Migration und Integration
Bei dem Thema Einwanderung nach Deutschland gilt es auch die Bedingungen einer gelingenden Integration von Zugewanderten in Gesellschaft, Bildung und Arbeit zu untersuchen. Die Arbeitsmarktforschung beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie die Integration in das Bildungs- und Ausbildungssystem, der Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt sowie die Bedingungen der sozialen Teilhabe und kulturellen Integration verbessert werden können.
Aktuelle Studien zeigen zudem, dass Deutschland angesichts seiner demographischen Herausforderungen dringend auf Zuwanderung angewiesen ist. Inwiefern kann Zuwanderung der Schrumpfung und Alterung des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials entgegenwirken? Welche Entwicklungen in der nationalen und europäischen Einwanderungspolitik begünstigen die Einwanderung von Erwerbspersonen und Fachkräften? Die hier zusammengestellte Literatur bietet einen aktuellen und umfassenden Überblick über den Themenkomplex Migration und Integration.
Literatur zum Thema Flucht und Asyl finden Sie in unserer IAB-Infoplattform Fluchtmigrantinnen und -migranten - Bildung und Arbeitsmarkt.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Zuwanderungsmonitor Januar (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2024): Zuwanderungsmonitor Januar. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 5 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.ZM.2401
Abstract
"Die ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland ist nach Angaben des Ausländerzentralregisters im Dezember 2023 gegenüber dem Vormonat um rund 19.000 Personen gestiegen. - Die Beschäftigungsquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung betrug im November 2023 54,1 Prozent und ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,8 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die absolute Zahl der Arbeitslosen mit einer ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeit ist im Januar 2024 gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um 98.000 Personen gestiegen. Dies entspricht einem Anstieg von 10,3 Prozent. - Die Arbeitslosenquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im November 2023 bei 14,5 Prozent und ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,4 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die SGB-II-Hilfequote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Oktober 2023 bei 20,9 Prozent und ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat unverändert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Sämtliche Ausgaben des Zuwanderungsmonitors im Grafik- und Datenportal des IAB -
Literaturhinweis
Zuwanderungsmonitor Dezember (2024)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2024): Zuwanderungsmonitor Dezember. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 5 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.ZM.2312
Abstract
"Die ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland ist nach Angaben des Ausländerzentralregisters im November 2023 gegenüber dem Vormonat um rund 48.000 Personen gestiegen. - Die Beschäftigungsquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung betrug im Oktober 2023 54,3 Prozent und ist damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,7 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die absolute Zahl der Arbeitslosen mit einer ausländischen Staatsangehörigkeit ist im Dezember 2023 gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat um 93.000 Personen gestiegen. Dies entspricht einem Anstieg von 10,4 Prozent. - Die Arbeitslosenquote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im Oktober 2023 bei 14,6 Prozent und ist im Vergleich zum Vorjahresmonat um 0,4 Prozentpunkte gestiegen. - Die SGB-II-Hilfequote der ausländischen Bevölkerung lag im September 2023 bei 21,0 Prozent und ist gegenüber dem Vorjahresmonat unverändert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Sämtliche Ausgaben des Zuwanderungsmonitors im Grafik- und Datenportal des IAB -
Literaturhinweis
Immigrants' Pathways to the Income Elite in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Anja Wunder & Florian Zimmermann (2024): Immigrants' Pathways to the Income Elite in Germany. In: Sociology online erschienen am 19.06.2024, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1177/00380385241257485
Abstract
"Owing to their high political and social impact, studying elites is a growing strand of scholarship in sociology. In this research note, we investigate immigrants’ pathways into the income elite, that is, the top 1% of Germany’s income distribution. Using data from the German Microcensus from 2009 to 2018 covering more than three million observations, we examine the prevalence of immigrants in the elite and immigrants’ pathways to access the elite, that is, education, self-employment, country-of-origin effects and integration. Our results show that immigrants are underrepresented in the elite by 46%. Smaller returns to education and self-employment compared with natives drive this underrepresentation. Regarding immigrant-specific pathways, immigrants from EU countries, who face fewer legal, cultural and social barriers, have higher chances of being in the elite than immigrants from non-EU countries. Finally, we find no evidence of integration, that is, years since migration, affecting immigrants’ elite status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Would the Euro Area Benefit from Greater Labor Mobility? (2024)
Curdia, Vasco; Nechio, Fernanda;Zitatform
Curdia, Vasco & Fernanda Nechio (2024): Would the Euro Area Benefit from Greater Labor Mobility? (Working papers series / Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2024-06), San Francisco, Calif., 56 S. DOI:10.24148/wp2024-06
Abstract
"We assess how within euro area labor mobility impacts economic dynamics in response to shocks. In the analysis we use an estimated two-region monetary union dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that allows for a varying degree of labor mobility across regions. We find that, in contrast with traditional optimal currency area predictions, enhanced labor mobility can either mitigate or exacerbate the extent to which the two regions respond differently to shocks. The effects depend crucially on the nature of shocks and variable of interest. In some circumstances, even when it contributes to aligning the responses of the two regions, labor mobility may complicate monetary policy tradeoffs. Moreover, the presence and strength of financial frictions have important implications for the effects of labor mobility. If the periphery’s risk premium is more responsive to its indebtedness than our estimates, there are various shocks for which labor mobility may help stabilize the economy. Finally, the euro area’s economic performance following the Global Financial Crisis would not have been necessarily smoother with enhanced labor mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What drives the substitutability between native and foreign workers? Evidence about the role of language (2024)
Gentili, Elena; Mazzonna, Fabrizio;Zitatform
Gentili, Elena & Fabrizio Mazzonna (2024): What drives the substitutability between native and foreign workers? Evidence about the role of language. In: Economica, Jg. 91, H. 361, S. 210-237. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12501
Abstract
"This paper investigates the role of language in deter-mining the substitutability between foreign and nativeworkers. Our identification strategy exploits the linguis-tic diversity of Switzerland, a country with three mainofficial languages (German, French and Italian) shared by bordering countries. This makes the Swiss Labor market very peculiar, since both immigrants and nativesmay (or may not) share the language spoken in the area of residence. We modify the standard nested-cell labor demand model to account for the linguistic Background of native and immigrant workers. We provide evidence about the central role of language in determining theextent of the imperfect substitutability between native and foreign workers, and their differential specialization incommunication-intensive jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of migration on careers of natives (2024)
Haan, Peter; Wnuk, Izabela;Zitatform
Haan, Peter & Izabela Wnuk (2024): The effect of migration on careers of natives. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2070), Berlin, 54 S.
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of increasing foreign staffing on the labor market outcomes of native workers in the German long-term care sector. Using administrative social security data covering the universe of long-term care workers and policy-induced exogenous variation, we find that increased foreign staffing reduces labor shortages but has diverging implications for the careers of native workers in the sector. While it causes a transition of those currently employed to jobs with better working conditions, higher wages, and non-manual tasks, it simultaneously diminishes re-employment prospects for the unemployed natives with LTC experience.
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Literaturhinweis
Does immigration affect native wages? A meta-analysis (2024)
Zitatform
Nedoncelle, Clément, Léa Marchal, Amandine Aubry & Jérôme Héricourt (2024): Does immigration affect native wages? A meta-analysis. (KCG policy paper / Kiel Centre for Globalization 31), Kiel, 43 S.
Abstract
"The impact of immigration on native workers' wages has been a topic of long-standing debate. This meta-analysis reviews 42 studies published between 1987 to 2019, offering a comprehensive assessment of reduced-form estimates of the wage effect of immigration. The results confirm that immigration has a negligible effect on native wages. However, a more pronounced wage impact is observable for the U.S. and in recent years. Our analysis underscores the influence of methodological advances and increased data availability in shaping wage effect estimates. Results also highlight the role of the estimator (OLS vs. IV-2SLS, as well as the use of shift-share instruments) in determining the sign and magnitude of the estimated wage effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zum Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung: Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMAS und BMI vom 8.3.2023 (2023)
Adunts, Davit; Konle-Seidl, Regina; Keita, Sekou ; Vallizadeh, Ehsan ; Brücker, Herbert ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Fendel, Tanja ; Hauptmann, Andreas;Zitatform
Adunts, Davit, Herbert Brücker, Tanja Fendel, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Sekou Keita, Regina Konle-Seidl, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2023): Zum Entwurf einer Verordnung zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung. Stellungnahme des IAB im Rahmen der Verbändebeteiligung des BMAS und BMI vom 8.3.2023. (IAB-Stellungnahme 03/2023), Nürnberg, 21 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2303
Abstract
"Der vorliegende Verordnungsentwurf des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Bundesministeriums des Inneren und für Heimat begleitet den Gesetzentwurf zur Weiterentwicklung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung, zu dem das IAB hier Stellung nimmt. Der Verordnungsentwurf enthält viele Einzelmaßnahmen, die unter anderem die Einwanderung von Pflegehilfskräften erleichtern und die Möglichkeiten kurzfristiger kontingentierter Beschäftigung erweitern. Diese Maßnahmen sind sinnvoll, werden aber keine größeren quantitativen Wirkungen entfalten. Relevanter ist die neu geschaffene Möglichkeit der Einwanderung von Personen, die über Berufserfahrung sowie Berufs-und Hochschulabschlüsse verfügen, die im Land des Erwerbs staatlich anerkannt sind, die auch ohne Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung der Abschlüsse einreisen können, sofern das Gehalt 45 Prozent der Betragsbemessungsgrenze der allgemeinen Rentenversicherung erreicht. Die Höhe der Gehaltsschwelle schließt allerdings Fachkräfte zu Beginn ihrer Erwerbsbiografie weitgehend aus. Allerdings kann bei tarifgebundenen Unternehmen davon abgewichen werden. Sinnvoller wäre gewesen, alle Unternehmen einzubeziehen, sofern der Arbeitsvertrag in Hinblick auf Entlohnung und Arbeitsbedingungen den jeweils geltenden Flächentarifverträgen entspricht. Ferner sieht der Verordnungsentwurf die Entfristung der sogenannten Westbalkanregelung und die Ausweitung des Kontingents auf 50.000 Personen vor. Dies ist vor dem Hintergrund der vorliegenden empirischen Erkenntnisse zu den Wirkungen der Westbalkanregelung volkswirtschaftlich sinnvoll." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Adunts, Davit; Konle-Seidl, Regina; Keita, Sekou ; Vallizadeh, Ehsan ; Brücker, Herbert ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Fendel, Tanja ; Hauptmann, Andreas; -
Literaturhinweis
The Impact of Immigration on the Employment Dynamics of European Regions (2023)
Zitatform
Edo, Anthony & Cem Özgüzel (2023): The Impact of Immigration on the Employment Dynamics of European Regions. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16469), Bonn, 59 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides the first evidence on the regional impact of immigration on native employment in a cross-country framework. By exploiting the richness of the European Labour Force Surveys and past censuses, we show that the rise in the share of immigrants across European regions over the 2010-2019 period had a modest impact on the employment-to-population rate of natives. However, the effects are highly uneven across regions and workers, and over time. First, the short-run estimates show adverse employment effects in response to immigration, while these effects disappear in the longer run. Second, low-educated native workers experience employment losses due to immigration, whereas high-educated ones are more likely to experience employment gains. Third, the presence of institutions that provide employment protection and high coverage of collective wage agreements exert a protective effect on native employment. Finally, economically dynamic regions can better absorb immigrant workers, resulting in little or no effect on the native workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erwerbszuwanderung aus Drittstaaten könnte und sollte gestärkt werden (2023)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd (2023): Erwerbszuwanderung aus Drittstaaten könnte und sollte gestärkt werden. In: IAB-Forum H. 08.02.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230208.01
Abstract
"Uns droht aus verschiedenen Gründen eine wachsende Fach- und Arbeitskräftelücke. Da weder die Steigerung der inländischen Erwerbsbeteiligung, noch die Zuwanderung aus anderen EU-Staaten, noch die Erwerbspotenziale hier lebender Geflüchteter ausreichen werden, könnte und sollte mehr Erwerbszuwanderung aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland dazu beitragen, diese Lücke zu schließen. Um diese Erwerbszuwanderung attraktiver zu machen, müssen die bestehenden Zugangshürden gesenkt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of immigration and integration policies on immigrant-native labour market hierarchies (2023)
Zitatform
Guzi, Martin, Martin Kahanec & Lucia Mýtna Kureková (2023): The impact of immigration and integration policies on immigrant-native labour market hierarchies. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4169-4187. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207339
Abstract
"Across European Union (EU) labour markets, immigrant and native populations exhibit disparate labour market outcomes, signifying widespread labour market hierarchies. Despite the considerable investment in migration and integration policies, it remains unclear whether these contribute to or alleviate labour market hierarchies between natives and immigrants. Using a longitudinal model based on individual-level EU LFS and country-level DEMIG POLICY and POLMIG databases, we explore variation in changes of immigration and integration policies across Western EU member states to study how they are linked to labour market hierarchies in terms of unemployment and employment quality gaps between immigrant and native populations. Our findings suggest that designing less restrictive immigration and integration policies could aid in reducing existing labour market disadvantages for immigrants, enabling them to realise their full potential and reduce the immigrant-native labour market hierarchies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage inequality across immigrant generations: Education, segregation, or differential pay? (2023)
Zitatform
Han, JooHee & Are Skeie Hermansen (2023): Wage inequality across immigrant generations: Education, segregation, or differential pay? (SocArXiv papers), 41 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/yfmtp
Abstract
"Immigrants and their native-born children often face considerable wage penalties relative to natives, but less is known about whether this inequality arises through differences in educational qualifications, unequal sorting across occupations, and establishments, or differential pay for the same work. Using linked employer–employee data from Norway, we ask (a) whether immigrant–native wage gaps reflect in differences in education, sorting, or within-job pay, (b) whether wage gaps differ by immigrant generation, and (c) whether wage gaps vary across different segments of the labor market. We find that immigrant–native wage inequality primarily reflects sorting into lower-paying jobs and wage gaps are considerably reduced across immigrant generations. When doing the same work for the same employer, immigrant-background workers, especially children of immigrants, earn similar wages to natives. Sorting into jobs seems more meritocratic for university graduates, professionals, and in the public sector, but within-job pay differentials are strikingly similar across market segments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration and Offshoring: two forces of globalisation and their impact on employment and the bargaining power of occupational groups (2023)
Zitatform
Landesmann, Michael & Sandra M. Leitner (2023): Immigration and Offshoring: two forces of globalisation and their impact on employment and the bargaining power of occupational groups. In: Review of world economics, Jg. 159, H. 2, S. 361-397. DOI:10.1007/s10290-022-00470-5
Abstract
"This paper estimates conditional demand models to examine the impact of immigration and different measures of offshoring on the labour demand and demand elasticities of native workers in four different types of occupational groups: managers/professionals, clerical workers, craft (skilled) workers and manual workers. The analysis is conducted for the period 2008–2017 for four economies Austria, Belgium, France and Spain. Our results point to important and occupation-specific direct and indirect effects: both offshoring – particularly services offshoring – and immigration have negative direct employment effects on all occupations, but native clerks and manual workers are affected the most, and native managers/professionals the least. Our results also identify an important elasticity-channel of immigration and offshoring and show that some groups of native workers can also gain from globalisation through an improvement in their wage-bargaining position. Overall, our results indicate a deterioration in the bargaining power of native manual workers arising from both immigration and offshoring and an improvement in the bargaining position of native craft workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment Effects of Offshoring, Technological Change and Migration in a Group of Western European Economies: Impact on Different Occupations (2023)
Zitatform
Landesmann, Michael & Sandra M. Leitner (2023): Employment Effects of Offshoring, Technological Change and Migration in a Group of Western European Economies. Impact on Different Occupations. (WIIW working paper 226), Wien, 72 S.
Abstract
"This paper estimates conditional demand models to examine the impact of offshoring, technological change, and migration on the labour demand of native workers differentiated by four different types of occupational groups managers/professionals, clerical workers, craft (skilled) workers and manual workers. The analysis is conducted for an unbalanced panel of five economies Austria, Belgium, France, Spain, and Switzerland covering the period 2005-2018. Our results point to important and occupation-specific effects offshoring seems to have beneficial employment effects for native craft workers in this set of economies, while negative effects for native manual workers across a wide set of industries (including manufacturing and services industries) and managers/professionals in manufacturing. Furthermore, there are important distinctions whether offshoring occurs in other advanced economies, in the EU13 or in developing countries. The analysis of the impact of technological change shows the strong positive impact which the additional IT equipment has on most occupational groups of native workers (with the exception of manual workers), while robotisation in manufacturing showed strongly negative impacts on the employment of all groups of workers and especially of craft workers. Increasing immigrant shares in the work forces showed strongly negative impacts on native workers – however, considering only the partial substitution effects and not including the potential for productivity and demand effects – and this is mostly accounted for by immigration from low- to medium-income source countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
International Migration Outlook 2023 (2023)
Zitatform
OECD (2023): International Migration Outlook 2023. (International migration outlook 47), Paris, 403 S. DOI:10.1787/b0f40584-en
Abstract
"The 2023 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters on the labour market integration of migrant mothers and on fertility patterns among migrant populations in OECD countries. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2023: Settling in (2023)
Zitatform
OECD (2023): Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2023. Settling in. (Indicators of immigrant integration ... : settling in / OECD 4), Paris, 319 S. DOI:10.1787/1d5020a6-en
Abstract
"This joint OECD-European Commission publication presents a comprehensive comparison of the integration outcomes of immigrants and their children in OECD, EU and selected other countries. It includes 83 indicators covering three main areas: labour market and skills; living conditions; and civic engagement and social integration. The publication also provides detailed data on the characteristics of immigrant populations and households. Three special chapters are dedicated to focusing on the integration outcomes of specific groups: elderly migrants, youth with foreign-born parents, and third-country nationals in the European Union and European OECD countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gesteuerte Erwerbsmigration nach Deutschland (2022)
Adunts, David ; Fendel, Tanja ; Konle-Seidl, Regina; Keita, Sekou ; Brücker, Herbert ; Hauptmann, Andreas;Zitatform
Adunts, David, Herbert Brücker, Tanja Fendel, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Regina Konle-Seidl (2022): Gesteuerte Erwerbsmigration nach Deutschland. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 23/2022), Nürnberg, 88 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2223
Abstract
"Prognosen zufolge würde das Erwerbspersonenpotenzial ohne Wanderungen bis 2060 um rund ein Drittel sinken. Zu seiner Stabilisierung ist der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt in den kommenden Jahren vor allem auf die Einwanderung aus Drittstaaten angewiesen. Mit 10 Prozent aller Zuzüge spielt die Einwanderung aus Drittstaaten in Deutschland im Gegensatz zu Einwanderungsländern wie Kanada, Australien und Neuseeland jedoch nur eine untergeordnete Rolle im Wanderungsgeschehen. Für eine Erhöhung des Zuzugs von Fachkräften ist eine Bewertung der Mindestkriterien, an denen sich das im deutschen Recht verankerte System der Steuerung der Erwerbsmigration orientiert, erforderlich. Da diese Kriterien alle gleichzeitig erfüllt werden müssen, können sie restriktiv wirken. Eine Einreise ist bei Existenz einer Jobzusage oder eines Berufs-/Hochschulabschlusses, der zu einer deutschen Qualifikation als gleichwertig anerkannt wurde, möglich. Zudem wurden zuletzt neue Möglichkeiten für die Einreise zur Arbeits- oder Ausbildungsplatzsuche bei Nachweis von Sprachkenntnissen geschaffen. Die größte Hürde für den Zuzug ausländischer Fachkräfte ist vor dem Hintergrund des spezifischen deutschen Bildungs- und Ausbildungssystems mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die Anerkennung der Gleichwertigkeit beruflicher Abschlüsse. Aufgrund durchaus hoher Erträge im Arbeitsmarkt sollte sie zwar gefördert werden, eine Steigerung der Erwerbsmigration kann jedoch sehr wahrscheinlich nur durch maßgebliche Vereinfachungen dieses Prozesses erzielt werden. Möglich wäre beispielsweise, die Anerkennung von Abschlüssen nur im Fall von reglementierten Berufen zu verlangen, um den mit der Berufsausübung verbundenen Risiken Rechnung zu tragen. Die Arbeitsplatzzusage ist als Zuzugsvoraussetzung grundsätzlich sinnvoll, weil die Beschäftigungsrisiken dann mittel- bis langfristig deutlich geringer ausfallen, und sich die Nachfrage nach ausländischen Arbeitskräften am konjunkturellen Bedarf orientieren kann. Deutsche Sprachkenntnisse begünstigen zwar die Arbeitsmarktintegration. Durch den Ausbau der Möglichkeiten des Spracherwerbs im Ausland wie auch nach der Migration - hier vor allem durch berufsbegleitende Angebote - kann das Migrationspotenzial erhöht und die Arbeitsmarktintegration erleichtert werden. Da Deutsch jedoch keine Weltsprache ist, ist es nicht realistisch, deutsche Sprachkenntnisse zum verpflichtenden Zuzugskriterium zu machen und zugleich die Erwerbsmigration zu steigern. Die Bundesregierung hat zuletzt in 2020 verschiedene gesetzliche Änderungen zur Vereinfachung des Fachkräftezuzugs eingeführt und inzwischen weitere Reformvorschläge diskutiert. Die Maßnahmen erscheinen sinnvoll, es ist aber offen, wie groß die quantitativen Wirkungen sein werden. Dafür sind einerseits grundlegende Reformen des Anerkennungsprozesses erforderlich. Andererseits sollte geprüft werden, ob Zuzugswege, die keine Qualifikationsanforderungen stellen, unter restriktiven aufenthaltsrechtlichen Bedingungen geöffnet werden können. Ein Vergleich zeigt, dass Personen, die wie bei der Westbalkanregelung einen Aufenthaltstitel zu Erwerbszwecken erhalten haben, der keine Qualifikationsauflagen vorschreibt, aber eine verbindliche Arbeitsplatzzusage verlangt und den Aufenthaltstitel an die Beschäftigung koppelt, eine hohe Beschäftigungsstabilität sowie geringe Arbeitslosigkeits- und Leistungsbezugsrisiken aufweisen. Bei Zuzugswegen, die Qualifikationsauflagen vorsehen, steigen wie erwartet die Qualifikation, das Anforderungsniveau der ausgeübten Tätigkeiten und die Verdienste. Der Schwerpunkt sollte daher auf dem Zuzug von qualifizierten Arbeitskräften liegen. Der zudem hohe Bedarf an ungelernten Arbeitskräften sollte jedoch nicht allein über die ungesteuerte Migration bedient werden. Schließlich sollte neben dem Zuzug von Fachkräften auch deren Integration in Arbeitsmarkt und andere gesellschaftliche Bereiche eine hohe Aufmerksamkeit zukommen. Da sich die Bedingungen für Migration und Arbeitsmarktintegration kontinuierlich verändern, sollten umgesetzte und vorgeschlagene Regelungen fortlaufend auf ihre Wirksamkeit überprüft werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Adunts, David ; Fendel, Tanja ; Konle-Seidl, Regina; Keita, Sekou ; Brücker, Herbert ; Hauptmann, Andreas; -
Literaturhinweis
Development level of hosting areas and the impact of refugees on natives' labor market outcomes in Turkey (2022)
Zitatform
Aracı, Doğu Tan, Murat Demirci & Murat Güray Kırdar (2022): Development level of hosting areas and the impact of refugees on natives' labor market outcomes in Turkey. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 145. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104132
Abstract
"We examine how the impact of refugees on natives' labor market outcomes varies by the development level of hosting areas, which has important implications for the optimal allocation of refugees across regions and countries. For this purpose, in the context of the largest refugee group in the world in a single country, Syrian refugees in Turkey, we exploit the significant variation in the development level across regions of Turkey, several of which host a substantial number of refugees. We find that the impact of refugees on natives' labor market outcomes becomes significantly less adverse as the regional development level rises. For instance, the adverse effects of the refugee shock on women's employment and labor force participation observed at the mean level of development vanish at high levels of development. Moreover, while the refugee impact on men's employment is negative for the least developed regions, it is positive for highly developed regions. Our findings imply that developed regions and countries are better positioned to protect their local population from the short-term adverse effects of refugees in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Immigration Affect Wages? A Meta-Analysis (2022)
Zitatform
Aubry, Amandine, Jérôme Héricourt, Léa Marchal & Clément Nedoncelle (2022): Does Immigration Affect Wages? A Meta-Analysis. (Document de travail (Docweb) / CEPREMAP, Centre pour la recherche economique et ses applications 2202), Paris, 48 S.
Abstract
"Does immigration affect wages? No decisive answer has been provided until now. We propose an up-to-date meta-analysis of the literature investigating this question, based on 2,146 estimates from 64 studies published between 1972 and 2019. We find that, on average, the literature reports a negative and close to zero effect of immigration on native wages. This result holds for both low/medium-skilled and high-skilled native individuals. This average effect, however, hides a large heterogeneity across studies. Variation across estimates can be explained by the presence of structural heterogeneity such as the country of analysis or the use of micro-level data, as well as to heterogeneity in research designs such as the use of difference-in-differences. Finally, we estimate a significant and negative effect of publishing in leading academic journals and propose a discussion on the potential publication bias in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz – Rechtliche Änderungen und erste Erkenntnisse zur quantitativen Entwicklung (2022)
Becker, Eugenie; Graf, Johannes;Zitatform
Becker, Eugenie & Johannes Graf (2022): Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz – Rechtliche Änderungen und erste Erkenntnisse zur quantitativen Entwicklung. In: Zeitschrift für Berufsbildungsforschung, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 16-18.
Abstract
"Seit März 2020 eröffnet das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz Fachkräften aus Drittstaaten neue Migrationsperspektiven nach Deutschland. Der Beitrag nimmt dies zum Anlass, die rechtlichen Änderungen insbesondere für nicht akademische Fachkräfte darzustellen und einen ersten quantitativen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Erwerbsmigration anhand von Daten aus dem Ausländerzentralregister zu geben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © W. Bertelsmann Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Wages of Skilled Migrant and Native Employees in Germany: New Light on an Old Issue (2022)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2022): Wages of Skilled Migrant and Native Employees in Germany: New Light on an Old Issue. In: International migration review, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 410-432. DOI:10.1177/01979183211040505
Abstract
"The German Council of Economic Experts (GCEE) argues for a labor market-driven immigration of skilled migrants into Germany to overcome a decline in workforce due to demographic ageing. We pick up this current debate on skilled immigration by analyzing the migrant-native wage differential for skilled workers in Germany and consider various information on firms. Our results indicate that the wage gap is mainly explained by observable characteristics, especially labor market experience and firm characteristics. However, we find lower rewards for migrants' labor market experience than for natives (flatter experience curves). Our results show that these differences in experience curves become negligible in the long run. Moreover, we reveal firms' wage-setting policies: Firms evaluate a worker's education independent of migration backgrounds, as migrants possess the same productivity levels as their German counterparts in the same occupations and task levels. Due to Germany's heterogeneous immigration structure, we are able to compare the results for different migrant subgroups and, thus, derive valuable insights into the migrant-native wage structure with a wide reach beyond Germany. This article adds to current debates in various industrialized countries with demographic ageing patterns, as it focuses on an important group for domestic labor markets: skilled immigrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Folgen des Ukraine-Kriegs für Migration und Integration: Eine erste Einschätzung (2022)
Brücker, Herbert ; Stepanok, Ignat ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Goßner, Laura ; Kassam, Kamal; Hauptmann, Andreas;Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Laura Goßner, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Kamal Kassam, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ignat Stepanok (2022): Die Folgen des Ukraine-Kriegs für Migration und Integration: Eine erste Einschätzung. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 02/2022), Nürnberg, 27 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2202
Abstract
"Der Krieg in der Ukraine wird das Migrations- und Integrationsgeschehen in Europa nachhaltig beeinflussen. Seit Ausbruch des Kriegs sind bis zum Redaktionsschluss dieses Berichtes mehr als 500.000 Menschen aus der Ukraine in die Europäische Union und nach Moldawien geflüchtet, d.h. pro Tag rund 100.000 Menschen. Krieg und Vertreibung lösen sehr viel größere Migrationsbewegungen als beispielsweise wirtschaftliche Faktoren aus. Zudem sind die Grenzen der EU weitgehend geöffnet, unter anderem weil für Staatsangehörige aus der Ukraine keine Visumspflicht besteht und die EU mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die sogenannte Massenzustrom-Richtlinie anwenden wird und damit den Geflüchteten ein vorübergehendes Aufenthaltsrecht einräumen wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist mit einer außergewöhnlich hohen Migration aus der Ukraine zu rechnen, auch wenn der Umfang des Migrationspotenzials beim gegenwärtig Stand der Erkenntnis nicht seriös quantifiziert werden kann. Die Fluchtmigration konzentriert sich gegenwärtig auf die unmittelbaren Nachbarstaaten der EU und Moldawien. Schon in der Vergangenheit war die Migration hier stark konzentriert, während auf Deutschland gemessen an der Bevölkerung nur ein unterdurchschnittlicher Anteil entfiel. Wie vergangene Krisen gezeigt haben, kann sich aber die Regionalstruktur der Zielländer sehr schnell verändern. Auch Deutschland sollte sich deshalb auf einen starken Anstieg der Migration aus der Ukraine einstellen. In der Vergangenheit waren Migrantinnen und Migranten aus der Ukraine mit einem Akademikeranteil von rund der Hälfte überdurchschnittlich gut qualifiziert, 57 Prozent der Migrationsbevölkerung aus der Ukraine sind Frauen. Beschäftigungs-, Arbeitslosen- und Leistungsbezieherquoten von ukrainischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland entsprechen dem Durchschnitt der ausländischen Bevölkerung in Deutschland. Die Bevölkerung mit einem Migrationshintergrund aus der Ukraine insgesamt, also unter Berücksichtigung der deutschen Staatsangehörigen, ist deutlich besser in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert. Auch die Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine, die gegenwärtig das Land verlassen, dürften sich durch ein überdurchschnittliches Bildungsniveau und einen hohen Anteil von Frauen und Kindern auszeichnen. Die Integration von Geflüchteten kann stark erleichtert werden, wenn schnell Rechts- und Planungssicherheit u.a. durch längere Aufenthaltserlaubnisse und Perspektiven für einen dauerhaften Aufenthalt in Deutschland hergestellt werden. Zudem sollten bei der Verteilung von Geflüchteten Arbeitsmarktkriterien herangezogen werden. Aufbauend auf den Erfahrungen der Integration anderer Geflüchteter sollte die Integration durch Sprach- und Arbeitsmarktprogramme, eine schnelle Arbeitsmarktberatung und -vermittlung, die Anerkennung beruflicher Abschlüsse und den Erwerb weiterer Bildungsabschlüsse unterstützt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Frauen- und Kinderanteils sind auch die schnelle Integration von Kindern und Jugendlichen in das Bildungssystem, breite Betreuungsangebote und das gezielte Angebot von Sprach- und Integrationsprogrammen für Frauen zentral." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Brücker, Herbert ; Stepanok, Ignat ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Goßner, Laura ; Kassam, Kamal; Hauptmann, Andreas; -
Literaturhinweis
War in the Ukraine: Consequences for the Governance of Refugee Migration and Integration (2022)
Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert (2022): War in the Ukraine: Consequences for the Governance of Refugee Migration and Integration. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 41-48.
Abstract
"This paper addresses some important aspects of the challenges of the war in the Ukraine for the governance of refugee migration and the integration of refugees from Ukraine with a special focus on Germany. Refugee migration from the Ukraine differs largely from past refugee migration episodes since the EU has activated the so-called “Mass Influx Directive.” This has important humanitarian, social, and economic consequences, which are discussed in the following section. This also affects the socio-demographic structure of the refugee population and hence their integration chances (see the second section). The third section addresses an underrated aspect relevant to the integration of refugees: regional dispersal policies, while the fourth section discusses the central role of education and child care policies for the integration of the Ukrainian population, particularly females. The fifth section briefly addresses some other important aspects of integration policies – language and integration programs, labor market policies, the acknowledgment of foreign degrees, and job placement policies. Finally, the sixth section concludes the paper." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does emigration increase the wages of non-emigrants in sending countries: Emigration can increase the wages of non-emigrants, but may eventually lead to lower productivity and wage losses (2022)
Elsner, Benjamin;Zitatform
Elsner, Benjamin (2022): Does emigration increase the wages of non-emigrants in sending countries. Emigration can increase the wages of non-emigrants, but may eventually lead to lower productivity and wage losses. (IZA world of labor 208), Bonn, 12 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.208.v2
Abstract
"Auswanderung kann das Lohnniveau und die Lohnverteilung in den Herkunftsländern stärker verändern als in den aufnehmenden Staaten. Kurzfristig führt die Emigration zu Fachkräftemangel, der die Löhne von Nicht-Emigranten mit ähnlich guten Qualifikationen erhöht, während die Löhne von Arbeitnehmern mit abweichenden, geringeren Qualifikationen fallen. Langfristig kann der Gesamtlohneffekt jedoch negativ sein. Da Geringqualifizierte in den Herkunftsländern durch die Auswanderung in der Regel verlieren, sollte sich die Politik darauf konzentrieren, sie dazu zu befähigen die Lücken zu füllen, die von besser qualifizierten Emigranten hinterlassen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
The Role of Labor Market Institutions in the Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment (2022)
Zitatform
Foged, Mette, Linea Hasager & Vasil Yasenov (2022): The Role of Labor Market Institutions in the Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 124, H. 1, S. 164-213. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12452
Abstract
"We collect 1,030 previously estimated wage effects and 432 employment effects of immigration and document that the mean and median impact on the relative wage are negative and significantly different from the small positive mean and median impact on the average wage. The pattern is reversed for employment effects where the magnitudes are also smaller. Combining the effect sizes with measures of labor market institutions we find that institutions may shield native workers from relative wage consequences but reduce the average wage impact of immigration. We do not detect a significant and robust association for the employment effects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Bedeutung der Zuwanderung für den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg Deutschlands: Aktueller Stand und politische Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten (2022)
Geis-Thöne, Wido;Zitatform
Geis-Thöne, Wido (2022): Die Bedeutung der Zuwanderung für den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg Deutschlands. Aktueller Stand und politische Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. (IW-Analysen / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 151), Köln, 71 S.
Abstract
"As a result of demographic change, Germany will become increasingly dependent on immigration to secure its pool of skilled labour and stabilise its economic performance. Immigrants are already making an important contribution in this respect. In 2019, for example, almost every sixth person in skilled employment had not been born on German soil and one in twenty had entered the country since 2007. Taking only university graduates between the ages of 25 and 34, the share of immigrants rises to approximately a quarter and of those who have moved to Germany since 2007 to around a fifth. The figures show that non-natives are also making a growing contribution to innovation and entrepreneurship in this country. Despite this, the overall immigrant population is still disproportionately low-skilled and either employed in menial positions or not active in the labour market at all. Immigration policy must therefore continue to be selective and specifically target potential employees and trainees from non-EU countries who either already possess the specialist qualifications needed in Germany or can rapidly acquire them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the demographic impact of migration on the working-age population across European territories (2022)
Zitatform
Ghio, Daniela, Anne Goujon & Fabrizio Natale (2022): Assessing the demographic impact of migration on the working-age population across European territories. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 46, S. 261-272. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2022.46.9
Abstract
"Background: Ageing is central in the European Union (EU) policy debate, with all member states being concerned about implications of growing shares of older people and declining shares of working-age populations for the sustainability of welfare and health systems. Beyond this general context, ageing patterns differ largely across EU territories because of distinctive demographic and spatial dynamics. Objective: We study the relative contribution of cohort turnover and migration flows in shaping the demographic evolution of the working-age population at the local level. Methods: Using Eurostat data, we decompose the changes that have occurred in the working-age population into cohort turnover and net migration effects for the 2015–2019 period, at territorial (NUTS3 and urban-intermediate-rural) levels. Results: The majority (63%) of European (NUTS3) territories experienced negative cohort turnover effects alongside positive net migration effects during the 2015–2019 period. However, in only 27% of these territories, net migration counterbalanced the deficit in the working-age population due to cohort turnover. Conclusions: In 2015–2019, migration was the underlying force in the evolution of the working-age population, partially compensating for the loss of population due to the cohort turnover. This effect was particularly pronounced in urban areas. Contribution: Our contribution is twofold. First, we map EU NUTS3 territories where the working-age population is declining rapidly. Second, we give an assessment of the varied role of migration in mitigating the effect of ageing and shrinking working-age populations across EU urban, intermediate, and rural areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Migration Pay Off in Later Life? Income and Subjective Well-Being of Older Migrants in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Gruber, Stefan & Gregor Sand (2022): Does Migration Pay Off in Later Life? Income and Subjective Well-Being of Older Migrants in Europe. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 160, H. 2/3, S. 969-988. DOI:10.1007/s11205-020-02502-9
Abstract
"This study examines whether intra-European migration pays off in terms of income and subjective well-being (SWB) for migrants aged 50 + who are now growing old abroad and in what way their SWB is associated with their relative income position. Using panel data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe allows us to go beyond the classical comparison with the native reference group and draw on information about respondents who stayed in the place of origin ('stayers'). Our findings indicate that migration does pay off in later life. Compared to similar stayers, migrants have higher income and higher SWB levels. Furthermore, we find that older migrants' SWB is positively associated with their relative income position for those with an income above the income of both stayers in the origin and natives in the destination country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of EU immigration on labour market outcomes in Germany over the past decade (2022)
Hammer, Luisa; Hertweck, Matthias Sebastian;Zitatform
Hammer, Luisa & Matthias Sebastian Hertweck (2022): The impact of EU immigration on labour market outcomes in Germany over the past decade. (Research Brief / Deutsche Bundesbank 45 (en)), Frankfurt am Main, 4 S.
Abstract
"Im Vergleich zu früheren Arbeiten zum Zuwanderungsgeschehen in Deutschland während der 1990er-Jahre (zum Beispiel D’Amuri et al., 2010) fallen in der vorliegenden Studie insbesondere die Beschäftigungseffekte der EU-Zuwanderung im vergangenen Jahrzehnt deutlich positiver aus. Dieser Befund ist vermutlich auf das Zusammenspiel zweier Faktoren zurückzuführen: Zum einen ist der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt in den vergangenen 20 Jahren deutlich flexibler geworden. Die Beschäftigungsverhältnisse in den neu entstandenen Wirtschaftszweigen wie der Zeitarbeit werden zwar niedrig entlohnt, bieten Zuwanderinnen und Zuwanderern aber niedrigschwellige Möglichkeiten, erste Erfahrungen auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt zu erwerben. Zum anderen förderte die EU-Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit diejenige arbeitsmarktorientierte Zuwanderung, die passgenau auf die Erfordernisse des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts ausgerichtet war. Somit schlossen EU-Zuwanderinnen und Zuwanderer die Lücken, die durch ansässige Arbeitskräfte nur schlecht gefüllt werden konnten. Eine Verdrängung von ansässigen Arbeitskräften fand daher nicht statt. Vielmehr hat der Zuzug von Arbeitskräften aus der EU möglicherweise dazu beigetragen, dass Ansässige leichter neu geschaffene Stellen fanden, die sich in Unternehmen gut mit den relativ niedrig bezahlten Arbeitsplätzen der EU-Zuwanderinnen und Zuwanderer ergänzten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungsaufnahme von Geflüchteten: Anspruchslöhne sinken mit längerer Aufenthaltsdauer (2022)
Zitatform
Jaschke, Philipp, Ehsan Vallizadeh, Herbert Brücker & Marc Altenburg (2022): Beschäftigungsaufnahme von Geflüchteten: Anspruchslöhne sinken mit längerer Aufenthaltsdauer. (IAB-Kurzbericht 20/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2220
Abstract
"Krieg und Verfolgung führen oft dazu, dass Geflüchtete sich nicht ausreichend auf die Migration vorbereiten können. Daher fehlen ihnen häufig wichtige Informationen über berufliche Anforderungen und die Funktionsweise des Arbeitsmarktes in Deutschland. Das kann die Wahrnehmungen und die Einschätzungen von arbeitsuchenden Geflüchteten über Erwerbschancen und erzielbare Löhne verzerren. Dieser Bericht liefert erste Erkenntnisse über die Determinanten des Anspruchslohns der Geflüchteten sowie über den Zusammenhang zwischen diesem Lohn – auch als Reservationslohn bezeichnet – und der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Rekrutierung von Fachkräften aus dem Ausland: Einschätzungen zu Praxis und Herausforderungen in deutschen Betrieben: Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 13.10.2022 (2022)
Zitatform
Keita, Sekou & Regina Konle-Seidl (2022): Rekrutierung von Fachkräften aus dem Ausland: Einschätzungen zu Praxis und Herausforderungen in deutschen Betrieben. Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 13.10.2022. (IAB-Stellungnahme 12/2022), Nürnberg, 7 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2212
Abstract
"Zur Vorbereitung des Jahresgutachtens 2022/2023 des Sachverständigenrats zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wurde das IAB um seine Expertise gebeten zur Einschätzung der Bedingungen bei der betrieblichen Rekrutierung von ausländischen Fachkräften in Deutschland. Ein zentraler Gesichtspunkt war die Frage, ob hierbei politischer Handlungsbedarf besteht. Die Erkenntnisse, die das IAB im Herbst 2022 hierzu vorgelegt hat, werden in der vorliegenden Stellungnahme zusammengefasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Does personality matter? Noncognitive Skills and the Male Migrant Wage Gap in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Laible, Marie-Christine & Hanna Brenzel (2022): Does personality matter? Noncognitive Skills and the Male Migrant Wage Gap in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 376-409., 2021-07-17. DOI:10.1177/01979183211037315
Abstract
"Anhand eines verknüpften Arbeitnehmer-Arbeitgeber Datensatzes wird untersucht, in wie weit die Big Five Persönlichkeitsmerkmale dazu beitragen die Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männer ebenso wie zwischen Einheimischen und Migranten zu erklären. Wir erweitern die bestehende Literatur hinsichtlich eines Lohnunterschieds zwischen Frauen und Männern und liefern erste Evidenz für einen Zusammenhang zwischen den Big Five und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Einheimischen und Migranten. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich beide Gruppen in ihren Durchschnittswerten in den Big Fives unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus lässt sich ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Löhnen feststellen. Der Einfluss variiert dabei zwischen den zwei Gruppen. Die Ergebnisse einer Oaxaca-Blinder Lohnzerlegung deuten zusätzlich darauf hin, dass Persönlichkeitsmerkmale einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Erklärung des Lohnunterschieds zwischen den Geschlechtern als auch zwischen Migranten und Einheimischen liefern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
früher (möglw. abweichend) erschienen als: IAB-Discussion Paper -
Literaturhinweis
The Contribution of Migration to Regional Development (2022)
Zitatform
OECD (2022): The Contribution of Migration to Regional Development. (OECD Regional Development studies), Paris, 135 S. DOI:10.1787/57046df4-en
Abstract
"With many regions in OECD countries facing declining working age populations, the geographical dimension of migration has become crucial for regional development. Where migrants settle within countries and how much they contribute to the local economies are important questions for policy makers. This report aims to address these questions using two novel datasets that offer internationally comparable information on migration and migrants' labour market integration across cities, towns and rural areas in OECD countries. The report also analyses different dimensions of regional development and provides new evidence on how migrants contribute to regional income, innovation, international trade and labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen 2021/2022 (2021)
Achatz, Juliane; Bossler, Mario ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Matthes, Britta; Bauer, Frank; Lietzmann, Torsten; Bruckmeier, Kerstin ; Lehmer, Florian; Wolff, Joachim; Leber, Ute; Wenzig, Claudia; Lang, Julia ; Wanger, Susanne ; Kubis, Alexander; Vicari, Basha ; Kruppe, Thomas ; Trappmann, Mark ; Janssen, Simon; Seibert, Holger; Janser, Markus ; Rauch, Angela ; Jahn, Elke ; Brücker, Herbert ; Hutter, Christian ; Zika, Gerd; Hohendanner, Christian; Weber, Enzo ; Gürtzgen, Nicole ; Trenkle, Simon ; Gartner, Hermann ; Reims, Nancy ; Fuchs, Johann ; Braun, Wolfgang; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Walwei, Ulrich ; Dietz, Martin; Ramos Lobato, Philipp; Dietrich, Hans ; Stephan, Gesine ; Dengler, Katharina; Wiemers, Jürgen ; Dauth, Christine ;Zitatform
Achatz, Juliane, Frank Bauer, Mario Bossler, Wolfgang Braun, Kerstin Bruckmeier, Herbert Brücker, Christine Dauth, Katharina Dengler, Hans Dietrich, Martin Dietz, Bernd Fitzenberger, Johann Fuchs, Hermann Gartner, Nicole Gürtzgen, Christian Hohendanner, Christian Hutter, Elke Jahn, Markus Janser, Simon Janssen, Thomas Kruppe, Alexander Kubis, Julia Lang, Ute Leber, Florian Lehmer & Torsten Lietzmann (2021): Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen 2021/2022. Nürnberg, 20 S.
Abstract
"Digitalisierung, Dekarbonisierung und demografischer Wandel werden den Arbeitsmarkt in den kommenden Jahren erheblich verändern. Handlungsbedarf besteht beispielsweise bei der Sicherung des Arbeitskräftebedarfs – und damit verbunden bei der Förderung der Aus- und Weiterbildung –, bei der Reform der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende und bei der sozialen Absicherung von Solo-Selbständigen. Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Situation in mancherlei Hinsicht zusätzlich verschärft. Zu all diesen und zahlreichen weiteren wichtigen Themen fasst die IAB-Broschüre „Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen“ die zentralen wissenschaftlichen Befunde kompakt zusammen. Sie bietet zudem Handlungsempfehlungen für die Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die aus den wissenschaftlichen Befunden abgeleitet wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Achatz, Juliane; Bossler, Mario ; Oberfichtner, Michael ; Matthes, Britta; Bauer, Frank; Lietzmann, Torsten; Bruckmeier, Kerstin ; Lehmer, Florian; Wolff, Joachim; Leber, Ute; Wenzig, Claudia; Lang, Julia ; Wanger, Susanne ; Kubis, Alexander; Vicari, Basha ; Kruppe, Thomas ; Trappmann, Mark ; Janssen, Simon; Seibert, Holger; Janser, Markus ; Rauch, Angela ; Jahn, Elke ; Brücker, Herbert ; Hutter, Christian ; Zika, Gerd; Hohendanner, Christian; Weber, Enzo ; Gürtzgen, Nicole ; Trenkle, Simon ; Gartner, Hermann ; Reims, Nancy ; Braun, Wolfgang; Fitzenberger, Bernd ; Walwei, Ulrich ; Dietz, Martin; Ramos Lobato, Philipp; Dietrich, Hans ; Stephan, Gesine ; Dengler, Katharina; Wiemers, Jürgen ; Dauth, Christine ; -
Literaturhinweis
The dynamics of return migration, human capital accumulation, and wage assimilation (2021)
Adda, Jérôme; Görlach, Joseph-Simon; Dustmann, Christian;Zitatform
Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Joseph-Simon Görlach (2021): The dynamics of return migration, human capital accumulation, and wage assimilation. (CESifo working paper 9051), München, 90 S.
Abstract
"To assess the implications of the interplay between anticipated migration durations and immigrants' behavior, we develop a lifecycle model in which immigrants decide labor market participation, consumption, and investment in human capital together with the optimal length of migration. We estimate this model using panel data that provide repeated information on immigrants' return intentions and realized return migrations. We show that the relation between return intentions and human capital investment leads to behavior-based selective outmigration, and that policies that influence migrants' return decisions may lead to suboptimal career profiles, inducing welfare losses for both immigrants and the host country's population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employment Effects of Immigration to Germany in the Period of Migration Policy Liberalization, 2005-2018 (2021)
Erol, Isil; Unal, Umut;Zitatform
Erol, Isil & Umut Unal (2021): Employment Effects of Immigration to Germany in the Period of Migration Policy Liberalization, 2005-2018. (MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics by the Universities of Aachen, Gießen, Göttingen, Kassel, Marburg, Siegen 04-2021), Marburg, 29 S.
Abstract
"Germany has undergone a significant migration policy shift since the early 2000s. This paper examines the total employment effect of immigration during the liberalization of migration policies from 2005 to 2018 using a spatial approach. A set of methods, along with static and dynamic macro-econometric models, were applied on a balanced panel formed by a unique and manually collected data for 156 statistical regions based on the definition of the German Federal Employment Agency. We find suggestive evidence that there has been a significant adverse impact of new immigrants on the overall employment rate, and this negative effect is substantially larger than those reported in previous studies on the employment effect of immigration in the German labour market. In a further step, we divide our sample into two subsamples to capture the employment effect of the massive humanitarian inflows that began in 2015. Our results indicate that, in addition to the new immigrants' lower rate of integration into the local labour markets, a sudden influx of asylum seekers may possibly lead to a substantial fall in the employment rates, because asylum seekers are not immediately allowed to work in the country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Informal Incentives, Labor Supply, and the Effect of Immigration on Wages (2021)
Fahn, Matthias; Murooka, Takeshi;Zitatform
Fahn, Matthias & Takeshi Murooka (2021): Informal Incentives, Labor Supply, and the Effect of Immigration on Wages. (Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre Linz. Arbeitspapier 2021,12), Linz, 56 S.
Abstract
"This paper theoretically investigates how an increase in the supply of homogenous workers can raise wages, generating new insights on potential drivers for the observed non-negative wage effects of immigration. We develop a model of a labor market with frictions in which firms can motivate workers only through informal incentives. A higher labor supply increases firms' chances of filling a vacancy, which reduces their credibility to compensate workers for their effort. As a response, firms endogenously generate costs of turnover by paying workers a rent, and this rent is higher if an increase in labor supply reduces a firm's credibility. By this effect, a higher labor supply — for example caused by immigration — can increase workers' compensation. Moreover, an asymmetric equilibrium exists in which native workers are paid higher wages than immigrants and work harder. In such an equilibrium, an inflow of immigrants increases productivity, profits, and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Role of Labor Market Institutions in the Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment (2021)
Zitatform
Foged, Mette, Linea Hasager & Vasil Yasenov (2021): The Role of Labor Market Institutions in the Impact of Immigration on Wages and Employment. (CReAM discussion paper 2021,07), London, 57 S.
Abstract
"We study the role of institutions in affecting the labor market impacts of immigration using a cross-country meta-analysis approach. To accomplish this, we gather information on 1,030 previously estimated wage effects and 432 employment effects of immigration from 61 academic studies covering 18 developed countries. The mean and median impact on the relative wage of directly exposed native workers are negative and significantly different from the small positive mean and median impact on the average wage level. This pattern is reversed for employment effects where the magnitudes are smaller. We combine this database with country-level data on labor market institutions from the OECD. The results suggest that institutions may shield native workers from distributional (relative) wage consequences of immigration but exacerbate the impacts on average wages in the economy. We do not detect a significant and robust association for the employment effects of foreign workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration Forecasting - Significance and Approaches (2021)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Johann, Doris Söhnlein & Patrizio Vanella (2021): Migration Forecasting - Significance and Approaches. In: Encyclopedia, Jg. 1, H. 3, S. 689-709., 2021-07-26. DOI:10.3390/encyclopedia1030054
Abstract
"Migration is defined as the permanent change in an individual’s usual residence. Forecasting migration is an important requisite for population forecasts or for planning in fields that depend on the future size and structure of the population, such as economics, epidemiology, social insurance, or infrastructure. As migration is the most volatile of all demographic components, its modeling is especially difficult. International migration can be modeled and forecast very differently; users should be familiar with the flaws and strengths of these different approaches." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Innovation Without Borders: The Power of Human Migration in the 21st Century (2021)
Harnoss, Johann; Reeves, Martin; Schwarz, Anna; Candelon, François;Zitatform
Harnoss, Johann, Anna Schwarz, Martin Reeves & François Candelon (2021): Innovation Without Borders. The Power of Human Migration in the 21st Century. Boston, MA, 19 S.
Abstract
"This report is the first in a series that explores the innovative potential arising from the global movement of skilled workers and examines the implications for CEOs and policymakers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wie die Migration von Pflegekräften mit im Ausland erworbener Berufsqualifikation die Pflegeberufe in Deutschland verändert: Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Berufsauffassungen von Zugezogenen und der kollektiven Rollenzuschreibung der Pflegeberufe (2021)
Hubenthal, Natalie;Zitatform
Hubenthal, Natalie (2021): Wie die Migration von Pflegekräften mit im Ausland erworbener Berufsqualifikation die Pflegeberufe in Deutschland verändert. Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Berufsauffassungen von Zugezogenen und der kollektiven Rollenzuschreibung der Pflegeberufe. Kassel: Kassel University Press GmbH, 229 S. DOI:10.17170/kobra-202110264953
Abstract
"Angesichts des steigenden Anteils migrierender Pflegekräfte mit im Ausland erworbener Berufsqualifikation im deutschen Pflegewesen gewinnt deren Eingliederung in die Pflegeberufe zunehmend an Bedeutung. Auch wenn Anpassungsleistungen für Zuziehende, wie bspw. Anerkennungskurse oder Einarbeitungszeiten, eine Integration in bestehende Verhältnisse zum Ziel haben, kann doch davon ausgegangen werden, dass durch die zuvor im Ausland erworbenen Berufsauffassungen verschiedene berufliche Rollenzuschreibungen in Deutschland in Frage gestellt werden. Folgende Forschungsfragen soll die Studie beantworten: - Welche Erfahrungen machen migrierte Pflegekräfte mit im Ausland erworbener Berufsqualifikation in der Auseinandersetzung mit dem deutschen Berufs- und Rollenverständnis? - Wie beschreiben und bewerten sie notwendige Anpassungsleistungen bzw. ihren Beitrag zur Mitgestaltung ihrer beruflichen Rolle?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Scared Straight? Threat and Assimilation of Refugees in Germany (2021)
Zitatform
Jaschke, Philipp, Sulin Sardoschau & Marco Tabellini (2021): Scared Straight? Threat and Assimilation of Refugees in Germany. (CEPR discussion paper 16849), London, 100 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the effects of threat on convergence to local culture and on economic assimilation of refugees, exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in their allocation across German regions between 2013 and 2016. We combine novel survey data on cultural preferences and economic outcomes of refugees with corresponding information on locals, and construct a threat index that integrates contemporaneous and historical variables. On average, refugees assimilate both culturally and economically. However, while refugees assigned to more hostile regions converge to local culture more quickly, they do not exhibit faster economic assimilation. We provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that refugees exert more assimilation effort in response to local threat, but fail to successfully integrate because of higher discrimination by locals in more hostile regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen (möglw. abweichend) als: IZA discussion paper -
Literaturhinweis
Economic Outcomes of Immigrants with Different Migration Motives: The Role of Labour Market Policies (2021)
Zitatform
Kanas, Agnieszka & Stephanie Steinmetz (2021): Economic Outcomes of Immigrants with Different Migration Motives: The Role of Labour Market Policies. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 449-464. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa058
Abstract
"This paper studies the role of labour market policies for economic outcomes of immigrants with different migration motives. Using two recent European Union Labour Force Surveys ad hoc modules and applying country fixed-effects models, we examine if labour market policies can alleviate the economic disadvantage of family reunification and refugee immigrants in comparison to economic immigrants. In line with previous studies, we find that even after controlling for differences in human capital and socio-demographic characteristics, family reunification, and particularly refugee immigrants have considerably lower labour force participation and employment rates, and when employed, work fewer hours and have a lower occupational status than economic immigrants. However, we also find that the economic disadvantage of family reunification and refugee immigrants is significantly smaller in countries with more extensive labour market policies. These findings hold for the overall labour market mobility index as well as its specific sub-dimensions: general and targeted support and workers’ rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Free Movement of Workers Boost Immigrant Employment? New Evidence from Germany (2021)
Zitatform
Kosyakova, Yuliya & Herbert Brücker (2021): Does Free Movement of Workers Boost Immigrant Employment? New Evidence from Germany. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 1734-1762., 2021-10-01. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnab047
Abstract
"Extending free movement of workers (FMW) to the new Member States from Central and Eastern Europe was one of the most controversial political decisions in the history of the European Union. In this article, we study how the introduction of FMW affected immigrants’ labor market integration in Germany. Using data from the IAB-SOEP Migration Sample, we show that the introduction of FMW was associated with a higher influx of skilled workers. Moreover, FMW has increased the probability of labor market entry within one year after arrival by 12 percentage points. Correspondingly, FMW improved welfare not only by increasing the scale of migration but also by raising immigrants’ skill level and reducing the time before entry into the labor market. Our findings thus yield new insights on the beneficial effects of FMW on labor market integration of immigrants in the Common Market." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Oxford University Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Immigration Grow the Pie?: Asymmetric Evidence from Germany (2021)
Maffei-Faccioli, Nicolo; Vella, Eugenia;Zitatform
Maffei-Faccioli, Nicolo & Eugenia Vella (2021): Does Immigration Grow the Pie? Asymmetric Evidence from Germany. (Working paper series / Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of International and European Economic Studies 2021-05), Athen, 38 S.
Abstract
"We provide empirical evidence suggesting that net migration shocks can have substantial demand effects, potentially acting like positive Keynesian supply shocks. Using monthly administrative data (2006-2019) for Germany in a structural VAR, we show that the shocks stimulate vacancies, wages, house prices, consumption, investment, net exports, and output. Unemployment falls for natives (dominant jobcreation effect), driving a decline in total unemployment, while rising for foreigners (dominant job-competition effect). The geographic origin of migrants and the education level of residents matter crucially for the transmission. Overall, the evidence implies that the policy debate should focus on redistributive strategies between natives and foreigners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Immigration Grow the Pie?: Asymmetric Evidence from Germany (2021)
Maffei-Faccioli, Nicolo; Vella, Eugenia;Zitatform
Maffei-Faccioli, Nicolo & Eugenia Vella (2021): Does Immigration Grow the Pie? Asymmetric Evidence from Germany. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 138. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103846
Abstract
"We provide empirical evidence suggesting that net migration shocks can have substantial demand effects, potentially acting like positive Keynesian supply shocks. Using monthly administrative data (2006–2019) for Germany in a structural VAR, we show that the shocks stimulate vacancies, wages, house prices, consumption, investment, net exports, and output. Unemployment falls for natives (dominant job-creation effect), driving a decline in total unemployment, while rising for foreigners (dominant job-competition effect). The geographic origin of migrants and the education level of residents matter crucially for the transmission. Overall, the evidence implies that the policy debate should focus on redistributive strategies between natives and foreigners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should I stay or should I go? Langfristige Auswirkungen von qualifikationsspezifischen Wanderungsströmen auf Arbeitsangebot und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung (2021)
Zitatform
Maier, Tobias, Michael Kalinowski, Carolin Böse, Nadja Schmitz, Anke Mönnig & Gerd Zika (2021): Should I stay or should I go? Langfristige Auswirkungen von qualifikationsspezifischen Wanderungsströmen auf Arbeitsangebot und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. (BIBB-Report 2021,01), Leverkusen, 16 S.
Abstract
"Aufgrund der Alterung der Gesellschaft wird die Anzahl an Erwerbspersonen zwischen 2020 und 2040 um rund 1,8 Millionen Personen zurückgehen. Dies zeigt die QuBe-Basisprojektion, welche von durchschnittlichen jährlichen Wanderungsgewinnen von rund 240.000 Personen ausgeht. In diesem Beitrag demonstrieren wir anhand zweier alternativer Szenarien, was eine geringfügige Erhöhung der Zuwanderung („Pull-Szenario“) bzw. Verringerung der Abwanderung („Bleibe-Szenario“) um jährlich jeweils rund 50.000 Personen im Vergleich zur Basisprojektion ab dem Jahr 2022 bedeuten würde. Beide Wanderungsszenarien entfalten eine positive Wirkung auf das Fachkräfteangebot und die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Es wird jedoch deutlich, dass eine Erhöhung der Bleibewahrscheinlichkeit einen unmittelbareren und stärkeren Effekt auf die Bevölkerungsentwicklung und die Wirtschaft hat, da nur jede zweite zuwandernde Person langfristig in Deutschland verweilt. Es ist deshalb lohnenswert, die Bleibewahrscheinlichkeit ausländischer Fachkräfte in Deutschland, z. B. durch die Anerkennung ausländischer Berufsqualifikationen, zu erhöhen. Vor allem das Fachkräfteangebot der mittleren Qualifikationsebene würde davon profitieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Zika, Gerd; -
Literaturhinweis
Population Aging and Migration (2021)
Poutvaara, Panu;Zitatform
Poutvaara, Panu (2021): Population Aging and Migration. (IZA discussion paper 14389), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"International migration flows largely reflect demographic patterns and economic opportunities. Migration flows increase in expected income and other pull factors in potential destinations, and in push factors in the origin, like high unemployment, low wages, and high population growth. Migration flows decrease in the geographic and cultural distance between the potential origin and destination, and in other migration costs. To the extent that migrants are employed, immigration can alleviate challenges arising from population aging. For origin countries, the effects of migration may go either way, depending on whether increased incentives to invest in education are sufficient to compensate the loss of skilled workers. Throughout the 20th century, Northern America and Australia and New Zealand attracted highest immigration flows. Latin America was consistently a continent of emigration. Europe went through a major reversal from a continent of emigration until 1950s to a continent of immigration. In the 21st century, crucial questions for demographic and migration research are how fertility rate and emigration rate are going to develop in Africa. Even modest increases in emigration from Africa would generate major increases in immigration pressure in the rest of the world, mostly in Europe. Other major questions on the future research agenda are the effects of the climate change and rapid improvements in information technology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer sanctions: A policy with a pitfall? (2021)
Stark, Oded; Jakubek, Marcin;Zitatform
Stark, Oded & Marcin Jakubek (2021): Employer sanctions: A policy with a pitfall? (University of Tübingen working papers in business and economics 149), Tübingen, 20 S. DOI:10.15496/publikation-57928
Abstract
"This chapter investigates the impact of the imposition of sanctions for employing illegal migrants on the welfare of native laborers. In response to such sanctions, managers in a firm may be reassigned from the supervision of production to the verification of the legality of the firm's labor force. The chapter analyzes three different conditions of the host country's labor market: full employment, voluntary unemployment, and minimal wage in combination with involuntary unemployment. It is shown that when the sanctions are steep enough, a profit-maximizing firm will assign managers to verification, which impedes the firm's productivity. The impact on the wages and / or employment of the native laborers depends on the efficiency of the verification technology, namely on the percentage of the 'filtered out' illegal laborers in relation to the fraction of reassigned managers. If this efficiency is not high enough, the sanctions bring in their wake consequences that fly in the face of the very aim of their introduction: the welfare of the native laborers will take a beating." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Task specialization and the native-foreign wage gap: Evidence from worker-level data (2021)
Zitatform
Storm, Eduard (2021): Task specialization and the native-foreign wage gap: Evidence from worker-level data. (Ruhr economic papers 928), Essen, 36 S. DOI:10.4419/96973086
Abstract
"Running RIF regressions to decompose wage differences along the distribution, this is the first study documenting that worker-level variation in tasks has played a key role in the widening of the German Native-Foreign Wage Gap. Comparing variation in Individual- vs Occupation-level task measures suggests idiosyncratic differences account for up to 34% of the explained wage gap. Importantly, natives specialize in high-paying interactive activities not only between but also within occupations. In contrast, foreign workers specialize in low-paying manual activities. This enhanced degree of task specialization accounts for 11% of the gap near the top of the distribution and 25% near the bottom, thus offering new insight into sources for imperfect substitution of native and foreign workers in the production function and consequently small migration-induced wage effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
spätere (möglw. abweichende) Version erschienen in: Labour -
Literaturhinweis
Firm productivity and immigrant-native earnings disparity (2021)
Åslund, Olof; Bratu, Cristina; Thoresson, Anna; Lombardi, Stefano;Zitatform
Åslund, Olof, Cristina Bratu, Stefano Lombardi & Anna Thoresson (2021): Firm productivity and immigrant-native earnings disparity. (CReAM discussion paper 2021,37), London, 35 S.
Abstract
"We study the role of firm productivity in explaining earnings disparities between immigrants and natives using population-wide matched employer-employee data from Sweden. We find substantial earnings returns to working in firms with higher persistent productivity, with greater gains for immigrants from non-Western countries. Moreover, the pass-through of within-firm productivity variation to earnings is stronger for immigrants in low-productive, immigrant-dense firms. But immigrant workers are underrepresented in high-productive firms and less likely to move up the productivity distribution. Thus, sorting into less productive firms decreases earnings in poor-performing immigrant groups that would gain the most from working in high-productive firms" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wirtschaftliche Effekte der EU-Arbeitskräftemobilität in den Ziel- und Herkunftsländern: Ein kurzer Literaturüberblick (2020)
Zitatform
Bonin, Holger, Annabelle Krause-Pilatus, Ulf Rinne & Herbert Brücker (2020): Wirtschaftliche Effekte der EU-Arbeitskräftemobilität in den Ziel- und Herkunftsländern. Ein kurzer Literaturüberblick. (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Forschungsbericht 554), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"Der Literaturüberblick bildet den Forschungsstand zu den Effekten der EU-Binnenmigration und ihres Beitrags zur Konvergenz in der Europäischen Union ab. Die Auswirkungen der (Arbeitnehmer-) Freizügigkeit auf die wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung werden diskutiert. Die Analyse bezieht sowohl Ziel- als auch Herkunftsländer der mobilen Erwerbstätigen mit ein. Ausgewertet werden vor allem volkswirtschaftliche (i.d.R. ökonometrische) Studien, zusätzlich werden auch wichtige theoretische Arbeiten in die Darstellung einbezogen. Der Überblick deckt fünf verschiedene Dimensionen ab, die in der Debatte über die wirtschaftliche und soziale Konvergenz der Mitgliedstaaten wesentlich sind und für die aus der Arbeitsmarkt- und Migrationsforschung methodisch begründete und empirisch belastbare Erkenntnisse vorliegen: Arbeitsmarktwirkungen, Wachstums- und Produktivitätseffekte, Effekte auf Humankapital (Brain Drain und/oder Brain Gain), fiskalische Effekte sowie soziale und gesellschaftliche Folgen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
An Introduction to the Economics of Immigration in OECD Countries (2020)
Edo, Anthony ; Sweetman, Arthur; Rapoport, Hillel; Ragot, Lionel; Sardoschau, Sulin; Steinmayr, Andreas;Zitatform
Edo, Anthony, Lionel Ragot, Hillel Rapoport, Sulin Sardoschau, Andreas Steinmayr & Arthur Sweetman (2020): An Introduction to the Economics of Immigration in OECD Countries. (IZA discussion paper 13755), 33 S.
Abstract
"The share of the foreign-born in OECD countries is increasing, and this article summarizes economics research on the effects of immigration in those nations. Four broad topics are addressed: labor market issues, fiscal questions, the political economy of immigration, and productivity/international trade. Extreme concerns about deleterious labour market and fiscal impacts following from new immigrants are not found to be warranted. However, it is also clear that government policies and practices regarding the selection and integration of new migrants affect labour market, fiscal and social/cultural outcomes. Policies that are well informed, well crafted, and well executed beneficially improve population welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Let's stick together: Labor market effects from immigrant neighborhood clustering (2020)
Zitatform
Lobo, José & Charlotta Mellander (2020): Let's stick together: Labor market effects from immigrant neighborhood clustering. In: Environment and planning. A, Economy and space, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 953-980. DOI:10.1177/0308518X19896521
Abstract
"We investigate if there are positive economic effects for individuals residing in ethnic neighborhoods, in particular if the likelihood of labor market participation among foreign-born is affected by residentially aggregating with other people from one’s same native region. We also examine to what extent the income level among foreign-born who have a job is affected by the extent to which they congregate in ethnic enclaves. We use Swedish micro-level data for the time period 2007 to 2015 and run a Heckman estimation for four distinct immigration groups: those from (a) the Middle East; poor and middle-income countries in (b) Africa and (c) Asia; and (d) and those from the former Yugoslavia. We control for personal and neighborhood characteristics as well as workplace characteristics. The results suggest that, in some cases, there may be positive effects from ethnic concentration, but even more from living with first- and second-generation immigrants in general." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 a Pion publication) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The long-term growth impact of refugee migration in Europe: A case study (2020)
Manthei, Gerrit;Zitatform
Manthei, Gerrit (2020): The long-term growth impact of refugee migration in Europe. A case study. (Diskussionsbeiträge / Forschungszentrum Generationenverträge 71), Freiburg, 20 S.
Abstract
"Many questions have been raised about the political and economic consequences of the recent surge in refugee immigration in Europe. Can refugee immigration promote long-term per-capita growth? How are the drivers of per-capita growthinfluenced by immigration? What are the policy implications of refugee immigration? Using an adjusted Cobb-Douglas productionfunction,with labour divided into two complementary groups,this study attempts to provide some answers. By applying the model to current immigration data from Germany, the study finds that refugee immigration can lead to long-term per-capita growth in the host country and that the growth is higher if immigrants are relatively young and have sufficiently high qualifications. Further, capital inflowsare a prerequisite for boosting per-capita growth. These findings can inform the migration policiesof countries that continue to grapple with refugee immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding access to the labour market through migration channels (2020)
Zitatform
Sandoz, Laure (2020): Understanding access to the labour market through migration channels. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 222-241. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1502657
Abstract
"The mobility of the 'highly skilled' has become widely researched but only a few researchers have approached this category of migrants from a critical perspective. This article argues that understanding how 'highly skilled migrants' are constructed necessitates considering the conditions in which migration takes place as well as the perceptions and practices associated with these conditions. It uses the concept of 'migration channels' to investigate the enabling and disabling factors associated with different migration situations. The analysis draws on biographic interviews with highly educated migrants in Switzerland, and supplements these with expert interviews and ethnographic observations of people working in institutions that support, guide, or control migrants' access to the labour market. The article shows that categories of migrants are artificial and often do not coincide with lived realities. Migrants actively develop strategies to achieve their personal aspirations, but they also depend on the opportunities available in their environment. The concept of 'migration channels' enables us to capture this interplay between structures and agency by showing how different actors shape the opportunities and constraints faced by different groups of migrants, and how migrants actively deal with them. This concept thus fosters a critical yet empathic understanding of migration experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ethnic and migrant penalties in job quality in the UK: the role of residential concentration and occupational clustering (2020)
Zitatform
Zwysen, Wouter & Neli Demireva (2020): Ethnic and migrant penalties in job quality in the UK. The role of residential concentration and occupational clustering. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 200-221. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1498777
Abstract
"Migrants and ethnic minorities in the UK are found to be disadvantaged in their access to work and earnings, but little is known about the characteristics of the jobs they occupy. This paper studies whether migrants and UK-born ethnic minorities attain similar jobs compared to their white British peers by clustering 17 indicators of job quality - covering intrinsic quality, work-life balance, monetary rewards, and employment conditions - into 5 latent classes. We find that non-white migrants are clustered in the worst jobs, while white migrants do relatively well. UK-born ethnic minorities are indeed less likely to work on the best jobs, but the type of disadvantage differs strongly between ethnic groups. Local deprivation drives some of the worse job quality of UK-born minorities while selection into lower-quality occupations and sectors drives much of the disadvantage of migrants. Co-ethnic support and particularly an economically stronger co-ethnic community in the locality can help shield ethnic minorities from the worst jobs, while ethnic niches in the occupation are associated with low-quality work. Finally, working in migrant-heavy occupations is associated with somewhat lower job quality; primarily affecting other migrants in a possible race to the bottom." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Local labor markets in Canada and the United States (2019)
Albouy, David; Lutz, Chandler; Chernoff, Alex; Warman, Casey;Zitatform
Albouy, David, Alex Chernoff, Chandler Lutz & Casey Warman (2019): Local labor markets in Canada and the United States. (NBER working paper 25709), Cambrige, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w25709
Abstract
"We examine local labor markets in the U.S. and Canada from 1990 to 2011 using comparable household and business data. Wage levels and inequality rise with city population in both countries, albeit less in Canada. Neither country saw wage levels converge despite contrasting migration patterns from/to high-wage areas. Local labor demand shifts raise nominal wages similarly, although in Canada they attract immigrant and highly-skilled workers more, while raising housing costs less. Chinese import competition had a weaker negative impact on manufacturing employment in Canada. These results are consistent with Canada's more redistributive transfer system and larger, more-educated immigrant workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Seeking refuge in Europe: spaces of transit and the violence of migration management (2019)
Ansems de Vries, Leonie; Guild, Elspeth;Zitatform
Ansems de Vries, Leonie & Elspeth Guild (2019): Seeking refuge in Europe. Spaces of transit and the violence of migration management. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 12, S. 2156-2166. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1468308
Abstract
"In the past few years, spaces of transit have become prominent sites for people seeking refuge in Europe. From railway stations and parks in European cities, to informal settlements around Calais, to the hotspots in Italy and Greece, the movements of people and the techniques that govern them are at the heart of what has been misnamed the 'European refugee crisis'. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, this article takes spaces of transit as a vantage point for interrogating the relationship between mobility, migration management and violence, focusing on the fracturing of journeys due to forced and obstructed mobility both outside and within the EU. We develop the notion of 'politics of exhaustion' to highlight the impact and protracted character of these forms of migration management - its accumulated effects over time and across spaces - yet without reducing people seeking refuge to passive victims. Struggles for mobility are closely related to the existence and continued adaptation of migration management practices. The notion of fracturing can thus be employed not only to make sense of the violent effects of migration management but also the ways in which conventional conceptions of state and citizenship are challenged by the emergence of alternative living spaces, communities and politics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Im/mobile highly skilled migrants in Qatar (2019)
Zitatform
Babar, Zahra, Michael Ewers & Nabil Khattab (2019): Im/mobile highly skilled migrants in Qatar. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1553-1570. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1492372
Abstract
"Most studies on the mobility of highly skilled migrants have been examined with a framework of global talent mobility and under conditions of neoliberal governance and economic globalization. In this study we challenge the notion of the hypermobile knowledge worker. Utilizing mixed methods, we examine the factors that attracted highly skilled migrants to Qatar and the conditions under which they might leave in the future. Rather than finding a group of footloose migrants attracted primarily to high-wage jobs, a lack of taxation or amenities, and with multiple alternative locations of residence, we find that highly skilled migrants exist on a spectrum of immobility. More significantly, this immobility depends on the migrant's region of origin. For Asian and Western migrants immobility is attributed to the Kafala system or employer sponsorship, which hinders occupational and spatial mobility and ties workers to their sponsors. Arab highly skilled migrants are especially affected by lack of security and stability in their home countries, which makes these workers involuntarily immobile. The former group seem to be willing to accept a reduced level of agency and mobility for high income, whereas for the latter security and stability are more fundamental to their decision to come to Qatar." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do immigrants take or create residents' jobs?: evidence from free movement of workers in Switzerland (2019)
Zitatform
Basten, Christoph & Michael Siegenthaler (2019): Do immigrants take or create residents' jobs? Evidence from free movement of workers in Switzerland. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 121, H. 3, S. 994-1019. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12293
Abstract
"In 2002, Switzerland began to adopt free movement of workers with the European Union. We study the effects of the resulting immigration wave on resident workers. We focus on the level of national skill groups and propose an Instrumental Variable approach to address the endogeneity of immigration in this setting. Mostly relying on administrative data on the 2002 - 2011 period, we find that immigration of foreign workers reduced unemployment of residents and had limited adverse effects on their wages and employment. One reason is that younger residents changed to more demanding jobs as a response to the arrival of immigrants." (Autorenreferat, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons)
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Literaturhinweis
Wage performance of immigrants in Germany (2019)
Beyer, Robert C. M.;Zitatform
Beyer, Robert C. M. (2019): Wage performance of immigrants in Germany. In: German economic review, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. e141-e169. DOI:10.1111/geer.12159
Abstract
"This paper updates and deepens our understanding of the wage performance of immigrants in Germany. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, it documents that immigrant workers initially earn on average 20% less than native workers with otherwise identical characteristics. The gap is smaller for immigrants from advanced countries, with good German language skills, and with a German degree, and larger for others. The gap declines gradually over time but at a decreasing rate and much faster for more recent cohorts. Less success in obtaining jobs with higher occupational autonomy explains half of the wage gap." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wages of migrant and native employees in Germany: new light on an old issue (2019)
Zitatform
Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2019): Wages of migrant and native employees in Germany: new light on an old issue. (IAB-Discussion Paper 10/2019), Nürnberg, 48 S.
Abstract
"Voraussichtlich wird die Zahl der in Deutschland beschäftigten Arbeitskräfte zukünftig und demografisch bedingt sinken. Um Fachkräfteengpässen entgegenzuwirken, rückt eine arbeitsmarktgesteuerte Zuwanderung in den Vordergrund. Eine faire und adäquate Entlohnung der zugewanderten Arbeitskräfte setzt die notwendigen Anreize für eine Einwanderung. Das vorliegende Papier analysiert daher das Lohngefälle zwischen ausländischen und einheimischen Vollzeitbeschäftigten. Die Ergebnisse der dreiteiligen Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung auf Basis einer Mincer-Lohngleichung zeigen, dass das Lohngefälle zum Großteil durch beobachtbare Unterschiede in der Ausstattung erklärt werden. Insbesondere Arbeitsmarktregion, Arbeitserfahrung und Firmenmerkmale tragen dazu bei. Unterschiede in der Produktivität können vernachlässigt werden mit der Ausnahme der Arbeitsmarkterfahrung. Hier zeigen sich flachere Erfahrungsprofile der ausländischen Beschäftigten. Die Ergebnisse sind robust und zeigen sich für verschiedene Modellspezifikationen, die u.a. die Selektivität der ausländischen Beschäftigten berücksichtigen. Etwaige Produktivitätsnachteile verschwinden für Ausländer, die mehr als zehn Jahre in den Daten beobachtet oder eingebürgert werden. Unsere Ergebnisse führen zu dem Schluss, dass Lohnunterschiede aus ökonomischer Sicht vernachlässigbar sind und vollzeitbeschäftigte Ausländer im Durchschnitt fair entlohnt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Local deprivation and the labour market integration of new migrants to England (2019)
Zitatform
Clark, Ken, Lindsey Garratt, Yaojun Li, Kitty Lymperopoulou & William Shankley (2019): Local deprivation and the labour market integration of new migrants to England. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 17, S. 3260-3282. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1481000
Abstract
"Using data on new migrants to England from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey, we show how a key component of migrant integration - labour market progress in terms of wages and unemployment rates - is broadly positive in the early years after arrival across a range of migrant groups and across gender. However, the precise level of labour market success achieved varies considerably across groups reflecting both the initial entry-level and labour market trajectories after migration. Migrants from Western Europe and the Old Commonwealth countries have unemployment rates (wages) which are generally lower (higher) than other groups, particularly non-white groups, while migrants from the Accession countries experience relatively low unemployment but also low wages. Groups which have better outcomes on entry also tend to experience higher rates of progress over time in England. However, the extent of multiple deprivation in the local authority where migrants reside interacts with years since migration to dampen wage trajectories for some groups and accounting for deprivation highlights the importance of internal migration for access to employment. The results emphasise structural explanations for patterns of labour market integration of new migrants to England." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour market participation of Sub-Saharan Africans in the Netherlands: the limits of the human capital approach (2019)
Confurius, Diane; Dagevos, Jaco; Gowricharn, Ruben;Zitatform
Confurius, Diane, Ruben Gowricharn & Jaco Dagevos (2019): Labour market participation of Sub-Saharan Africans in the Netherlands. The limits of the human capital approach. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 13, S. 2328-2347. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1497956
Abstract
"This paper focuses on the labour disparities between Sub-Saharan African immigrants in the Netherlands, a hitherto undescribed ethnic group, and the native Dutch population. Using unique data with nationwide coverage, the analysis reveals that the labour market position of Sub-Saharan Africans displays an exceptionally large disparity with the native Dutch, compared with discrepancies found in previous research on other immigrant groups. The outcomes also show great differences across the Sub-Saharan groups with Cape Verdeans and South Africans deviating the least from the native Dutch, Ghanaians occupying an intermediate position, while people from Somalia, Eritrea, Congo, Sudan and Sierra Leone are in the worst position. Most importantly, we found that the conventional human capital model does not account for much of the disparity between Sub-Saharan Africans and the native Dutch, even when the model is expanded with language proficiency as an additional variable. Considering these findings, we suggest that alternative explanations, such as society of origin, the operation of norm images and ethnic concentration in specific sectors impeding mobilities should be researched further." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of immigration on the labor market (2019)
Zitatform
Edo, Anthony (2019): The impact of immigration on the labor market. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 922-948. DOI:10.1111/joes.12300
Abstract
"The literature on the impact of immigration on the labor market is highly controversial. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literature and draw some general conclusions on how wages and employment respond to immigration. Economic studies indicate that the impact of immigration on the average wage and employment of native workers is null or slightly positive. However, because adjustments take time, the immediate labor market effects of unexpected (as opposed to expected) migration episodes can be detrimental. Immigration also can have distributional consequences. In particular, the skill composition of immigrants matters in determining their impact on native labor market outcomes. An inflow of immigrants will tend to reduce the wages of competing native workers (with skills similar to those of the migrants), and increase those of complementary workers (with skills that complement those of immigrants). By affecting the skill composition of the workforce, immigration can create winners and losers among native workers via changes in the wage structure." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migrant capitals: Proposing a multi-level spatio-temporal analytical framework (2019)
Zitatform
Erel, Umut & Louise Ryan (2019): Migrant capitals: Proposing a multi-level spatio-temporal analytical framework. In: Sociology, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 246-263. DOI:10.1177/0038038518785298
Abstract
"This article explores how migrants utilize and access different forms of capital. Using a Bourdieusian approach to capital, we focus on how migrants' temporal and spatial journeys are shaped by and in turn shape their opportunities to mobilize resources and convert them into capitals. These processes depend on migrants' social positioning, including their gender, class, ethnic and national positioning, as well as citizenship status, and how this is articulated in relation to different fields in different spatial and temporal contexts. Drawing upon our combined corpus of data on migration to the UK, and a lesser extent Germany, with third country nationals and EU citizens and new data collected since the Brexit referendum, we examine these issues through biographical approaches to migrant women's life stories. In so doing, we build theory on capital accumulation as dynamic, multi-level and spatio-temporally contingent." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A division of labour? Labour market segmentation by region of origin: the case of intra-EU migrants in the UK, Germany and Denmark (2019)
Zitatform
Felbo-Kolding, Jonas, Janine Leschke & Thees F. Spreckelsen (2019): A division of labour? Labour market segmentation by region of origin. The case of intra-EU migrants in the UK, Germany and Denmark. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 15, S. 2820-2843. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1518709
Abstract
"The 2004/2007 EU enlargements rendered CEE citizens legally equal to EU labour market participants. However, CEE migrants still face 'racialisation' and segmentation in North-Western European labour markets. Similar processes might extend to EU-South migrants, giving rise to a division of labour, whereby CEE and EU-South migrants end up in poor-quality, low-pay jobs. We compare the labour market integration of recent intra-EU migrants (EU8, EU2, EU-South, EU-West/EEA) in the UK, Germany and Denmark. Using labour force, microcensus and register data, we model quantitative and qualitative integration through labour force participation and wages. We find no significant differences in labour force participation between nationals and migrants in the UK. Whilst in both Denmark and Germany, the labour force participation of EU-migrants is significantly lower. Notwithstanding differences in migration trends, labour markets and welfare regimes, we find evidence of a division of labour along occupational and industry lines - that translates into wage differences. EU-West/EEA migrants occupy better jobs (even outperforming nationals), followed by EU-South and CEE migrants. In Denmark and Germany, EU8 and EU2 migrants' wages are lower than those of nationals even after controlling for differences in occupations. These findings suggest that inequalities across the EU are reproduced rather than converging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wanderungsmonitoring: Bildungs- und Erwerbsmigration nach Deutschland: Jahresbericht 2018 (2019)
Graf, Johannes;Zitatform
Graf, Johannes (2019): Wanderungsmonitoring: Bildungs- und Erwerbsmigration nach Deutschland. Jahresbericht 2018. (Wanderungsmonitoring: Bildungs- und Erwerbsmigration nach Deutschland), Nürnberg, 37 S.
Abstract
"Der Bericht zeigt Entwicklungen im Rahmen der Bildungs- und Erwerbsmigration von Drittstaatsangehörigen nach Deutschland im Jahr 2018 (korrigierte Fassung vom 07.10.2019: Tabellen S. 44-46)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration and Wage Dynamics in Germany (2019)
Zitatform
Klinger, Sabine, Anvar Musayev, Jean-Marc Natal & Enzo Weber (2019): Immigration and Wage Dynamics in Germany. (IMF working paper 2019,301), Washington, DC, 34 S.
Abstract
"German wages have not increased very rapidly in the last decade despite strong employment growth and a 5 percentage point decline in the unemployment rate. Our analysis shows that a large part of the decline in unemployment was structural. Micro-founded Phillips curves fit the German data rather well and suggest that relatively low wage growth can be largely attributed to low inflation expectations and low productivity growth. There is no evidence - from either aggregate or micro-level administrative data - that large immigration flows since 2012 have had dampening effects on aggregate wage growth, as complementarity effects offset composition and competition effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Berufsbezogene Sprachförderung erhöht die Beschäftigungschancen deutlich (2019)
Zitatform
Lang, Julia (2019): Berufsbezogene Sprachförderung erhöht die Beschäftigungschancen deutlich. In: IAB-Forum H. 13.03.2019, o. Sz., 2019-03-05.
Abstract
"Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Integration von Migranten in Arbeitsmarkt und Gesellschaft sind ausreichende Sprachkenntnisse. Diese werden in Deutschland in einer Vielzahl an verschiedenen Sprachkursen vermittelt, unter anderem durch ein vom Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge angebotenes und den Europäischen Sozialfonds gefördertes Programm zur berufsbezogenen Sprachförderung. Eine Studie des IAB zeigt: Das Programm erleichtert den Teilnehmenden den Zugang zum deutschen Arbeitsmarkt erheblich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Explaining spatial patterns of foreign employment in Germany (2019)
Zitatform
Lehmann, Robert & Wolfgang Nagl (2019): Explaining spatial patterns of foreign employment in Germany. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 7, S. 991-1003. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1515479
Abstract
"This paper investigates the main determinants of the representation of foreign employees across German regions. Since migration determinants are not necessarily the same for workers of different nationalities, spatial patterns are explained not only for total foreign employment but also for the 35 most important migration countries to Germany. Based on a total census for all 402 German districts, the paper starts by showing the spatial distributions of workers with different nationalities and explains the emerging patterns by spatial error models. Although large heterogeneity in determinants across nationalities are found, similarities between country groups prevail. Economic conditions matter for most nationalities, whereas the importance of amenities and openness differ." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper , 6356 -
Literaturhinweis
Heterogeneous displacement effects of migrant labor supply - quasi-experimental evidence from Germany (2019)
Scharfbillig, Mario; Weißler, Marco;Zitatform
Scharfbillig, Mario & Marco Weißler (2019): Heterogeneous displacement effects of migrant labor supply - quasi-experimental evidence from Germany. (IAB-Discussion Paper 15/2019), Nürnberg, 51 S.
Abstract
"Dieses Papier untersucht die Auswirkungen des Arbeitskräfteangebot von Migranten auf die Beschäftigung von Einheimischen. Wir nutzen dazu die unterschiedliche Anzahl von Asylbewerbern, die von der Aufhebung einer Einstellungsbeschränkung in einigen deutschen Kreisen profitieren. Mittels einer Differenz-in-Differenzen-Schätzung analysieren wir die Auswirkungen eines höheren Arbeitskräfteangebots von Migranten, abzüglich der zusätzlichen Ausgaben bei der Ankunft, die die Auswirkungen des zusätzlichen Arbeitsangebots überdecken könnten. Wir finden keine negativen Auswirkungen auf das Beschäftigungswachstum von Einheimischen, sondern nur auf das anderer Einwanderer. Dies gilt auch für Beschäftigte mit geringem Qualifikationsniveau. Daher können die Ergebnisse als Folge der unterschiedlichen Substituierbarkeit verschiedener Gruppen interpretiert werden, bei denen Asylsuchende andere Einwanderer, aber keine Einheimischen verdrängen - selbst wenn sie ähnlich qualifiziert sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of immigration on natives' task specialisation: the case of Germany (2019)
Zitatform
Sebastian, Raquel & Magdalena Ulceluse (2019): The effect of immigration on natives' task specialisation. The case of Germany. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 5, S. 939-957. DOI:10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0269
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of an increase in the relative supply of immigrants on natives' task reallocation, with a focus on Germany. Specifically, it investigates whether natives, as a response to increased immigration, re-specialise in communication-intensive occupations, where they arguably have a comparative advantage due to language proficiency.
The analysis uses regional data from the German Labour Force Survey between 2002 and 2014. To derive data on job tasks requirements, it employs the US Department of Labor's O*NET database, the results of which are tested through a sensitivity analysis using the European Working Condition Survey and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data sets.
The paper finds that indeed German workers respond to increasing immigration by shifting their task supply and providing more communication relative to manual tasks. Importantly, the decrease in the supply of communication tasks is stronger and more robust than the increase in the supply of manual tasks, pointing to a potential displacement effect taking place between natives and immigrants, alongside task reallocation. This would suggest that countries with relatively more rigid labour markets are less responsive to immigration shocks. Moreover, it suggests that labour market rigidity can minimise the gains from immigration and exacerbate employment effects.
The paper not only investigates task reallocation as a result of immigration in a different institutional context and labour market functioning, but the results feed into broader policy and scholarly discussions on the effects of immigration, including questions about how the institutional context affects labour market adjustment to immigration, worker occupational mobility in a more rigid labour markets and the fine balance needed between flexibility and rigidity." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: AIAS working paper , 174 -
Literaturhinweis
Immigrant-native wage gap in Europe: The role of cognitive skills and their use at work (2019)
Zitatform
Tverdostup, Maryna & Tiiu Paas (2019): Immigrant-native wage gap in Europe: The role of cognitive skills and their use at work. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 1, S. 154-175. DOI:10.1108/IJM-03-2018-0087
Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to address the role of cognitive skills and extent of skill use at work in explaining the immigrant - native wage gap in Europe. The study targets immigrant - native disparities in literacy and numeracy cognitive skills, as important, yet not exhaustive factor behind immigrants' wage penalty." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Folgen des Brexit für Deutschland: Dämpfer für die Konjunktur, nicht für den Arbeitsmarkt (2019)
Zitatform
Weber, Enzo (2019): Folgen des Brexit für Deutschland: Dämpfer für die Konjunktur, nicht für den Arbeitsmarkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 07.02.2019, o. Sz., 2019-02-04.
Abstract
"Ein harter Brexit würde sich auf die Konjunktur in Deutschland voraussichtlich negativ auswirken. Die Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung dürften sich jedoch in engen Grenzen halten, da sich die Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarkts seit geraumer Zeit sehr robust gegenüber konjunkturellen Fluktuationen zeigt. Deutschland könnte durch den Brexit zudem verstärkt zum Ziel innereuropäischer Migrationsströme werden, mit positiven Folgen für Arbeitskräftepotenzial und Beschäftigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in labour market integration trajectories of recently arrived migrants in the Netherlands (2018)
Ala-Mantila, Minna; Fleischmann, Fenella;Zitatform
Ala-Mantila, Minna & Fenella Fleischmann (2018): Gender differences in labour market integration trajectories of recently arrived migrants in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 11, S. 1818-1840. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1382340
Abstract
"This study investigates gender differences in recently arrived migrants' labour market activity and occupational status both shortly after arrival and with increasing length of stay. We examine the role of education, household composition and traditional gender role values by estimating multi-group multilevel models based on three waves of the New Immigrants to the Netherlands Survey. In line with findings regarding gender gaps in labour market behaviour, recent female migrants are less active on labour market than their male counterparts, and we observe a clear motherhood penalty and fatherhood premium on the number of hours worked. Men and women show only marginal differences in their occupational statuses. Changes over time do not differ between men and women, indicating persistent gender inequality in labour market attainment. Moreover, interesting differences between the nationalities were found. Polish migrants show the highest activity levels and lowest occupational status, also when compared to Bulgarians. Spanish migrants hold the highest occupational statuses. Recent Turkish migrants seem to be better integrated and show fewer gender differences than the more established Turkish minority in the Netherlands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen (2018)
Althoff, Jörg; Moczall, Andreas; Möller, Joachim; Anger, Silke ; Osiander, Christopher ; Bossler, Mario ; Rauch, Angela ; Brücker, Herbert ; Reichelt, Malte ; Dummert, Sandra ; Reims, Nancy ; Gürtzgen, Nicole ; Rhein, Thomas; Hohendanner, Christian; Rothe, Thomas; Kaufmann, Klara; Schwengler, Barbara; Kruppe, Thomas ; Seibert, Holger; Kupka, Peter; Sirries, Steffen; Ramos Lobato, Philipp; Sperber, Carina; Matthes, Britta; Stüber, Heiko ; Bauer, Frank; Sujata, Uwe; Dietrich, Hans ; Vallizadeh, Ehsan ; Haller, Peter; Vicari, Basha ; Konle-Seidl, Regina; Walwei, Ulrich ; Lietzmann, Torsten; Weber, Enzo ; Kubis, Alexander; Ludewig, Oliver; Fuchs, Johann ; Bruckmeier, Kerstin ; Jahn, Elke ; Zika, Gerd; Wolff, Joachim;Zitatform
Althoff, Jörg, Silke Anger, Frank Bauer, Mario Bossler, Kerstin Bruckmeier, Herbert Brücker, Hans Dietrich, Sandra Dummert, Johann Fuchs, Nicole Gürtzgen, Peter Haller, Christian Hohendanner, Elke Jahn, Klara Kaufmann, Regina Konle-Seidl, Thomas Kruppe, Alexander Kubis, Peter Kupka, Torsten Lietzmann, Philipp Ramos Lobato, Oliver Ludewig, Britta Matthes, Andreas Moczall, Joachim Möller, Christopher Osiander, Angela Rauch, Malte Reichelt, Nancy Reims, Thomas Rhein, Thomas Rothe, Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert, Steffen Sirries, Carina Sperber, Heiko Stüber, Uwe Sujata, Ehsan Vallizadeh, Basha Vicari, Ulrich Walwei, Enzo Weber, Gerd Zika & Joachim Wolff (2018): Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen. Nürnberg, 43 S.
Abstract
"Die hiesige Arbeitsmarktentwicklung ist nicht nur im Zeitvergleich bemerkenswert. Aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive zeigt sich ebenfalls eine beachtliche Erfolgsgeschichte. Gleichwohl bestehen auch Schwachstellen und Risiken. So ist die Vererbung von schlechten Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktchancen hierzulande stark ausgeprägt. Und als exportorientierte Volkswirtschaft kann sich Deutschland nicht von internationalen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen abkoppeln.
Die deutsche Arbeitsmarktpolitik steht zudem aus anderen Gründen vor großen Herausforderungen. Insbesondere gilt es, die Arbeit in der digitalisierten Welt zu gestalten, die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit weiter abzubauen, die Aufstiegsmobilität zu verbessern, den Fachkräftebedarf zu sichern und Arbeitsmarktintegration von Geflüchteten zu fördern.
In der neu aufgelegten und erweiterten IAB-Broschüre 'Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen' werden Ergebnisse aus der Forschungsarbeit des IAB zusammengefasst. Neben einer Standortbestimmung für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt auch im internationalen Kontext gibt sie einen Überblick zu den Themen Struktur der Beschäftigung, Fachkräftesicherung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Leistungsbezug, Bildung und Beruf sowie zu arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Moczall, Andreas; Möller, Joachim; Anger, Silke ; Osiander, Christopher ; Bossler, Mario ; Rauch, Angela ; Brücker, Herbert ; Reichelt, Malte ; Dummert, Sandra ; Reims, Nancy ; Gürtzgen, Nicole ; Hohendanner, Christian; Kaufmann, Klara; Schwengler, Barbara; Kruppe, Thomas ; Seibert, Holger; Kupka, Peter; Ramos Lobato, Philipp; Sperber, Carina; Matthes, Britta; Bauer, Frank; Sujata, Uwe; Dietrich, Hans ; Vallizadeh, Ehsan ; Vicari, Basha ; Konle-Seidl, Regina; Walwei, Ulrich ; Lietzmann, Torsten; Weber, Enzo ; Kubis, Alexander; Ludewig, Oliver; Bruckmeier, Kerstin ; Jahn, Elke ; Zika, Gerd; Wolff, Joachim; -
Literaturhinweis
The contribution of foreign migration to local labor market adjustment (2018)
Amior, Michael;Zitatform
Amior, Michael (2018): The contribution of foreign migration to local labor market adjustment. (CEP discussion paper 1582), London, 86 S.
Abstract
"The US suffers from large regional disparities in employment rates which have persisted for many decades. It has been argued that foreign migration offers a remedy: it 'greases the wheels' of the labor market by accelerating the adjustment of local population. Remarkably, I find that new migrants account for 30 to 60 percent of the average population response to local demand shocks since 1960. However, population growth is not significantly more responsive in locations better supplied by new migrants: the larger foreign contribution is almost entirely offset by a reduced contribution from internal mobility. This is fundamentally a story of 'crowding out': I estimate that new foreign migrants to a commuting zone crowd out existing US residents one-for-one. The magnitude of this effect is puzzling, and it may be somewhat overstated by undercoverage of migrants in the census. Nevertheless, it appears to conflict with much of the existing literature, and I attempt to explain why. Methodologically, I offer tools to identify the local impact of immigration in the context of local dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration history, entry jobs, and the labor market integration of immigrants (2018)
Zitatform
Ansala, Laura, Olof Åslund & Matti Sarvimäki (2018): Immigration history, entry jobs, and the labor market integration of immigrants. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2018,20), Uppsala, 50 S.
Abstract
"We examine how immigrants enter the labor market and whether their integration process varies by host country's immigration history. We focus on two countries - Finland and Sweden - that have similar formal institutions, but differ vastly in their past immigration experience. Nevertheless, in both countries, immigrants tend to find their first jobs in low-paying establishments where the manager and colleagues often share their ethnic background. Time to entry and entry job characteristics vary widely by region of origin. Furthermore, entry job characteristics predict earnings dynamics and job stability. The patterns and associations are remarkably similar in Finland and Sweden. These findings suggest strong regularities in labor market integration and ethnic segregation that are independent of immigration history and ethnic diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Transit migration: all roads lead to America (2018)
Artuç, Erhan; Ozden, Caglar;Zitatform
Artuç, Erhan & Caglar Ozden (2018): Transit migration: all roads lead to America. In: The economic journal, Jg. 128, H. 612, S. F306-F334. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12456
Abstract
"The paths of many migrants include multiple destinations and transit routes, yet this pattern is almost never reflected in empirical analyses. For example, 9% of recent immigrants to the US arrived from a transit country as opposed to the one they were born in. Among those arriving from many OECD countries, transit migration ratio exceeds 30%. To explain these patterns, we construct a dynamic model of global migration that allows transit migration opportunities to impact the attractiveness of locations. After estimating structural parameters of the model, we simulate various counterfactual scenarios to highlight the spillovers of transit migration paths." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic impact of STEM immigrant workers (2018)
Baum, Christopher F.; Lööf, Hans; Stephan, Andreas;Zitatform
Baum, Christopher F., Hans Lööf & Andreas Stephan (2018): Economic impact of STEM immigrant workers. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 257), Maastricht, 22 S.
Abstract
"STEM-focused industries are critical to the innovation-driven economy. As many firms are running short of STEM workers, international immigrants are increasingly recognized as a potential for high-tech job recruitment. This paper studies STEM occupations in Sweden 2011-2015 and tests hypotheses on new recruitment and the economic impact of foreign STEM workers. The empirical analysis shows that the probability that a new employee is a STEM immigrant increases with the share of STEM immigrants already employed, while the marginal effect on average firm wages is positively associated with the share of immigrant STEM workers. We also document heterogeneity in the results, suggesting that European migrants are more attractive for new recruitment, but non-EU migrants have the largest impact on wage determination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migration und ihre Folgen: wie kann das Recht Zuwanderung und Integration in Gesellschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Sozialordnung steuern? (Teil 2) (2018)
Berlit, Uwe;Zitatform
Berlit, Uwe (2018): Migration und ihre Folgen. Wie kann das Recht Zuwanderung und Integration in Gesellschaft, Arbeitsmarkt und Sozialordnung steuern? (Teil 2). In: Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik, Jg. 38, H. 8, S. 287-297.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag greift Themen der Abteilung 'Öffentliches Recht, Arbeits- und Sozialrecht' des 72. Deutschen Juristentages in Leipzig auf. Im ersten Teil ist auf die zentralen Begriffe - Migration, Integration und Steuerung durch Recht - eingegangen worden - auch um einen Eindruck von der Komplexität des Themas und der nur begrenzten Kraft des Rechts zu vermitteln Bei der Steuerung von Zuwanderung wurden bereits unterschiedliche Migrationspfade - Flucht-, Erwerbs- und Familienmigration - beleuchtet, bei der auch in der öffentlichen Diskussion unterschiedliche Zielsetzungen und Perspektiven bestehen. Die Überlegungen zur Integration betreffen Menschen, die im Bundesgebiet leben, und konzentrieren sich auf die Folgen der Fluchtmigration der letzten Jahre; sie unterstellen, dass Integration ein existentielles Anliegen von Staat und Gesellschaft ist, deren Gelingen notwendig, aber nicht garantiert ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Evaluation of language training programs in Luxembourg using principal stratification (2018)
Zitatform
Bia, Michela, Alfonso Flores-Lagunes & Andrea Mercatanti (2018): Evaluation of language training programs in Luxembourg using principal stratification. (GLO discussion paper 289), Maastricht, 46 S.
Abstract
"In a world increasingly globalized, multiple language skills can create more employment opportunities. Several countries include language training programs in active labor market programs for the unemployed. We analyze the effects of a language training program on the re-employment probability and hourly wages of the unemployed simultaneously, using highquality administrative data from Luxembourg. We address selection into training by exploiting the rich administrative information available, and account for the complication that wages are 'truncated' by unemployment by adopting a principal stratification framework. Estimation is undertaken with a mixture model likelihood-based approach. To improve inference, we use the individual's hours worked as a secondary outcome and a stochastic dominance assumption. These two features considerably ameliorate the multimodality problem commonly encountered in mixture models. We also conduct sensitivity analysis to assess the unconfoundedness assumption employed. Our results strongly suggest a positive effect (of up to 12.7 percent) of the language training programs on the re-employment probability, but no effects on wages for those who are observed employed regardless of training participation. It appears that, in the context of an open and multilingual economy, language training improve employability but the language skills acquired are not sufficiently rewarded to be reflected in higher wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 11973 -
Literaturhinweis
Making the most of immigration in Canada (2018)
Carey, David;Zitatform
Carey, David (2018): Making the most of immigration in Canada. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1520), Paris, 54 S. DOI:10.1787/6813672e-en
Abstract
"Canada's immigration policy aims to promote economic development by selecting immigrants with high levels of human capital, to reunite families and to respond to foreign crises and offer protection to endangered people. Economic-class immigrants, who are selected for their skills, are by far the largest group. The immigration system has been highly successful and is well run. Outcomes are monitored and policies adjusted to ensure that the system's objectives are met. A problematic development, both from the point of view of immigrants' well-being and increasing productivity, is that their initial earnings in Canada relative to the native-born fell sharply in recent decades to levels that are too low to catch up with those of the comparable native-born within immigrants' working lives. Important causes of the fall include weaker official language skills and a decline in returns to pre-immigration labour market experience. Canada has responded by modifying its immigration policy over the years to select immigrants with better earnings prospects, most recently with the introduction in 2015 of the Express Entry system. It has also developed a range of settlement programmes and initiatives to facilitate integration. This chapter looks at options for further adjusting the system to enhance the benefits it generates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration (2018)
Zitatform
Carling, Jørgen & Kerilyn Schewel (2018): Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 6, S. 945-963. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146
Abstract
"It is a refreshingly simple thought that migration is the combined result of two factors: the aspiration to migrate and the ability to migrate. Without having to resort to overly structural or individualistic explanations, this analytical distinction helps disentangle complex questions around why some people migrate but others do not. Still, aspiration and ability raise their own thorny theoretical and methodological questions. To begin with, what does it mean to have migration aspirations? How can such concepts be objects of empirical research? And is it meaningful to say that individuals possess the ability to migrate if their preference is to stay? The aspiration/ability model was originally proposed in this journal and has since been diversely applied and adapted. In this article, we look back at more than a decade of research to examine a series of theoretical and empirical developments related to the aspiration/ability model and its extensions. We identify two-step approaches as a class of analytical frameworks that share the basic logic of the aspiration/ability model. Covering expansive theoretical, methodological and empirical ground, we seek to lay a foundation for new research on global migration in its diverse forms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Distributing the Green (Cards): permanent residency and the income tax after the immigration reform and control act of 1986 (2018)
Zitatform
Cascio, Elizabeth U. & Ethan G. Lewis (2018): Distributing the Green (Cards). Permanent residency and the income tax after the immigration reform and control act of 1986. (NBER working paper 24872), Cambrige, Mass., 60 S. DOI:10.3386/w24872
Abstract
"We explore how permanent residency affects the income tax using variation from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which authorized the largest U.S. amnesty to date. We exploit the timing and geographic unevenness of IRCA's legalization programs alongside newly digitized data on the income tax in California, home to the majority of applicants. Green Cards induced the previously unauthorized to file state income tax returns at rates comparable to other California residents. While the new returns generated little additional revenue through the end of the 1990s, they did raise the earnings of families with children through new claims of the federal Earned Income Tax Credit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
EU-Zuwanderung hat das Wirtschaftswachstum in Deutschland erhöht (2018)
Clemens, Marius; Hart, Janine;Zitatform
Clemens, Marius & Janine Hart (2018): EU-Zuwanderung hat das Wirtschaftswachstum in Deutschland erhöht. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 85, H. 44, S. 955-963. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2018-44-1
Abstract
"Die Zuwanderung nach Deutschland ist seit 2011 stark gestiegen, hauptsächlich durch Zuzüge von Bürgerinnen und Bürgern aus den in den Jahren 2004 und 2007 der EU beigetretenen Ländern und anderen Ländern des Euroraums. Der Abbau von Zuwanderungshindernissen und die konjunkturell bedingt gute Lage auf dem Arbeitsmarkt im Vergleich zu anderen europäischen Ländern sind die wesentlichen Gründe dafür. Modellsimulationen zeigen, dass die BIP-Wachstumsrate Deutschlands zwischen 2011 und 2016 ohne die EU-Zuwanderung um jahresdurchschnittlich rund 0,2 Prozentpunkte niedriger gewesen wäre. Es liegen aber weiterhin strukturelle Zuwanderungshindernisse vor. Auch könnte in Zukunft wegen der konjunkturellen Erholung und des demografischen Wandels in anderen EU-Ländern die Zuwanderung aus der EU nicht mehr so stark ausfallen wie bisher. Deshalb ist es wichtig, die Migrationsanreize zu stärken, unter anderem, indem Zuwanderer mehr Möglichkeiten bekommen, eine ihrer Qualifikation entsprechende Beschäftigung zu finden. Neben der EU-Zuwanderung kann es für die deutsche Wirtschaft zudem von Vorteil sein, den Arbeitsmarktzugang für Fachkräfte aus Drittstaaten zu erleichtern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Contributions to the empirics of immigration, redistribution and social mobility (2018)
Zitatform
Coban, Mustafa (2018): Contributions to the empirics of immigration, redistribution and social mobility. Würzburg, 236 S.
Abstract
"Einwanderung, Umverteilung und soziale Mobilität haben als sozialpolitische Themenfelder in den letzten Jahren viel Aufmerksamkeit erfahren und bestimmten die politische und öffentliche Debatte in Deutschland. Sie werden seit dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs zunehmend von den Entwicklungen im internationalen Wirtschaftsgeflecht geprägt. Der internationale Handel, die Globalisierung, die internationale Migration und der qualifikationsverzerrende technische Fortschritt haben einen anwachsenden Einfluss auf die nationalen Arbeitsmärkte und auf die Tragfähigkeit des Sozialstaats. Diese Entwicklung wirft zum einen neue Fragen auf und begründet zum anderen die Überprüfung bisheriger Erkenntnisse: Wie wirkt sich die Immigration auf die nationalen Arbeitsmärkte und auf den Wohlfahrtstaat aus? Führt eine zunehmende ethnische und kulturelle Heterogenität in den europäischen Ländern zu einem Abbau des Sozialstaats? Bestimmt das Einkommen der Eltern das zukünftige Einkommen ihrer Kinder? Begünstigt der Strukturwandel die intragenerative Lohnmobilität? Diesen Fragestellungen widmet sich die vorliegende Dissertation." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Reform der Entsenderichtlinie: Schutz gegen Sozial- und Lohndumping oder Einschränkung des Binnenmarkts? (2018)
Dauner, Matthias; Kramer, Ingo; Wagner, Bettina; Hassel, Anke;Zitatform
Dauner, Matthias, Ingo Kramer, Anke Hassel & Bettina Wagner (2018): Reform der Entsenderichtlinie: Schutz gegen Sozial- und Lohndumping oder Einschränkung des Binnenmarkts? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 71, H. 3, S. 3-12.
Abstract
"Gleicher Lohn für gleiche Arbeit am gleichen Ort: Künftig sollen Arbeitnehmer aus dem EU-Ausland nicht nur den gültigen Mindestlohn, sondern auch die gültigen Tariflöhne erhalten, wenn sie in einem anderen EU-Land arbeiten. Zudem werden die Einsätze erstmals befristet und dürfen in der Regeln nicht länger als ein Jahr dauern, mit Sonderantrag ist eine Verlängerung auf 18 Monate möglich. Werden mit dieser Regelung Beschäftigte besser vor Lohn- und Sozialdumping geschützt? Oder wird durch eine Abschottung der Arbeitsmärkte das freie Angebot von Dienstleistungen in der EU behindert? Nach Ansicht von Matthias Dauner, cep - Centrum für Europäische Politik, Freiburg, bedeutet der Reformvorschlag eine 'Kriegserklärung an die liberalen Verfechter des Binnenmarktes und ein Angriff auf das Geschäftsmodell vieler Unternehmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten Mittel- und Osteuropas, deren Wettbewerbsvorteil insbesondere in vergleichsweise niedrigen Lohn- und Lohnnebenkosten besteht'. Zwar würden auf den ersten Blick die Rechte von entsandten Arbeitnehmern gestärkt. Faktisch sei aber davon auszugehen, dass die Zahl der Entsendungen abnehmen dürfte. Leidtragende dürften die entsendenden Unternehmen und deren Mitarbeiter aus den neuen Mitgliedstaaten sein. Auch Ingo Kramer, Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände, sieht einen 'unnötigen Angriff auf den Binnenmarkt'. Eine verschärfte Entsenderichtlinie wäre nicht die Verwirklichung eines funktionierenden Binnenmarkts, sondern Protektionismus und für die deutschen Unternehmen ein massiver Kostentreiber. Für Anke Hassel, WSI, und Bettina Wagner, Hertie School of Governance, ist die Reform der Entsenderichtlinie dagegen eine notwendige Voraussetzung für einen besseren Binnenmarkt. Denn nur wenn Rechtssicherheit bestehe und Regulierungsarbitrage eingedämmt werde, könne ein produktiver Wettbewerb entstehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Volltext-Zugang über Verlag oder sonstigen Anbieter (kostenlos verfügbar) -
Literaturhinweis
Labor market and institutional drivers of youth irregular migration: evidence from the MENA region (2018)
Zitatform
Dibeh, Ghassan, Ali Fakih & Walid Marrouch (2018): Labor market and institutional drivers of youth irregular migration. Evidence from the MENA region. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 261), Maastricht, 25 S.
Abstract
"Irregular migration became an alarming issue over the last decade for both developed and developing countries. A prevailing assumption in migration policy is that labor market and institutional characteristics play a crucial role in pushing people to leave their home countries in search for better life prospects. This paper examines this hypothesis using a unique dataset covering young people aged 15 to 29 from five major MENA countries from the year 2016. Using a probit model, the paper finds that labor market drivers (unemployment, job sector, social security, contract type) are of great importance for the decision to migrate irregularly amongst the youth in the MENA region and that the quality of institutions matters. In addition, the lack of wealth and economic opportunities enhance their willingness to engage in irregular migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 11903 -
Literaturhinweis
Family unification, siblings, and skills (2018)
Duleep, Harriet Orcutt; Regets, Mark;Zitatform
Duleep, Harriet Orcutt & Mark Regets (2018): Family unification, siblings, and skills. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 271), Maastricht, 38 S.
Abstract
"Recently proposed immigration reforms would constitute a major break in the 40-year-old U.S. admissions policy favoring family members. Although emphasizing the importance of the nuclear family, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform and a house subcommittee on immigration recommend eliminating immigration preferences to other close relatives, including the brothers, sisters, and adult children of U.S. citizens. Under the proposed system, those relatives could not obtain U.S. visas unless they qualified because of specific job skills. Using Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data on admissions criteria matched to 1990 Census data, we examine the effect of family admissions on immigrant education, self-employment, and earnings. Of particular relevance to the current debate, we also examine the effect of one of the family-based admission categories recommended for elimination -- the preference category that admits the siblings of U.S. citizens. We find that family-based immigrants, in general, have low initial earnings but high earnings growth relative to immigrants admitted on the basis of occupational skills. The earnings growth of immigrants is particularly high in cohorts with relatively high sibling admissions. Furthermore, sibling admissions are positively associated with immigrant self-employment. We also find that immigrant education levels are positively associated with sibling admissions and that the flows of occupation-based immigrants and immigrants admitted under the sibling category are intimately connected, particularly for immigrants from regions of the world where economic opportunities are limited for highly educated individuals. The results on earnings growth, self-employment, and education suggest that eliminating the sibling category may be counterproductive. More generally, the paper adds to our basic knowledge about the complex interactions of admission categories, human capital investment, and earnings growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration and the health of older natives in Western Europe (2018)
Escarce, José J.; Rocco, Lorenzo;Zitatform
Escarce, José J. & Lorenzo Rocco (2018): Immigration and the health of older natives in Western Europe. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 228), Maastricht, 47 S.
Abstract
"Previous research has found that immigration benefits the health of working-age natives, an effect mediated through the labor market. We use the Study of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to investigate whether immigration also affects the health of natives 65-80 years old. Immigration may increase the supply and lower the price of personal and household services, a term that refers to care services and non-care services such as cleaning, meal preparation, and domestic chores. Higher consumption of personal and household services by older natives may help maintain health through a variety of pathways. Using a shift-share IV, we find pervasive beneficial effects of immigration on the physical and mental health of older natives. We also find evidence for the hypothesized pathways, especially for an effect of immigration in increasing social integration (e.g., institutional connections, social participation). However, our ability to test mechanisms is limited in our data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Skill, innovation and wage inequality: can immigrants be the Trump card? (2018)
Gopal Das, Gouranga; Marjit, Sugata;Zitatform
Gopal Das, Gouranga & Sugata Marjit (2018): Skill, innovation and wage inequality. Can immigrants be the Trump card? (CESifo working paper 7082), München, 26 S.
Abstract
"With the ensuing immigration reform in the US, the paper shows that targeted skilled immigration into the R&D sector that helps low-skilled labor is conducive for controlling inequality and raising wage. Skilled talent-led innovation could have spillover benefits for the unskilled sector while immigration into the production sector will always reduce wage, aggravating wage inequality. In essence, we infer: (i) if R&D inputs contributes only to skilled sector, wage inequality increases in general; (ii) for wage gap to decrease, R&D sector must produce inputs that goes into unskilled manufacturing sector; (iii) even with two types of specific R&D inputs entering into the skilled and unskilled sectors separately, unskilled labor is not always benefited by high skilled migrants into R&D-sector. Rather, it depends on the importance of migrants' skill in R&D activities and intensity of inputs. Inclusive immigration policy requires inter-sectoral diffusion of ideas embedded in talented immigrants targeted for innovation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Anti-migration as a threat to internationalization?: a review of the migration-internationalization literature (2018)
Zitatform
Hatzigeorgiou, Andreas & Magnus Lodefalk (2018): Anti-migration as a threat to internationalization? A review of the migration-internationalization literature. (GLO discussion paper 287), Maastricht, 32 S.
Abstract
"Does anti-migration sentiment threaten internationalization? One major pro-Brexit argument was that it would enable more control over immigration. The most recent US presidential election also focused on immigration. Anti-migration sentiment could be a threat to internationalization, given that migrants can help lower the costs of internationalization. Since trade contributes to economic growth, this could, in turn, impede economic development. Despite extensive literature on the migration-trade nexus, there are few examples of policymakers highlighting the role of migration for internationalization. One possible explanation is the absence of an accessible survey of the available theory and evidence on this relationship, and this article intends to bridge the gap. We review and discuss over 100 papers published on the subject, from pioneering country-level studies to nascent firm-level studies that utilize employer-employee data. To our knowledge, this is the first paper offering a wide-ranging review of the different strands of theory on the relationship between migration and internationalization, as well as new empirical findings. Although the evidence suggests that migration can facilitate internationalization we also note substantial gaps and inconsistencies in the extant literature. The aim of this article is to encourage future research and assist policymakers in their efforts to promote internationalization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welcome home in a crisis: effects of return migration on the non-migrants' wages and employment (2018)
Zitatform
Hausmann, Ricardo & Ljubica Nedelkoska (2018): Welcome home in a crisis. Effects of return migration on the non-migrants' wages and employment. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 101, H. January, S. 101-132. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.10.003
Abstract
"The recent economic depression in Greece hit the population of Albanian migrants in Greece particularly hard, spurring a wave of return migration that increased the Albanian labor force by 5% in less than four years, between 2011 and 2014. We study how this return migration affected the employment chances and earnings of Albanians who never migrated. We find positive effects on the wages of low-skilled non-migrants and overall positive effects on employment. The gains partially offset the sharp drop in remittances in the observed period. An important part of the employment gains are concentrated in the agricultural sector, where most return migrants engage in self-employment and entrepreneurship. Businesses run by return migrants seem to pull Albanians from non-participation, unemployment and subsistence agriculture into commercial agriculture." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Human capital and development accounting: new evidence from wage gains at migration (2018)
Hendricks, Lutz; Schoellman, Todd;Zitatform
Hendricks, Lutz & Todd Schoellman (2018): Human capital and development accounting. New evidence from wage gains at migration. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Jg. 133, H. 2, S. 665-700. DOI:10.1093/qje/qjx047
Abstract
"We use new data on the pre- and postmigration wages of immigrants to the United States to measure wage gains at migration. The average immigrant from a middle-income or poor country increases their wage by a factor of two to three upon migration. This wage gain is small relative to the underlying gap in GDP per worker. In a development accounting framework, this finding implies that switching countries accounts for 40% of cross-country income differences, while human capital accounts for 60%. Wage gains decline with education, consistent with imperfect substitution between skill types. We augment our analysis to allow for this possibility and bound the human capital share in development accounting to between one-half and two-thirds. We also provide results on the importance of premigration sector of employment, assimilation, and skill transfer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Figurationsprozesse der Einwanderungsgesellschaft: Zum Wandel der Beziehungen zwischen Alteingesessenen und Migranten in deutschen Städten (2018)
Hüttermann, Jörg;Zitatform
Hüttermann, Jörg (2018): Figurationsprozesse der Einwanderungsgesellschaft. Zum Wandel der Beziehungen zwischen Alteingesessenen und Migranten in deutschen Städten. (Urban studies), Bielefeld: Transcript, 356 S.
Abstract
"Seit den 1960er Jahren haben sich die Beziehungen zwischen Alteingesessenen und Zugewanderten in Deutschland grundlegend gewandelt - und mit ihnen die Gesellschaft. Mittels ethnographischer Analysen führt Jörg Hüttermann diesen Prozess der Figuration auf alltägliche Interaktionen zurück, die nur auf den ersten Blick unbedeutend erscheinen. Indem sie die in unterschiedlichen Kontexten wirkenden Interaktionsdynamiken freilegt und ein Verlaufsmuster des Figurationswandels herausarbeitet, ermöglicht es die stadtsoziologische Studie, den urbanen Alltag mit anderen Augen zu sehen." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Wir wollen teilhaben, bloß wie?: Chancen und Herausforderungen zur Teilhabe aus der Perspektive von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und Geflüchteten (2018)
Kahraman, Seher; Songur, Berivan;Zitatform
Kahraman, Seher & Berivan Songur (2018): Wir wollen teilhaben, bloß wie? Chancen und Herausforderungen zur Teilhabe aus der Perspektive von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und Geflüchteten. In: S. Zajak & I. Gottschalk (Hrsg.) (2018): Flüchtlingshilfe als neues Engagementfeld : Chancen und Herausforderungen des Engagements für Geflüchtete (Migration & Integration, 06), S. 249-260. DOI:10.5771/9783845286983
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Motiven, Möglichkeiten und Hindernissen gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe von Personen mit Migrations- oder Fluchthintergrund in Form von ehrenamtlichen Engagement und der Arbeitsmarktintegration. Auch wenn insbesondere in der Geflüchtetenarbeit viele Engagierte selbst einen Migrations- bzw. Fluchthintergrund haben, sind ihre Motive ein wenig erforschtes Untersuchungsthema. Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte erste Anstöße zum Schließen dieser Forschungslücke geben. Im ersten Unterkapitel wurde anhand von Interviewausschnitten gezeigt, welchen Einfluss der eigene Migrationshintergrund auf die, in diesem Fall humanitär oder religiös geprägte, Motivausbildung hat. Da hier nur auf die Beweggründe von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund eingegangen wurde, bleibt offen, ob Unterschiede zwischen den Motiven von Personen, die während der Flüchtlingsbewegung in den Jahren 2015/16 angekommen sind und Personen mit Migrationshintergrund, die bereits seit vielen Jahren in Deutschland leben, bestehen. Das zweite Unterkapitel zeigt zum einen, dass ehrenamtliche Helfer_innen mit Migrations- oder Fluchthintergrund sich mitunter auf besondere Art und Weise in die Probleme von Geflüchteten eindenken und Hilfestellung leisten können. Zum anderen wird deutlich, dass auch die in diesem Fall geflüchteten Engagierten selbst von dem mit dem Engagement einhergehenden Sozialkontakten und den damit verbundenen Vertrauensbeziehungen profitieren.
Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags wurden insbesondere frauenspezifische Herausforderungen bei der gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe im Allgemeinen und beim Arbeitsmarktzugang im Speziellen dargestellt. Die frauenspezifischen Benachteiligungen auszugleichen und eine gleichberechtigte gesellschaftliche Teilhabe zu gestatten, ist zwar keine leichte, aber durch einen koordinierten und zusammenhängenden Prozess zu schaffende Aufgabe. Dieser Beitrag hat gezeigt, dass Beratung, Kompetenzfeststellung, Kinderbetreuung sowie Spracherwerb miteinander sinnvoll verknüpft werden sollten, damit Zeitverluste vermieden werden und Frauen, die arbeiten wollen, möglichst schnell arbeiten können. Für die Verwirklichung dieses Prozesses sollten verschiedene Träger_innen in der Geflüchtetenarbeit auf kommunaler Ebene, nämlich die Arbeitsagentur, Jobcenter, Organisationen in der Geflüchtetenhilfe und andere relevante Akteur_innen vor Ort, zusammenarbeiten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
High-skill immigration, innovation, and creative destruction (2018)
Khanna, Gaurav; Lee, Munseob;Zitatform
Khanna, Gaurav & Munseob Lee (2018): High-skill immigration, innovation, and creative destruction. (NBER working paper 24824), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w24824
Abstract
"Economists have identified product entry and exit as a primary channel through which innovation impacts economic growth. In this paper, we document how high-skill immigration affects product reallocation (entry and exit) at the firm level. Using data on H-1B Labor Condition Applications (LCAs) matched to retail scanner data on products and Compustat data on firm characteristics, we find that H-1B certification is associated with higher product reallocation and revenue growth. A ten percent increase in the share of H-1B workers is associated with a two percent increase in product reallocation rates -- our measure of innovation. These results shed light on the economic consequences of innovation by high-skill immigrant to the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Einwanderungspolitik
- Auswirkungen von Migration
- Wanderungsmotivation und Rückwanderung
- Arbeitslosigkeit und Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Qualifikation, Bildung und Beschäftigung
- Integration und soziale Teilhabe
- internationale Aspekte
- Personengruppen