Zitatform

Grönlund, Anne & Charlotta Magnusson (2016): Family-friendly policies and women's wages - is there a trade-off? Skill investments, occupational segregation and the gender pay gap in Germany, Sweden and the UK. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 91-113. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2015.1124904

Abstract

"Recent research has suggested that there is a trade-off between the 'family-friendliness' of jobs, occupations and welfare states on the one hand and women's relative wages on the other. In particular, the extensive family policies found in Scandinavia are thought to harm highly educated women by affecting occupational segregation and workplace skill development. In this article, we use pooled wage data from the European Social Survey of 2004 and 2010 to examine the mechanisms behind the gender wage gap in Germany, Sweden and the UK and compare the situation of high- and low-skilled employees. Our findings show that the gender wage gap among high-skilled employees in Sweden is larger than in the UK, but not larger than in Germany. Also, segregation and work-related training are no more important in Sweden than in the other countries. Another important finding is that the mechanisms behind the gender wage gap differ between high- and low-skilled employees in ways not predicted by the trade-off argument. In particular, the large unexplained wage gap among high-skilled employees provides new theoretical challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haas, Linda & C. Philip Hwang (2016): "It's about time!". Company support for fathers' entitlement to reduced work hours in Sweden. In: Social Politics, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 142-167. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxv033

Abstract

"Fifteen nations offer fathers the right to reduce work hours to care for children. Incorporating a gender perspective, this study uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the implementation of this policy in the first nation to offer it, Sweden. It investigates whether the institutional and cultural environment exerts pressure on companies to facilitate fathers' hours reduction, companies' levels of support for fathers' use of this entitlement and correlates of company support. The persistence of the 'male model of work' appears to be an important barrier to implementation of a policy that offers promise in offering fathers time to care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Härkönen, Juho, Anna Manzoni & Erik Bihagen (2016): Gender inequalities in occupational prestige across the working life. An analysis of the careers of West Germans and Swedes born from the 1920s to the 1970s. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 41-51. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2016.01.001

Zitatform

Dulk, Laura den, Hana Hašková, Renata Kyzlinková, Sevil Sümer, Dominique Anxo, Dorota Szelewa & Laura den Dulk (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.

Abstract

"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Magnusson, Charlotta (2016): The gender wage gap in highly prestigious occupations. A case study of Swedish medical doctors. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 40-58. DOI:10.1177/0950017015590760

Abstract

"The gender wage gap within a highly prestigious occupation, the medical profession, is investigated both longitudinally and cross-sectionally using Swedish administrative data. This is done by investigating: to what extent the gender wage gap among physicians varies between fields of medicine (within-occupation segregation) and across family status; whether there is an association between parenthood and wages among physicians and, if so, whether there is a gender difference in this association; and changes in the gender wage gap among physicians over time. The results indicate a large overall gender wage difference for medical doctors. Even when gender differences in specialization are taken into account, men have higher wages than women do. For both men and women physicians, there is a positive association between parenthood and wages. The longitudinal analyses show that the gender wage gap among physicians was greater in 2007 than in 1975. Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University The gender wage gap in highly prestigious occupations * a case study of Swedish medical doctors Online First doi: 10.1177/0950017015590760 2015-08-24 The gender wage gap within a highly prestigious occupation, the medical profession, is investigated both longitudinally and cross-sectionally using Swedish administrative data. This is done by investigating: to what extent the gender wage gap among physicians varies between fields of medicine (within-occupation segregation) and across family status; whether there is an association between parenthood and wages among physicians and, if so, whether there is a gender difference in this association; and changes in the gender wage gap among physicians over time. The results indicate a large overall gender wage difference for medical doctors. Even when gender differences in specialization are taken into account, men have higher wages than women do. For both men and women physicians, there is a positive association between parenthood and wages. The longitudinal analyses show that the gender wage gap among physicians was greater in 2007 than in 1975." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McDaniel, Anne (2016): The role of cultural contexts in explaining cross-national gender gaps in stem expectations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 122-133. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv078

Abstract

"In recent decades, women have made impressive inroads in education and the labour market in most countries; yet, they often remain under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. One way to understand women's under-representation in STEM is to examine how boys and girls develop their career expectations during adolescence, as this is a critical time when individuals begin to plan their futures. Prior cross-national research finds that gender stratification in education, work, and politics in a country affects the size of male-favourable gender gaps on math and science achievement tests for adolescents. Countries with more gender equality have smaller gender gaps in math and science. But, it is unknown how gender stratification or cultural ideologies impact the development of boys' and girls' STEM career expectations. Do countries with less gender equality have smaller male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Do countries with less gender egalitarian have larger male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Using data on student's occupational expectations from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment and data on country-level gender stratification and genderegalitarian ideologies from the World Bank and European Values Survey, I study the gender gap in 15-year- olds' expectations to enter a STEM career across 24 countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Olivetti, Claudia & Barbara Petrongolo (2016): The evolution of gender gaps in industrialized countries. (IZA discussion paper 9659), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have made major inroads in labor markets throughout the past century, but remaining gender differences in pay and employment seem remarkably persistent. This paper documents long-run trends in female employment, working hours and relative wages for a wide cross-section of developed economies. It reviews existing work on the factors driving gender convergence, and novel perspectives on remaining gender gaps. The paper finally emphasizes the interplay between gender trends and the evolution of the industry structure. Based on a shift-share decomposition, it shows that the growth in the service share can explain at least half of the overall variation in female hours, both over time and across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke C. Plagnol (2016): Arbeitsplatzqualität und weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 4, S. 273-282. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-4-273

Abstract

"Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Entscheidung zur beruflichen Weiterarbeit nach der Familiengründung einerseits von persönlichen Umständen abhängt, wie der Notwendigkeit, zum Haushaltseinkommen beizutragen, andererseits aber auch von institutionellen Einflussgrößen wie dem Angebot an erschwinglichen Kinderbetreuungsplätzen. Ergänzend hierzu untersuchen wir anhand von Daten des European Working Conditions Surveys, inwieweit die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze die Erwerbsbiografie von Frauen in den EU-27-Ländern beeinflusst. Unsere Analyse betrachtet drei Einzeldimensionen: Arbeitsplatzsicherheit, Arbeitszeitqualität und intrinsische Arbeitsqualität. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitsplatzqualität von Müttern kleiner Kinder im Schnitt höher ist als die von Frauen ohne betreuungspflichtige Kinder, insbesondere hinsichtlich Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigungssicherheit. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse belegen für die gesamte EU-27 einen weitgehend einheitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Status von Frauen als Mütter kleiner Kinder und der Arbeitsplatzqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002

Abstract

"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Time and time again it has been proven that more diverse organisations not only outperform those which are less diverse, but are also most likely to attract and retain the most talented professionals.
In addition, the link between women in the workplace and a country's economic growth is closely connected. Despite this, globally women are not paid or rewarded equally to their male colleagues and remain underrepresented in the workplace, as well as proportionally less represented in senior roles.
In compiling this report and recommendations, we spoke to over 11,500 women and men, asking their opinion and views on women in the world of work today.
While the findings vary by country and by sector, we have discovered common themes and sometimes surprising results about what can be done by business leaders today to ensure that women continue to advance in their careers and achieve better representation at senior levels. Our findings are also accompanied with insight from a number of successful women at the top of their professions, who share their experience from both a personal and professional perspective. Although gender diversity has improved and we have seen less of a disparity in the views and experiences between men and women, when compared to our 2015 report, our research shows that organisations can still do significantly more to narrow the gap. They hold the key to advancing women in the workplace and have an opportunity and responsibility to close the gender divide.
This report has been compiled using data gathered between November 2015 and January 2016. The findings of our gender diversity report are based on a survey of over 11,500 male and female respondents from across the world (57% female, 42% male and 1% preferring not to say).
We have used country specific data where there was a minimum of 100 responses per country: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albrecht, James, Peter Skogman Thoursie & Susan Vroman (2015): Parental leave and the glass ceiling in Sweden. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,04), Uppsala, 28 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we update and extend 'Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?' (Albrecht et al. 2003) by documenting the extent to which the gender log wage gap across the distribution in Sweden has changed over the period 1998-2008. We then examine the Swedish glass ceiling in 2008 in more detail by documenting how it differs for white-collar versus blue-collar workers and for private- versus public-sector workers. We also examine when in the life cycle the glass ceiling effect arises and how this effect develops around the birth of the first child. Finally, we investigate the possible connection between the glass ceiling and the parental leave system in Sweden by linking wage data with data on parental leave from different Swedish registers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Jan Skopek, Moris Triventi & Sandra Buchholz (Hrsg.) (2015): Gender, education and employment. An international comparison of school-to-work transitions. (eduLIFE lifelong learning), Cheltenham: Elgar, 394 S.

Abstract

"For much of the twentieth century, women lagged considerably behind men in their educational attainment. However, in recent decades, young women have become an important source of human capital for labor markets in modern societies, as well as potential competitors to the male workforce. This book asks whether or not women have been able to convert their educational success into gains on the labor market.
The expert contributors address the topic on a comparative level with discussions centred on gendered school-to-work transitions and gendered labor market outcomes. Thereafter they analyze the country-specific implications of the gender redress from a wide range of countries including the USA, Russia and Australia." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boye, Katarina (2015): Care more, earn less? The association between care leave for sick children and wage among Swedish parents. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,18), Uppsala, 32 S.

Abstract

"A number of studies have shown that women's and men's wages relate to parenthood in general and to parental leave in particular, but we know little about the possible wage impact of leave to care for sick children, which is a part of the Swedish parental leave system. On the one hand, care leave may influence human capital and real or perceived work capacity similarly to parental leave and send the employer the same signals about work commitment and responsibilities outside of work. On the other hand, important differences, including timing, frequency and predictability, between care leave and parental leave influence paid work. This study uses Swedish register data to analyse the association between care leave and wages among mothers and fathers who had their first child in 1994. The results show that care leave is associated with a lower wage, particularly among men, up to 13 years after the birth of the first child. One reason for the gender difference in the association between care leave and wage may be that men's care leave has a stronger signalling effect compared with women's care leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boye, Katarina (2015): Can you stay home today? Parents' occupations, relative resources and division of care leave for sick children. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 4, S. 357-370. DOI:10.1177/0001699315605161

Abstract

"This is one of only a few studies on the division of care leave for sick children (temporary parental leave) between parents in Sweden and is the first to examine the importance of differences in parents' work characteristics. The study uses register data for parents with children born between 1999 and 2002 to analyse two aspects of parents' employment that may be of importance for the division of care leave: their relative resources, in this case wages, and different occupations. First, the results show that a father's share of care leave increases as the mother's relative wage decreases. This suggests that decisions about care leave are influenced by bargaining power gained through differences in resources. Second, the resources of couples where both partners work in the same occupation are more equal, and such couples also divide care leave more equally than couples with different occupations. However, the fact that same-occupation couples tend to share care leave more equally does not seem to be explained by similarities in the partners' work characteristics, and may instead be due to unmeasured, stable characteristics. Greater income and career possibilities for the women are proposed as a possible explanation of the division of care leave for same-occupation couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash & Nadia Steiber (2015): Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 39, H. March, S. 59-75. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001

Abstract

"This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992 - 2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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George, Roman (2015): Die geschlechterspezifische Strukturierung des Niedriglohnsektors. Eine vergleichende Perspektive auf Frankreich, Großbritannien, Schweden und Deutschland. (Arbeit - Demokratie - Geschlecht 21), Münster: Verl. Westfälisches Dampfboot, 278 S.

Abstract

"Niedriglohnarbeit findet sich besonders oft in feminisierten Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts. Der Vergleich zwischen Frankreich, Großbritannien, Schweden und Deutschland zeigt allerdings auf, dass sich die Ausmaße und die Strukturen der Geschlechterungleichheiten deutlich unterscheiden. Roman George geht dem in seiner Studie nach und arbeitet die Länderunterschiede hinsichtlich der Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen, des Ausbildungssystems und des Sozialstaats heraus. So liefert er nicht zuletzt auch Ansatzpunkte für eine gleichstellungsorientierte Politik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Guetto, Raffaele, Ruud Luijkx & Stefani Scherer (2015): Religiosity, gender attitudes and women's labour market participation and fertility decisions in Europe. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 155-172. DOI:10.1177/0001699315573335

Abstract

"The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory underlines the importance of changing values and attitudes to explain the trend toward low fertility and raising female labour market participation. We contribute to this debate comparing religiosity and gender attitudes over several European countries using three waves of the European Values Study (1990, 1999 and 2008). By dealing with the issues of measurement invariance and endogeneity between values and behaviour, our results support some critiques of the SDT theory. The pace of the process of sociocultural change has not been the same across European countries and the forerunners of the SDT, that is, the most secularized and gender-egalitarian societies, now have the highest female labour market participation rates and the highest fertility. We provide evidence for a 'macro - micro paradox' regarding the role of values on family behaviours. Religiosity is positively correlated with fertility and housewifery, while gender attitudes are only correlated with women's labour market decisions. These correlations are stronger in more traditional countries, even if aggregate fertility is lower. We stress the necessity to integrate cultural and structural explanations, suggesting the lack of family policies and the rigidity of the family formation process as possible mechanisms to unravel this paradox." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hammarstedta, Mats, Ali M. Ahmedb & Lina Andersson (2015): Sexual prejudice and labor market outcomes for gays and lesbians. Evidence from Sweden. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 90-109. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2014.937727

Abstract

"This paper presents results from a study of sexual prejudice and differentials in labor market outcomes due to sexual orientation. It uses data from a nationwide Swedish survey on public attitudes toward homosexuals, conducted in 1999, and combines them with register data for 2007, which include information about sexual orientation, employment status, and yearly earnings for the total population in Sweden. It finds that prejudice against homosexuals negatively affects the relative employment and relative earnings of gay men. Lesbians are affected negatively by prejudice against homosexuals in terms of employment, but the relationship is less clear in regard to earnings. Discrimination against homosexuals, as well as social norms, occupational sorting and self-selection in, geographic mobility are presented as explanations for the results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lundqvist, Åsa (2015): Activating women in the Swedish model. In: Social Politics, Jg. 22, H. 1, S. 111-132. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxu025

Abstract

"The 1960s marked the beginning of a new era of family and gender relations in Sweden. It was a time when traditional values and ideas concerning the family were questioned and redefined in policymaking. The Women's movement and political radicalization underpinned the emergence of gender equality policy ambitions, culminating in several gender neutral reforms in the 1970s. These policy ambitions coincided with the introduction of active labour market policies. In fact, the introduction of activation policies contributed already in the 1960s to incentivizing various groups to enter the labour force, among others married women without gainful employment. In this article, the National Labour Market Board is investigated as an active agent in a time when women's participation in the labour market increased dramatically. Attention is drawn to how activation policies were established, designed, and performed in order to enable women to do paid work. Three examples of how activation was accomplished will be presented: first, vocational training for women, second, a radio programme from 1966 called 'The Housewife Changing her Profession', and, third, the work done by a group of civil servants labelled activating inspectors. The empirical data are grounded in a comprehensive body of qualitative material amassed from in-depth interviews with former civil servants working within the National Labour Market Board and archive material. The results suggest that activation programmes in the 1960s functioned as a link between the ambition to increase female labour market participation to secure economic growth and to support women's economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andersson Joona, Pernilla (2014): Female self-employment and children. The case of Sweden. (IZA discussion paper 8486), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"Previous studies, mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries, find a positive correlation between the presence of young children in the household and self-employment probabilities among women. This has been seen as an indication of women with young children choosing self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. This paper studies the relationship between children and female self-employment in a country with family friendly policies and a generous welfare system: Sweden. The initial hypothesis is that we will not find evidence of a positive effect of children on self-employment among Swedish women since there are other institutions in place aiming at facilitating the combination of work and family. Using Swedish register data for the period 2004-2008 we do, however, find that the presence of young children increases the probability of choosing self-employment also among Swedish women. The effect is strongest for women with very young children, 0-3 years of age. These results also hold in a panel data model that takes individual unobserved heterogeneity into account. We also analyze time-use data and find, contrary to what has been found in many other countries, that self-employed women spend more, or as much, time on market work than wage-earning women. This raises doubts about whether women in Sweden chose self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. We suggest an alternative interpretation which is that women who chose self-employment while the children are young in fact are women with strong preferences for market work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bergemann, Annette & Gerard J. van den Berg (2014): From giving birth to paid labor. The effects of adult education for prime-aged mothers. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,05), Uppsala, 67 S.

Abstract

"Women without work after childbirth are at risk of losing their connection to the labor market. However, they may participate in adult education programs. We analyze the effect of this on the duration to work and on the wage rate, by applying conditional difference-in-differences approaches. We use Swedish matched longitudinal register data sets covering the full population. The Swedish adult education program is unprecedented in its size, and enrollment is universally available at virtually no cost. We focus on low-skilled women who have recently given birth. We take account of program accessibility, selection issues, course heterogeneity, the income received during adult education, parental leave, and child care fees. Adult education shows positive effects for the unemployed with respect to both the employment probability and wages. To explain the actual program participation rate, we model the enrollment decision from the mothers' point of view, using the estimates to calibrate a job search model. We conclude that non-pecuniary factors cause mothers not to enter adult education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Forsberg Kankkunen, Tina (2014): Access to networks in genderized contexts: The construction of hierarchical networks and inequalities in feminized, caring and masculinized, technical occupations. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 21, H. 4, S. 340-352. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12040

Abstract

"This article aims to contribute knowledge on how access to hierarchical networks of communication is constructed through organizational contexts associated with the gendered nature of feminized, caring work and masculinized, technical work, respectively. The article is based on interviews with 43 middle managers. Both men and women in male-dominated technical occupations and female-dominated caring occupations were interviewed. Eight interviews with politicians and strategic managers were also carried out. The results show that middle managers' access to hierarchical networks differs between feminized and masculinized contexts; hierarchical networks between organizational levels are common in male-dominated technical jobs, while such networks are almost non-existent in female-dominated caring occupations. The results illustrate how organizational conditions follow the gender segregation in organizations and the labour market and, further, how these contexts shape men's and women's access to hierarchical networks. The results also illustrate how the patterns of networks create and reproduce inequalities in sex-segregated organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hensvik, Lena E. (2014): Manager impartiality. Worker-firm matching and the gender wage gap. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 395-421. DOI:10.1177/001979391406700205

Abstract

"Using a rich matched employer-employee data set from Sweden, the author examines whether female managers in a firm narrow the gender pay gap. The study's main contribution is its ability to account for unobserved heterogeneity among both workers and firms that is potentially correlated with manager gender. The results show a substantial negative association between the representation of female managers and the establishment's gender wage gap. Estimates that account for sorting on unobserved worker skills, however, do not support the conclusion that managers favor same-sex workers in wage setting. Additional results show that organizations with more female managers recruit more nonmanagerial, high-wage women. Together these findings suggest that associations between manager gender and male-female wage gaps should be interpreted with caution, as worker sorting seems to be a crucial component behind this relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lott, Yvonne (2014): Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit: Gut für die Work-Life Balance? Analysen zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeitarrangements und Work-Life Balance in Europa. (WSI-Report 18), Düsseldorf, 16 S.

Abstract

"Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit haben das Potenzial, Beschäftigte in ihrer Work-Life Balance zu unterstützten. Aber tun sie das auch tatsächlich? Forschungsergebnisse zeigen: Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit sind generell mit einer guten Work-Life Balance verbunden. Jedoch gilt dies für Männer in der Regel weniger als für Frauen. Zudem spielen Arbeitsmarkt- und Familienpolitik, Sozialpartnerschaft und die betriebliche Arbeitsorganisation für den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitszeitautonomie und Work-Life Balance eine entscheidende Rolle. Gewerkschaften und Mitbestimmung haben damit die Möglichkeit und auch die Aufgabe die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit im Interesse der Beschäftigten zu gestalten. So muss für eine Arbeitsorganisation gesorgt werden, die die Vorteile von Arbeitszeitautonomie zur Geltung bringt. Gewerkschaften und Betriebsräte sollten letztlich eine Betriebskultur fördern, in der Männer ermuntert werden, Arbeitszeitautonomie für ihre Aktivitäten außerhalb der Arbeit tatsächlich auch zu nutzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mendolicchio, Concetta & Thomas Rhein (2014): The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 219-249., 2013-08-18.

Abstract

"We study the gender specific private returns on education (RE) in Europe in a comparative perspective. We extend the model of de la Fuente (2003) by estimating the parameters by gender and introducing maternity leaves and benefits. We analyse the impact of the public policy variables evaluating the elasticities with respect to unemployment benefits, marginal and average tax rates, maternity leave and childcare benefits.
We estimate the Mincerian coefficients, with the Heckman selection model, for 12 West European countries using the EU-SILC data (2007). We then use them as input to calibrate the decision model.
The RE of females tend to be higher than those of males in all the Europeans countries but Germany, Netherlands and Sweden. The gender gap can be explained mainly by the wage premia and labour income taxes which more than compensate the negative effects on females' returns triggered by higher unemployment rates and maternity-related benefits.
The tax system has the most pronounced effect on RE. An increase in the marginal tax rates has a negative impact. An increase in the average tax rates can have a negative or positive impact, depending on the progressivity of the tax system. An increase in unemployment benefits and maternity or child-care benefits has a negative but fairly small impact.
We compute the RE using a model which allows us to take into account and assess the significance of relevant variables: wage premium, income tax, some public transfers and benefits, costs of the investments. Moreover, we estimate the wage premia using relatively recent EU-SILC data. Finally, we compare 12 EU countries spanning quite different labour market conditions and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aaberge, Rolf & Lennart Flood (2013): U.S. versus Sweden. The effect of alternative in-work tax credit policies on labour supply of single mothers. (IZA discussion paper 7706), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"An essential difference between the design of the Swedish and the US in-work tax credit systems relates to their functional forms. Where the US earned income tax credit (EITC) is phased out and favours low and medium earnings, the Swedish system is not phased out and offers 17 and 7 per cent tax credit for low and medium low incomes and a lump-sum tax deduction equal to approximately 2300 USD for medium and higher incomes. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency and distributional effects of these two alternative tax credit designs. We pay particular attention to labour market exclusion; i.e. individuals within as well as outside the labour force are included in the analysis. To highlight the importance of the joint effects from the tax and the benefit systems it appears particular relevant to analyse the labour supply behaviour of single mothers. To this end, we estimate a structural random utility model of labour supply and welfare participation. The model accounts for heterogeneity in consumption-leisure preferences as well as for heterogeneity and constraints in job opportunities. The results of the evaluation show that the Swedish system without phase-out generates substantial larger labour supply responses than the US version of the tax credit. Due to increased labour supply and decline in welfare participation we find that the Swedish reform is self-financing for single mothers, whereas a 10 per cent deficit follows from the adapted EITC version used in this study. However, where income inequality rises modestly under the Swedish tax credit system, the US version with phase-out leads to a significant reduction in the income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Angelov, Nikolay, Per Johansson & Erica Lindahl (2013): Gender differences in sickness absence and the gender division of family responsibilities. (IZA discussion paper 7379), Bonn, 53 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates possible reasons for the gender difference in sickness absence. We estimate both short- and long-term effects of parenthood in a within-couple analysis based on the timing of parenthood. We find that after entering parenthood, women increase their sickness absence by between 0.5 days per month (during the child's third year) and 0.85 days per month (during year 17) more than their spouse. By investigating possible explanations for the observed effect, we conclude that the effect mainly stems from higher home commitment, which reduces women's labour market attachment and, in turn, increases female sickness absence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Angelov, Nikolay, Per Johansson & Erica Lindahl (2013): Is the persistent gender gap in income and wages due to unequal family responsibilities? (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2013,03), Uppsala, 40 S.

Abstract

"We compare the income and wage trajectories of women in relation to their male partners before and after parenthood. Focusing on the within-couple gap allows us to control for both observed and unobserved attributes of the spouse and to estimate both short- and long-term effects of entering parenthood. Our main finding is that 15 years after the first child was born, the male-female gender gaps in income and wages have increased with 35 and 10 percentage points, respectively. In line with a collective labor supply model, the magnitude of these effects depends on relative incomes or wages within the family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bergström Casinowsky, Gunilla (2013): Working life on the move, domestic life at standstill? Work-related travel and responsibility for home and family. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 311-326. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00579.x

Abstract

"Using survey data from Sweden, this article examines the implications of work-related travel for the gendered division of household responsibility. The question is raised whether absence from home due to frequent business trips or long commuting hours might affect work travellers' relative share of managing and organizing everyday life in the domestic sphere. In the sample, a correlation was observed between an increased overnight work travel and a reduced share of responsibility at home when the work traveller was a man, whereas no such association could be detected for female work travellers. The implications of work travel for the division of domestic responsibility thus cannot be considered simply a function of available time. Instead, the outcome is affected by gender, supporting the notion that a woman's dedication to interests and obligations outside home seem to be conditioned by her ability to simultaneously live up to traditional norms of proper womanhood. Moreover, since work-related travel is associated with higher positions and better pay, one's ability and willingness to travel may condition one's chances for professional and financial advancement, contributing to a gender-segregated labour market with women more reluctant to embrace jobs requiring frequent travel." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Broughton, Andrea (2013): EU employers take family-friendly working seriously. Dublin, 12 S.

Abstract

"A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible working and parental support. The main driver for this in most countries was compliance with legislation or collective agreements. The economic crisis has had little impact on the provision of family-friendly working policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cooke, Lynn Prince, Jani Erola, Marie Evertsson, Michael Gähler, Juho Härkönen, Belinda Hewitt, Marika Jalovaara, Man-Yee Kan, Torkild Hovde Lyngstad, Letizia Mencarini, Jean-Francois Mignot, Dimitri Mortelmans, Anne-Rigt Poortman, Christian Schmitt & Heike Trappe (2013): Labor and love. Wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context. In: Social Politics, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 482-509. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxt016

Abstract

"We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-a-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gerecke, Megan (2013): A policy mix for gender equality? Lessons from high-income countries. (International Institute for Labour Studies. Discussion paper 215), Genf, 74 S.

Abstract

"Over the past 15 years, important gains have been made in gender equality. Gender gaps in educational attainment have shrunk substantially. In fact, in many high-income countries, young women's educational attainment now exceeds that of young men. At the same time, most countries have seen a significant increase in female employment rates - a trend which slowed only with the recent financial crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goldscheider, Frances, Eva Bernhardt & Maria Branden (2013): Domestic gender equality and childbearing in Sweden. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 29, S. 1097-1126. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.40

Abstract

"Background: Sweden, which is among the most gender-equal societies in the world, combines 'modern' family patterns such as unmarried cohabitation, delayed parenthood, high maternal labor force participation, and high break-up rates - all usually linked with low birth rates - with relatively high fertility. Sweden also has a high level of shared parental responsibility for home and children.
Objective: After decades of late 20th century research showing that increasing gender equality in the workplace was linked with lower fertility, might gender equality in the home increase fertility?
Methods: Using data from the Swedish Young Adult Panel Study (YAPS), we use Cox regression to examine the effects on first, second, and third births of 1) holding attitudes about sharing equally in the care of the home and children, and 2) actual sharing in these domestic tasks.
Results: Our analysis shows that, measuring attitudes before the transition to parenthood and actual practice four years later, it is inconsistency between sharing attitudes and the actual division of housework that reduces the likelihood of continued childbearing, especially on second births among women.
Conclusions: As women are most likely to confront an inconsistent situation, with egalitarian ideals in a household without equal sharing, it is clear that having a partner who does not share housework is depressing Swedish fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heyman, Fredrik, Helena Svaleryd & Jonas Vlachos (2013): Competition, takeovers, and gender discrimination. In: ILR review, Jg. 66, H. 2, S. 409-432. DOI:10.1177/001979391306600205

Abstract

"Theories of taste-based discrimination predict that competitive pressures will drive discriminatory behavior out of the market. The authors analyze how firm takeovers and product market competition affect firms' gender composition and gender wage gap using detailed matched employer-employee data. Taking into account several endogeneity concerns while using a difference-in-difference framework, they find that the share of female employees increases as a result of an ownership change when product market competition is weak. Furthermore, a takeover reduces the gender wage gap. Although the estimated effects are small, the results support the main theoretical predictions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mörk, Eva, Anna Sjögren & Helena Svaleryd (2013): Childcare costs and the demand for children. Evidence from a nationwide reform. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 33-65. DOI:10.1007/s00148-011-0399-z

Abstract

"Exploiting the exogenous variation in user fees caused by a Swedish childcare reform, we are able to identify the causal effect of childcare costs on fertility in a context in which childcare enrollment is almost universal, user fees are low, and labor force participation of mothers is very high. Anticipation of a reduction in childcare costs increased the number of first and higher-order births, but only seemed to affect the timing of second births. For families with many children we also find a marginally significant negative income effect on fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vikman, Ulrika (2013): Paid parental leave to immigrants. An obstacle to labor market entrance? (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2013,04), Uppsala, 57 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates how access to paid parental leave affects labor market entrance for immigrating mothers with small children. Paid parental leave together with job protection may increase labor force participation among women but if it is too generous it may create incentives to stay out of the labor force. This incentive effect may be especially true for mothers immigrating to a country where having small children automatically makes the mothers eligible for the benefit. To evaluate the differences in the assimilation process for those who have access to the parental leave benefit and those who do not, Swedish administration data is used in a difference-in-differences specification to control for both time in the country and the age of the youngest child. The results show that labor market entrance is delayed for mothers and that they are less likely to be a part of the labor force for up to seven years after their residence permit if they had access to parental leave benefits when they came to Sweden. This reduction in the labor force participation is to some extent driven by unemployment since the effect on employment is smaller. But there is still an effect on employment of 3 percentage points lower participation rates 2 - 6 years after immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Angelov, Nikolay & Arizo Karimi (2012): Mothers' income recovery after childbearing. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2012,20), Uppsala, 34 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the time profile of the effect of fertility on female labour earnings with respect to time since birth. To address endogeneity of fertility to labour income, we use the same-sex instrument (Angrist and Evans, 1998) in a novel way on a panel data set to uncover the time profile of the fertility effect. Our OLS estimates suggest that the largest impact takes place during the child's first years of life, and then gradually diminishes over the lifecycle, with full recovery of income 15 years after birth. Our IV estimates support this finding, but suggest a faster recovery of earnings, although the estimates are now less precise. We are also able to reproduce this finding with a one-period cross-section and disaggregating the sample by years since third birth to estimate the time profile." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mandel, Hadas (2012): Winners and losers: the consequences of welfare state policies for gender wage inequality. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 241-262. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcq061

Abstract

"Cross-national studies of the impact of welfare states on gender inequality tend to overlook socio-economic divisions among women. This article challenges the implicit assumption that welfare states have uniform effects on the economic attainments of women, arguing that the impact of state intervention is necessarily conditioned by women's relative advantage or disadvantage in the labour market. Based on Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 21 advanced countries, the paper analyses gender wage gaps among highly skilled and low skilled men and women. The findings suggest that welfare state policies interact with socio-economic position: they limit the economic rewards of highly skilled women, but do not adversely affect, and by some measures actually benefit, those who are less skilled. Highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of social policies for different groups of women, the article concludes that more research is needed to explore differentiated approaches to reconciling work and family, rather than addressing universal work - family tensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anghel, Brindusa, Sara de la Rica & Juan J. Dolado (2011): The effect of public sector employment on women's labour market outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 5825), Bonn, 62 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses the role played by Public Sector (PS) employment across different OECD labour markets in explaining: (i) gender differences regarding choices to work in either PS or private sector, and (ii) subsequent changes in female labour market outcomes. To do so, we provide some empirical evidence about cross-country gender differences in choice of employment in the PS vs. the private sector, using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), in the light of different theories on gender behaviour in the labour market. We also analyze the main determinants of the hourly wage gaps across these two sectors for males and females separately. Finally, we document the main stylized facts about labour market transitions by male and female workers among inactivity, unemployment, working in the PS and working in the private sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Anxo, Dominique, Letizia Mencarini, Ariane Pailhé, Anne Solaz, Maria Letizia Tanturri & Lennart Flood (2011): Gender differences in time use over the life course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 3, S. 159-195. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.582822

Abstract

"This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boschini, Anne, Christina Hakanson, Asa Rosen & Anna Sjögren (2011): Trading off or having it all? Completed fertility and mid-career earnings of Swedish men and women. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2011,15), Uppsala, 47 S.

Abstract

"Earnings in mid-career and children are two fundamental outcomes of the life-choices of men and women. Both require time and other resources and reflect the accumulated priorities of individuals and couples. We explore how these outcomes have changed for Swedish men and women born 1945-1962 by documenting changes in education, assortative mating patterns, completed fertility and mid-career earnings. We find an overall increasing inequality in career and family outcomes of men, reflecting a rise in the family-career complementarity. For women, the family-career trade-off has eased for non-professionals, and there appears to be a convergence in the life-choices of women across education groups. Despite these different developments for men and women, we find that within-family specialization, measured by the average spousal earnings contribution, is remarkably stable through the period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hensvik, Lena (2011): Manager impartiality? Worker-firm matching and the gender wage gap. (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2011,22), Uppsala, 40 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines whether women benefit from working under female management using Swedish matched employer-employee panel data. I account for unobserved heterogeneity among both workers and firms potentially correlated with manager gender. The results show a substantial negative and statistically significant correlation between the proportion of female managers and the establishment's gender wage gap. However, estimates that account for sorting on unobserved worker skills do not support that that managers favor same-sex workers in wage setting. Additional results show female-led organizations recruit more non-managerial, high-wage women but this is primarily due to (unobserved) firm attributes rather than gender-specific management practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amilon, Anna (2010): The temporary leave dilemma. Lone and partnered mothers in Sweden. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 33-52. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2010.530604

Abstract

"Lone mothers have to take care of a sick child with little or no help from the child's other parent and have to carry all costs connected to leave-taking. This paper empirically tests whether lone mothers take more temporary parental leave to care for sick children than partnered mothers and whether parental leave is associated with a signaling cost. The results from this study of Swedish mothers show that lone mothers use more temporary parental leave than partnered mothers. Further, within the group of lone mothers, those with higher socioeconomic status take less temporary parental leave than those with lower socioeconomic status, whereas no such differences are found within the group of partnered mothers. One possible interpretation is that signaling costs negatively influence the utilization of temporary parental leave for lone mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haas, Barbara & Margit Hartel (2010): Towards the universal care course model. Care policies and employment patterns in Austria, The Netherlands and Sweden. In: European Societies, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 139-162. DOI:10.1080/14616690902874705

Abstract

"The principle aim is to analyse care policies and mothers' employment patterns in Austria in comparison with The Netherlands and Sweden. While Sweden fosters a Universal Breadwinner Model, Austrian policies set incentives for mothers to organize private care for their children for a relatively long period of time, similar to the Caregiver Parity model. The Netherlands, approaching the Universal Caregiver model, support part-time integration into the labour market, combined with private part-time caring facilities for the children. The cross-national comparative approach has been adopted throughout the description of care policies and the data analysis, using the European Social Survey. Drawing on the strong cross-national differences in policies and employment patterns, we outline the main principles of a Universal Care Course (UCC). The model addresses questions about how to achieve the ideal of a smooth transition between work and care in a gender-sensitive way." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Halwachs, Inga (2010): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Geschlechterregimen. Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden im Vergleich. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 266 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter gesetzlich verankert ist, sind Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt sowie in anderen Bereichen des öffentlichen und privaten Lebens nach wie vor mit Benachteiligungen aufgrund ihres Geschlechts konfrontiert. Dies zeigt sich bspw. in der Unterrepräsentativität von Frauen in Führungspositionen, geschlechtsspezifischen Einkommensdifferenzen sowie weiteren hier untersuchten Aspekten. Wie also wird die weibliche Erwerbstätigkeit in den hier untersuchten Ländern Großbritannien, Frankreich und Schweden gefördert, um Benachteiligungen zu kompensieren und den Ursachen entgegenzuwirken? Die Autorin analysiert und vergleicht zur Beantwortung dieser Frage die Arbeitsmarktpolitik sowie weitere politische und gesellschaftliche Bereiche der Wohlfahrtsstaatsregime sowie den darin eingebetteten Geschlechterregimen und stellt hierzu die These auf, dass die Quantität und Qualität der Strategien zur Frauenförderung vom jeweiligen Typus des Geschlechterregimes abhängen und sich die Wohlfahrtsstaaten in ihrer Politik hinsichtlich sozialer Sicherung sowie in ihren arbeitsmarktpolitischen Instrumenten einander annähern, da auf EU-Ebene vereinheitlichte Regelungen in Bezug auf Geschlechtergleichstellung vorgegeben werden, die Einfluss auf die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit nehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios & George Papadoudis (2010): A-typical work patterns of women in Europe. What can we learn from SHARELIFE? (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 221), Mannheim, 16 S.

Abstract

"The second half of the twentieth century was a time of rapid social transformation. Nowhere were the changes more radical than in women's participation in society and work. Women increasingly claimed a fuller and more active position in all societal functions. Though all parts of Europe and all social strata were affected, this process was unevenly distributed over time and space and driven by a variety of influences. Such influences could have been structural changes in production, transformations in the function of the family and last, but not least, attitudes in what woman's position ought to be, as reflected in shifts of policy priorities. This period of rapid change corresponds to the lifetime of individuals in the SHARE survey. When today's 50+ population were young girls, the world they were entering was very difficult from today. The long term social changes correspond to lived experience of women in the SHARE sample. The women in SHARE were witnesses to the foundation, flowering and restructuring of the Welfare State. Social policy stances towards maternity and family polices as well as labour market institutions were defining fissures between certain forms of the so-called 'European Social Model'. This paper begins exploring how these factors - labour and social policy transformation - were reflected in the lives of women in the SHARELIFE sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton & Clare Lyonette (Hrsg.) (2010): Gender inequalities in the 21st century. New barriers and continuing constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 297 S.

Abstract

"Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Content:
Jacqueline Scott, Rosemary Crompton,Clare Lyonette: Introduction: what's new about gender inequalities in the 21st century? (1-16);
PART I FAMILY AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGE;
Ingrid Schoon: Becoming adult: the persisting importance of dass and gender (19-39);
Fiona Devine: Class reproduction, occupational inheritance and occupational choices (40-58);
Angela Dale, Sameera Ahmed: Ethnic differences in women's economic activity: a focus an Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (59-81);
PART II OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND WELFARE REGIMES;
Janette Webb: Gender and the post-industrial shift (85-108);
Tracey Warren: Penalties of part-time work across Europe (109-125);
Nicky Le Feuvre: Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ (126-149);
PART III THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK;
Man Yee Kan, Jonathan Gershuny: Gender segregation and bargaining in domestic labour: evidence from longitudinal time-use data (153-173);
Rosemary Crompton, Clare Lyonette: Family, dass and gender 'strategies' in mothers' employment and childcare (174-192);
Jacqueline Scott, Anke C. Plagnol, Jane Nolan: Perceptions of quality of life: gender differences across the life course (193-212);
PART IV UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITIES;
Fran Bennett, Jerome De Henau, Sirin Sung: Within-household inequalities across classes? Management and control of money (215-241);
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund and Arne Mastekaasa: Restructuring gender relations: women's labour market participation and earnings inequality among households ( 242-254);
PART V CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY;
Anne Lise Ellingsceter: Feminist policies and feminist conflicts: daddy's care or mother's (257-274);
Mary Evans: A mysterious commodity: capitalism and femininity ( 275-289).

Zitatform

Vikman, Ulrika (2010): Does providing childcare to unemployed affect unemployment duration? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2010,05), Uppsala, 38 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines if the probability of leaving unemployed changes for unemployed parents with young children when childcare is available. To investigate this, I use the heterogeneity among Swedish municipalities before the implementation of a 2001 Swedish childcare reform making it mandatory for municipalities to offer childcare to unemployed parents for at least 15 hours per week. In the study difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-differences methods are used. The results indicate a positive effect on the probability of leaving unemployment for mothers when childcare is available, but no effect is found for fathers. For mothers, some heterogeneous effects are also found, with a greater effect on the probability of leaving unemployment for work when childcare is available for mothers with only compulsory schooling or university education and mothers with two children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wahlberg, Roger (2010): The gender wage gap across the wage distribution in the private and public sectors in Sweden. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 17, H. 15, S. 1465-1468. DOI:10.1080/13504850903035915

Abstract

"This study examines gender wage differentials across the wage distribution in the Swedish private and public sectors using quantile regression. There is a glass ceiling effect for women in both the private and the public sectors in Sweden. Although this is true for both sectors, it is especially pronounced in the public sector. The gender wage differentials across the whole distribution in the private sector are lower in Sweden than in the USA and in 11 European countries, whereas the opposite can be said about the public sector; here the gap is higher across the entire distribution in Sweden." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))