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Goller, Daniel, Christian Gschwendt & Stefan C. Wolter (2025): This time it’s different – Generative artificial intelligence and occupational choice. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 95. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102746

Abstract

"We show the causal influence of the launch of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of ChatGPT on the search behavior of young people for apprenticeship vacancies. To estimate the short- and medium-term effects, we use a variety of methods, including a difference-in-discontinuity approach exploiting the exogenous nature of the unanticipated launch of ChatGPT in 2022. There is a strong short- and medium-term decline in the intensity of searches for vacancies, indicating a notable reduction in the supply of young people actively seeking apprenticeships and suggesting great uncertainty among the affected cohort. Occupations with a high proportion of cognitive tasks and with high demands on language skills were particularly affected by the decline. Interestingly, the revealed preferences in the search behavior of young job seekers contrasted with previous expert assessments on the automation risks of occupations and aligned with the most recent assessments of the AI and language model exposure of occupations – before these new assessments existed. Notably, while the supply decline did not reduce the number of signed apprenticeship contracts, we find evidence of declining applicant quality, particularly for commercial employees, the most widely offered apprenticeship in Switzerland." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))

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Gottlieb, Charles, Jan Grobovšek & Alexander Monge-Naranjo (2025): From Skills to Occupations: Comparative Advantage and Cross-Country Income Differences. (CEPR discussion paper / Centre for Economic Policy Research 20630), London, 74 S.

Abstract

"We revisit the role of human capital in cross-country income differences. We develop a general equilibrium model where workers of different skill groups sort into occupations by comparative advantage. Wages and employment depend on workers’ skill quality, occupation-specific country-embedded productivity, and occupational distortions. Using harmonized microdata for 50 countries, we infer these components from the model’s equilibrium conditions. Workers in rich countries exhibit higher skill quality and substantially greater productivity, especially in white-collar occupations. Human capital explains 52 percent of output-per-worker gaps, largely through the complementarity between skill composition and quality, and further amplified by technology choices biased toward skilled labor. Adopting the U.S. distribution of skill groups yields limited gains for poor countries without higher quality. Occupational distortions are more severe in low-income countries, reducing white-collar employment and raising wage premia, but with modest aggregate effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gutfleisch, Tamara & Richard Nennstiel (2025): Bridging the gap: gender-specific preferences in STEM occupations in vocational education and training. In: Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, Jg. 17. DOI:10.1186/s40461-025-00187-3

Abstract

"Women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has been widely studied, particularly in the context of general and tertiary education. However, less is known about gendered STEM sorting within vocational education and training (VET), despite VET systems playing a key role in occupational gender segregation. This study investigates gender differences in the likelihood of choosing a STEM occupation in VET using nationally representative data from Switzerland. We examine to what extent commonly studied individual-level mechanisms—such as math achievement, math self-concept, and career values—can explain the gender gap in STEM participation. To assess whether these mechanisms operate similarly across educational pathways and outcome types, we compare students pursuing or intending to pursue VET to those aspiring to an academic degree, and examine three STEM-related outcomes: intended VET occupation, aspirations for a STEM job at age 30, and intentions to pursue a math-intensive job. We find that the gender gap in STEM participation is largest in VET occupations and considerably smaller for the other two outcomes. Moreover, a larger share of the gender gap can be explained regarding occupational aspirations as opposed to VET occupations, and among students aspiring to academic education. These findings suggest that theoretical models of STEM sorting should be adapted to better reflect the specific features of VET and the types of occupations it comprises." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lundberg, Ian, Daniel Molitor & Jennie E. Brand (2025): The Causal Effect of Parent Occupation on Child Occupation: A Multivalued Treatment with Positivity Constraints. In: Sociological methods & research, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 1435-1462. DOI:10.1177/00491241251338412

Abstract

"To what degree does parent occupation cause a child’s occupational attainment? We articulate this causal question in the potential outcomes framework. Empirically, we show that adjustment for only two confounding variables substantially reduces the estimated association between parent and child occupation in a U.S. cohort. Methodologically, we highlight complications that arise when the treatment variable (parent occupation) can take many categorical values. A central methodological hurdle is positivity: some occupations (e.g., lawyer) are simply never held by some parents (e.g., those who did not complete college). We show how to overcome this hurdle by reporting summaries within subgroups that focus attention on the causal quantities that can be credibly estimated. Future research should build on the longstanding tradition of descriptive mobility research to answer causal questions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mann, Anthony, Jonathan Diaz & Sara Zapata Posada (2025): Career readiness in Madrid, Spain. Insights from a survey of young adults (19-26). (OECD education working papers 331), Paris, 230 S. DOI:10.1787/73cdc17d-en

Abstract

"This paper reports the results of a survey of young adults aged 19-26 who were educated in the Community of Madrid, Spain. The study asks users of career guidance systems within secondary education to share perspectives on their usefulness from the vantage point of the labour market participation. The study finds that overwhelmingly respondents who participated in career development activities as teenagers found them to be useful to their post-secondary transitions with many stating that they were very useful. They wished however that they had received more support from their schools, especially with regard to practical activities related to integration into the working world. Analysis finds many strong relationships between participation in career development and the quality of transitions. It is less likely for young adults who engaged more deeply in career development as teenagers to report that they were Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) at the time of the survey and they expressed more positive attitudes about their transitions and the value of the support received from their schools." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Quintana, Rafael, Soojin Park & Suyeon Kang (2025): Causal decomposition analysis in disparities research: investigating the effect of self-efficacy on the gender gap in STEM. In: Quality & quantity, Jg. 59, H. 4, S. 3327-3351. DOI:10.1007/s11135-025-02110-0

Abstract

"The underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields has been a subject of extensive research and policy debate. However, there is limited clarity regarding the specific mechanisms that generate these disparities, and which interventions are most effective in reducing the gap. In this study, we use causal decomposition analysis to estimate how the gender gap in STEM participation would change if we were to intervene on women’s self-efficacy beliefs in mathematics. Women tend to underestimate their abilities in math-related fields, which can affect their educational and career choices. The question we ask is to what extent the gender gap in individuals’ enrollment in STEM majors and identification with mathematics would be reduced if self-efficacy in mathematics were set to be equal across gender categories. The results suggest that equalizing this target factor will reduce the observed disparities in math identity by 53%, and in the enrollment of STEM majors by 2.5%. The modest influence of self-efficacy on enrollment disparities suggests that it is not the predominant factor. We discuss the implications of our empirical findings, as well as how causal decomposition analysis can benefit social and behavioral disparities research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Rolph, Chris, Samuel Williams & David Woolley (2025): A qualitative investigation into opportunity structures and disjuncture in the education-employment transition: ‘it’s scary, innit?’. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 37, H. 7/8, S. 582-597. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2025.2487425

Abstract

"We present a small-scale qualitative study of the transition from full time education to employment, focusing on young people who are just approaching this phase of their lives. We explore their understanding of this milestone through a series of focus groups. We also interviewed significant professionals working with young people: school teachers, careers leaders, and local employers. From the responses we identify four common themes: hopes and dreams; careers advice; industry links; and work readiness. While these themes were common to all of our participant groups, the articulation and understanding of them differed, such that adult views contribute to social structures that potentially reduce opportunity, reinforcing the sense of disjuncture for young people. Adult respondents underestimated the aspirations of young people and mistook expectations for ambitions. Both employers and those working in schools recognised a need for improved education-industry links, but there was a mutual sense of incapacity to make this happen, and different understandings of what it might mean to be work ready. Systemic failings appear to exacerbate difficulties faced by children whose families might struggle to support them as they navigate the education to employment transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report sets out key findings from PISA as they relate to teenage career development. The report shows that across OECD countries, students are now expressing very high levels of career uncertainty and confusion. Job expectations have changed little since 2000 and bear little relationship to actual patterns of labour market demand, including in working areas of high strategic importance. The education plans of students moreover are more strongly shaped by social background than by academic performance. Many students understandably exhibit considerable anxiety about their career preparation. Wider longitudinal research shows that participation in many career development activities is positively associated with better employment outcomes. However, PISA shows that too few students in most countries are engaging in activities which are most strongly related with better transitions. In particular, young people are not getting enough guidance in crucial fields which connect them with employers and people in work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Seufert, Sabine, Mandana York, Patrick Emmenegger & Scherwin Michael Bajka (2025): Zukunft der Arbeit. Geschlechtervergleich in der Berufsorientierung im Zeitalter der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Gender Comparison in Career Orientation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. In: Zeitschrift für Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik, Jg. 121, H. 1, S. 57-79. DOI:10.25162/zbw-2025-0002

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie Jugendliche ihre berufliche Zukunft in einer zunehmend von KI geprägten Welt einschätzen und welche geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede bestehen. In einer Online-Umfrage (N = 2144) in der Schweiz bewerteten Jugendliche auf der Sekundarstufe I ihr AI Empowerment. Anhand eines Vignettenexperiments wurde der Einfluss von Augmentationsstrategien auf die Wahrnehmung von IKT-Berufen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Mädchen sich im Umgang mit KI weniger befähigt fühlen als Jungen. Dialogorientierte Augmentationsstrategien könnten dazu beitragen, KI-Berufe für junge Frauen attraktiver zu machen. Bildungseinrichtungen und Unternehmen könnten hier ansetzen und eine zukunftsorientierte Grundhaltung fördern, um Jugendliche für die Zusammenarbeit mit KI zu stärken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tanhua, Inkeri (2025): Racialised discourses on migrants and language skills in Finnish vocational education. In: Journal of vocational education and training, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2025.2543591

Abstract

"This article examines how discourses on migrants, language skills, and the suitability of educational and vocational paths can racialize the students perceived as migrants in Finnish vocational education and training (VET). The study draws on observations and interviews with students and teachers on two differently gender-typed programs, women-dominated dental technology and men-dominated mechanical engineering. In both programmes, most students have moved to Finland and started learning Finnish a few years before entering vocational education. Drawing on critical race theory and critical discourse analysis, the article identifies four discourses that racialize the students perceived as migrants. The discourse on VET as ‘a realistic choice for migrants lacking language skills’ in dental technology and the idealization of ‘hard-working migrants’ in mechanical engineering encourage migrants’ entry to these programs, but simultaneously racialise them. The discourse on ‘sufficient Finnish skills’ in mechanical engineering encourages, while the discourse on ‘high level of language proficiency’ in dental technology discourages migrants’ entry to the profession, and demonstrates that racism can be hidden behind the talk on language skills. Together, these discourses show that the processes of racialisation are mundane in VET and can direct people’s educational and occupational paths." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Uunk, Wilfred (2025): Can Gender Stereotypes Explain the Gender‐Equality Paradox? A Reassessment. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 19, H. 10. DOI:10.1111/soc4.70117

Abstract

"The social science literature surprisingly found that gender differences in the choice of and preference for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) study majors are larger in more gender-equal and affluent countries. This phenomenon is known as the Gender-Equality Paradox (GEP). Some scholars attributed GEP regarding students' mathematics intentions entirely to gender stereotypes, particularly the stereotype that “math is not for girls”. In this study, I reassess the finding that gender stereotypes can explain GEP because (a) the stereotype measure was not independently assessed from the prime respondents, overestimating the stereotype effect, (b) gender-STEM stereotypes may not associate with gender equality and societal affluence, and (c) the effect of gender-STEM stereotypes on gendered mathematics intentions may decrease with societal affluence. Multilevel analyses of data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 support my suggestions. A measure of gender-science stereotypes independently assessed from PISA—the Implicit Association Test—cannot satisfactorily account for GEP regarding students' mathematics intentions. The reasons are a weak association between gender-science stereotypes and societal affluence/gender equality, an only partially significant effect of these stereotypes on the gender gap in mathematics intentions, and a normative effect that decreases with societal affluence. Therefore, GEP remains a puzzling issue that warrants further investigation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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de Koning, Bart K., Didier Fouarge & Robert Dur (2025): Correcting Beliefs About Job Opportunities and Wages: A Field Experiment on Education Choices. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17951), Bonn, 72 S.

Abstract

"We run a field experiment in which we provide information to students about job opportunities and hourly wages of occupations they are interested in. The experiment takes place within a widely-used career orientation program in the Netherlands, and involves 28,186 pre-vocational secondary education students in 243 schools over two years. The information improves the accuracy of students' beliefs and leads them to change their preferred occupation to one with better labor market prospects. Administrative data that covers up to four years after the experiment shows that students choose (and remain in) post-secondary education programs with better job opportunities and higher hourly wages as a result of the information treatment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Choi, Koangsung, Francesco Renna & Chung Choe (2024): The impact of field of study on the gender wage gap: evidence from the first job offer out of college. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 56, H. 53, S. 6713-6729. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2023.2276078

Abstract

"Using a sample of recently graduated college students from South Korea, we estimate the effects of the between-majors and within-major gender wage gap. We use a recentered influence function to decompose the wage differential between majors and find that women face a higher rate of return to the field of study. In addition, women tend to select their program of study with the intention of optimizing their earnings potential relative to men. In calculating the within-major gender wage gap, we control for selectivity into a field of study extending the current methodology to a multinomial logit setting. We test our model using a sample of new graduates from South Korea. We consider six college majors. The within-major wage differential ranged from 8.2% for natural science graduates to 17% for social science graduates. After selection is accounted for, the gender wage gap becomes smaller in humanities graduates but increases in natural science and medicine graduates. Decomposing the selection correction term into explained and unexplained factors eliminates discrimination in medicine and points to reverse discrimination in natural science." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Herdman, Paul, Anthony Mann, Alison Burke & Patrick Signoret (2024): Innovation in career pathways across five countries. (OECD education working papers 320), Paris, 87 S. DOI:10.1787/742bcd05-en

Abstract

"Since the Great Financial Crisis (2007–08) many countries have explored how education systems can better prepare students for their working lives in order to reduce youth unemployment and enhance educational engagement and achievement. This paper focuses on Career Pathways, learning programmes delivered in general secondary education that allow students to undertake a deep exploration of a vocational field of interest while keeping their options for the future open. In a first-of-its-kind analysis and building on understanding of historic provision, the study considers innovation in programme development in five predominantly Anglophone countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland and the United States) since 2010. While historically participation in Career Pathways has been strongly associated with better employment outcomes for learners, evaluations have highlighted important challenges to their delivery at scale for the full range of learners. This paper reviews a range of responses to historic challenges based on study visits to five countries and closes with policy recommendations for future enhancement of provision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Huttunen, Kristiina & Krista Riukula (2024): Parental job loss and children’s career choices. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 90. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102578

Abstract

"We examine how shocks to parents’ careers affect the children’s educational choices and career outcomes. Using Finnish administrative data, we find that a father’s job loss decreases the likelihood of a child choosing the father’s study field. Children of displaced fathers have lower earnings and are more likely to choose study fields with lower predicted earnings; however, we find no effects on the outcomes measured before study choices are made, such as school grades, inactivity and juvenile delinquency. The results suggest that labor market shocks can carry over to the next generation through children’s career choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hägglund, Anna Erika (2024): Same degrees, different outcomes? Fields of study choices and gender wage inequality in Finland and Germany. In: Social science research, Jg. 122. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103029

Abstract

"Men and women's diverging fields of study choices contribute to the gender wage gap among highly educated workers in several countries, yet systematic cross-national comparisons are rare. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, the German Microcensus, and Statistics Finland this study explores whether fields of study shape the gender wage gap differently in Germany than in Finland; two countries that display strong linkages between education and employment, but differ in the generosity of family policies. The results show that fields of study are an important source of gender wage disparities in both countries. In Germany, associations between characteristics of fields and wages do not seem to differ between the genders. In Finland, the findings suggest that women profit more than men from fields with strong linkages to occupations. Our findings highlight that research analyzing the association between fields of study and gender inequality needs to consider institutional features and gender-specific patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Ost, Ben, Weixiang Pan & Douglas A. Webber (2024): Institution, Major, and Firm-Specific Premia: Evidence from Administrative Data. (Finance and economics discussion series / Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 2024-018), Washington, DC, o. Sz. DOI:10.17016/FEDS.2024.018

Abstract

"We examine how a student’s field of Degree and institution attended contribute to the labor market outcomes of young graduates. Administrative panel data that combines student transcripts with matched employer-employee records allow us to provide the first decomposition of premia into individual and firm-specific components. We find that both major and institutional premia are more strongly related to the firm-specific component of wages than the individual-specific component of wages. On average, a student’s major is a more important predictor of future wages than the selectivity of the institution attended, but major premia (and their relative ranking) can differ substantially across institutions, suggesting the importance of program-level data for prospective students and their parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Putz, Sabine & René Sturm (Hrsg.) (2024): Berufsorientierung, Berufsberatung und Berufswahl. Eine Projektschau der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation des AMS Österreich der Jahre 2015 bis 2023. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 178), Wien, 268 S.

Abstract

"Das AMS Österreich mit seiner Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation (ABI) ist hierzulande mit eine der wichtigsten Institutionen, die sich der flächendeckenden Versorgung der breiten Bevölkerung wie auch der verschiedenen Fachöffentlichkeiten (Lehrkräfte im schulischen Bereich, Bildungs- und BerufsberaterInnen einschließlich der MitarbeiterInnen in den BerufsInfoZentren des AMS, JugendberaterInnen, BildungsmanagerInnen, TrainerInnen in arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen wie auch im Gesamtfeld der Erwachsenenbildung, JournalistInnen u.v.m.) mit Berufs- und Arbeitsmarktinformationen widmet und darüber hinaus verschiedene weitere relevante Serviceangebote zur Bildungs- und Berufsorientierung bereitstellt. Der vorliegende AMS report 178 bietet anhand ausgewählter Forschungsprojekte bzw. praxisorientierter Publikationen einen mehrjährigen und repräsentativen Querschnitt dieser Aktivitäten des AMS Österreich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wolter, Stefan C. & Thea Zöllner (2024): Are Parents an Obstacle to Gender-Atypical Occupational Choices? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16955), Bonn, 18 S.

Abstract

"Despite numerous measures intended to enhance gender equality, gender-specific study and career choices remain a persistent concern for policymakers and academics globally. We contribute to the literature on gendered career choices by focusing on explicitly stated parental preferences for their children's occupations, using a large-scale randomized survey experiment with adults (N=5940) in Switzerland. The focus on parents (and hypothetical parents) is motivated by the observation that adolescents consistently mention their parents as the single most important factor influencing their career choices. The surveyed adults are presented with a realistic choice situation, in which their hypothetical daughter or son has been proposed two different training occupations. The pair of occupations presented to the adults is drawn from a random sample of 105 pairs of occupations, and the respondents are not informed about the gender distribution of the two occupations. Results show that adults are gender-neutral when advising a daughter but have a pronounced preference for male-dominated occupations when advising sons. Preferences are almost identical for parents and non-parents and across age cohorts of adults." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report explores how school-level career guidance systems can more effectively respond to social inequalities. It draws on new analysis of PISA and PIAAC data and builds on the OECD Career Readiness Indicators to review the impact of inequalities related primarily to socio-economic background, gender and migrant status/ethnicity on the character of education-to-work transitions. The data analysis identifies additional barriers facing certain demographic groups in converting human capital into successful employment. It also finds that teenage access to career development is strongly patterned by the demographic characteristics of students. Consequently, the report highlights a range of career guidance interventions that can be expected to mitigate the negative impact of inequalities on student outcomes, enabling fairer access to economic opportunities. The report concludes by reviewing how the innovative new Career Education Framework in New Brunswick (Canada) systematically addresses inequalities within K-12 provision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adamuti-Trache, Maria & Yi Leaf Zhang (2023): Uncertainty and change in American youth occupational expectations. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 202-219. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2023.2174956

Abstract

"Grounded in Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), this study contributes to empirical efforts to understand factors affecting the career-development process of American youth by focusing on change in occupational expectations between age 16 and 26. The study is based on the secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. The main result is that occupational expectations decrease over time, and the change is strongly affected by student educational expectations and actual attainment by age 26. The study findings indicate that higher educational attainment leads to stability in occupational expectations and higher prestige scores of the intended occupations. Females are more likely than males to have higher occupational expectations. Academic self-efficacy and self-regulatory behaviours during secondary education lead to higher occupational expectations, as does an understanding of employment barriers. Non-college-bound youth and postsecondary non-completers experience a higher drop in occupational expectations over time which could reveal unrealistic career plans." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Altmejd, Adam (2023): Inheritance of fields of study. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2023,11), Uppsala, 60 S.

Abstract

"University graduates are more than three times as likely to hold a degree in the field that their parent graduated from. To estimate how much of this association is caused by the educational choices of parents, I exploit admission thresholds to university programs in a regression discontinuity design. I study individuals who applied to Swedish universities between 1977 and 1992 and evaluate how their enrollment in different fields of study increases the probability that their children later study the same topic. I find strong causal influence. At the aggregate level, children become 50% more likely to graduate from a field if their parent has previously enrolled in it. The effect is positive for most fields, but varies substantially in size. Technology, engineering, medicine, business exhibit the largest, significant, effects. For these fields, parental enrollment increases child graduation probability with between 2.0 and 12.8 percentage points. I show that the parent’s labor market experience plays an important role in explaining the results, but parental field enrollment does not increase subject-specific skills, nor is it associated with higher returns to earnings. I find little evidence for comparative advantage being the key driver of field inheritance. Rather, parents seem to function as role models, making their own field choice salient. This is indicated by the fact that children become less likely to follow parents with weak labor market prospects, and that children are more likely to follow the parent with the same gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Astleithner, Franz, Susanne Vogl & Raphaela Kogler (2023): Occupational aspirations at the end of compulsory schooling: The interplay of parents' educational background, work values and self-Concepts in the reproduction of inequality. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 333-358. DOI:10.1007/s11614-023-00541-3

Abstract

"Am Ende der Sekundarstufe I stehen Entscheidungen über die weitere Schul- oder Berufsausbildung und bestimmen den schulischen und beruflichen Werdegang. Das Verständnis der Entscheidungsprozesse während dieses Übergangs hilft, die generationsübergreifende Reproduktion von Ungleichheit aufzuklären. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Einflüsse auf Berufswünsche und die Art und Weise, wie der Bildungsstand der Eltern sie prägt, zu verstehen. Wir haben Daten aus einer Online-Umfrage unter 3078 Schülern im Alter von etwa 15 Jahren in der allgemeinbildenden Schule der Neuen Mittelschule in Wien (Österreich) analysiert. Basierend auf Regressionsanalysen und Pfadmodellen zeigen wir, dass der Bildungshintergrund mit den Berufswünschen zusammenhängt. Arbeitswerte, Einstellungen zur Schule und Sozialkapital prägen Berufswünsche, können aber nicht (vollständig) durch den Bildungshintergrund erklärt werden. Darüber hinaus finden wir keine Hinweise darauf, dass die Kontrollüberzeugung das Niveau der beruflichen Ambitionen beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Bellmann, Lutz & Günther Schmid (2023): Übergänge von der Schule in den Beruf: Kann Deutschland von der Schweiz lernen? (WZB discussion paper : Emeriti EME 2023-001), Berlin, 47 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl sich das duale System der Berufsausbildung im Hinblick auf die Integration von jungen Menschen in das Bildungs- und Beschäftigungssystem generell als erfolgreich erwiesen hat, bestehen erhebliche Unterschiede in der Governance. Dementsprechend variieren Bildungs- und Beschäftigungsniveaus sowie die Risiken von NEET (neither in employment, nor in education and training), Arbeitslosigkeit und Armut. Nicht erst seit der COVID-19-Pandemie wird das deutsche System der Berufsausbildung aus vielen Gründen stark kritisiert, während das entsprechende System in der Schweiz eher positiv gewürdigt wird. Deshalb vergleichen wir die beiden Steuerungssysteme des Übergangs von der Schule in den Beruf. Vor dem Hintergrund der Theorie der Übergangsarbeitsmärkte betrachten wir die jeweiligen Ordnungen, Akteure, Übergangspfade und aktuellen Entwicklungen. Danach präsentieren wir unsere Bewertung: Deutschland kann von der Schweiz lernen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Schaffung verlässlicher Brücken zwischen verschiedenen Ausbildungs- und Erwerbsverläufen, der Verbesserungen im Bereich der Berufsorientierung, der laufenden Aktualisierung der Berufsbildungs-Curricula durch verbindliche Vereinbarungen, der Modularisierung und nachhaltigen Finanzierung der beruflichen Bildungsgänge. Überlegungen zu konkreten und grundlegenden Reformoptionen bilden den Abschluss." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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DiPrete, Thomas A. & Joanna Chae (2023): Coordinated markets, school-to-work linkages, and labor market outcomes in Europe. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 87 1-19. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100840

Abstract

"A large literature has theorized about the importance of skill formation systems for labor market outcomes. Focusing on twenty two European countries, this paper establishes that countries differ in the strength of the pathways that connect educational credentials to the occupational structure. Pathway strength matters for the quality of occupational matching, for employment and earnings, and for the earnings gap between well matched and less well-matched workers. Systematic country differences matter most clearly in their implications for the average strength of linkage between educational credentials and the occupational structure. The strength of the association between local linkage strength and labor market outcomes may also vary by country or across the various country clusters that have been identified in the institutional literature. However, the considerable within-country heterogeneity in the cross-country rankings of individual pathways implies that one needs to look within countries to understand pathway structure and its connection with career progression and labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Erosa, Andrés, Luisa Fuster, Gueorgui Kambourov & Richard Rogerson (2023): Wage and Earnings Inequality Between and Within Occupations: The Role of Labor Supply. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31665), Cambridge, Mass, 37 S.

Abstract

"We document systematic differences in wage and earnings inequality between and within occupations and show that these differences are intimately related to systematic differences in labor supply across occupations. We then develop a variant of a Roy model in which earnings are a non-linear function of hours, with the extent of this non-linearity differing across occupations. In our theory, the interplay between heterogeneity in tastes for leisure and occupational differences in non-linearities affects the sorting of workers. Moreover, this interplay is crucial to account for the facts on the distributions of hours, wages, and earnings within and across occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio, José Alberto Molina & Jorge Velilla (2023): Occupational sorting and the transmission of self-employment between generations. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 12, S. 1631-1634. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2074354

Abstract

"Existing research has focused on factors explaining self-employment decisions, and the intergenerational transmission of self-employment has been posited as one explanatory factor. However, findings differ across countries, and the channels for such transmission remain unclear. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, we analyse whether working in the same occupation as parents, conditional on parents’ self-employment, is related to being self-employed. Results show that working in the same occupation as parents is statistically and significantly related to being self-employed, which may indicate the existence of intergenerational transmission of self-employment. Furthermore, this relationship is especially significant between fathers and sons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ilyés, Virág & Anna Sebők (2023): University peers and career prospects: The impact of university ties on early labor market outcomes. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 96. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102456

Abstract

"By using extensive Hungarian administrative data, this study aims to provide empirical evidence that former university ties strongly influence the labour market outcomes of individuals, even early in their careers. The estimates focus on the early career paths of graduates who obtained a master's degree between 2010 and 2017. As direct information on social contacts is not available in the dataset, we proxy university peers as students who started and finished the same university programmes (bachelor's or master's) in the same semester. Our results suggest that individuals are more likely to get hired by given firms if their former peers work there. The measured effects are considered significant and quite robust, even after controlling for the important sources of potential bias. Although we cannot present exact proof of the direct help of contacts, we provide suggestive evidence that seems to confirm the existence of such assistance. Our findings also revealed that the measured benefits are mainly attributable to connections from bachelor's studies. The effect of master's peers is mostly driven by the selection of individuals alongside prevalent study track-firm pathways. By comparing entries into new firms with and without peers, we also show that graduates with links have better labor market outcomes after hiring: they earn higher wages, obtain better and more prestigious positions, and stay longer at their new firm. The results draw attention to the importance of university peers in the labour market and contribute to the discussions about the determinants of early labour market success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kiss, Andrea, Robert Garlick, Kate Orkin & Lukas Hensel (2023): Jobseekers’ Beliefs about Comparative Advantage and (Mis)Directed Search. (Upjohn Institute working paper 388), Kalamazoo, Mich., 99 S. DOI:10.17848/wp23-388

Abstract

"Worker sorting into tasks and occupations has long been recognized as an important feature of labor markets. But this sorting may be inefficient if jobseekers have inaccurate beliefs about their skills and therefore apply to jobs that do not match their skills. To test this idea, we measure young South African jobseekers’ communication and numeracy skills and their beliefs about their skill levels. Many jobseekers believe they are better at the skill in which they score lower, relative to other jobseekers. These beliefs predict the skill requirements of jobs where they apply. In two field experiments, giving jobseekers their skill assessment results shifts their beliefs toward their assessment results. It also redirects their search toward jobs that value the skill in which they score relatively higher—using measures from administrative, incentivized task, and survey data—but does not increase total search effort. It also raises earnings and job quality, consistent with inefficient sorting due to limited information." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mayrhuber, Christine (2023): Auswirkungen von Berufswahl, Erwerbsunterbrechungen und Teilzeitarbeit auf das Lebenseinkommen von Frauen: Zentrale Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen einer aktuellen Studie im Auftrag des AMS Österreich. (AMS-Info / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 576), Wien, 4 S.

Abstract

"(...) Die vorliegende Studie ist eine Aktualisierung wie auch Erweiterung einer Studie aus 2017. Im ersten Abschnitt wird die Arbeitsmarktintegration der Frauen in Österreich entlang der Dimensionen Arbeitszeit und Einkommen analysiert. Die Datengrundlage sowie die Annahmen zu den modellierten Erwerbs- und Einkommensverläufen finden sich im zweiten Abschnitt. Der dritte Abschnitt behandelt die strukturellen Unterschiede der Erwerbseinkommens- summen entlang unterschiedlicher Wirtschaftsbranchen und Berufe, die Frauen ohne Erwerbsunterbrechungen haben. Ein Vergleich der Erwerbseinkommen bei durchgängigen Erwerbsverläufen zeigt, dass die strukturellen Verdienstunterschiede zwischen den Wirtschaftsklassen im Hinblick auf die Lebenseinkommensmöglichkeiten bedeutender sind, als die Effekte von vorübergehenden Teilzeitphasen. Im vierten Abschnitt sind die Ergebnisse der modellierten elf hypothetischen Erwerbsbiographien auf die Erwerbs- und Pensionseinkommen der Frauen festgehalten. Im ersten Teil sind die Unterschiede der summieren Erwerbseinkommen diskutiert, die Vollzeit- und Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit nach sich zieht. Des Weiteren wird gezeigt, welche Auswirkungen sowohl Erwerbsunterbrechungen als auch Teilzeitarbeitsphasen auf das Lebenseinkommen in fünf unterschiedlichen Berufen und fünf unterschiedlichen Wirtschaftsbranchen haben. (...)" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Orellana, Alexis & Kegon Teng Kok Tan (2023): Skills, Aspirations, and Occupations. (HCEO working paper / Human capital and economic opportunity global working group 2023,027), Chicago, Ill., 44 S.

Abstract

"It is well documented that children often "inherit" the occupations of their parents. This paper studies the role of early occupational aspirations in determining later life outcomes, a potentially important channel for intergenerational correlations in occupations. Using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, we estimate a lifecycle model of college choice and occupation choice to quantify the effect of aspirations on education and wages. We find that aspirations have a sizeable impact on educational attainment and wages, even conditional on latent skills that we recover from the choice model. We also simulate the importance of family background conditional on skills through the strong correlation between family background and aspirations. Our findings suggest that aspirations may be a valuable lever for reducing intergenerational inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Palffy, Patricia, Patrick Lehnert & Uschi Backes-Gellner (2023): Social norms and gendered occupational choices of men and women: Time to turn the tide? In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 62, H. 4, S. 380-410. DOI:10.1111/irel.12332

Abstract

"We analyze the relationship between social gender norms and adolescents' occupational choices by combining regional votes on constitutional amendments on gender equality with job application data from a large job board for apprenticeships. The results show that adolescent males in regions with stronger traditional social gender norms are more likely to apply for typically male occupations. This finding does not hold for females, suggesting that incentivizing men to break the norms and choose gender-atypical occupations (e.g., in healthcare) can be even more effective in accelerating advancement toward gender equality in the labor market than incentivizing women to choose STEM occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Schüle, Paul (2023): Career Preferences and Socio-Economic Background. (Ifo working papers 395), München, 50 S.

Abstract

"Career decisions, that is educational and occupational choice, are not only made by comparing expected incomes, but also by considering non-monetary rewards like social impact, chances of promotion, or the compatibility of work and family. In this paper, I use rich panel data from Germany to show that preferences about such aspects of a career as stated at age 17 are strong predictors of future earnings in the labor market. At the same time, these preferences differ significantly by socioeconomic background, and intergenerational income persistence is reduced by 8–22 percent when accounting for career preferences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Seehuus, Sara (2023): Gender differences and similarities in work preferences: Results from a factorial survey experiment. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 66, H. 1, S. 5-25. DOI:10.1177/00016993211060241

Abstract

"Despite increased gender equality in many arenas in most of the Western world, women and men continue to choose different educational paths; this is one reason for the persistent gender segregation in the labour market. Cultural and economic explanations for occupational gender segregation both contend that gendered career choices reflect gendered preferences. By analysing data from a multifactorial survey experiment conducted in Norway, designed to isolate the preferences for occupations from preferences for job attributes with which occupation is often correlated: pay; type of position; and amount of work, this article examines whether and to what extent boys and girls who have not yet entered the labour market have different preferences for different work dimensions. The study shows some gender differences in occupational preferences, while also demonstrating similarities in boys’ and girls’ preferences for work dimensions, such as pay and working hours. This indicates that attributes tested by the experiment, which are typically associated with gendered occupations, cannot independently explain why boys and girls tend to have divergent occupational preferences. Importantly, however, the results suggest that boys’ reluctance to undertake some female-typed occupations might be reduced if they did not pay less than male-typed occupations requiring the same level of education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Steiner, Karin & Irina Kachapova (2023): Bedarfe und Trends in der Bildungs- und Berufsberatung von österreichischen Maturant:innen. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 175), Wien, 68 S.

Abstract

"Im Auftrag der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation (ABI) des AMS Österreich wurden vom sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungs- und Beratungsinstitut abif im Herbst 2023 verschiedene Beratungseinrichtungen, die vor allem MaturantInnen beraten, dahingehend befragt, welchen Beratungsbedarf diese konkret haben und wie sich dieser in den letzten zehn Jahren geändert hat. Im Zuge dessen wurde auf die Situation bei der Studienauswahl an Fachhochschulen, Pädagogischen Hochschulen und Universitäten fokussiert. Im Zuge der Literatur- und Studienanalyse wurden auch die Ergebnisse der schon oben erwähnten Studie des IHS (Maturierendenbefragung 2022) im Auftrag des BMBWF berücksichtigt und in die Analysen miteinbezogen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Card, David, Ciprian Domnisoru, Seth G. Sanders, Lowell Taylor & Victoria Udalova (2022): The Impact of Female Teachers on Female Students' Lifetime Well-Being. (NBER working paper 30430), Cambridge, Mass, 76 S. DOI:10.3386/w30430

Abstract

"It is widely believed that female students benefit from being taught by female teachers, particularly when those teachers serve as counter-stereotypical role models. We study education in rural areas of the US circa 1940 - a setting in which there were few professional female exemplars other than teachers - and find that female students were more successful when their primary-school teachers were disproportionately female. Impacts are lifelong: female students taught by female teachers were more likely to move up the educational ladder by completing high school and attending college, and had higher lifetime family income and increased longevity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chhaochharia, Vidhi, Mengqiao Du & Alexandra Niessen-Ruenzi (2022): Counter-stereotypical female role models and women's occupational choices. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 196, S. 501-523. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.02.009

Abstract

"This paper examines the relation between counter-stereotypical female role models and women's labor supply and occupational choices. Using hand-collected data from Gallup surveys that cover more than 50 years, we create a direct measure of counter-stereotypical female role models based on the fraction of local survey respondents who state that they admire famous women in business, politics, or science. We show that admiring counter-stereotypical female role models is associated with more women participating in the labor market, working in male-dominated and STEM industries, and taking managerial positions, which eventually alleviates the gender pay gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Clark, Andrew E., Maria Cotofan & Richard Layard (2022): The Full Returns to the Choice of Occupation and Education. (IZA discussion paper 15279), Bonn, 57 S.

Abstract

"Information on both earnings and non-pecuniary rewards is needed to understand the occupational dispersion of wellbeing. We analyse subjective wellbeing in a large UK sample to construct a measure of "full earnings", the sum of earnings and the value of non-pecuniary rewards, in 90 different occupations. Labour-market inequality is underestimated: the dispersion of full earnings is one-third larger than the dispersion of earnings. Equally, the gender and ethnic gaps in the labour market are larger than those in earnings alone, and the full returns to education on the labour market are underestimated. These results are similar in data on US workers. In neither cross-section nor panel data do we find evidence of compensating differentials." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lessky, Franziska, Erna Nairz & Marcus Wurzer (2022): Social selectivity and gender-segregation across fields of study: Comparative evidence from Austria. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 63, H. 4, S. 201-221. DOI:10.1177/00207152221099171

Abstract

"This study explores stratification within the Austrian university system by focusing on social selectivity and gender-segregation across fields of study. We investigate how much the choice of field of study is associated with parental educational background and the gender of the students—especially, how these characteristics vary across individual (teaching) subjects. Teacher training is often regarded as typically chosen by women and preferred by so-called educational climbers. However, previous studies focus on clusters of fields of study and do not take into account the differences between individual (teaching) subjects. We address this research gap by focusing on a comparison between those who have chosen to undergo a teaching program in a specific subject and those who have studied this specific subject without pedagogical training. By using administrative data from first-year students at Austrian state universities (N = 23,400) in 2016–2017, and applying logistic regression analysis, the results demonstrate that in almost all analyzed fields of study, similar patterns of gender-segregation according to the choice of fields of study can be observed, regardless of whether it concerns a teacher training subject or a corresponding equivalent academic subject. Educational climbers tend to opt more frequently for teacher training subjects than for their corresponding fields—especially in some of the mathematics-oriented science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. We contribute to comparative sociological literature by introducing the approach of comparing teacher training subjects to their academic equivalents and revealing a more nuanced picture regarding horizontal inequalities in higher education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Marcén, Miriam & Marina Morales (2022): The effect of gender norms on gender-based sorting across occupations. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1160), Essen, 41 S.

Abstract

"Despite the notable progress that has been made in bridging the gap between women and men in the world of work, women are still underrepresented in several occupations. In this article, the effect of gender norms on whether women enter male-dominated occupations is analysed using differences in gender equality among early-arrival migrants. The variations in gender norms according to the cultural backgrounds of those migrants by country of origin are exploited to identify their impact on occupational choices. Using data from the American Community Survey, it is found that greater gender equality in the country of origin reduces the gender gap in male-dominated occupations. Suggestive evidence is further shown on the roles of job flexibility and women's relative preferences for family-friendly jobs in shaping gender-based sorting across occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pregaldini, Damiano, Simone Balestra & Uschi Backes-Gellner (2022): Does Ethnic Diversity in Schools Affect Occupational Choices? (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 201), Zürich, 51 S.

Abstract

"We study how two distinct dimensions of peer ethnic diversity (ethnic fractionalization and ethnic polarization) affect occupational choice. Using longitudinal administrative data and leveraging variation in ethnic composition across cohorts within schools, we find evidence for two opposing effects. Ethnic fractionalization increases the likelihood of students sorting into people-oriented occupations while ethnic polarization reduces this likelihood. Using data on social and cognitive skills, we provide evidence that exposure to higher levels of ethnic fractionalization enhances the students' formation of social skills and increases the likelihood of students sorting into people-oriented occupations where the returns to these skills are higher." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmölz, Alexander, Karin Gugitscher, David Österle, Alexander Petanovitsch, Veronika Litschel & Roland Löffler (2022): Berufswahl in der Adoleszenz. Projektbericht des Österreichischen Instituts für Berufsbildungsforschung (öibf), Wien. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 164), Wien, 82 S.

Abstract

"Aus dem einleitenden Teil: "Diese Studie präsentiert die Lebensrealitäten von Jugendlichen in Wien am Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf. Es werden unterschiedliche Aspekte aufgezeigt, die bei der Wahl eines Berufes für diese Jugendlichen ausschlaggebend sind. Dabei wird das Augenmerk vor allem auf chancenbenachteiligte Jugendliche und deren besonderen Herausforderungen und Lebensumstände gelegt. Vorgestellt werden spezifische Ressourcen, die bereitgestellt werden müssen, damit diesen Jugendlichen eine gelingende Berufswahl möglich ist. Auf Basis der im empirischen Teil gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden Ansätze zur Stärkung und zum Empowerment der Jugendlichen entwickelt und zusammengefasst. Neben dem Ziel, eine Ausbildung erfolgreich abzuschließen, zeigt sich, dass es arbeitsmarktpolitisch sinnvoll ist, dass diese Jugendlichen: 1. eine aktiv erworbene berufliche Identität entwickeln; 2. eine aktive Positionierung »Ich will« gegenüber Arbeit einnehmen; 3. eine reflektierte Berufswahl treffen. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, erweisen sich vor allem humanistische Ansätze der Berufsorientierung, Bildungsberatung und Übergangsbegleitung als wirkmächtig, da sie neben der Begleitung der Berufswahl auch zur Stärkung des Selbstbewusstseins, des Selbstwirkungsgefühls und der Handlungskompetenz des Einzelnen beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Vals, Ona, Franz Astleithner, Brigitte Schels, Susanne Vogl & Raphaela Kogler (2022): Educational and Occupational Aspirations: A Longitudinal Study of Vienna Youth. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 2, S. 226-239., 2022-02-01. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i2.5105

Abstract

"During their transition from lower to upper secondary education, young people make educational and occupational choices driven by their aspirations. Such aspirations are shaped by the individuals’ social environment, their idea of what seems achievable and desirable, and their experiences. Therefore, aspirations can change during the transitional phase. In this article, we explore the development of educational and occupational aspirations of young people over three years. At the start of the study period, the students were attending the lower track in lower secondary education, the so‐called Neue Mittelschule (8th grade), in the city of Vienna in the 2017–2018 academic year. Drawing on the panel survey data (2018–2020) of the Pathways to the Future project, we simultaneously explore stability and change of educational and occupational aspirations. We describe different patterns of change in aspirations and analyse the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and prior achievement on these patterns. Using latent transition analysis, we identify 11 patterns of aspirations with important differences depending on social background. Most of the students have stable aspirations. However, the results show that school performance, migration background, and the level of parental education play important roles in explaining different levels and patterns of aspirations over time. These longitudinal analyses of educational and occupational aspirations provide important insights into the transition process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © COGITATIO Press) ((en))

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(2022): Suchstrategien & Informationsverhalten zum Thema Beruf, Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt - Befragung Jugend (12 bis 24 Jahre). Eine Studie von IPSOS im Auftrag des AMS 2022. (AMS-Arbeitsmarktstrukturbericht), Wien, 90 S.

Abstract

"Jugendliche gelten aus Sicht des AMS als besonders wichtige KundInnengruppe. Ziel/Inhalt: Erhebung von Daten über AMS und BIZ Bekanntheitsgrad, Bekanntheitsgrad der AMS Online Infos, Daten zur Arbeitsmarktsituation aus Sicht der Jugendlichen. Zweck: Informationstransfer in Richtung Aus- und Weiterbildung von BIZ MitarbeiterInnen. Auch bei internen Weiterbildungsveranstaltungen für AMS BeraterInnen werden jene Themenbereiche vorgestellt, die für den Aufbau eines gut funktionierenden Service für jugendliche KundInnen bedeutsam sind. Die Daten werden im jährlichen BIZ Bericht veröffentlicht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bergmann, Nadja, Norbert Lachmayr, Martin Mayerl & Nicolas Pretterhofer (2021): Frauen in technischen Ausbildungen und Berufen. Fokus auf förderliche Ansätze. (AMS-Report / Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich 157/158), Wien, 224 S.

Abstract

"Der ungleiche Anteil an Frauen und Männern in handwerklichen/technischen Berufen ist ein beharrliches Phänomen. Geschlechterstereotype, die geschlechtsbezogene Konnotation von Berufen und Berufsgruppen sowie durch Inszenierung von Geschlechtszugehörigkeit geprägte Arbeitsumfelder stellen immer noch wirkmächtige Barrieren dar, die einem Eintritt in eine Ausbildung oder einen Beruf im handwerklich-technischen Feld von Frauen im Wege stehen. Diese Barrieren haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zwar etwas verschoben, hielten jedoch im Großen und Ganzen den Bemühungen unterschiedlichster AkteurInnen, die um deren Abbau bemüht waren, stand. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das AMS Oberösterreich eine Studie zur Wirksamkeit bestehender Maßnahmen und Programme zur Förderung von Frauen und Mädchen in technischen Berufen in Auftrag gegeben. Diese Auftragsvergabe hat die vorliegende Studie zum Ergebnis, mit der dem AMS Oberösterreich – und allen anderen interessierten AkteurInnen – eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage zur Bewertung bestehender sowie Entwicklung neuer arbeitsmarktpolitischer Projekte mit dem Ziel der Begeisterung (junger) Frauen für den handwerklichen/technischen Bereich an die Hand gegeben wird. Bei der Erstellung der Studie wurden, im Sinne einer ganzheitlichen Bearbeitung des Themas, möglichst viele AkteurInnengruppen in die Erhebung miteinbezogen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Boar, Corina & Danial Lashkari (2021): Occupational Choice and the Intergenerational Mobility of Welfare. (NBER working paper 29381), Cambridge, Mass, 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w2938

Abstract

"Based on responses in the General Social Survey, we construct an index that captures non-monetary qualities of occupations, such as respect, learning, and work hazards, relevant to the well-being of workers. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, we document that the children of richer US parents are more likely to select into occupations that rank higher in terms of this index. We rationalize this fact by introducing occupational choice with preferences over the intrinsic qualities of occupations into a standard theory of intergenerational mobility. Estimating the model allows us to infer the equivalent monetary compensation each worker receives from the intrinsic qualities of their chosen occupation. Earnings adjusted to reflect this additional compensation show substantially larger persistence of income from parents to children. Our model further predicts that the trends in the composition of labor demand in the US over the past three decades decreased intergenerational persistence, and also led to higher growth in the welfare of the average worker than that implied by observed earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Clark, Andrew E., Maria Cotofan & Richard Layard (2021): The true returns to the choice of occupation and education. (CEP discussion paper 1746), London, 50 S.

Abstract

"Which occupations are best for wellbeing? There is a large literature on earnings differentials, but less attention has been paid to occupational differences in non-pecuniary rewards. However, information on both types of rewards is needed to understand the dispersion of wellbeing across occupations. We analyse subjective wellbeing in a large representative sample of UK workers to construct a measure of "full earnings", the sum of earnings and the value of non-pecuniary rewards, in 90 different occupations. We first find that the dispersion of earnings underestimates the extent of inequality in the labour market: the dispersion of full earnings is one-third larger than the dispersion of earnings. Equally, the gender and ethnic gaps in the labour market are larger than data on earnings alone would suggest, and the true returns to completed secondary education (though not to a degree) are underestimated by earnings differences on their own. Finally, we show that our main results are similar, and stronger, for a representative sample of US workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Covacevich, Catalina, Anthony Mann, Filippo Besa, Jonathan Diaz & Cristina Santos (2021): Thinking about the future. (OECD education working papers 248), Paris, 87 S. DOI:10.1787/02a419de-en

Abstract

"This paper explores how teenage thinking about jobs and careers relates to adulthood labour market outcomes. The OECD working paper Career Ready? How schools can better prepare young people for working life in the era of COVID-19 identifies career certainty, alignment and ambition as relevant indicators related to career thinking. This paper extends analysis of these indicators to new longitudinal datasets from Australia, Denmark, and Switzerland, and incorporates two new indicators, instrumental motivation and career concentration. The findings provide further evidence that teenage career ambition, certainty, alignment, instrumental motivation and broad occupational expectations relate to positive employment outcomes, including in periods of economic turbulence. However, this is not always the case and on some occasions, this association is found only in specific subgroups. Finally, the paper presents evidence from the academic literature, analysis of OECD PISA data and accounts from practitioners, which focus on ways in which schools can foster students’ career thinking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Yu, Wei-hsin & Janet Chen-Lan Kuo (2021): Gender-Atypical Occupations and Instability of Intimate Unions: Examining the Relationship and Mechanisms. In: Socius, Jg. 7, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1177/23780231211000177

Abstract

"Although social scientists have long been interested in the effects of occupational gender composition on workers, previous research has rarely examined how working in a gender-atypical occupation affects people’s private lives. This study draws on 17 rounds of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to investigate how individuals in occupations with varying gender ratios differ in the stability of their intimate unions. The authors also consider various mechanisms that may explain the link between working in a gender-atypical occupation and union instability. Results from random-effects event-history models show that both men and women in gender-atypical occupations experience faster paces of union dissolution than their counterparts in gender-balanced or gender-typical occupations. Female-dominant occupations’ lower pay accounts for a modest portion of the effect of working in female-typed occupations on men’s union instability. By contrast, the more irregular work schedules of male-typed occupations explain a substantial part of why women in such occupations have lower union stability. The remaining associations between occupational gender composition and union instability, we suggest, reflect the tendency for men and women in gender-atypical occupations to undergo greater psychological strain, which in turn increases the difficulty of maintaining intimate relationships." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arcidiacono, Peter, V. Joseph Hotz, Arnaud Maurel & Teresa Romano (2020): Ex Ante Returns and Occupational Choice. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 128, H. 12, S. 4475-4522. DOI:10.1086/710559

Abstract

"Using data from Duke undergraduates, we make three main contributions to the literature. First, we show data on earnings beliefs and probabilities of choosing particular occupations are highly informative of future earnings and occupations. Second, we show how beliefs data can be used to recover ex ante treatment effects and their relationship with individual choices. We find large differences in expected earnings across occupations, and provide evidence of sorting on expected gains. Finally, non-pecuniary factors play an important role, with a sizable share of individuals willing to give up substantial amounts of earnings by not choosing their highest paying occupation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burbano, Vanessa, Nicolas Padilla & Stephan Meier (2020): Gender Differences in Preferences for Meaning at Work. (IZA discussion paper 13053), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"In an effort to better understand occupational segregation by gender, scholars have begun to examine gender differences in preferences for job characteristics. We contend that a critical job characteristic has been overlooked to date: meaning at work; and in particular, meaning at work induced by job mission. We provide empirical evidence of the importance of gender differences in preferences for meaning at work using mixed methods. First, we demonstrate the universality of gender differences in preferences for meaning at work using a cross-country survey covering individuals in 47 countries. We show that these differences become more pronounced with greater levels of education and economic development, suggesting that their importance is likely to increase over time. To address potential social desirability bias in responses about job preferences and to examine whether differences in preferences translate into differences in important behavioral outcomes, we next conduct a conjoint analysis of a cohort of MBA students at a top US university and track their behavior over two years. We show show that preferences for meaning at work, particularly meaning induced by job mission, explain gender differences in not only types of courses taken, but also job industry placement during and after the MBA, thus helping to explain the under-representation of females in higher-paying industries. Overall, this research establishes that men and women differ in their preferences for meaning at work, with important implications for our understanding of the drivers of occupational segregation and of the consequences of corporate mission and purpose." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gicheva, Dora (2020): Occupational social value and returns to long hours. In: Economica, Jg. 87, H. 347, S. 682-712. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12322

Abstract

"This paper examines the phenomenon of uncompensated long hours in jobs with pro-social characteristics and presents evidence that long-hour wage premiums and occupational social value are substitutes in compensating salaried workers who supply hours exceeding the standard working week. I show that the social value of an occupation - in particular the degree to which jobs involve helping or providing service to others - is inversely related to long-hour pay. Allowing for heterogeneity in the degree to which workers value their job's helping orientation lets me explore how gender differences in employees' attitudes toward pro-social behaviour can explain some of the observed occupational sorting trends and gender differences in long-hour compensation. Women tend to be more strongly drawn to 'helping' occupations and at the same time receive lower long-hour premiums in these jobs relative to men. I offer a theoretical framework to rationalize the empirical trends." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lesner, Rune V. (2020): Labor market sorting on personality traits and the gender wage gap. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 27, H. 11, S. 940-944. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2019.1646867

Abstract

"Gender sorting in the labor market can explain a major part of the gender wage gap. This paper documents the association between the gender wage gap and labor market sorting into jobs characterized by their requirements to personality traits. Two thirds of the Danish gender wage gap from 2008 to 2015 explained by occupational sorting can be explained by characterizing occupations by their requirements to personality traits. This amounts to around a quarter of the gender wage gap explained by these nonpecuniary occupational characteristics. In particular, men are awarded for working in jobs that require higher levels of disagreeableness" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Päßler, Katja & Benedikt Hell (2020): Stability and change in vocational interests from late childhood to early adolescence. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 121. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103462

Abstract

"This study examines the age and gender specific development of vocational interest across a three-year span with a sample of 541 students. At time of the first measurement, students were in fourth to sixth grade (mean age = 10.8 years; SD = 1.00) and 48.8% were girls. Results from the multilevel growth curve models showed that Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Social interests declined over time, while Enterprising and Conventional interests remained stable. Thus, our findings suggest that the disruption hypothesis, which assumes that the fundamental biological, psychological and social changes in the transition from childhood to adolescence are associated with a temporary decline in certain personality traits, can be extended to vocational interests. Although our analyses revealed gender differences on initial status for all RIASEC scales, there was no significant evidence for gender differences in interest development over time. Gender based differences in children were found to be smaller than those found in adolescents and adults. Contrary to our expectations, girls reported higher Investigative interests than boys. Analyses of profile elevation and differentiation revealed a decline of profile elevation but no concurrent increase in profile differentiation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Todd, Petra E. & Weilong Zhang (2020): A dynamic model of personality, schooling, and occupational choice. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 231-275. DOI:10.3982/QE890

Abstract

"This paper develops a dynamic model of schooling and occupational choices that incorporates personality traits, as measured by the "big Five" traits. The model is estimated using the HILDA dataset from Australia. Personality traits are found to play an important role in explaining education and occupation choices over the lifecycle. Results show that individuals with a comparative advantage in schooling and white-collar work have, on average, higher cognitive skills and higher personality trait scores. Allowing personality traits to evolve with age and with schooling proves to be important to capturing the heterogeneity in how people respond to educational policies. The estimated model is used to evaluate two education policies: compulsory senior secondary school and a 50% college tuition subsidy. Both policies increase educational attainment and also affect personality traits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blair, Peter Q. & Bobby W. Chung (2019): How much of barrier to entry is occupational licensing? In: BJIR, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 919-943. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12470

Abstract

"We exploit state variation in licensing laws to study the effect of licensing on occupational choice using a boundary discontinuity design. We find that licensing reduces equilibrium labour supply by an average of 17-27 per cent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bol, Thijs, Christina Ciocca Eller, Herman G. van de Werfhorst & Thomas A. DiPrete (2019): School-to-work linkages, educational mismatches, and labor market outcomes. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 84, H. 2, S. 275-307. DOI:10.1177/0003122419836081

Abstract

"A recurring question in public and scientific debates is whether occupation-specific skills enhance labor market outcomes. Is it beneficial to have an educational degree that is linked to only one or a small set of occupations? To answer this question, we generalize existing models of the effects of (mis)match between education and occupation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, we incorporate the structural effects of linkage strength between school and work, which vary considerably across industrialized countries. In an analysis of France, Germany, and the United States, we find that workers have higher earnings when they are in occupations that match their educational level and field of study, but the size of this earnings boost depends on the clarity and strength of the pathway between their educational credential and the labor market. The earnings premium associated with a good occupational match is larger in countries where the credential has a stronger link to the labor market, but the penalty for a mismatch is also greater in such countries. Moreover, strong linkage reduces unemployment risk. These findings add nuance to often-made arguments that countries with loosely structured educational systems have more flexible labor markets and produce better labor market outcomes for workers. An institutional environment that promotes strong school-to-work pathways appears to be an effective strategy for providing workers with secure, well-paying jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chen, Liwen, John Gordanier & Orgul Ozturk (2019): Task followers and labor market outcomes. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 181-201. DOI:10.1007/s12122-019-9282-6

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Dreisiebner, Gernot (2019): Berufsfindungsprozesse von Jugendlichen. Eine qualitativ-rekonstruktive Studie. (Economics Education und Human Resource Management), Wiesbaden: Springer, 459 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-27283-8

Abstract

"Im Mittelpunkt des in diesem Band dargestellten Forschungsvorhabens steht die leitende Fragestellung, welche Orientierungsmuster den Berufsfindungsprozessen von angehenden Lehrlingen mit geschlechts(un)typischen Berufswünschen zugrunde liegen. Unter Rückgriff auf ein qualitativ-rekonstruktives Forschungsdesign werden vier Typen von Berufsfindungsprozessen abgeleitet, welche sich hinsichtlich der Berufswerte, des Ausmaßes an Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung sowie der handlungsleitenden Intention der Jugendlichen unterscheiden. Lediglich Jugendliche vom Typ I (u.a. durch ein hohes Maß an Selbstbestimmung charakterisiert) waren in der Lage, einen geschlechtsuntypischen Berufswunsch zu verwirklichen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Harris, Matthew C. (2019): The impact of body weight on occupational mobility and career development. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 631-660. DOI:10.1111/iere.12364

Abstract

"This article examines the relationship between individuals' weight and employment decisions over the life cycle. I estimate a dynamic stochastic model of individuals' annual choices of occupation, hours worked, and schooling. Evidence suggests that heavier individuals face higher switching costs when transitioning into white-collar occupations, earn lower returns to experience in white-collar occupations, and earn lower wages in socially intensive jobs. I simulate a hypothetical antidiscrimination policy treating obese workers as a protected class. Although such a policy would reduce gaps in occupational attainment, it would have little effect on the observed divergence in wages between obese and nonobese workers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Keller, Elisa (2019): Labor supply and gender differences in occupational choice. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 115, H. June, S. 221-241. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.03.002

Abstract

"This paper uses data on the task content of occupations to study the role of labor supply in occupational choice. In 1970, married women were less likely to choose occupations characterized by analytically intensive tasks than were men. By 2010, gender differences in occupational choice had narrowed significantly. I use the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to measure the value of skill in an occupation and find an increase in this value with the analytical intensity of occupational tasks. I argue that, as a significant part of skill is accumulated on the job, sources that encourage women to commit to market work contributed to the gender convergence in occupational choice. A quantitative exercise measures that labor-saving technical change in the household sector, occupation-biased technical change in final good production, declining gender gaps in wages and schooling account for 58% of the gender convergence in occupational choice, via the labor supply channel." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))

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Marciniak, Julian, Rebekka Steiner & Andreas Hirschi (2019): Berufswahlbereitschaft bei Jugendlichen - Welche Faktoren sind für eine erfolgreiche Berufswahl wichtig? In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 48, H. 1, S. 6-9.

Abstract

"Zur Frage, welche Faktoren für eine gelingende Berufswahl wichtig sind, sind zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Konstrukte entwickelt worden. Der Beitrag gibt aus Sicht der Laufbahnforschung eine Übersicht über diese Konstrukte sowie das integrative Konstrukt 'Berufswahlbereitschaft', das die Kernelemente der bisherigen Konstrukte verbindet. Zur Messung wird der Karriere-Ressourcen-Fragebogen für Jugendliche präsentiert, der es ermöglicht, alle Kernbereiche der Berufswahlbereitschaft effizient zu erfassen. Weiterhin wird erläutert, wie das vorgestellte Messinstrument in der Praxis verwendet werden kann. Abschließend werden erste Befunde aus einem größeren Forschungsprojekt in der Schweiz zur Entwicklung der Berufswahlbereitschaft vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat)

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Baker, Rachel, Eric Bettinger, Brian Jacob & Ioana Marinescu (2018): The effect of labor market information on community college students' major choice. In: Economics of education review, Jg. 65, H. August, S. 18-30. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.05.005

Abstract

"An important goal of community colleges is to prepare students for the labor market. But are students aware of the labor market outcomes in different majors? And how much do students weigh labor market outcomes when choosing a major? In this study we find that less than 15% of a sample of community college students in California rank broad categories of majors accurately in terms of labor market outcomes. Students believe that salaries are 13% higher than they actually are, on average, and students underestimate the probability of being employed by almost 25%. We find that the main determinants of major choice are beliefs about course enjoyment and grades, but expected labor market outcomes also matter. Experimental estimates of the impact of expected labor market outcomes are larger than OLS estimates and show that a 10% increase in salary is associated with a 14 to 18% increase in the probability of choosing a specific category of majors." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Belzil, Christian & François Poinas (2018): Estimating a model of qualitative and quantitative education choices in France. (IZA discussion paper 11433), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"We estimate a structural model of education choices in which individuals choose between a professional (or technical) and a general track at both high school and university levels using French panel data (Génération 98). The average per-period utility of attending general high school (about 10,000 euros per year) is 20% higher than that of professional high school (about 8000 euros per year). About 64% of total higher education enrollments are explained by this differential. At the same time, professional high school graduates would earn 5% to 6% more than general high school graduates if they both entered the labor market around age 18. The return to post-high school general education is highly convex (as in the US) and is reaped mostly toward the end of the higher education curriculum. Public policies targeting an increase in professional high school enrollments of 10 percentage points would require a subsidy of 300 euros per year of professional high school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blair, Peter Q. & Bobby W. Chung (2018): How much of barrier to entry is occupational licensing? (NBER working paper 25262), Cambrige, Mass., 35 S. DOI:10.3386/w25262

Abstract

"We exploit state variation in licensing laws to study the effect of licensing on occupational choice using a boundary discontinuity design. We find that licensing reduces equilibrium labor supply by an average of 17%-27%. The negative labor supply effects of licensing appear to be strongest for white workers and comparatively weaker for black workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brenøe, Anne Ardila (2018): Origins of gender norms. Sibling gender composition and women's choice of occupation and partner. (IZA discussion paper 11692), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"I examine how one central aspect of the childhood family environment - sibling gender composition - affects women's gender conformity, measured through their choice of occupation and partner. Using Danish administrative data, I causally estimate the effect of having a second-born brother relative to a sister for first-born women. The results show that women with a brother acquire more traditional gender norms with negative consequences for their labor earnings. I provide evidence of increased gender-specialized parenting in families with mixed-sex children, suggesting a stronger transmission of traditional gender norms. Finally, I find indications of persistent effects to the next generation of girls." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cook, Julia Anne (2018): Gendered expectations of the biographical and social future. Young adults' approaches to short and long-term thinking. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1376-1391. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468875

Abstract

"Numerous studies have found that although young adults are arguably less constrained by gendered norms and expectations than previous generations, they have nevertheless continued to imagine their biographical futures in highly gendered ways. In this paper I draw on an analysis of 28 in-depth interviews in which 16 women and 12 men (aged 18-34) were asked to discuss their expectations for both the biographical and social future. The results of this study largely confirm the findings of previous scholarship, with young women often viewing childbearing and caring responsibilities as compulsory, while young men largely viewed these commitments as complementary to their chosen careers. This paper extends existing findings in this area by examining, firstly, whether these perceptions of the biographical future are mirrored in the participants' views of the long-term, social future, and secondly, what implications such views may have when they are extended into this register. In so doing it ultimately finds that the gender norms that shape young adults' expectations for their own futures are echoed in their outlooks upon the social future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dell'Era, Michele, Luca David Opromolla & Luís Santos-Pinto (2018): A general equilibrium theory of occupational choice under optimistic beliefs about entrepreneurial ability. (CESifo working paper 7300), München, 43 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the impact of optimism on occupational choice using a general equilibrium framework. The model shows that optimism has four main qualitative effects: it leads to a misallocation of talent, drives up input prices, raises the number of entrepreneurs, and makes entrepreneurs worse off. We calibrate the model to match U.S. manufacturing data. This allows us to make quantitative predictions regarding the impact of optimism on occupational choice, input prices, the returns to entrepreneurship, and output. The calibration shows that optimism can explain the empirical puzzle of the low mean returns to entrepreneurship compared to average wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gaspani, Fabio (2018): Young-adults NEET in Italy. Orientations and strategies toward the future. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 38, H. 1/2, S. 150-164. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-04-2017-0038

Abstract

"Purpose
The article examines the relation with the future of young-adults NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) in Italy. The study of temporal experiences allows to understand how subjects represent their own condition and construct their biographies in an age of uncertainty.
Design/methodology/approach
The study follows a qualitative approach to allow participants to express their own experiences and representations through narratives. The twelve cases considered are illustrative of the different orientations detected in the group of thirty-six young people involved in the research.
Findings
Young-adults NEET have problems in acquiring a recognised social status and in designing future orientations. The difficulties to project themselves in time hinder the attainment of a sense of biographical continuity as well as the process of identity construction, which tends to be increasingly detached from the planning sphere.
Originality/value
The study adds to the literature on the issue of young people NEET, contributing to differentiate the social conditions of this group by referring to their experiences, social belongings and resources. The analysis sheds new light on the agency of young people, that conceive biographical strategies in relation to the scenarios they envisage." (Author's abstract, 䗏 Emerald Group) ((en))

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Lang, Kevin & Maria Dolores Palacios (2018): The determinants of teachers' occupational choice. (NBER working paper 24883), Cambrige, Mass., 36 S. DOI:10.3386/w24883

Abstract

"Among college graduates, teachers have both low average AFQT and high average risk aversion, perhaps because the compression of earnings within teaching attracts relatively risk-averse individuals. Using a dynamic optimization model with unobserved heterogeneity, we show that were it possible to make teacher compensation mimic the return to skills and riskiness of the non-teaching sector, overall compensation in teaching would increase. Moreover, this would make many current teachers substantially worse off, making reform challenging. Importantly, our conclusions are sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity for which we allow. Since even a model with no unobserved heterogeneity fits well within sample, one could easily conclude that allowing for two or three types fits the data adequately. Formal methods reject this conclusion. The BIC favors seven types. Ranking models using cross-validation, nine types is better although the improvements of going from six to seven, from seven to eight and from eight to nine types are noticeably smaller than those from adding an additional type to a lower base." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lawson, Katie M. (2018): Mechanisms underlying parent-child occupational consistency. A critical review. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 272-291. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2017.1284761

Abstract

"Parents' and children's occupations are often similar on a variety of dimensions, including income, gender typicality, and Holland's job types [Whiston, S. C., & Keller, B. K. (2004). The influences of the family of origin on career development: A review and analysis. The Counseling Psychologist, 32, 493 - 568]. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood, limiting both research and application to real-world contexts such as career counseling settings. The present article has three main goals: (1) To critically examine individual mechanisms underlying parent - child occupational consistency; (2) To propose a multiple mechanisms model that accounts for the limitations and assumptions of individual mechanisms; and (3) To propose future research directions while critically examining implicit assumptions of past research and research methodology. By addressing these goals, this paper has the potential to inform future research on parent - child occupational consistency and vocational intervention efforts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Jing Young (2018): The upward trend in women's college-going. The role of teenagers' anticipated future labour force attachment. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 50, H. 30, S. 3271-3284. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1420888

Abstract

"This article focuses on the role of teenagers' anticipated labour force participation in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. A simple conceptual model implies that individuals with more anticipated lifetime hours of work are more likely to invest in college education. My analysis using data from three National Longitudinal Surveys supports the theoretical implication. This finding, combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Magnusson, Charlotta & Magnus Nermo (2018): From childhood to young adulthood. The importance of self-esteem during childhood for occupational achievements among young men and women. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1392-1410. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468876

Abstract

"This study investigates the impact of self-esteem during childhood on men's and women's occupational prestige in young adulthood. By combining first-hand information from parents in the Swedish Level-of-Living surveys (LNU) 2000 and their children in the Child-LNU in 2000 and the follow-up study in LNU-2010, we are able to assess how self-esteem during adolescence is related to occupational prestige in adulthood. Multivariate analyses were used to determine whether associations between self-esteem (global and domain-specific) in childhood (aged 10 - 18 years) and occupational prestige in young adulthood (aged 20 - 28) exist and, if so, what the magnitudes of these associations are for each respective gender.
For women, there is a positive association between confidence in mathematics and prestige, even when accounting for actual math grades. Global self-esteem is positively related to later occupational prestige as well. For men, self-esteem is unrelated to occupational prestige. Only actual performance in mathematics is important for men's occupational achievements.
These results indicate the importance of taking gender differences into account when investigating how self-esteem is related to outcomes in young adulthood. A possible implication is the importance of focusing on the development of self-esteem among children, particularly girls, in school." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oinonen, Eriikka (2018): Under pressure to become: from a student to entrepreneurial self. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 10, S. 1344-1360. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1468022

Abstract

"This paper discusses how entrepreneurial discourse and the idea of the entrepreneurial self are internalised by university students, and how this affects thoughts about the education-work transition, as well as students' ideas and feelings about their future. The data was gathered through visual and narrative methods, composed of reflection texts attached to pictures and empathy-based-stories written by students about to graduate from BA and MA programmes in the social sciences, humanities, business, and administration at the University of Tampere (Finland) and University of Barcelona (Spain). The data-driven analysis reveals that university students have internalised the entrepreneurial ethos but not uncritically. They question the economy-based, work-oriented entrepreneurial self -discourse. Work and income are no longer trusted as grounds for a good life. Although students wish for steady income from a permanent job, they are very aware of the erratic reality. Consequently, they aspire for a balance between work and life. They emphasise rootedness to a place and physically close social relationships as the resources to cope with the uncertainties in working life and society, and as the most important components for a good life. Perhaps the students are in the process of updating the components for a good life to better match with the current reality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Plug, Erik, Bas van der Klaauw & Lennart Ziegler (2018): Do parental networks pay off? Linking children's labor-market outcomes to their parents' friends. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 120, H. 1, S. 268-295. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12227

Abstract

"In this paper, we examine whether children are better off if their parents have more elaborate social networks. Using data on high-school friendships of parents, we analyze whether the number and characteristics of friends affect the labor-market outcomes of children. While parental friendships formed in high school appear long lasting, we find no significant impact on their children's occupational choices and earnings prospects. These results do not change when we account for network endogeneity, network persistency, and network measurement error. Only when children enter the labor market do friends of parents have a marginally significant but small influence on their occupational choice." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Rönnlund, Maria, Per-Åke Rosvall & Monica Johansson (2018): Vocational or academic track? Study and career plans among Swedish students living in rural areas. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 360-375. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2017.1380303

Abstract

"This ethnographic study explores how rural lower secondary school students reflect on study and career choices, focusing on the choice between vocational and academic upper secondary programs. Applying a spatial perspective, we analyze individual students' reflections about study and career choices within a variety of rural regions, and compare patterns in the regions. The results indicate complex interactions between structural factors and individual dispositions. In places where education levels were low and the local labor market predominantly offered unskilled manual and service work, there was a stronger tendency to choose vocational programs than in places with higher education levels and access to a more varied labor market. Likewise, there was an association between strongly gendered labor markets and gender-typical choices. However, individual students positioned themselves actively in relation to the local place, its local labor market and social relations; their choices were place-bound to varying degrees, and chose upper secondary programs and presented ideas about prospective careers that were harmonious with the local labor market in some cases, but discordant in other cases. The results are discussed in the framework of individuals' horizon for actions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Charles, Maria (2017): Venus, Mars, and Math: Gender, Societal Affluence, and Eighth Graders' Aspirations for STEM. In: Socius, Jg. 3, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1177/2378023117697179

Abstract

"The author explores how the gender gap in aspirations for scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) work changes with societal affluence. Over-time data on cohorts of eighth graders in 32 countries reveal that aspirations for mathematically related work become more gender differentiated as societal affluence grows. This relationship holds controlling for students' social class backgrounds, mathematical achievement, and affinity for school, and it is not explained by cross-national differences in the economic integration of women, gender stereotyping of science, or Internet access. Observed patterns of gender segregation reflect more than just women's greater freedom to indulge tastes for non-STEM work in affluent societies; tastes are themselves more gendered in these contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konon, Alexander & Alexander Kritikos (2017): Media and occupational choice. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1683), Berlin, 46 S.

Abstract

"We address the question of whether media influences occupational choices. To theoretically examine media effects, we construct a dynamic Bayesian occupational choice model with sequential decisions under ambiguity due to imperfect information. We show that sufficiently intensive positive media articles and reports about entrepreneurship increase the probability of self-employment and decrease the probability of wage work. To test our model, we use an instrumental variable approach to identify causal media effects using US micro data and a country-level macro panel with two different media variables. We find that an increase in positive media articles and reports about entrepreneurs generates effects on choice probabilities that are consistent with our model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mansour, Fady (2017): Does employment during adolescence reduce adult welfare participation? In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 199-227.

Abstract

"This study is the first to use welfare participation to investigate the impact of working during adolescence on outcomes later in life. I use National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 data to investigate the impact of early-life employment on both the welfare payment and probability of welfare participation in the respondents' 20s and 30s. I use a variety of model specifications, including random effect and Heckman selection models, to check the robustness of the results. The study shows that the impact is generated mainly from the hours worked during the ages of 17, 18 and 19. Working one extra full-time week per year between the ages of 17 and 19 reduces the probability of receiving welfare in the 20s by 8.2 per cent (2.5 percentage points) for females and 10.9 per cent (2 percentage points) for males." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sinche, Melanie, Rebekah L. Layton, Patrick D. Brandt, Anna B. O'Connell, Joshua D. Hall, Ashalla M. Freeman, Jessica R. Harrell, Jeanette Gowen Cook & Patrick J. Brennwald (2017): An evidence-based evaluation of transferrable skills and job satisfaction for science PhDs. In: PLoS one, Jg. 12, H. 9, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0185023

Abstract

"PhD recipients acquire discipline-specific knowledge and a range of relevant skills during their training in the life sciences, physical sciences, computational sciences, social sciences, and engineering. Empirically testing the applicability of these skills to various careers held by graduates will help assess the value of current training models. This report details results of an Internet survey of science PhDs (n = 8099) who provided ratings for fifteen transferrable skills. Indeed, analyses indicated that doctoral training develops these transferrable skills, crucial to success in a wide range of careers including research-intensive (RI) and non-research-intensive (NRI) careers. Notably, the vast majority of skills were transferrable across both RI and NRI careers, with the exception of three skills that favored RI careers (creativity/innovative thinking, career planning and awareness skills, and ability to work with people outside the organization) and three skills that favored NRI careers (time management, ability to learn quickly, ability to manage a project). High overall rankings suggested that graduate training imparted transferrable skills broadly. Nonetheless, we identified gaps between career skills needed and skills developed in PhD training that suggest potential areas for improvement in graduate training. Therefore, we suggest that a two-pronged approach is crucial to maximizing existing career opportunities for PhDs and developing a career-conscious training model: 1) encouraging trainees to recognize their existing individual skill sets, and 2) increasing resources and programmatic interventions at the institutional level to address skill gaps. Lastly, comparison of job satisfaction ratings between PhD-trained employees in both career categories indicated that those in NRI career paths were just as satisfied in their work as their RI counterparts. We conclude that PhD training prepares graduates for a broad range of satisfying careers, potentially more than trainees and program leaders currently appreciate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hunter, Alison & Raewyn Boersen (2016): Attracting girls to a career in programming. A New Zealand investigation. In: International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 338-359.

Abstract

"Various interventions to attract girls into computing careers have been instigated around the world in recent years. There have also been many efforts to understand factors influencing girls' career choices, and several career choice models have been developed.
This pilot study investigated the career preferences of teenage girls who participated in a New Zealand-based intervention: the Programming Challenge 4 Girls. Results revealed three sociability needs as the girls' primary factors influencing career choice. The girls wanted a career that will allow them to engage socially, with a sense of fun, and in a 'cool' environment.
The study also investigated sources of information about programming careers. Most girls did not know where to seek programming career information and their parents and career advisors were found to need more knowledge about IT careers. A government careers website was unsatisfactory with respect to teenage girls' preferences, whereas an industry-based programme partially addressed girls' needs. The paper distinguishes between formal and informal sources of programming career information and proposes a modification to a widely-cited model of girls' career choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McDaniel, Anne (2016): The role of cultural contexts in explaining cross-national gender gaps in stem expectations. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 122-133. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv078

Abstract

"In recent decades, women have made impressive inroads in education and the labour market in most countries; yet, they often remain under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. One way to understand women's under-representation in STEM is to examine how boys and girls develop their career expectations during adolescence, as this is a critical time when individuals begin to plan their futures. Prior cross-national research finds that gender stratification in education, work, and politics in a country affects the size of male-favourable gender gaps on math and science achievement tests for adolescents. Countries with more gender equality have smaller gender gaps in math and science. But, it is unknown how gender stratification or cultural ideologies impact the development of boys' and girls' STEM career expectations. Do countries with less gender equality have smaller male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Do countries with less gender egalitarian have larger male-favourable gender gaps in STEM career expectations? Using data on student's occupational expectations from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment and data on country-level gender stratification and genderegalitarian ideologies from the World Bank and European Values Survey, I study the gender gap in 15-year- olds' expectations to enter a STEM career across 24 countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dobbie, Will & Roland G. Fryer Jr. (2015): The impact of voluntary youth service on future outcomes. Evidence from teach for America. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 15, H. 3, S. 1031-1065.

Abstract

"This paper provides causal estimates of the impact of service programs on those who serve, using data from a web-based survey of former Teach For America (TFA) applicants. We estimate the effect of voluntary youth service using a discontinuity in the TFA application process. Participating in TFA increases racial tolerance, makes individuals more optimistic about the life prospects of poor children, and makes them more likely to work in education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Faulstich-Wieland, Hannelore (Hrsg.) (2015): Berufsorientierung und Geschlecht. (Veröffentlichungen der Max-Traeger-Stiftung 50), Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 188 S.

Abstract

"Die Beiträge des Bandes beleuchten geschlechtsuntypische Berufs- und Studienwahlen aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und bieten empirische Erkenntnisse sowie praktische Hinweise für die Genderrelevanz des Berufsorientierungsprozesses.
Hinsichtlich der seit Jahrzehnten erfolgenden Anstrengungen in Bezug auf eine Erweiterung des geschlechterstereotyp eingeschränkten Berufswahlspektrums sind bislang nur geringe Erfolge zu erkennen. Koordinierte Forschungsanstrengungen sind erforderlich, um die Frage zu beantworten, wie eine Verbreiterung der Interessen und die Öffnung des Berufswahlspektrums für Mädchen und Jungen nachhaltig(er) als bisher erfolgen kann. Im vorliegenden Band werden Ergebnisse von Studien aus der Schweiz und aus Deutschland vorgestellt, die Erkenntnisse und damit zugleich Bausteine für eine geschlechtersensible Berufsorientierung liefern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Inhalt:
Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland: Berufsorientierung und Geschlecht. Eine Einleitung (7-22);
Nina Wehner, Karin Schwiter, Sandra Hupka-Brunner, Andrea Maihofer: Geschlechterungleichheiten in Ausbildungs- und Berufsverläufen junger Erwachsener in der Schweiz. Ergebnisse aus einer Mixed-Methods-Studie ( 23-38);
Elena Makarova, Belinda Aeschlimann, Walter Herzog: Wenn Frauen in MINT-Studiengängen fehlen: Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht und die Studienwahl junger Frauen ( 39-57);
Barbara Scholand unter Mitarbeit von Vanessa Carroccia: Undoing Circumscription? Berufsbezogene Interessen und Kenntnisse von Schülerinnen und Schülern im 8. Jahrgang (58-84);
Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland: Auszubildende in geschlechtsuntypischen Berufen (85-114);
Sylvia Rahn, Emanuel Hartkopf: Geschlechtsuntypische Berufswahlen. Beobachtungen aus dem Berufsorientierungspanel (115-132);
Hannelore Faulstich-Wieland, Barbara Scholand: Rahmenbedingungen und Umsetzung der schulischen Berufsorientierung in Hamburg. Welche Rolle spielt "Geschlecht"? (133-146);
Tatjana Beer: Filme über Berufe mit ausgewogenem Geschlechterverhältnis. Präsentationen von vielfältigen Geschlechterbildern? (147-163);
Bärbel Kracke, Katja Driesel-Lange: Gendersensibilität in der Berufsorientierung durch Individualisierung (164-185).

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Gerhards, Jürgen & Boróka Németh (2015): Ökonomisches Kapital der Eltern und Medizinstudium im Ausland. Wie Europäisierungs- und Globalisierungsprozesse die Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheiten verändern. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 283-301. DOI:10.1007/s11609-015-0290-y

Abstract

"Die europaweite Anerkennung von Studienabschlüssen hat zur Gründung von medizinischen Fakultäten vor allem in Mittel- und Osteuropa geführt, die ein Studium in Deutsch oder Englisch anbieten und Studierende aus den wohlhabenden Ländern der EU und vor allem aus Deutschland anziehen. Im Unterschied zu einem Studium der Medizin in Deutschland ist der Zugang zu diesen Universitäten nicht von der Abiturnote abhängig, sondern von der Fähigkeit, hohe Studiengebühren bezahlen zu können. Der Artikel vergleicht den sozialen Hintergrund von deutschen Medizinstudierenden in Deutschland mit dem von deutschen Studierenden in Ungarn. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass der Studierendenanteil aus höheren sozialen Klassen in Ungarn deutlich größer ist als in Deutschland. Das Studium in Ungarn dient vor allem der unmittelbaren Reproduktion des Berufes der Eltern, da viele der Eltern der deutschen Studierenden in Ungarn selbst den Arztberuf ausüben. Das Beispiel illustriert, wie Europäisierungs- und Globalisierungsprozesse die Möglichkeiten der Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit verändern. Es sind vor allem die oberen Klassen, die von der nationalstaatlichen Öffnung profitieren." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Häfeli, Kurt, Markus P. Neuenschwander & Stephan Schumann (Hrsg.) (2015): Berufliche Passagen im Lebenslauf. Berufsbildungs- und Transitionsforschung in der Schweiz. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 339 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-10094-0

Abstract

"Am Übergang von der Schule in den Beruf werden wichtige Weichen gestellt, die den weiteren Lebenslauf eines Menschen vorbereiten. Dazu werden in diesem Band neue Ergebnisse der vielfältigen Transitionsforschung aus der ganzen Schweiz vorgestellt, die sich an verschiedenen Disziplinen wie der Psychologie, Soziologie, Erziehungswissenschaften oder Bildungsökonomie orientieren. Dafür werden theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Evidenzen für die Analyse und Steuerung bedeutsamer Passagen im Lebenslauf entwickelt. Soweit möglich werden auch Handlungsempfehlungen für die Akteure der Berufsbildung in der Schweiz diskutiert, die zugleich auch in anderen Ländern von Interesse sein dürften." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lawson, Katie M., Ann C. Crouter & Susan M. McHale (2015): Links between family gender socialization experiences in childhood and gendered occupational attainment in young adulthood. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 90, H. October, S. 26-35. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.003

Abstract

"Gendered occupational segregation remains prevalent across the world. Although research has examined factors contributing to the low number of women in male-typed occupations - namely science, technology, engineering, and math - little longitudinal research has examined the role of childhood experiences in both young women's and men's later gendered occupational attainment. This study addressed this gap in the literature by examining family gender socialization experiences in middle childhood - namely parents' attitudes and work and family life - as contributors to the gender typicality of occupational attainment in young adulthood. Using data collected from mothers, fathers, and children over approximately 15 years, the results revealed that the associations between childhood socialization experiences (~ 10 years old) and occupational attainment (~ 26 years old) depended on the sex of the child. For sons but not daughters, mothers' more traditional attitudes toward women's roles predicted attaining more gender-typed occupations. In addition, spending more time with fathers in childhood predicted daughters attaining less and sons acquiring more gender-typed occupations in young adulthood. Overall, evidence supports the idea that childhood socialization experiences help to shape individuals' career attainment and thus contribute to gender segregation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Bora, Katie M. Lawson & Susan M. McHale (2015): Longitudinal associations between gender-typed skills and interests and their links to occupational outcomes. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 88, H. June, S. 121-130. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.011

Abstract

"Although gender-based occupational segregation has declined in past decades, the world of work remains segregated by gender. Grounded in research showing that individuals tend to choose jobs that match their interests and skills, this study examined the longitudinal associations between gendered activity interests and skills from middle childhood through adolescence and tested gendered interests and skills, measured in adolescence, as predictors of occupational outcomes in young adulthood. Data were collected from 402 participants at four time points - when they averaged 10, 12, 16, and 25 years old. Results revealed that the longitudinal linkages between male-typed interests and skills were bidirectional, that both male-typed interests and skills in adolescence predicted working in male-typed occupations in young adulthood, and that skills, but not interests, predicted income. In contrast, female-typed interests predicted female-typed skills, but not the reverse, adolescent female-typed skills (but not interests) predicted working in female-typed occupations in young adulthood, and there were no links between female-typed interests or skills and income. Discussion focuses on the differential meanings and developmental implications of male- versus female-typed interests and skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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herausgegeben von R. Sturm (Hrsg.); Putz, Sabine & Hilde Stockhammer Ruth Kasper, Petra Ziegler, Ulrike Huemer, Elisabeth Schappelwein, Thomas Horvath, Ulrike Papouschek, Petra Gregoritsch, Doris Kaucic-Rieger, Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger, Elli Scambor, Julia Bock-Schappelwein, Roswita Tschenett & Ingrid Mairhuber (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2015): Geschlecht, Berufswahl und Arbeitsmarkt. Eine aktuelle Projektschau der Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation und der Abt. Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen des AMS Österreich. (AMS report 113), Wien, 72 S.

Abstract

Aktuelle Projektschau der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation und der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen des AMS (Arbeitsmarktservice) Österreich.
Inhalt:
Doris Kaucic-Rieger: Ganzheitliche Mädchenförderung auf dem Weg in das Ausbildungs- und Berufsleben (7-10);
Roswitha Tschenett: Zur Minimierung von Gender Gaps bei der Ausbildungs- und Berufswahl (11-23);
Elli Scambor: Burschen und Care-Berufe: Geschlechtersegregation, Barrieren und bewährte Praktiken (24-39);
Petra Gregoritsch: Das Geschlecht macht einen Unterschied am Arbeitsmarkt. Veränderung der Erwerbspositionen von Frauen und Männern 15 Jahre nach ihrem Erwerbseinstieg: Ein Monitoring im Auftrag des AMS Österreich (40-46);
Julia Bock-Schappelwein, Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger, Thomas Horvath, Ulrike Huemer, Elisabeth Schappelwein: Der ╗Gleichstellungsindex Arbeitsmarkt½: Eine Analyse des Geschlechterverhältnisses in der österreichischen Arbeitswelt. Zentrale Ergebnisse einer Studie im Auftrag des AMS Österreich (47-53);
Petra Ziegler: Frauen und Männer im fortgeschrittenen Erwerbsalter am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt. Aktuelle Situation und Rahmenbedingungen für einen längeren Verbleib von Personen 50+ im Erwerbsprozess (54-63);
Ulrike Papouschek, Ingrid Mairhuber, Ruth Kasper: Evaluierung des Arbeitsmarkterfolges von Frauen im Anschluss des AMS-Programmes FiT ┐ Arbeiten die Absolventinnen ausbildungsadäquat? Zentrale Ergebnisse einer Studie im Auftrag des AMS Österreich (64-70);
Petra Gregoritsch u.a.: Forschungsnotiz: Gleichstellungswirkung von AMS-Maßnahmen AMS-Monitoring Österreich zum Myndex 2012/2014 (71-72).

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Rocheleau, Gregory C. (2015): Pathways to work: social structural differences in the relationships between college expectations, planfulness, and intense adolescent work. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 103-131. DOI:10.1177/0730888414554237

Abstract

"This research examines variation in the relationships between college expectations, planfulness, and intense adolescent work by socioeconomic factors using data from Add Health (n 1/48,836). Results show that higher college expectations are related to higher odds of intense school-year work among lower social class youth, but lower odds of intense work among youth from higher social class backgrounds. Moreover, planful adolescents are more likely to work intensely during the school year among youth from disadvantaged neighborhoods, but less likely to work intensely among those from advantaged neighborhoods. Results also show less variability in these relationships when considering summer work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schweri, Jürg & Joop Hartog (2015): Do wage expectations influence the decision to enroll in nursing college? (IZA discussion paper 9120), Bonn, 35 S.

Abstract

"As Switzerland experiences a severe shortage of nurses, this paper investigates the impact of students' ex ante wage expectations on their choice to pursue a nursing college education. This analysis contributes to a small yet rapidly developing body of literature that uses subjective expectation data to predict educational choices. We surveyed a full cohort of healthcare trainees in their third year of training. The main result is that those trainees (in upper-secondary education) who expected a greater return from nursing college (tertiary education) were more likely to enroll in nursing college later on. This suggests that policies that increase returns from studying nursing can attract students to nursing. In addition, the results confirm that subjective wage expectation data are useful in modeling individual choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sortheix, Florencia M., Angela Chow & Katariina Salmela-Aro (2015): Work values and the transition to work life. A longitudinal study. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 89, H. August, S. 162-171. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.06.001

Abstract

"Research on career development has shown that work values play a key motivational role in job selection and career development. In the context of the current economic crisis, it is of particular relevance to examine the role of work values for employment in the transition from school to work. This longitudinal study examined the role of intrinsic (perceived importance of having a job that is interesting and matches one's own competences), rewards (having a good salary and high chance for promotion), and security (having a stable job) work values on subsequent employment status and person - job fit (how an individual's job matches one's own characteristics such as education and job preferences). Finnish participants reported their work values and background variables via questionnaire at ages 20 and 23 (Ns = 348 and 415 respectively). Intrinsic work values predicted a higher degree of person - job fit two years later. Rewards work values predicted lower chances of being unemployed; and security work values predicted higher chances of being unemployed later on. Family socio-economic status (SES) was not related to employment outcomes in this Finnish sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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White, Richard J. & Anne E. Green (2015): The importance of sociospatial influences in shaping young people's employment aspirations. Case study evidence from three British cities. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 295-313. DOI:10.1177/0950017014561334

Abstract

"Over the last two decades a vibrant body of research committed to investigating the complex inter-relationships between 'the social' and 'the spatial' has gathered momentum within sociology and the social sciences more generally. Focusing on young people, this article seeks to develop further insights regarding the sociology of place using the spatial visualization technique of mental mapping as part of a mixed-methods approach. Its main contribution is to develop a more nuanced understanding of young people's localized cognitive spaces and associated socio-spatial influences in three deprived urban areas in Hull, Walsall and Wolverhampton. In this context, the article explores the role of place in shaping young people's social networks, identities and aspirations regarding employment and highlights the implications of these for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Melter, Ingeborg, Erika Kanelutti-Chilas & Wolfgang Stifter (Hrsg.) (2014): Zukunftsfeld Bildungs- und Berufsberatung III. Wirkung - Nutzen - Sinn. (Zukunftsfeld Bildungs- und Berufsberatung), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 242 S.

Abstract

"Welchen Nutzen schafft Bildungs- und Berufsberatung? Was kann sie bewirken? Handelt es sich um ein sinnvolles, gar sinnstiftendes Angebot? Sechzehn Beiträge deutscher, schweizer und österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren befassen sich aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven mit Aspekten dieser Kernfragen. Die Themen reichen von der gesellschaftlichen Verortung von Bildungs- und Berufsberatung über deren Bedeutung für gesellschaftliche Teilhabe bis zu Ansätzen der Wirkungsforschung. Nicht zuletzt werden Konzepte und praktische Zugänge vorgestellt.
Der Sammelband 'Zukunftsfeld Bildungs- und Berufsberatung III' basiert auf Beiträgen zur gleichnamigen Fachtagung, die 2014 am Bundesinstitut für Erwachsenenbildung (bifeb) stattgefunden hat. Er ergänzt die Inhalte der beiden Tagungsbände aus den Jahren 2011 und 2013." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cohen, Philip N. (2013): The persistence of workplace gender segregation in the US. In: Sociology compass, Jg. 7, H. 11, S. 889-899. DOI:10.1111/soc4.12083

Abstract

"Occupational gender segregation remains one of the defining elements of gender inequality in modern societies. Recent trends for the United States show that occupational segregation remains high and did not substantially decline in the decade of the 2000s for the first time since 1960. Men and women work in different occupations because of a combination of forces, including culturally defined choices by workers themselves, discrimination by employers, and differences in skill levels and qualities. Research has shown that occupational segregation is an important aspect of gender inequality in earnings and contributes to other forms of inequality as well. The prospects for reducing gender segregation in the short term appear slim, based on the weak effects of educational attainment, cultural attitudes, and state intervention in the current period." (Author's abstract, © 2013 Hogrefe Verlag, © Hogrefe Publishing) ((en))

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Kappler, Christa (2013): Berufswahlprozesse und Motive angehender Lehrer. Eine qualitative Studie aus geschlechter- und berufsbiographisch-vergleichender Perspektive. (Prisma. Beiträge zur Erziehungswissenschaft aus historischer, psychologischer und soziologischer Perspektive 24), Bern: Haupt Verlag, 328 S.

Abstract

"Mit der Berufswahl stellen Jugendliche wichtige Weichen für ihre berufliche Zukunft. In diesem Buch wird ein Phasenmodell entwickelt, welches erklärt, wie Übergänge in die Ausbildung zustande kommen und der Eintritt ins Erwerbsleben vorbereitet wird. Eine Besonderheit des Ansatzes liegt darin, dass die Situation am Ende der obligatorischen Schule mit anderen Optionen, wie zum Beispiel der Aufnahme eines Hochschulstudiums nach Abschluss des Gymnasiums, verglichen wird. Das Buch gibt einen Einblick in die Vielfalt an Erwartungen und Entscheidungen, vor der sich junge Menschen bei der Berufswahl gestellt sehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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König, Johannes, Martin Rothland, Kerstin Darge, Melanie Lünnemann & Sarantis Tachtsoglou (2013): Erfassung und Struktur berufsrelevanter Faktoren für die Lehrerausbildung und den Lehrerberuf in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. In: Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 553-577. DOI:10.1007/s11618-013-0373-5

Abstract

"Der Berufswahlmotivation angehender Lehrerinnen und Lehrer, ihren Interessen und darüber hinausgehenden berufswahlrelevanten Faktoren werden mit Blick auf eine optimale Nachwuchsrekrutierung für den Lehrerberuf besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Zugleich ist die Forschungs- und -befundlage in diesem Bereich nach wie vor defizitär. Der Beitrag verfolgt zum einen das Ziel, erstmals auf der Basis repräsentativer Stichproben (n = 6.601) die Struktur und Anwendbarkeit des international anschlussfähigen Fit-Choice-Instruments zur Erfassung relevanter Faktoren für die Berufswahl Lehramt in deutscher Übersetzung in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz zu überprüfen, um so eine Datenbasis zu schaffen, die eine Zusammenführung der bislang unverbundenen Forschungsbemühungen im deutschsprachigen Raum ermöglicht. Zum anderen werden pädagogische Erfahrungen einbezogen und mit ihnen überprüft, wie valide die von den Studierenden geäußerten Berufswahlmotive sind. Übergreifendes Ziel ist es, die Frage zu bearbeiten, inwieweit die Messung von Berufswahlmotiven und pädagogischen Erfahrungen sowie die Analyse beider Bereiche über die bislang vorliegenden, nur eingeschränkt aussagekräftigen Befunde institutionen- und länderübergreifend verallgemeinerbar sind, um somit schließlich auch generalisierbare Annahmen zur Entwicklung von Vorstellungen zur Berufswahl Lehramt und insbesondere zur Berufswahlmotivation formulieren zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Quintini, Glenda & Sébastien Martin (2013): Same but different: School-to-work transitions in emerging and advanced economies. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 154), Paris, 57 S. DOI:10.1787/5jzbb2t1rcwc-en

Abstract

"Improving school-to-work transitions and ensuring better career opportunities for youth after labour market entrance are common goals in emerging and advanced economies as they can contribute to raising the productive potential of the economy and to increasing social cohesion. However, the challenges faced in achieving these objectives and the policies required vary between emerging and advanced economies. This paper analyses youth labour market outcomes in 16 countries: eight emerging countries and eight advanced economies. In light of this analysis, it also discusses differences and similarities in the policy measures countries have at their disposal to tackle the key emerging challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rottmann, Joachim, Gabriele Böheim-Galehr, Christian Brühwiler & Philipp Gonon (Hrsg.) (2013): Berufsorientierung und regionales Übergangsmanagement in der internationalen Bodenseeregion. Chancen, Kompetenzen, Entwicklungspotenziale. Beiträge zur Fachtagung an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Weingarten 2012. (Studien zur beruflichen Kompetenzentwicklung 02), Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 244 S. DOI:10.3726/978-3-653-03486-8

Abstract

"Das international vergleichend angelegte Forschungsprojekt BRÜCKE untersucht die Bedingungen des Übergangs Heranwachsender vom allgemeinbildenden Schulsystem in die berufliche Ausbildung. Erstmals werden hierzu die besonderen Übergangsbedingungen in der Internationalen Bodenseeregion in den Blick genommen. Es gilt dabei ein hoch differenziertes Gesamtbild ordnungspolitischer, organisationaler und personaler Rahmenbedingungen für individuelle Übergänge aufzudecken. Auf der Grundlage eines umfassenden Lagebilds sollen sich, so die Erwartung, Hinweise zur Optimierung der (individuellen) Übergangsvorbereitung wie -gestaltung in der Region finden lassen. Der Band stellt erste Ergebnisse des Projekts dar und entwickelt Perspektiven für die Optimierung des regionalen Übergangsmanagements." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Vilhjalmsdottir, Gudbjörg & Gudmundur B. Arnkelsson (2013): Social aspects of career choice from the perspective of habitus theory. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 83, H. 3, S. 581-590. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.08.002

Abstract

"The concept of habitus designates a cognitive structure that is socially embedded and can give valuable insight into the social influences on career choice. A study investigating the relationship of habitus to career choice is presented in a sample of Icelandic youth aged 19 - 22 (N = 476). Measures of habitus were developed on the basis of reported cultural and leisure activities. The analysis of leisure and cultural items progressed in two steps: factor analysis and cluster analysis. The clusters constitute the four different habitus groups: Pop and fashion, Sports and rock, Music, and Literature. Correspondence factor analysis showed that the habitus groups (clusters) were related to other social variables, such as gender and class; validating habitus theory. Additionally, habitus measures were strongly linked to career variables, such as occupational perception and preferred future occupation. The results support previous research in showing that habitus theory is relevant to career counseling theory and can be a basis of understanding the relationship between social structure and career choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))