jg. 84, H. 334, S. 180-209. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12230

Abstract

"We document the evolution of gender inequality in labour market outcomes -- earnings, labour supply and wage rates -- over the path of economic development, and present evidence on the potential reasons for this evolution. To this end, we have created a micro database that compiles 248 surveys from 53 countries between 1967 and 2014, covering a wide range of per capita income levels. There is large convergence in the earnings of men and women over the path of development, driven by female labour force participation and wage rates. We argue that the single most important factor behind this convergence is demographic transition: the effects of children on gender gaps ('child penalties') are large at both low and high levels of development, but fertility declines drastically over the growth process and thus reduces the aggregate implications of children. We also document gender convergence in educational attainment and consider its effects on earnings inequality, arguing that these are significant but less dramatic than the effects of fertility. Finally, we document striking changes in the values or norms surrounding the role of women with children, implying that such changes could serve as a reinforcing mechanism for gender convergence." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Krueger, Alan B. (2017): Where have all the workers gone? An inquiry into the decline of the U.S. labor force participation rate. In: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity H. Fall, S. 1-87.

Abstract

"The U.S. labor force participation rate has declined since 2007, primarily because of population aging and ongoing trends that preceded the Great Recession. The labor force participation rate has evolved differently, and for different reasons, across demographic groups. A rise in school enrollment has largely offset declining labor force participation for young workers since the 1990s. Labor force participation has been declining for prime age men for decades, and about half of prime age men who are not in the labor force may have a serious health condition that is a barrier to working. Nearly half of prime age men who are not in the labor force take pain medication on any given day; and in nearly two-thirds of these cases, they take prescription pain medication. Labor force participation has fallen more in U.S. counties where relatively more opioid pain medication is prescribed, causing the problem of depressed labor force participation and the opioid crisis to become intertwined. The labor force participation rate has stopped rising for cohorts of women born after 1960. Prime age men who are out of the labor force report that they experience notably low levels of emotional well-being throughout their days, and that they derive relatively little meaning from their daily activities. Employed women and women not in the labor force, by contrast, report similar levels of subjective well-being; but women not in the labor force who cite a reason other than 'home responsibilities' as their main reason report notably low levels of emotional well-being. During the past decade, retirements have increased by about the same amount as aggregate labor force participation has declined, and the retirement rate is expected to continue to rise. A meaningful rise in labor force participation will require a reversal in the secular trends affecting various demographic groups, and perhaps immigration reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maurer, Martina & Viktoria Spielmann (2017): Frauen und Männer am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt. Eine Analyse der Abt. Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen des AMS Österreich für das Jahr 2016 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der AMS-Gleichstellungsaktivitäten. (AMS-Info 398), Wien, 4 S.

Abstract

"Laufende Beobachtungen und Analysen des Arbeitsmarktgeschehens im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung bzw. Arbeitslosigkeit von Frauen und Männern sowie die Wirksamkeit der Instrumente und Programme des AMS zur Förderung der Arbeitsmarktintegration von Frauen stellen wichtige Aufgabenschwerpunkte der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen des Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich dar. Das vorliegende AMS info resümiert wichtige diesbezügliche Jahreswerte für das Beobachtungsjahr 2016 aus dem aktuellen Bericht der Abteilung zu den 'Gleichstellungskennzahlen'" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mayrhuber, Christine (2017): Erwerbsunterbrechungen, Teilzeitarbeit und ihre Bedeutung für das Frauen-Lebenseinkommen. (AMS-Arbeitsmarktstrukturbericht), Wien, 46 S.

Abstract

"Das Lebenseinkommen wird von der Einkommenshöhe und der Zahl der Erwerbsjahre bestimmt. Erwerbsunterbrechungen, wie sie Frauen häufig aufweisen, haben so wie eine Verringerung der Arbeitszeit (Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit) langfristige Einkommensfolgen, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit quantifiziert werden. Eine Erwerbslücke von einem Jahr senkt die monatliche Pension um rund 2,8%. Ist die Erwerbslücke durch die Kindererziehungszeit gedeckt, dann wird die Monatspension halb so stark verringert. Eine Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit im Ausmaß von 30 Wochenstunden für die Dauer von 15 Jahren ermöglicht eine Monatspension, die um zumindest 10% höher ist als bei einer Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit von 20 Wochenstunden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Menke, Katrin & Ute Klammer (2017): Mehr Geschlechtergerechtigkeit - weniger soziale Gerechtigkeit? Familienpolitische Reformprozesse in Deutschland aus intersektionaler Perspektive. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 66, H. 3-4, S. 213-228. DOI:10.3790/sfo.66.3-4.213

Abstract

"In der deutschen Familienpolitik wurde vielfach ein 'Paradigmenwechsel' diagnostiziert, der Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen ist. Während die einen den familienpolitischen Wandel aus gleichstellungspolitischen Gründen begrüßen, äußern andere Kritik angesichts der selektiven Wirkung der jüngeren familienpolitischen Reformen auf Mütter und Väter je nach Stellung am Arbeitsmarkt, Einkommen oder Nationalität / Migrationsstatus. Der Beitrag greift diese unterschiedlichen Perspektiven auf Familienpolitik auf und geht dem sich andeutenden Konflikt zwischen den Kategorien Geschlecht, Klasse und Ethnizität analytisch nach. Steht die Familienpolitik vor dem Dilemma, sich bei der Gestaltung von Reformen zwischen Geschlechtergerechtigkeit und anderen Kategorien sozialer Gerechtigkeit entscheiden zu müssen? Im Rahmen einer intersektionalen Analyse fragen wir, welche potenziellen Implikationen die deutsche Familienpolitik auf die Handlungsoptionen von Eltern unter Berücksichtigung ihrer sozialen Positionierung hat. Maßstab ist die Wahlfreiheit ('Choice') von Müttern und Vätern im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sbardella, Angelica, Emanuele Pugliese & Luciano Pietronero (2017): Economic development and wage inequality. A complex system analysis. In: PLoS one, Jg. 12, H. 9, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0182774

Abstract

"Adapting methods from complex system analysis, this paper analyzes the features of the complex relationship between wage inequality and the development and industrialization of a country. Development is understood as a combination of a monetary index, GDP per capita, and a recently introduced measure of a country's economic complexity: Fitness. Initially the paper looks at wage inequality on a global scale, over the time period 1990-2008. Our empirical results show that globally the movement of wage inequality along with the ongoing industrialization of countries has followed a longitudinally persistent pattern comparable to the one theorized by Kuznets in the fifties: countries with an average level of development suffer the highest levels of wage inequality. Next, the study narrows its focus on wage inequality within the United States. By using data on wages and employment in the approximately 3100 US counties over the time interval 1990-2014, it generalizes the Fitness-Complexity metric for geographic units and industrial sectors, and then investigates wage inequality between NAICS industries. The empirical time and scale dependencies are consistent with a relation between wage inequality and development driven by institutional factors comparing countries, and by change in the structural compositions of sectors in a homogeneous institutional environment, such as the counties of the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schwab, Klaus, Richard Samans, Saadia Zahidi, Till Alexander Leopold, Vesselina Ratcheva, Ricardo Hausmann & Laura D¿Andrea Tyson (2017): The global gender gap report 2017. Insight report. (The global gender gap report), Cologny/Geneva, 349 S.

Abstract

"Gender parity is fundamental to whether and how economies and societies thrive. Ensuring the full development and appropriate deployment of half of the world's total talent pool has a vast bearing on the growth, competitiveness and future-readiness of economies and businesses worldwide. The Global Gender Gap Report benchmarks 144 countries on their progress towards gender parity across four thematic dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment. In addition, this year's edition also analyses the dynamics of gender gaps across industry talent pools and occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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International Labour Office (2017): World employment and social outlook. Trends for women 2017. (World employment and social outlook. Trends), Genf, 63 S.

Abstract

"This report examines the global and regional labour market trends and gaps, including in labour force participation rates, unemployment rates, employment status as well as sectoral and occupational segregation. It also presents a global in-depth analysis of the key drivers of female labour force participation by investigating the personal preferences of women and the societal gender norms and socio-economic constraints that women face.
A key finding of this report is that closing these labour market gaps would yield significant economic benefits in terms of GDP growth while at the same time improving individual welfare in multiple dimensions. However, the report finds that there are significant socio-economic and gender norm constraints influencing a woman's decision to participate. Accordingly, the report introduces a comprehensive framework to address the drivers of these gender gaps and outlines a series of policy recommendations to improve the labour market outcomes of women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Women in the Workplace 2018 is the largest comprehensive study of the state of women in corporate America. Since 2015, LeanIn.Org and McKinsey & Company have published this report annually to give companies and employees the information they need to advance women and improve gender diversity within their organizations. McKinsey & Company also conducted similar research in 2012. This year, 279 companies employing more than 13 million people shared their pipeline data and completed a survey of their HR practices. In addition, more than 64,000 employees were surveyed on their workplace experiences, and we interviewed women of different races and ethnicities and LGBTQ women for additional insights. Since 2015, 462 companies employing almost 20 million people have participated in the study." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))