Zitatform

Hellerstein, Judith K. & Melinda Sandler Morrill (2011): Dads and daughters. The changing impact of fathers on women's occupational choices. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 333-372.

Abstract

"We examine whether women's rising labor force participation led to increased intergenerational transmission of occupation from fathers to daughters. We develop a model where fathers invest in human capital that is specific to their own occupations. Our model generates an empirical test where we compare the trends in the probabilities that women work in their father's versus their father-in-law's occupation. Using data from birth cohorts born between 1909 and 1977, our results indicate that the estimated difference in these trends accounts for at least 13 - 20 percent of the total increase in the probability that a woman enters her father's occupation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hirschi, Andreas (2011): Career-choice readiness in adolescence. Developmental trajectories and individual differences. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 79, H. 2, S. 340-348. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.005

Abstract

"Developing career-choice readiness is an important task in adolescence, but current theory and research has provided a rather static view of the phenomenon. The present study investigated the development of career-choice readiness among a group of 325 Swiss students assessed four times every 5 months from seventh through eighth grade. A variable-centered approach applying latent curve modeling showed not only a linear increase of readiness over time but also significant inter-individual differences in the level and development of readiness. Higher levels were predicted by more self-esteem and generalized self-efficacy and fewer perceived barriers while increase in readiness was predicted by increase in occupational information. A person-centered approach applying latent class-growth analysis identified four distinct developmental trajectories: high-increasing (42%), high-decreasing (5%), moderate-increasing (42%), and constantly low (11%). Students with different trajectories showed significant differences in core self-evaluations, occupational knowledge, and barriers. The results suggest that environmental demands promote a developmental trend in readiness development that overrules individual differences for the majority of students. Individual differences affect the level of readiness to a greater extent than the process of its development. Career information seems pivotal for readiness increase." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ortega, Javier & Gregory Verdugo (2011): Immigration and the occupational choice of natives. A factor proportions approach. (IZA discussion paper 5451), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives in France over the period 1962-1999. Combining large (up to 25%) extracts from six censuses and data from Labor Force Surveys, we exploit the variation in the immigrant share across education/experience cells and over time to identify the impact of immigration. In the Borjas (2003) specification, we find that a 10% increase in immigration increases native wages by 3%. However, as the number of immigrants and the number of natives are positively and strongly correlated across cells, the immigrant share may not be a good measure of the immigration shock. When the log of natives and the log of immigrants are used as regressors instead, the impact of immigration on natives' wages is still positive but much smaller, and natives' wages are negatively related to the number of natives. To understand this asymmetry and the positive impact of immigration on wages, we explore the link between immigration and the occupational distribution of natives within education/experience cells. Our results suggest that immigration leads to the reallocation of natives to better-paid occupations within education/experience cells." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stoll, François, Marco Vannotti & Marc Schreiber (2011): Einstieg in die Berufswelt. Rahmenbedingungen und Voraussetzungen einer gelingenden Berufswahl. Eine empirische Studie. (Wissenschaftliche Reihe, Eidgenössische Jugendbefragungen 21), Glarus: Rüegger, 254 S.

Abstract

"Junge Menschen müssen sich ihren Zugang zur Arbeitswelt erarbeiten. Diese Entwicklungsaufgabe wird sehr unterschiedlich angegangen. Dies nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil sie sich in ihren Einstellungen und Wertvorstellungen, in ihren Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten sowie auch in ihren Präferenzen unterscheiden. Diese Vielfalt und der Aufbau einer u.a. auf das Berufsleben orientierten Persönlichkeit stehen im Zentrum der vorgestellten Untersuchung. Die entsprechende Erhebung wurde 2004 und 2005 durchgeführt. Die Hauptstichprobe besteht aus mehr als 40'000 jungen Schweizer Männern. Sie wurde durch drei schweizweit repräsentative Zufallsstichproben ergänzt: gleichaltrige Schweizer Frauen (1'660), Ausländer (130) und Ausländerinnen (165). Die grosse Mehrheit ist mit dem eingeschlagenen beruflichen Weg zufrieden und plant bereits weitere Schritte in der Arbeits- und Berufswelt. Die Erweiterung der beruflichen Kompetenzen wird von den jungen Erwachsenen mit Entwicklungsaufgaben in anderen Lebensbereichen (wie z.B. Familie, Freundeskreis, Freizeit) abgestimmt. Ein kleiner Teil der rund 20-jährigen jungen Erwachsenen ist noch nicht so weit, sei es, weil sie bisher nur wenig Kontakt zur Berufswelt hatten, oder sei es, weil sie noch nicht wissen, wohin ihre gegenwärtige Ausbildung sie führen soll. Bekanntlich bietet unsere Arbeitswelt sehr viele Optionen; daraus die richtige Wahl zu treffen, ist nicht immer einfach, denn jede Wahl kann sowohl als Gewinn wie auch als Verlust empfunden werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Understanding how and why individuals make career decisions can help improve the delivery of careers guidance. This report explores individuals' beliefs, values and motivations in making career decisions and proposes areas for further consideration as new approaches to delivering careers guidance are developed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bentolila, Samuel, Claudio Michelacci & Javier Suarez (2010): Social contacts and occupational choice. In: Economica, Jg. 77, H. 305, S. 20-45. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2008.00717.x

Abstract

"Social contacts help to find jobs, but not necessarily in the occupations where workers are most productive. Hence social contacts can generate mismatch between workers' occupational choices and their productive advantage. Accordingly, social networks can lead to low labour force quality, low returns to firms' investment and depressed aggregate productivity. We analyse surveys from both the US and Europe including information on job finding through contacts. Consistent with our predictions, contacts reduce unemployment duration by 1 - 3 months on average, but they are associated with wage discounts of at least 2.5%. We also find some evidence of negative externalities on aggregate productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Buchinsky, Moshe & Phillip Leslie (2010): Educational attainment and the changing U.S wage structure: dynamic implications on young individuals' choices. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 541-594.

Abstract

"We present a dynamic model of individuals' educational investments that allows us to explore alternative modeling strategies for forecasting future wage distributions. The key innovation we propose is an approach to forecasting that relies only on the information that would be available at the actual time decisions are made and which incorporates the role of parameter uncertainty into the decision-making process. We compare the performance of our method with alternative models of forecasting behavior, based on CPS data over the period 1964 - 2004." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hunt, Jennifer (2010): Why do women leave science and engineering? (NBER working paper 15853), Cambridge, Mass., 43 S. DOI:10.3386/w15853

Abstract

"I use the 1993 and 2003 National Surveys of College Graduates to examine the higher exit rate of women compared to men from science and engineering relative to other fields. I find that the higher relative exit rate is driven by engineering rather than science, and show that 60% of the gap can be explained by the relatively greater exit rate from engineering of women dissatisfied with pay and promotion opportunities. Contrary to the existing literature, I find that family - related constraints and dissatisfaction with working conditions are only secondary factors. My results differ due to my use of non - science and engineering fields as a comparison group. The relative exit rate by gender from engineering does not differ from that of other fields once women's relatively high exit rates from male fields generally is taken into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Noack, Peter, Bärbel Kracke, Burkhard Gniewosz & Julia Dietrich (2010): Parental and school effects on students' occupational exploration: A longitudinal and multilevel analysis. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 77, H. 1, S. 50-57. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.006

Abstract

"The study examines school and parental influences on adolescents' occupational exploration. Analyses of data from 859 6th, 8th, and 10th graders attending high- and lower-track high schools in the German federal state of Thuringia suggested more extensive exploration among students closer to the school-to-work transition. Besides cross-sectional effects of parenting and achievement orientation at school, acceptance and openness students experienced in class predicted increases of their exploratory behaviors. Multilevel analyses showed, however, that school effects operated on the level of subjective perceptions (individual level), but not on the level of intersubjective reality (classroom level). Implications for attempts to foster and facilitate exploration are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rothland, Martin (2010): Der Einfluss des lokalen Hochschulangebots auf die Studienwahl. In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 683-706.

Abstract

"'Den Funktionszuweisungen und Wirkungserwartungen, die sich in der Verschiedene Studien belegen, dass das lokale Hochschulangebot bzw. die Distanz zur nächstgelegenen Universität das Studienverhalten beeinflusst: Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein Studium zu ergreifen, steigt mit der geographischen Nähe zu einer Hochschule. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Frage auf die Wahl des Studienfachs sowie der Hochschulinstitution ausgedehnt und in einem humankapitaltheoretischen Ansatz am Beispiel der ETH Zürich, der Universität Luzern sowie der pädagogischen Hochschulen analysiert. Auf der Basis einer repräsentativen Maturandenbefragung in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz (n?=?1454) kann regressionsanalytisch gezeigt werden, dass die Distanz zur nächstgelegenen Hochschule auch einen Einfluss auf die Fächer- und die Institutionenwahl hat. Die Befunde sind hochschulpolitisch von Bedeutung, weil sie Hinweise auf eine angebotsinduzierte Studiennachfrage liefern. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass bei Studierenden mit höherem sozioökonomischen Status das Studienverhalten durch die Distanz nicht beeinflusst wird, was als Indiz dafür gewertet werden kann, dass die Bedeutung der Entfernung einer Hochschule in Wirklichkeit auf Unterschieden in den Kosten eines Studiums gründet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tracey, Terence J. G. (2010): Relation of interest and self-efficacy occupational congruence and career choice certainty. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 76, H. 3, S. 441-447. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.10.013

Abstract

"A sample of 2145 adults completed the Personal Globe Inventory (PGI) as well as indicating their occupational choice and the certainty of this choice. The PGI yielded interest and self-efficacy scores and these were used with the occupational choice to calculate a congruence score for interests and one for efficacy. The prediction of career certainty by each congruence measure and their interaction was examined using hierarchical regression. The results indicated that while both interest and efficacy congruence were related to career certainty, efficacy congruence did not add to prediction above that obtained using interests congruence alone, however there was a substantial interaction. The agreement of interest congruence and efficacy congruence was related to a strong positive relation between congruence and certainty; whereas low agreement between interest and efficacy congruence was related to a non-significant relation between congruence and certainty. The results demonstrate the need to focus on both interest and efficacy and their agreement in our assessments and interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Uthayakumar, Ramya, Ulrich Schimmack, Paull J. Hartung & James R. Rogers (2010): Career decidedness as a predictor of subjective well-being. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 196-204. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.07.002

Abstract

"Forming, pursing, and achieving life tasks constitute important determinants of subjective well-being (SWB). A principal life task for emerging adults involves deciding about career goals. Prior research indicates that depression predicts SWB and may be linked to lower levels of career decidedness. We tested whether or not career decidedness predicts SWB above and beyond the influence of depression and other personality traits. We also examined whether or not career decidedness partially mediates depression's influence on SWB when controlled for personality effects. Undergraduate students (N = 181; 65% female, 52% Asian) responded to measures of career decidedness, SWB, and personality. Results largely confirmed predictions. A partial mediator model indicated a direct relationship between decidedness and SWB not moderated by grade level, and an inverse relationship between the depression facet of neuroticism and both career decidedness and SWB. Findings further support career interventions to increase decidedness during the first year of college." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Yamaguchi, Shintaro (2010): Career progression and comparative advantage. In: Labour economics, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 679-689. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2010.01.006

Abstract

"This paper constructs and estimates a structural dynamic model of occupational choice in which all occupations are characterized in a skill requirement space using data from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the NLSY79. This skill requirement space approach has its merit in computational simplicity as well as ease of interpretation: it allows the model to include hundreds of occupations at the three-digit census classification level without a large number of parameters. Parameter estimates indicate that wages grow with the skill requirements of an occupation and that educated and experienced individuals are better rewarded in a cognitive and interpersonal skill demanding occupation. They also suggest that ignoring self-selection into occupations and individual heterogeneity may result in counter-intuitive and biased estimates of the returns to skill requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andrew, Alison (2009): Challenging boundaries to 'employability'. Women apprentices in a non-traditional occupation. In: Social policy and society, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 347-359. DOI:10.1017/S1474746409004898

Abstract

"This article is based on a case study of women apprentices and workers in a 'non-traditional' occupation for women, engineering construction. The article argues that the concept of 'employability' is not gender neutral, and that gendered assumptions about who is and is not 'employable' for particular work can disadvantage women seeking training and work in non-traditional industries or dissuade them from applying to do so. Approaches to employability which emphasise individual attributes underplay the significance of gender inequalities and wider discourses of gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Creed, Peter A., Tracy Fallon & Michelle Hood (2009): The relationship between career adaptability, person and situation variables, and career concerns in young adults. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 74, H. 2, S. 219-229. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.004

Abstract

"We surveyed 245 first-year university students using measures of career concerns, career adaptability (career planning, career exploration, self-exploration, decision-making, self-regulation), goal-orientation (learning, performance-prove, performance-avoid) and social support (family, friends, significant others), and tested: (a) whether the career adaptability variables could be represented by a second-order factor of career adaptability; (b) whether career adaptability, goal-orientation and social support were associated with fewer career concerns; and (c) whether career adaptability mediated the relationship between goal-orientation and social support and career concerns. The study demonstrated that the career adaptability variables were inter-related and could be represented by a higher-order factor. Decision-making and self-exploration were negatively associated with career concerns, and decision-making mediated the relationship between goal-orientation and career concerns. Having more of a learning orientation was associated with more decision-making and fewer career concerns, whereas holding a performance-prove orientation was associated with poorer decision-making and more career concerns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Creed, Peter A., Oi Yin Wong & Michelle Hood (2009): Career decision-making, career barriers and occupational aspirations in Chinese adolescents. In: International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Jg. 9, H. 3, S. 189-203. DOI:10.1007/s10775-009-9165-0

Abstract

"Diese Studie untersuchte bei 498 chinesischen Oberschülern die Beziehungen zwischen beschäftigungsbezogenen Zielen einerseits und Erwartungen (bezogen auf Typus und Status) andererseits, sowie daneben Entscheidungsschwierigkeiten, Entscheidungseffizienz und Karrierehemmnisse. Männliche Jugendliche strebten die Berufstypen Forschung sowie Wirtschaft an, rechneten aber eher mit realistischen Berufstypen und dem Berufstyp Wirtschaft; weibliche Jugendliche strebten den Berufstyp Wirtschaft sowie konventionelle Berufstypen an. SchülerInnen, bei denen sich die erhofften Ziele und die erwarteten Möglichkeiten unterschieden, waren mit erhöhter Wahrscheinlichkeit weibliche Jugendliche mit guten Leistungen; diejenigen, bei denen sich der erhoffte und der erwartete Status unterschieden, hatten eher schwächere Leistungen, weniger Selbstvertrauen, und rechneten mit mehr Karrierehemmnissen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Falck, Oliver & Stephan Heblich (2009): Identity and entrepreneurship. (CESifo working paper 2661), München, 41 S.

Abstract

"We incorporate the concept of social identity into a stylized model of occupational choice and analyze whether an individual's identity affects his or her decision to become an entrepreneur. We argue that an entrepreneurial identity results from an individual's socialization. This could be parental influence but, as argued in this paper, also peer influence. To test this empirically, we apply instrumental variable approaches to PISA data. Our findings suggest that having an entrepreneurial peer group has a positive effect on an individual's entrepreneurial intentions. Regarding entrepreneurial parents, we find a positive effect that cannot only be explained by ownership succession of the family business." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gupta, Vishal K., Daniel B. Turban, S. Arzu Wasti & Arijit Sikdar (2009): The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 397-417. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00296.x

Abstract

"In this study we examine the role of socially constructed gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship and their influence on men and women's entrepreneurial intentions. Data on characteristics of males, females, and entrepreneurs were collected from young adults in three countries. As hypothesized, entrepreneurs were perceived to have predominantly masculine characteristics. Additional results revealed that although both men and women perceive entrepreneurs to have characteristics similar to those of males (masculine gender-role stereotype), only women also perceived entrepreneurs and females as having similar characteristics (feminine gender-role stereotype). Further, though men and women did not differ in their entrepreneurial intentions, those who perceived themselves as more similar to males (high on male gender identification) had higher entrepreneurial intentions than those who saw themselves as less similar to males (low male gender identification). No such difference was found for people who saw themselves as more or less similar to females (female gender identification). The results were consistent across the three countries. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ham, Roger, Pramod N. Junankar & Robert Wells (2009): Occupational choice. Personality matters. (IZA discussion paper 4105), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"In modern societies, people are often classified as 'White Collar' or 'Blue Collar' workers: that classification not only informs social scientists about the kind of work that they do, but also about their social standing, their social interests, their family ties, and their approach to life in general. This analysis will examine the effect of an individual's psychometrically derived personality traits and status of their parents on the probability of attaining a white collar occupation over the baseline category of a blue collar occupation; controlling for human capital and other factors. The paper uses data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey to estimate a random effects probit model to capture the effects on the probability of being in a white collar occupation. The results are then examined using the average marginal effects of the different conditioning variables over the whole sample. The analysis confirms the previous findings of human capital theory, but finds that personality and parental status also have significant effects on occupational outcomes. The results suggest that the magnitude of the average marginal effect of parental status is small and the effect of the personality trait 'conscientiousness' is large and rivals that of education. Finally, estimates of separate models for males and females indicate that effects differ between the genders for key variables, with personality traits in females having a relatively larger effect on their occupational outcomes due to the diminished effects of education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hirsch, Andreas & Fred W. Vondracek (2009): Adaptation of career goals to self and opportunities in early adolescence. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 75, H. 2, S. 120-128. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.05.005

Abstract

"Development of career goals that are adapted to self and opportunities is a central component of adolescent career preparation. The present longitudinal study (conducted throughout the eighth grade with three assessment points) investigated how 330 Swiss adolescents simultaneously adapt career goals to interests, scholastic achievement and environmental opportunities. Results demonstrated that students increasingly adapt their goals to the environment. Mean adaptation to environment related positively to degree of adaption to interests and achievement. Increased adaptation to environment over time related to increased adaptation to achievement but to decreased adaptation to interests. Gender, attended school type and nationality moderated adaptation processes. Structurally disadvantaged students (girls, lower requirements school track, immigrant students) reported more conflict in aligning adaptation to environment with adaptation to interests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))