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Bergemann, Annette, Stephan Brunow & Isabel Stockton (2024): There and Back Again: Women's Marginal Commuting Costs. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16890), Bonn, 67 S.

Abstract

"We estimate female and male workers' marginal willingness to pay to reduce commuting distance in Germany, using a partial-equilibrium model of job search with non-wage job attributes. Commuting costs have implications not just for congestion policy, spatial planning and transport infrastructure provision, but are also relevant to our understanding of gender differences in labour market biographies. For estimation, we use a stratified partial likelihood model on a large administrative dataset for West Germany to flexibly account for both unobserved individual heterogeneity and changes dependent on wages and children. We find that an average female childless worker is willing to give up daily €0.27 per kilometre (0.4% of the daily wage) to reduce commuting distance at the margin. The average men's marginal willingness to pay is similar to childless women's over a large range of wages. However, women's marginal willingness to pay more than doubles after the birth of a child contributing substantially to the motherhood wage gap. A married mixed-sex couple's sample indicates that husbands try to avoid commuting shorter distances than their wives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hermann, Michaela & Luisa Kunze (2024): Gleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt? Aktuelle Herausforderungen und Potenziale von Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland. (Factsheet / Bertelsmann Stiftung), Gütersloh, 14 S. DOI:10.11586/2023085

Abstract

"Die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen in Deutschland ist mit knapp 78 Prozent im europäischen Vergleich eine der höchsten. Da jedoch fast die Hälfte aller 20- bis 64-jährigen Frauen (48 Prozent) in Teilzeit arbeitet, ist ihre tatsächliche Erwerbsstundenzahl vergleichsweise gering. Dabei sind Frauen häufig hochqualifiziert und würden auch gerne mehr arbeiten – wenn die Rahmenbedingungen dafür besser wären. Angesichts dieses ungenutzten Potenzials ist es sowohl aus gleichstellungspolitischer als auch wirtschaftlicher Perspektive von höchster Relevanz, die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zu erhöhen. Gerade in Zeiten eines beschleunigten Strukturwandels sowie zunehmenden Fachkräftemangels braucht es differenzierte Maßnahmen, um die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit zu stärken. Eine höhere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen kann nicht nur helfen, Diskriminierung am Arbeitsmarkt zu mindern, sondern trägt auch zur Fachkräftesicherung und zu wirtschaftlichem Wohlstand bei. Gleichzeitig können sich Frauen beruflich freier und umfassender entwickeln, sind finanziell unabhängiger und beugen mit einem existenzsichernden Erwerbseinkommen der Armut im Alter vor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Popova, Daria, Katrin Gasior & Silvia Avram (2024): Outside the box? – Women's individual poverty risk in the EU and the role of labor market characteristics and tax-benefit policies. (ISER working paper series / Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex 2024-02), Colchester, 31 S.

Abstract

"Social policy debates as early as the 1950s have focused on the activation of individuals into employment. This assumes jobs with good work-ing conditions and fair pay; ignores women's reality of part-time work, unpaid care work and the gender pay gap; and has often resulted in the weakening of traditional social protection. We study the individual poverty risk of women under the adult worker paradigm across the EU using the tax-benefit model EUROMOD and EU-SILC data. Comparing the individual poverty risk of working-age women to the benchmark of typical male workers, we highlight heterogeneity driven by women's economic situation and job characteristics and analyze the role of the tax-benefit system in reducing the gap. The analysis shows that only slightly more than one third of women isn't the adult worker model, while this is the case for almost two thirds of men. Inactive and unemployed women are particularly likely to be vulnerable to poverty, but even women with the same characteristics as male reference workers experience a higher poverty risk, highlighting the role of the gender pay gap. Benefits cushion some of the gendered labor market differences but are often not generous enough for unemployed and inactive women or not sufficiently available for self-employed women. Women in atypical employment are furthermore disproportionally affected by taxes and social insurance contributions as they lead to a higher poverty rate, contributing to a larger gap compared to typical male workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reljic, Jelena & Francesco Zezza (2024): Breaking the Divide: Can Public Spending on Social Infrastructure Boost Female Employment in Italy? (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1407), Essen, 31, III S.

Abstract

"We contribute to the long-standing debate on the Italian North-South divide by assessing the impact of public spending on social infrastructure - including education, healthcare, childcare and social assistance - on the gender employment gap over the last two decades, using a PSVAR analysis. These investments, while not explicitly targeting women, may increase both their labor supply - by reducing the unpaid care work burden - and pro-women labor demand through job creation in care sectors that predominantly employ women. Our research reveals a positive and long-lasting impact of social infrastructure expenditure on private investment, GDP and employment in all areas of the country. However, the reduction of the gender employment gap is detected only in the South and among high-skilled women. These results stress the need for targeted policies to fill the investment gaps in social infrastructure, aiming for a more inclusive labour market, particularly in Southern regions, which suffer from chronic underinvestment and structural challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ryan, Michelle K. & Thekla Morgenroth (2024): Why We Should Stop Trying to Fix Women: How Context Shapes and Constrains Women's Career Trajectories. In: Annual Review of Psychology, Jg. 75, H. 1, S. 555-572. DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-032620-030938

Abstract

"In this review we examine two classes of interventions designed to achieve workplace gender equality: ( a) those designed to boost motivations and ambition, such as those that aim to attract more women into roles where they are underrepresented; and ( b) those that try to provide women with needed abilities to achieve these positions. While such initiatives are generally well meaning, they tend to be based upon (and reinforce) stereotypes of what women lack. Such a deficit model leads to interventions that attempt to “fix” women rather than address the structural factors that are the root of gender inequalities. We provide a critical appraisal of the literature to establish an evidence base for why fixing women is unlikely to be successful. As an alternative, we focus on understanding how organizational context and culture maintain these inequalities by looking at how they shape and constrain ( a) women's motivations and ambitions, and ( b) the expression and interpretation of their skills and attributes. In doing so, we seek to shift the interventional focus from women themselves to the systems and structures in which they are embedded." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alakärppä, Outi, Eija Sevón, Helen Norman & Anna Rönkä (2023): Young women's contradictory expectations and their perceived capabilities for future work-family reconciliation in Finland. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 26, H. 10, S. 1312-1327. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2098703

Abstract

"This paper explores young women's expectations on future work-family reconciliation in Finland, a Nordic country well-known for the promotion of gender equality. Utilizing Sen's capabilities approach, we content-analyzed thirty individual interviews to identify differences in women's expectations and their perceived capabilities in future work and care. The results showed that irrespective of their labor market status and educational attainment, the women's expectations were contradictory, reflecting a current Finnish gender culture that embraces both the ideal of shared parenthood and the primacy of maternal care. Between-group differences were also found. The employed women perceived themselves as having the capability to balance work, family and, personal time in the future. The women who were studying and had higher education- and career-related expectations perceived themselves as capable of combating gender inequality in their future working lives. In contrast, the unemployed women perceived their capabilities in both their future work and care as limited, thereby constraining their agency to realize their choices in work-family reconciliation and family decision-making. These findings indicate that Finnish women's expectations on future work-family reconciliation are shaped by institutional, societal and individual socioeconomic factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Artmann, Elisabeth (2023): Erwerbsverläufe und frühzeitige Aktivierung von Bedarfsgemeinschaften mit kleinen Kindern. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 03/2023), Nürnberg, 36 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2303

Abstract

"Arbeitslosengeld-II-Beziehende sind grundsätzlich verpflichtet, Anstrengungen zu unternehmen, um ihren Leistungsbezug zu beenden oder zu verringern. Dazu zählt die Pflicht zur Arbeitssuche und Teilnahme an angebotenen Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Eine Ausnahme von dieser Regelung betrifft Bedarfsgemeinschaften, die Kinder unter drei Jahren betreuen. Hier kann sich ein Partner auf die Erziehung des Kindes berufen und muss dem Arbeitsmarkt nicht zur Verfügung stehen, kann dies aber auf freiwilliger Basis tun. Der vorliegende Forschungsbericht untersucht anhand von administrativen Daten zunächst, wie sich die Arbeitsmarktverläufe von Eltern im Arbeitslosengeld-II-Bezug in den ersten vier Lebensjahren ihres Kindes entwickeln. Des Weiteren wird analysiert, in welchem Umfang Mütter und Väter in diesem Zeitraum von den Jobcentern in gemeinsamen Einrichtungen aktiviert werden. Im Sinne von Aktivierung werden sowohl Betreuungstermine im Jobcenter als auch Teilnahmen an arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen betrachtet. Die Stichprobe für diese Untersuchungen umfasst Bedarfsgemeinschaften, in denen in den Jahren 2014 oder 2015 ein Kind geboren wurde und die zumindest am Tag der Geburt des Kindes Arbeitslosengeld II bezogen. Die Erwerbsverläufe von Müttern und Vätern weisen darauf hin, dass vor allem Frauen die Betreuung der Kinder übernehmen und für den Arbeitsmarkt nicht verfügbar sind. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Mütter in der Stichprobe ist in den ersten drei Lebensjahren des Kindes als „nicht arbeitsuchend” gemeldet, während der Anteil von Müttern in sozialversicherungspflichtiger Beschäftigung mit dem Alter des Kindes zunimmt, aber während des Beobachtungszeitraums niedrig bleibt. Nach dem dritten Geburtstag des Kindes zeigt sich insgesamt ein Sprung in den Arbeitsuchendmeldungen von Frauen und ein geringer Anstieg in den Teilnahmen an arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen. Dieses Muster ist vor allem auf westdeutsche Frauen zurückzuführen, den bei ostdeutschen Frauen nehmen sowohl die Arbeitsuchendmeldungen als auch die Beschäftigungsquote bereits nach dem ersten Geburtstag des Kindes sprunghaft zu. Die Erwerbsverläufe von Vätern scheinen hingegen kaum von der Geburt ihres Kindes beeinflusst zu werden, sie sind durchgehend häufiger in Beschäftigung bzw. arbeitsuchend gemeldet als Frauen. Auch nach dem dritten Geburtstag des Kindes zeigen sich allenfalls geringe Veränderungen in den Erwerbsverläufen der Väter. Mütter werden im Beobachtungszeitraum dieser Studie in den ersten drei Lebensjahren ihres Kindes insgesamt nur sehr eingeschränkt aktiviert. Sowohl die durchschnittliche Anzahl der Betreuungstermine je Jobcenter als auch der Anteil an Frauen in arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind deutlich geringer als die entsprechenden Zahlen für Väter. Jedoch zeigen sich für Mütter auch bei der Aktivierungsintensität wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen ost- und westdeutschen Jobcentern. Mütter in ostdeutschen Jobcentern nehmen bereits nach dem ersten Geburtstag ihres Kindes zunehmend Betreuungstermine wahr und an Maßnahmen teil, während sich bei Müttern in westdeutschen Jobcentern vor allem nach dem dritten Geburtstag des Kindes eine Zunahme der Aktivierungsintensität zeigt. Rund vier Jahre nach der Geburt ihres Kindes sind etwas weniger als 20 Prozent der westdeutschen Mütter sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt, aber rund 28 Prozent der ostdeutschen Mütter. Kausale Effekte frühzeitiger Aktivierung auf die Erwerbschancen der Eltern lassen sich mit den vorliegenden Daten jedoch nicht bestimmen, unter anderem weil sich die Teilnehmenden an frühzeitigen Aktivierungsmaßnahmen von denjenigen unterscheiden, die nicht teilnehmen. Im Rahmen eines Feldexperiments ließe sich für derartige (Selbst-)Selektionen kontrollieren, da die Zielgruppe zufällig einer Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe zugeordnet werden könnte. Aufgrund der Zufallszuordnung könnten spätere Unterschiede in den Arbeitsmarktergebnissen zwischen beiden Gruppen als kausale Effekte der Intervention (z.B. eine intensivere Frühaktivierung) interpretiert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Atal, Vidya, Orkideh Gharehgozli & Luis San Vicente Portes (2023): Higher labour market bargaining power, higher unemployment in recessions. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 15, S. 2086-2090. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2092591

Abstract

"A well-known stylized fact about the US labour market is the behaviour of the female-to-male unemployment gap over the business cycle – in downturns, female unemployment rises at a slower pace than male unemployment, which reduces the gap between the genders; in upturns, the reverse is observed: men’s unemployment falls faster than women’s, thus rendering the gap pro-cyclical. In this paper, we model the labour market under a Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides framework where the labour supply consists of women and men, who differ in their equilibrium (Nash) bargaining agreement over the match’s surplus. We show that, in the presence of such asymmetry, a negative aggregate productivity shock leads to a pro-cyclical female-to-male unemployment rate gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bacher, Johann, Martina Beham-Rabanser & Thomas Lankmayer (Hrsg.) (2023): Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg. Wiesbaden: Springer, 247 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-38040-3

Abstract

"Der österreichische Arbeitsmarkt ist durch eine starke Geschlechtersegregation geprägt, die sich dadurch charakterisiert, dass Frauen andere, häufig schlechter bezahlte Berufe ausüben als Männer und in hohem Ausmaß Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn sie Kinder haben, mit der Folge, dass sie weniger verdienen und auch geringere Pensionen beziehen werden. Diese Geschlechterunterschiede sind in der einschlägigen Literatur vielfach beleuchtet und zeigen Benachteiligungen von Frauen gegenüber Männern am Arbeitsmarkt auf. Demgegenüber lässt sich für den österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt eine höhere Arbeitslosigkeit der Männer gegenüber den Frauen beobachten. Forschungsbefunde deuten zudem darauf hin, dass Frauen ein beruflicher Wiedereinstieg leichter gelingt als Männern. Obwohl diese Geschlechterunterschiede in vielen Evaluierungen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Österreich gefunden wurden, wurden sie bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Dementsprechend fehlen auch (empirisch gesicherte) Erklärungsansätze. An diese Forschungslücke knüpft die vorliegende Publikation an. Sie basiert auf einem breit angelegten Forschungsprojekt und verfolgt das Ziel, Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg systematisch zu beleuchten und Erklärungsansätze für diese empirisch zu prüfen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Beckmannshagen, Mattis & Rick Glaubitz (2023): Is There a Desired Added Worker Effect?: Evidence from Involuntary Job Losses. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1200), Berlin, 38 S.

Abstract

"Existing research has found little to no evidence for an added workereffect. However, studies to date have only analysed individuals' actual labor supply responses to their partners' job loss, neglecting to consider a potential mismatch between desired and actual labor supply adjustments. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we study individuals' changes in actual and desired working hours after their partners' involuntary job loss in an event study design. Our results show that neither desired nor actual working hours change significantly. Thus, we provide first evidence that the absence of the added worker effect is in line with individuals' stated labor supply preferences and is not the result of an inability to realise desired working hours" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berloffa, Gabriella, Eleonora Matteazzi, Alina Şandor & Paola Villa (2023): Mothers' and daughters' employment in Europe. A comparative analysis. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 2, S. 767-793. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac046

Abstract

"This article analyzes the intergenerational correlation of employment between young women (at about 30 years of age) and their mothers (when their daughters were about 14 years old), using 2011 European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions data. It examines the extent to which this correlation varies across 19 European countries and is associated with the socioeconomic context at the national level. Having grown up with a working mother is associated with a sizeable increase in the daughters’ employment probability in almost all countries, with greater effect for women with children. For this group, the intergenerational correlation is smaller in countries where the policy context is less favorable to maternal employment. It is crucial to promote gender equality, challenging individuals’ gender stereotypes through education and in society at large, and create conditions that allow young women’s preferences for work to be realized, enhancing policies that favor a balanced sharing of unpaid work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertogg, Ariane & Jason Settels (2023): Dependent on one's past? how lifetime employment shapes later life work-care reconciliation. In: Community, work & family online erschienen am 30.06.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2023.2229002

Abstract

"This article investigates the association between older Europeans’ earlier employment biographies and their probability of leaving the labour market when becoming a caregiver. Based on theoretical ideas about life course path-dependencies and gender role socialisation, we argue that accumulated durations of lifetime employment are associated with both labour market exits in general, and conditional on caregiving. We draw on six panel waves from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and use information from retrospective interviews (SHARELIFE) to measure earlier participation in six different types of (non-)employment between ages 20 and 50. We analyse a large sample of men and women aged 50–68 years in 18 European countries (n = 35,766 respondents).Based on fixed effects regression models, we find that employment biographies and current caregiving jointly affect labour market exits. Explanations for these linkages are gender-specific: Upon initiation of caregiving, men are more likely to extend working lives when their previous employment biographies are characterised by homemaking, pointing at neutralising deviance from non-standard male biographies. For women, we find evidence for path-dependencies: Concomitant to beginning caregiving, women are more likely to stay in the labour market the longer their previous employment was characterised by homemaking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bonsang, Eric & Joan Costa-Font (2023): The "Demise of the Caregiving Daughter"? Gender Employment Gaps and the Use of Formal and Informal Care in Europe. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16615), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"We revisit the universality of the "caregiving daughter effect", which holds that daughters tend to provide more care to their older parents than sons. Based on rich European data, we document evidence of such an effect in countries with large gender disparities in employment rates, where having daughters also depresses the demand for formal care. In contrast, we find evidence consistent with the "demise of the caregiving daughter" when exposed to narrower gender gaps, where there is no more daughters' effect on formal care. These results point to a reconsideration of caregiving system design amidst the rise of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carstensen, Tanja (2023): Digitalisierung der Arbeit – eine Zwischenbilanz aus Geschlechterperspektiven. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 76, H. 5, S. 374-382. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2023-5-374

Abstract

"Die Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt seit der Mitte der 2010er Jahre wurde früh mit weitreichenden Hoffnungen und Befürchtungen für Veränderungen in den Geschlechterverhältnissen diskutiert. Mittlerweile liegen diverse, ein breites Feld an Fragen umspannende empirische Studien vor. Nach einigen Vormerkungen zum Verhältnis von Gender und Technik resümiert der Beitrag die bisherigen Befunde entlang von fünf Themenfeldern, die sich als Schwerpunkte der Digitalisierungsforschung aus Geschlechterperspektiven herausgebildet haben: 1. Ortsflexibilisierung / Homeoffice, 2. Plattformen, 3. Automatisierung und neue Anforderungen, 4. Diskriminierung durch Algorithmen und KI und 5. mangelnde Diversität und (globale) Ungleichheiten in der Technikentwicklung. Die Autorin schließt mit einer Zwischenbilanz dieser bisher vorliegenden Befunde und benennt weiteren Forschungsbedarf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Casado-Díaz, José M., Raquel Simón-Albert & Hipólito Simón (2023): Gender Differences in Commuting: New Evidence from Spain. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 169, H. 3, S. 907-941. DOI:10.1007/s11205-023-03183-w

Abstract

"This article examines the origins of the shorter commutes typically observed for women, a phenomenon that contributes to the poorer work outcomes they typically suffer. The analysis extends previous research on the gender gap in commuting by using econometric decomposition techniques that are novel in this field which, combined with a Spanish nationally representative survey that allows for an exhaustive control of the different elements identified in the literature as possible determinants of gender differences in commuting to work, allows quantifying the specific influence of a wide range of individual, family, territorial and work-related elements. The evidence obtained shows that the gender gap in commuting is not the result of the relative characteristics of women, but of the presence of a systematic pattern of lower mobility that emerges when women are compared with observationally similar men. Yet, this pattern of lower mobility is not observed for certain groups of women whose behavior in the labor market is generally more egalitarian, such as women with higher education, without family responsibilities or without a partner, which is consistent with the presence of cultural or social constraints that tend to limit women's mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Dehos, Fabian T. & Marie Paul (2023): The Effects of After-School Programs on Maternal Employment. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 1644-1678. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.5.0120-10651R1

Abstract

"We evaluate the effects of a massive expansion of after-school programs (ASPs) on maternal employment in West Germany, where full-time employment rates are relatively low. Using an instrumental variables approach, we exploit regional and temporal variation in the provision of federal ASP expansion grants through a nationwide investment program. The results suggest that increasing ASP availability had hardly any effect on the working hours and employment probability of mothers with primary school children. We discuss the mechanisms why the reform did not enhance employment. Based on time-use data, we descriptively investigate how mothers use their additional child-free time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Doorley, Karina, Dora Tuda & Luke Duggan (2023): Will Childcare Subsidies Increase the Labour Supply of Mothers in Ireland? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16178), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"The cost of childcare has a significant impact on the decision of parents – particularly mothers – to work. Prior to the introduction of subsidies for formal childcare in Ireland in 2019 through the National Childcare Scheme (NCS), the cost of full-time centre-based childcare was among the most expensive in the OECD. Doorley et al. (2021) show that the introduction of the subsidy scheme improved childcare affordability. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the scheme on the labour supply and childcare choices of mothers. We model the joint decision of labour supply and childcare for lone and coupled mothers of children under six. Mothers are likely to respond to the introduction of childcare subsidies in 2019 by switching from informal childcare to formal childcare (11ppt), but not by increasing their participation in the labour market. We estimate that recent (2023) reforms of the NCS, which increase the generosity and the scope of the subsidy, will increase mothers' participation by 3% and full-time work by 4%, but also substantially decrease the demand for informal childcare. A hypothetical abolition of all childcare costs would close the gender employment gap, increasing mothers' participation by 30 ppt." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Düval, Sabine (2023): Do men and women really have different gender role attitudes? Experimental insight on gender-specific attitudes toward paid and unpaid work in Germany. In: Social science research, Jg. 112. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102804

Abstract

"This article uses a novel experimental approach to measure whether men and women actually differ in their gender role attitudes. Recent research has shown that operationalizing gender role attitudes on a unidimensional scale ranging from “egalitarian” to “traditional” is problematic. Instead, their multidimensionality must to be taken into account. Similarly, an ideal measurement tool should consider that gender norms are applied conditionally, i.e., extensive information on the situational context must be provided. In this article, both preconditions are met by using a multifactorial survey experiment. The vignettes used in the survey experiment contain extensive contextual information on fictional couples' division of paid and unpaid work. In addition, the experimental variation of this information (e.g., the vignette persons' gender, the presence and age of children, and the partners' shares of paid and unpaid work) allows to disentangle the different dimensions that may influence (different) gender role attitudes of men and women. Results show no gender difference in attitudes: On average, men and women have “classical” egalitarian gender role attitudes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Ehrlich, Ulrike (2023): The Association between Family Care and Paid Work among Women in Germany: Does the Household Economic Context Matter? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 117-136. DOI:10.1177/09500170211069841

Abstract

"Previous studies found contradictory results on whether women benefit in terms of earnings from having a female manager. This mixed-method study draws on survey data from the Netherlands to determine whether female employees have higher wages if they work under a female manager and combines these with data from interviews with Dutch female managers to interpret and contextualize its findings. The survey data show that having a female manager does not affect the wages of female (or male) employees in the Netherlands. The interviews revealed different ways in which managers can improve outcomes for female employees and suggest several reasons as to why some female managers experience a lack of motivation to enhance female employees’ earnings. This detailed focus on mechanisms that underlie female managers position to act as ‘cogs in the machine’ emphasizes the importance of incorporating context and looking at outcomes other than earnings in future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fiaschi, Davide & Cristina Tealdi (2023): The attachment of adult women to the Italian labour market in the shadow of COVID-19. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102402

Abstract

"We investigate the attachment to the labour market of women in their 30s, who are combining career and family choices, through their reactions to an exogenous, and potentially symmetric shock, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that in Italy a large number of women with small children, living in the North, left permanent (and temporary) employment and became inactive in 2020. Despite the short period of observation after the burst of the pandemic, the identified impacts appear large and persistent, particularly with respect to the men of the same age. We argue that this evidence is ascribable to specific regional socio-cultural factors, which foreshadow a potential long-term detrimental impact on female labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Fonseca, Miguel A. & Ashley McCrea (2023): The role of shortlisting in shifting gender beliefs on performance: experimental evidence. (Department of Economics discussion papers / University of Exeter, Business School 2023,15), Exeter, 65 S.

Abstract

"In labour markets, women are often underrepresented relative to men. This underrepresentation may be due to inaccurate beliefs about ability across genders. Inaccurate beliefs might cause a sampling problem: to have accurate beliefs about a group, one must first collect information about that group. However, inaccurate beliefs may persist due to biased belief updating. We run a stylized hiring experiment to disentangle these two effects. We ask participants to create shortlists from a male and a female pool of workers and give them feedback on the skill of those they shortlist. Based on that information, participants hire workers, and provide us with their beliefs about the distribution of skills in the male and female pots. We study how recruiters update their beliefs as a function of their past shortlisting behaviour, and how they shortlist given their beliefs. As expected, participants were more likely to sample from the pool with the highest subjective mean quality (on average men) and lowest subject variance. Participants were not Bayesian updaters but there were no gender-specific biases in updating. Sampling more from a pool and, somewhat surprisingly, greater time spent engaging in sampling behaviour yield more accurate beliefs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Frodermann, Corinna, Andreas Filser & Ann-Christin Bächmann (2023): Elternzeiten von verheirateten Paaren: Mütter kehren meist schneller auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wenn ihre Partner Elternzeit nehmen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2301

Abstract

"Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbrechen. Dieses stärkere Engagement der Väter geht auch mit einer schnelleren Arbeitsmarktrückkehr von Müttern einher. Paarinterne Aufteilungsmuster zeigen allerdings, dass bei vielen Ehepaaren nach wie vor nur die Mutter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbricht, während der Großteil der Väter keine Elternzeit nimmt. Wenn Väter ebenfalls unterbrechen, dann vorrangig für maximal zwei Monate. Die vorgelegten Befunde machen insgesamt deutlich, dass verheiratete Paare in Deutschland nach wie vor weit davon entfernt sind, Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gleich aufzuteilen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2023): Regionale Unterschiede im Gender Pay Gap in Deutschland 2021. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 17 S.

Abstract

"Dass Frauen in Deutschland weniger verdienen als Männer, gilt gemeinhin als bekannt. Die nationale Betrachtung verdeckt jedoch große Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Regionen. Im Folgenden zeigen wir diese regionalen Unterschiede mit dem so genannten Gender Pay Gap (GPG) auf. Datengrundlage bildet hierbei der nominale Lohn (brutto), den sozialversicherungspflichtig Vollzeitbeschäftigte zum Stichtag 30.06.2021 in einer bestimmten Region verdient haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ginja, Rita, Arizo Karimi & Pengpeng Xiao (2023): Employer Responses to Family Leave Programs. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 107-135. DOI:10.1257/app.20200448

Abstract

"Search frictions make worker turnover costly to firms. A three-month parental leave expansion in Sweden provides exogenous variation that we use to quantify firms' adjustment costs upon worker absence. The reform increased women's leave duration and likelihood of separating from pre-birth employers. Firms with greater exposure to the reform hired additional workers and increased coworkers to make it coworkers' hours, incurring wage costs corresponding to 10 full-time equivalent months in addition to replacing the workers. These adjustment costs varied by firms' availability of internal substitutes. We also analyze a daddy-month reform and find similar employer responses to male workers' leave, albeit smaller in magnitude." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Giuliani, Giovanni Amerigo (2023): The gender dimension of outsiderness in Western Europe: a comparative cross-model analysis. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 62-78. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-12-2022-0317

Abstract

"Purpose: The article investigates whether and to what extent outsiderness is gendered in Western Europe, both in terms of its spread and degree. It thus explores which male and female post-Fordist social classes are more exposed to the risk of this phenomenon. It also scrutinizes whether such a gendered characterization has varied over time and across clusters of Western European countries. Design/methodology/approach Relying on a comparative analysis of the data provided by the European Social Survey (ESS) dataset and comparing two points in time –the early/mid-2000s and the late 2010s – the work provides both a dichotomous and continuous variable of outsiderness, which measure its spread and degree in the female and male workforces of a pooled set of growth models. Findings The empirical analysis shows that outsiderness is profoundly gendered in Western Europe and thus a feminized social phenomenon. However, the comparative investigation highlights that outsiderness has been genderized in diverse ways across the four growth models. Different patterns of gendered outsiderness can be identified. Originality/value The article provides a comparative and diachronic analysis of outsiderness from a gender lens, putting into a mutual dialogue different literature on labour market, and shows that outsiderness represents a key analytical dimension for assessing gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Hamjediers, Maik (2023): Gender-Atypical Learning Experiences of Men Reduce Occupational Sex Segregation: Evidence From the Suspension of the Civilian Service in Germany. In: Gender & Society, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 524-552. DOI:10.1177/08912432231177650

Abstract

"Occupational sex segregation persists in part because men seldom enter female-dominated occupations. Whereas programs providing women with gender-atypical learning experiences aim to increase female representation in male-dominated domains, similar programs for men—despite their potential to counteract the prevailing lack of men in female-dominated occupations—are rare. In this paper, I investigate whether men’s gender-atypical learning experiences affect their likelihood of entering female-dominated occupations by studying the effect of participation in Germany’s civilian service. The civilian service offered a social-sector alternative to compulsory military service, and its suspension in 2011 induced exogenous variation in men’s gender-atypical learning experiences. Combining register data from Germany’s social security system with data from the German Microcensus shows that men’s likelihood of entering the labor market in female-dominated occupations declined by about 21 percent when the civilian service was suspended. Scaling the estimate by participation in the civilian service indicates that having completed the civilian service increased men’s likelihood of entering female-dominated occupations by about 12 percentage points. This illustrates that programs exposing men to gender-atypical learning experiences can promote occupational integration and could “unstall” the gender revolution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keitel, Christiane; Andreas Filser, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Corinna Frodermann (interviewte Person) (2023): Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann). In: IAB-Forum H. 07.02.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230207.01

Abstract

"Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zugunsten von Kinder­betreuung unterbrechen. Der IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023 zeigt nun unter anderem auf, wie sich eine Erwerbsunterbrechung der Väter auf die Arbeitsmarktrückkehr der Mütter auswirkt. Die Redaktion des IAB-Forum hat dazu bei Corinna Frodermann, Ann-Christin Bächmann und Andreas Filser nachgefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kosyakova, Yuliya, Zerrin Salikutluk & Jörg Hartmann (2023): Gender employment gap at arrival and its dynamics: The case of refugees in Germany. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 87, 2023-08-27. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100842

Abstract

"In recent years, refugee women’s experiences have received considerable attention in the academic discourse on immigrant labor market integration. Taking a dynamic perspective, we investigate gender differences in the labor market integration of refugees who arrived in Germany between 2013 and 2019. We examine refugees' trajectories in the early post-arrival period and explore a number of conditions that have been proposed to influence gendered labor market outcomes. Using panel data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Sample, we find initially narrow gender differences among refugees that gradually widen over time. While initial differences in human capital and care responsibilities contribute significantly to the gender gap in employment in the first year after arrival, our study shows that the gap widens primarily due to refugee women experiencing lower returns to their human and social capital and health, as well as bearing a heavier burden of childcare responsibilities. These findings highlight the compounded disadvantages that refugee women face in the host country due to their limited ability to fully utilize their labor market resources, coupled with their primary responsibility for childcare. Moreover, our findings suggest that existing theoretical explanations in the literature are insufficient to fully explain the barriers refugee women face when entering the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))

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Kowalewska, Helen (2023): Gendered employment patterns: Women's labour market outcomes across 24 countries. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 151-168. DOI:10.1177/09589287221148336

Abstract

"An accepted framework for ‘gendering’ the analysis of welfare regimes compares countries by degrees of ‘defamilialization’ or how far their family policies support or undermine women’s employment participation. This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly spotlights women’s labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24 industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with further differences by class. The three core ‘worlds’ of welfare (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide – likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining – place it with Anglophone countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are ‘better’ overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying on ‘headline’ indicators or gender equality indices, matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krause, Florian & Günther Vedder (Hrsg.) (2023): Arbeit und Gender. (Schriftenreihe zur interdisziplinären Arbeitswissenschaft 15), Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 189 S.

Abstract

"Das Zusammenspiel von Arbeit und Gender ist innerhalb der Arbeitswissenschaft seit vielen Jahren von besonderem Interesse. Permanent kommen an der Schnittstelle aktuelle Themen hinzu, die bisher noch wenig beforscht wurden. In diesem Sammelband geht es um Fragestellungen aus folgenden Bereichen: (1) Menstruationsbedingte Arbeitsunfähigkeit – eine Diskursanalyse; (2) Frauen im organisationalen Führungsfeld unter Covid 19; (3) Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie, Beruf und Ehrenamt; (4) Sind Frauen im vorzeitigen Ruhestand glücklicher?; (5) Gewichtsdiskriminierung im Privat- und Berufsleben. Alle Beiträge sind am Institut für interdisziplinäre Arbeitswissenschaft der Leibniz Universität Hannover entstanden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Nomos)

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Lawitzky, Corinna & Antje Weyh (2023): Der Preis von Mutterschaft – die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Gender, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 119-137., 2021-12-07. DOI:10.3224/gender.v15i1.09

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Rollenbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Datengrundlage bildet die Beschäftigtenhistorik des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, die Angaben zu allen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in Deutschland enthält. Vollzeitbeschäftigte Frauen mit Kindern verdienen weniger als Frauen ohne Kinder, wobei dieser Lohnunterschied in Westdeutschland deutlich größer ausfällt als in Ostdeutschland. Mittels einer Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung weisen wir wichtige Einflussfaktoren aus und können einen bereinigten Lohnunterschied ermitteln. Dabei deuten die Ergebnisse der Zerlegungen darauf hin, dass historische Unterschiede bezüglich der gesellschaftlichen Leitbilder zur Mutterrolle in Ost- und Westdeutschland weiterhin bestehen. Die Abkehr vom traditionellen Bild der Mutterrolle ist somit nach wie vor relevant für den Abbau des Lohnnachteils für Mütter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Budrich)

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Lochner, Benjamin & Christian Merkl (2023): Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16686), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the relationship between gender-specific application behavior, employer-side flexibility requirements, and the gender earnings gap using a unique combination of the German Job Vacancy Survey (JVS) linked to administrative employment records. We document that women have a substantially lower probability of applying to jobs with high flexibility requirements at high-wage firms than do men but have the same probability of being hired upon application. In our two-stage search model, these empirical patterns are rationalized by firms compensating workers for meeting employer-side flexibility requirements. Consistently, we empirically show that among women, mothers face the largest earnings discounts relative to men in jobs with high flexibility requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Madsen, Aleksander Å., Idunn Brekke & Silje Bringsrud Fekjær (2023): Women's Attrition from Male-Dominated Workplaces in Norway: The Importance of Numerical Minority Status, Motherhood and Class. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 333-351. DOI:10.1177/09500170211004247

Abstract

"This study explores women’s attrition from male-dominated workplaces based on Norwegian public administrative records, covering individuals born 1945–1983, in the period between 2003 and 2013. It examines sex differences in rates of attrition and tests the significance of two commonly proposed explanations in the literature, namely the degree of numerical minority status and motherhood. It also investigates whether these explanations vary by occupational class. Selection into male-dominated workplaces is accounted for by using individual fixed effects models. The results show that attrition rates from male-dominated workplaces are considerably higher among women than among men. Moreover, the risk of female attrition to sex-balanced workplaces increases, regardless of occupational class, with increases in the percentage of males. Childbirth is associated with an increased risk of attrition to female-dominated workplaces, while having young children (⩽ 10 years old) lowered the risk. This association, however, was primarily evident among working-class women in manual occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McGee, Andrew & Peter McGee (2023): Gender Differences in Reservation Wages in Search Experiments. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16577), Bonn, 26 S.

Abstract

"Women report setting lower reservation wages than men in survey data. We show that women set reservation wages that are 14 to 18 percent lower than men's in laboratory search experiments that control for factors not fully observed in surveys such as offer distributions and outside options. This gender gap—which exists even controlling for overconfidence, preferences, personality, and intelligence—leads women to spend less time searching than men while accepting lower wages. Women—but not men—set reservation wages that are too low relative to theoretically optimal values given their risk preferences early in search, reducing their earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pauliks, Johanna Elisabeth, Reinhard Schunck & Yvonne Lott (2023): Auswirkungen des Zugangs zum Homeoffice auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 319-340. DOI:10.1007/s11577-023-00910-6

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich die tatsächliche Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern verändert, wenn sie die Möglichkeit erhalten, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Ausgehend von der Principle-Agent-Theorie, der sozialen Austauschtheorie und der Work/Family-Border-Theorie wurde mit längsschnittlichen Daten des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam) geprüft, ob eine Veränderung der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit zu beobachten ist, wenn die Möglichkeit besteht, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Um mögliche Selektionseffekte auszuschließen, wurden sowohl konventionelle Fixed-Effects- als auch Fixed-Effects-Individual-Slope-Modelle zur Schätzung des Effekts vom Zugang zu Homeoffice auf die Arbeitszeit von Vätern und Müttern verwendet. Bei Vätern sind die geschätzten Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Zugang zum Homeoffice und der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit klein und statistisch nicht signifikant. Bei Müttern zeigen sich positive, substanzielle und – in Abhängigkeit von der Modellspezifikation – statistisch signifikante Zusammenhänge." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Pérez-Izquierdo, Telmo & Elizaveta Pronkina (2023): Behind the curtain: How did women's work history vary across Central and Eastern Europe? In: Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 465-489. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12345

Abstract

"This paper investigates the differences in female work experience across Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). We use retrospective SHARELIFE data to analyse women's work history from 1950 to 1990. We provide descriptive evidence that women's work experience varied across CEECs. Furthermore, we argue that comparing the former provinces of the Russian Empire in Lithuania and Poland provides a natural experiment, allowing us to disentangle the effect of the differential implementation of the Soviet regime from the pre-existing differences. We find that during communism, Lithuanian women worked 2 years more by age 50 relative to their Polish counterparts. This effect is one-third of that found in the East–West Germany comparison. We propose several potential mechanisms behind this finding: the degree of land collectivization, the Church's influence and the sectoral composition. Accordingly, this study's findings highlight the importance of country differences in CEECs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Righetto, Giovanni (2023): Marriage patterns and the gender gap in labor force participation: Evidence from Italy. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102359

Abstract

"The Italian rate of gender participation gap, defined as the differential between female and male rates of labor force participation, was 18.2% in 2020, the second highest among EU countries. In this paper, we present evidence highlighting a new possible determinant of this unbalance in the labor force: endogamy intensity. We define endogamy as “marriage within the community”, and we argue that it helps preserve and reinforce social norms stigmatizing working women, along with reducing the probability of divorce, which in turn disincentivizes women's participation in the labor force. We proxy the endogamy rate of a community by the degree of concentration of its surnames' distribution, and we provide evidence that a more intense custom of endogamy contributed to enlarging gender participation gaps across Italian municipalities in 2001. In order to deal with endogeneity issues, we make use of an instrumental variable strategy, by instrumenting the endogamy measure of a municipality by the degree of ruggedness of its territory: the asperity of a municipality's surface indeed contributes to its geographical isolation, thus incentivizing in- marriage. In our main 2SLS result, a standard deviation increase in our proxy of endogamy is linked to roughly a 0.3 standard deviation increase in the gender participation gap of 2001. In addition, we provide evidence supporting our main hypothesis, documenting how higher rates of in-marriage are linked to the preservation of social norms and to greater marriage stability, with a lower probability of divorce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Rock, Bram De, Mariia Kovaleva & Tom Potoms (2023): A Spouse and a House are all we need? Housing Demand, Labor Supply and Divorce over the Lifecycle. (ECARES working paper 2023-18), Brüssel, 58 S.

Abstract

"To analyze the impact of changes in the value of marriage on household decisions, we present a limited commitment framework of household behavior in which decisions are made regarding labor supply, divorce and housing demand over the lifecycle. We identify and estimate our structural model using exogenous variation in female labor supply and divorce rates due to the White v. White case in England. We conclude that limited commitment dampens the added worker effect, while the changes in the value of marriage due to a housing price shock have an asymmetric impact on individual welfare both across gender and marital state. We also show that tightening the credit market in different ways can lead to opposite behavior in terms of household savings and female labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sandner, Malte & Frederik Wiynck (2023): The Fertility Response to Cutting Child-Related Welfare Benefits. In: Population Research and Policy Review, Jg. 42, H. 2, 2022-12-12. DOI:10.1007/s11113-023-09757-3

Abstract

"Bereits seit langer Zeit wird untersucht, ob Sozialleistungen die Fertilität anregen. Dennoch ist die Forschung bisher nicht konsistent. Dieses Papier trägt zu ebendieser Debatte bei, indem es den Fertilitätseffekt einer deutschen Sozialleistungsreform untersucht. Die Reform verringerte das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien mit Sozialhilfebezug um 18 Prozent im ersten Jahr nach Geburt ihres Kindes. Die Analyse exklusiver Sozialversicherungsdaten von über 460.000 betroffenen Frauen ergibt, dass die Reform zu einer Verringerung der Fertilität von 6,8 Prozent führt. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass für sozialhilfebeziehende Mütter Fertilität eine Einkommenselastizität von 0,38 hat. Das ist wesentlich kleiner als in bisherigen Untersuchungen zur Gesamtbevölkerung angenommen. Unsere Befunde lassen darauf schließen, dass die Fertilität von Sozialhilfeempfängern weniger stark auf finanzielle Anreize reagiert, als die der Gesamtbevölkerung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schieckoff, Bentley (2023): The labour market entry of immigrant women in Germany: disentangling the determinants of labour force participation. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies online erschienen am 20.06.2023, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2222915

Abstract

"The labour market entry of immigrants is key to their integration, but also one of the stages where disadvantage arises. In seeking to understand this disadvantage, much of the existing research does not acknowledge the gender-specific dynamics at play and for immigrant women, this often means that their labour force participation (LFP) is overlooked. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the LFP decision in its own right, exposing the gender-specific nature of this stage of labour market integration and its determinants, including labour market resources, like education and language skills, and motivations, like childcare pressures, gender role attitudes and personality traits. Relying on data from the Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany (ENTRA) survey of recently-arrived immigrants, I investigate the LFP of women from four different origin groups – Poland, Italy, Syria and Turkey. The results highlight that, unlike immigrant men, for immigrant women, the LFP decision is much more salient, and both labour market resources as well as motivations are decisive determinants. Nonetheless, even after accounting for these factors, Turkish and Syrian women still show persistently lower LFP compared to immigrant women from European origins. Moreover, childcare responsibilities are identified as a crucial female-specific barrier." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sorg, Heiko, Mahsa Bagheri, Jan Ehlers, Jörg Hauser, Daniel Johannes Tilkorn, Irini Helena Leifeld, PaulChristian Fuchs & Christian Günter Georg Sorg (2023): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in der Medizin: vom großen Wunsch und wenig Berücksichtigung. In: Das Gesundheitswesen, Jg. 85, H. 6, S. 505-513. DOI:10.1055/a-1813-8182

Abstract

"Familienleben und die Berufsausübung sind für junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte hohe Güter. Entsprechend ist eine gute Vereinbarkeit beider Lebensbereiche wichtig. Trotz seit Jahren gegebener politischer Rahmenbedingungen und gesetzlicher Ansprüche, scheint die Umsetzung gerade in der Medizin nicht einfach zu sein und mit großen Vorbehalten und Problemen der Beteiligten verbunden. Mittels einer Online-Befragung wurde der medizinische Mittelbau aus universitären und peripheren Krankenhäusern zu Themen rund um Familie, Kinder und berufsbiographischen sowie karriererelevanten Themen befragt und anschließend genderspezifisch analysiert. Die Studienteilnehmenden waren zu 65,1% verheiratet und hatten bereits Kinder bzw. äußerten einen Kinderwunsch (86,0%). Die meisten waren in Vollzeit (80,8%) beschäftigt. Der überwiegende Anteil der Teilzeitbeschäftigten war weiblich (87,4%). Bei 34,6% lag eine zeitliche Unterbrechung von 18,5±21,3 Monate in der Karriere vor, welche zu 87,8% aufgrund von Schwangerschaft oder Kindern genommen wurden. Ärztinnen nehmen im Allgemeinen deutlich mehr Elternzeit in Anspruch als Ärzte (6–12 Monate: Frauen 62,2%; Männer 22,4%; 12 Monate und mehr: Frauen 25,2%; Männer 6,6%). Die Familienplanung wird durch Vorgesetzte nur wenig unterstützt (21,2% viel bis sehr viel Unterstützung) und 45,6% geben an, Probleme mit deren Rückkehr in den Beruf bzw. dem beruflichen Weiterkommen erlebt zu haben. Bei knapp 60% der Teilnehmenden bestehen im eigenen Krankenhaus keine spezifischen Arbeitszeitmodelle für Mitarbeitende mit betreuungspflichtigen Kindern. Für die Umsetzung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf bei Ärztinnen und Ärzten sind in erster Linie Änderungen auf Seiten des Unternehmens notwendig. Zusätzlich müssen die jeweiligen Vorgesetzten umdenken, um eine Parallelisierung dieser beiden Lebensbereiche ihrer Mitarbeitenden zu ermöglichen. Jedoch müssen auch die jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte ihre Sicht auf dieses Thema überdenken. Nur die reine Forderung zur Veränderung arbeitsrechtlicher Umstände bei Fortführung traditioneller Familienkonstellationen zu Hause, scheint diesem Thema in der heutigen Zeit nicht mehr gerecht zu werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tobsch, Verena & Tanja Schmidt (2023): Operationalisierbarkeit der Konzeption ,Wege zur Diskriminierungsfreiheit von Unternehmen‘ des djb für den Bereich der Personalrekrutierung. Kurzstudie im Auftrag der Bundesstiftung Gleichstellung. Berlin, 39 S.

Abstract

"Wie sehen Lösungen für eine diskriminierungsfreie Personalauswahl aus? Und wie können Unternehmen bei der Entwicklung von gleichstellungsorientierten Maßnahmen unterstützt werden? Die neue Studie betont das Potential, datenbasiert Diskriminierungen im Recruiting aufzudecken und zeigt Handlungsoptionen auf. Bei der Karrieremesse herCAREER Expo wurde sie der Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Vicari, Basha, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Aline Zucco (2023): Frauen üben seltener als Männer Tätigkeiten mit hohem Anforderungsniveau aus. In: IAB-Forum H. 25.04.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230424.01

Abstract

"Frauen erreichen in Deutschland im Durchschnitt inzwischen höhere Bildungsabschlüsse als Männer. Dennoch hält sich die Lohnlücke zwischen den Geschlechtern hartnäckig. Dies liegt unter anderem daran, dass Frauen häufiger Tätigkeiten mit niedrigerem Anforderungsniveau ausüben als Männer. Ein Grund ist, dass sich die Geschlechter sehr unterschiedlich auf bestimmte Berufe verteilen. Zudem haben Frauen im Schnitt eine geringere Aufstiegswahrscheinlichkeit als Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Akitoby, Bernardin, Jiro Honda & Hiroaki Miyamoto (2022): Countercyclical Fiscal Policy and Gender Employment: Evidence from the G-7 Countries. In: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, Jg. 12. DOI:10.2478/izajolp-2022-0005

Abstract

"Would countercyclical fiscal policy during recessions improve or worsen the gender employment gap? We answer this question by exploring the state-dependent impact of fiscal spending shocks on employment by gender in the G-7 countries. Using the local projection method, we find that, during recessions, a positive fiscal spending shock increases female employment more than male employment, contributing to gender employment equality. Our findings are driven by disproportionate employment changes in female-friendly industries, occupations, and part-time jobs in response to fiscal spending shocks. The analysis suggests that fiscal stimulus, particularly during recessions, could achieve the twin objectives of supporting aggregate demand and improving gender gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albanesi, Stefania & María José Prados (2022): Slowing Women’s Labor Force Participation: The Role of Income Inequality. (NBER working paper 29675), Cambridge, Mass, 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w29675

Abstract

"The entry of married women into the labor force and the rise in women's relative wages are amongst the most notable economic developments of the twentieth century. The growth in these indicators was particularly pronounced in the 1970s and 1980s, but it stalled since the early 1990s, especially for college graduates. In this paper, we argue that the discontinued growth in female labor supply and wages since the 1990s is a consequence of growing inequality. Our hypothesis is that the growth in top incomes for men generated a negative income effect on the labor supply of their spouses, which reduced their participation and wages. We show that the slowdown in participation and wage growth was concentrated among women married to highly educated and high income husbands, whose earnings grew dramatically over this period. We then develop a model of household labor supply with returns to experience that qualitatively reproduces this effect. A calibrated version of the model can account for a large fraction of the decline relative to trend in married women's participation in 1995-2005 particularly for college women. The model can also account for the rise in the gender wage gap for college graduates relative to trend in the same period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Albrecht, Clara & Britta Rude (2022): Wo steht Deutschland 2022 bei der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter? (im Erscheinen). In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, S. 1-11.

Abstract

"Deutschland hat in vielen Bereichen der Gleichberechtigung zwischen Mann und Frau in den letzten Jahrzehnten Fortschritte gemacht. Allerdings ist es in allen Dimensionen immer noch weit hinter den besten europäischen Ländern zurück. Vor allem hat sich die Anzahl der Frauen in Führungspositionen in Politik, Wirtschaft und Unternehmen kaum vergrößert. Auch in der unbezahlten Fürsorge und in der tertiären Bildung gibt es großen Handlungsbedarf. Bei den Indikatoren zu Gewalt gegen Frauen schneidet Deutschland im Vergleich zu allen anderen Indikatoren besonders schlecht ab, obwohl die wirtschaftlichen Kosten hier hoch sind. Die vorhandene Kluft zwischen den Geschlechtern könnte mit falschen Anreizsystemen, Glaubenssätzen und Sexismus zusammenhängen. Frauenquoten und Initiativen wie der »Girls' Day« sind nicht ausreichend, um die immer noch anhaltenden Defizite in der Gleichberechtigung der Geschlechter zu beseitigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bohmann, Sandra & Stefan Liebig (2022): Knapp ein Drittel der EuropäerInnen zweifelt an Chancengerechtigkeit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 89, H. 7, S. 97-106. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2022-7-3

Abstract

"Chancengerechtigkeit ist ein zentraler Bestandteil unserer Erwartungen an eine demokratische Gesellschaft. Dies gilt auch für den Arbeitsmarkt: Dieser Wochenbericht untersucht anhand von Befragungsdaten des European Social Survey 2018 (ESS), wie die europäischen Bürgerinnen und Bürger ihre Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt ihrer Heimatländer einschätzen und welche Faktoren auf gesellschaftlicher und individueller Ebene dabei eine Rolle spielen. Etwa ein Drittel der Befragten ist skeptisch, was die allgemeine Chancengerechtigkeit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in ihrem Land betrifft. Die eigenen Chancen schätzt immerhin die Hälfte der Befragten als gerecht ein. Sowohl die allgemeinen als auch die eigenen Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt werden im Norden Europas etwas positiver bewertet als im Süden. Ohnehin benachteiligte Gruppen beurteilen auch ihre Arbeitsmarktchancen weniger positiv. Insgesamt zeigt sich ein klarer Zusammenhang zwischen der wahrgenommenen Changengerechtigkeit und der Zufriedenheit mit der Demokratie im eigenen Land." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boll, Christina, Laura Castiglioni, Thomas Eichhorn, Till Nikolka & Corinna Zollner (2022): Arbeitsmarktintegration von Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund – Analyse der Maßnahmenerfolge des Bundesprogramms "Stark im Beruf". München, 44 S. DOI:10.36189/DJI202212

Abstract

"Das durch das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Bundesprogramm des Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) „Stark im Beruf – Mütter mit Migrationshintergrund steigen ein“ soll Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund den Erwerbseinstieg erleichtern und ihren Zugang zu vorhandenen Angeboten zur Arbeitsmarktintegration verbessern. Der vorliegende Bericht präsentiert eine Auswertung der im Rahmen des Programms „Stark im Beruf“ erhobenen Daten zu den durch die Teilnehmerinnen erzielten Programmerfolge vor dem Hintergrund individueller Merkmale, regionaler Kontextfaktoren sowie der Belegung unterschiedlicher Programmmodule. Hierzu werden auf Grundlage theoretischer Überlegungen zunächst Hypothesen zur Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Programmerfolg in Abhängigkeit von potentiellen Erklärfaktoren abgeleitet, die danach mithilfe eines multivariaten Regressionsmodells getestet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Teilnehmerinnen kurze Zeit nach Programmabschluss mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Beschäftigung aufnehmen, wenn sie bei Programmeintritt bessere Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich ihres übertragbaren Humankapitals und ihrer Nähe zum Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland mitbringen. Teilnehmerinnen, die über einen längeren Zeitraum arbeitslos gemeldet sind oder sich im SGB II-Bezug befinden, haben nach Programmabschluss hingegen eine niedrigere Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass Teilnehmerinnen mit kleinen Kindern, die mit größeren Herausforderungen bezüglich der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie konfrontiert sind, das „Stark im Beruf“ Programm mit einer geringeren Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit abschließen. Entgegen der Erwartungen bestätigt sich kein systematischer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Aufenthaltsstatus oder der Aufenthaltsdauer der Teilnehmerinnen in Deutschland und einem erfolgreichen Programmabschluss. Neben individuellen Merkmalen der Teilnehmerinnen beziehen wir auch Informationen zur regionalen Arbeitsmarkt- und Bevölkerungsstruktur sowie Angaben zur Belegung unterschiedlicher Modulkategorien im „Stark im Beruf“ Programm in unsere Analysen ein. Es zeigt sich, dass Teilnehmerinnen, die eher berufsorientierte Module belegen, auch unter Berücksichtigung aller weiteren beobachtbaren Merkmale eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Programmerfolg haben als Teilnehmerinnen, die andere Programmmodule belegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bose, Gautam, Tarun Jain & Sarah Walker (2022): Women’s labor force participation and household technology adoption. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 147, H. August. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104181

Abstract

"We examine how women’s employment leads to household technology adoption in the context of mid-century United States. Using World War II factories and male casualty rates as an instrument for female labor demand, we find that the rise in women’s labor force participation between 1940 and 1950 increased appliance ownership by 25 percent in the average county. This result holds in both panel and cross-sectional estimates, and for two different technologies. We find that increases in household income associated with women’s employment is a salient channel and that the results are not driven by changes in the skill profile or employment outcomes of men, or migration patterns. Together, the evidence is consistent with a historiography that suggests that as women went to work, they adopted appliances with new purchasing and bargaining power." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Brewer, Mike, Sarah Cattan, Claire Crawford & Birgitta Rabe (2022): Does more free childcare help parents work more? In: Labour Economics, Jg. 74. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102100

Abstract

"Many governments are considering expanding childcare subsidies to increase the labour force participation of parents (especially mothers) with young children. In this paper, we study the potential impact of such a policy by comparing the effects of offering free part-time childcare and of expanding this offer to the whole school day in the context of England. We use two different strategies exploiting free childcare eligibility rules based on date of birth. Both strategies suggest that free part-time childcare only marginally affects the labour force participation of mothers whose youngest child is eligible, but expanding from part-time to full-time free childcare leads to significant increases in labour force participation and employment of these mothers. These effects emerge immediately and grow over the months following entitlement. We find no evidence that parents adjust their labour supply in anticipation of their children's entitlement to free childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Briel, Stephanie, Aderonke Osikominu, Gregor Pfeifer, Mirjam Reutter & Sascha Satlukal (2022): Gender differences in wage expectations: the role of biased beliefs. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 187-212. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02044-0

Abstract

"We analyze gender differences in expected starting salaries along the wage expectations distribution of prospective university students in Germany, using elicited beliefs about both own salaries and salaries for average other students in the same field. Unconditional and conditional quantile regressions show 5–15% lower wage expectations for females. At all percentiles considered, the gender gap is more pronounced in the distribution of expected own salary than in the distribution of wages expected for average other students. Decomposition results show that biased beliefs about the own earnings potential relative to others and about average salaries play a major role in explaining the gender gap in wage expectations for oneself." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Christl, Michael, Silvia De Poli & Viginta Ivaškaitė-Tamošiūnė (2022): The lock-in effect of marriage: Work incentives after saying, "Yes, I do.". (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1142), Essen, 23 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we use EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model of the European Union, to investigate the impact of marriage-related tax-benefit instruments on the labour supply of married couples. For each married partner, we estimate their individual marginal effective tax rate and net replacement rate before and after marriage. We show that the marriage bonus, which is economically significant in eight European countries, decreases the work incentives for women and, particularly, on the intensive margin. In contrast, the incentives on the intensive margin increase for men once they are married, pointing to the marriage-biased and gender-biased taxbenefit structures in the analysed countries. Our results suggest that marriage bonuses contribute to a lock-in effect, where second earners, typically women, are incentivised to work less, with negative economic consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Costantini, Anastasia & Alessia Sebillo (2022): Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in Social Economy Enterprises: Enablers and Barriers. (Working paper / CIRIEC 2022,02), Liège, 34 S.

Abstract

"Women remain underrepresented in the labour market. In the EU, they earn 14,1% less than men, and they still experience barriers to access and remain at the labour market (Eurostat, 2021a). Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the gender dimension of social and economic inequalities, producing a severe gender impact and the risk of economic marginalisation of women. Why do we expect the social and solidarity economy to improve gender equality at work? Therefore, the paper will discuss the potential and limits of the SEEs in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. The analysis has referenced existing literature and available information on the sector, including interviews with experts and illustrative cases within Diesis Network2, one of the broadest European networks supporting the social economy and social enterprise development. The aim is to show impactful solutions of SEEs and bring social and solidarity economy closer to the gender perspective to increase their impact in supporting inclusive and sustainable growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Doepke, Matthias, Anne Hannusch, Fabian Kindermann & Michèle Tertilt (2022): The Economics of Fertility: A New Era. (HCEO working paper / Human capital and economic opportunity global working group 2022,012), Chicago, Ill., 130 S.

Abstract

"In this survey, we argue that the economic analysis of fertility has entered a new era. First-generation models of fertility choice were designed to account for two empirical regularities that, in the past, held both across countries and across families in a given country: a negative relationship between income and fertility, and another negative relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility. The economics of fertility has entered a new era because these stylized facts no longer universally hold. In high-income countries, the income-fertility relationship has flattened and in some cases reversed, and the cross-country relationship between women's labor force participation and fertility is now positive. We summarize these new facts and describe new models that are designed to address them. The common theme of these new theories is that they view factors that determine the compatibility of women's career and family goals as key drivers of fertility. We highlight four factors that facilitate combining a career with a family: family policy, cooperative fathers, favorable social norms, and flexible labor markets. We also review other recent developments in the literature, and we point out promising new directions for future research on the economics of fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Drouvelis, Michalis & Mary L. Rigdon (2022): Gender Differences in Competitiveness. The Role of Social Incentives. (CESifo working paper 9518), München, 36 S.

Abstract

"The provision of social incentives in the workplace, where performance benefits a charitable cause, has been frequently used in modern organizations. In this paper, we quantify the impact of social incentives on performance under two incentive schemes: piece rate and a winner-take-all tournament. We introduce social incentives by informing individuals that 50% of their performance earnings will be donated to a charity of their own choice. Our findings indicate that, in the presence of social incentives, women increase their performance by approximately 23% and 27% in the piece rate and tournament payment schemes, respectively. These effects are sizable and significant. Despite the fact that women also become more confident when social incentives are used, their willingness to compete is not affected due to their general lack of willingness to take financial risks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Erosa, Andrés, Luisa Fuster, Gueorgui Kambourov & Richard Rogerson (2022): Hours, Occupations, and Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 543-590. DOI:10.1257/mac.20200318

Abstract

"Goldin (2014) offers a narrative in which gender differences in home production responsibilities create gender gaps in labor market outcomes. We carry out a model-based quantitative assessment of this narrative and find that it can account for a significant share of gender gaps in occupational choice, wages, and hours. Our analysis emphasizes the quantitative significance of two key elements not highlighted by Goldin: heterogeneity in comparative advantage and multimember households. Gender differences in nonmarket responsibilities have important aggregate effects on welfare and productivity, similar to those emphasized by Hsieh et al. (2019)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grossbard, Shoshana, Lucia Mangiavacchi, William Nilsson & Luca Piccoli (2022): Spouses' earnings association and inequality: A non-linear perspective. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 611-638. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09539-5

Abstract

"We analyze the association between spouses' earnings taking account of non-linearities along both spouses' distribution of earnings. We also document the non-linearity of the relationships between earnings and labor force participation, earnings and couple formation, and earnings and number of children. Using simulations, we then analyze how changes in spouses' rank-dependence structure, labor force participation and couple formation contribute to the upsurge in inequality in the U.S between 1967 and 2018. We find that an increased tendency towards positive sorting contributed substantially to the rise in inequality only among dual-earner couples, while it contributed little to overall inequality across households. Temporal and distributional heterogeneity are important, as earnings association had a more substantial role in the bottom of the earnings distribution and in recent years. The decline in couple formation contributed substantially to the rise in inequality, while the increase in female labor force participation and the fertility decline had equalizing effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Hamjediers, Maik & Paul Schmelzer (2022): Marriage, the Risk of Overeducation, and Selection into Both: Evidence from Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 73-87. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcab030

Abstract

"Two competing theories of social support and role specialization have been invoked to explain how marital status affects labour market outcomes. Whereas evidence of beneficial labour market outcomes among married men and employed married women favours a social support perspective, evidence of married women’s reduced labour market participation corresponds to a role specialization perspective. We make two contributions to this literature. First, we apply both theories to first jobs in positions for which the employee is overeducated (educational attainment exceeding job requirements). Second, we employ preference theory to show how selection into marriage shapes its association with being in a position of overeducation. To account for potential selection, we model the probability of being married and the risk of starting a career in overeducation simultaneously based on retrospective data from the German National Educational Panel Study. In line with the theory of role specialization, married women seem to be more likely to start in overeducation than unmarried women. However, adjusting for selection into marriage yields lower risks of overeducation for married women and men in comparison to their unmarried counterparts. This supports the social support perspective on overqualification and highlights how selection into marriage shapes its association with labour market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Harris, Deborah A. (2022): Women, work, and opportunities: From neoliberal to feminist mentoring. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 16, H. 3. DOI:10.1111/soc4.12966

Abstract

"Women-focused mentoring programs are often cited as an important tool to help address gender inequality at work. Despite their popularity, there remain questions about how useful they are at improving women’s career trajectories or transforming gender demographics at the organizational or industry level. A frequent critique of current women-focused mentoring efforts is that they reflect and uphold neoliberal feminism and have shifted from collective support to an individualized focus on competition and accruing human and social capital. These programs encourage women to internalize neoliberal subjectivities and prescribe individual change while shoring up ideas about meritocracy that are utterly divorced from gender. I discuss how feminist mentoring, which takes central tenets of feminism including focusing on collective action and organizational change, can serve as a countermeasure to neoliberal feminism and how this form of mentorship can help address gender inequality at work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Hild, Judith & Anica Kramer (2022): Should I stay or should I go? Frauen arbeiten nach einem MINT-Studium seltener in einem MINT-Beruf als Männer (Serie "Frauen in MINT-Berufen"). In: IAB-Forum H. 17.03.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-03-08. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220317.01

Abstract

"Absolut studieren heute dreimal mehr Frauen ein Fach aus dem Bereich Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaft und Technik (MINT) als noch vor 20 Jahren. Zugleich entscheiden sich Frauen nach einem abgeschlossenen MINT-Studium seltener als Männer dafür, tatsächlich einen MINT-Beruf zu ergreifen. Dies dürfte auch an fehlenden Rollenvorbildern und unklaren Berufsvorstellungen liegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jessen, Jonas, Sophia Schmitz & Felix Weinhardt (2022): Immigration, Female Labour Supply and Local Cultural Norms. (Discussion paper / Berlin School of Economics 1), Berlin, 47 S. DOI:10.48462/opus4-4647

Abstract

"We study the local evolution of female labour supply and cultural norms in West Germany in reaction to the sudden presence of East Germans who migrated to the West after reunification. These migrants grew up with high rates of maternal employment, whereas West German families mostly followed the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. We find that West German women increase their labour supply and that this holds within households. We provide additional evidence on stated gender norms, West-East friendships, intermarriage, and child care infrastructure. The dynamic evolution of the local effects on labour supply is best explained by local cultural learning and endogenous child care infrastructure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keldenich, Carina & Andreas Knabe (2022): Women's labor market responses to their partners' unemployment and low-pay employment. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 134-162. DOI:10.1007/s12122-022-09327-0

Abstract

"Using bivariate random-effects probit estimation on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel we show that women respond to their partners' unemployment with an increase in labor market participation, which also leads to an increase in their employment probability. Our analysis considers within and between effects separately, revealing differences in the relationships between women's labor market statuses and their partners' unemployment in the previous period (within effect) and their partners' overall probability of being unemployed (between effect). Furthermore, we contribute to the literature by demonstrating that a partner's employment in a low-paid job has an effect on women's labor market choices and outcomes similar to that of his unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Latshaw, Beth A. & Deniz Yucel (2022): Work-family conflict and partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples: Does women's employment status matter? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1151-1174. DOI:10.20377/jfr-689

Abstract

"Objective: This study tests the effects of work-family conflict, in both directions, on partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples, as well as whether this relationship varies by women's employment status. Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between work-family conflict and fertility preferences. Given the high percentages of women working part-time in Germany, it is important to investigate the role working women’s employment status plays to further understand this relationship. Method: Using data from 716 dual-earner couples in Wave 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we use dyadic data analysis to test whether work-family conflict impacts one’s own ("actor effects") and/or one’s partner’s ("partner effects") reports of agreement on fertility preferences. We also run multi-group analyses to compare whether these effects vary in "full-time dual-earner" versus "modernized male breadwinner" couples. Results: There are significant actor effects for family-to-work conflict in both types of couples, and for work-to-family conflict in modernized male breadwinner couples only. Partner effects for family-to-work conflict exist only among modernized male breadwinner couples. While there are no gender differences in actor or partner effects, results suggest differences in the partner effect (for family-to-work conflict only) between these two couple types. Conclusion: These findings indicate that work-family conflict is associated with greater partner disagreement on fertility preferences and highlight the differential impact incompatible work and family responsibilities have on fertility decisions when women work full-time versus part-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lee, Rennie (2022): Gendered Pathways: Employment Behavior among Family-Based and Skill-Based Immigrants in the United States. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1177/23780231221144354

Abstract

"The United States is the only country to admit the majority of its immigrants on the basis of kinship ties. Although policy makers typically view family migration as less favorable and assume that family immigrants do not contribute to the U.S. economy, this argument is oversimplified and ignores the role of gender and the various ways that family immigration works. This study captures the multiple aspects of immigrants’ entry visas and its intersection with gender to examine the employment behavior of college-educated immigrant men and women who arrived in the United States via several family-based and skill-based categories. Using nationally representative data from 2010, 2013, and 2015 National Survey of College Graduates, the author finds that immigrants’ initial entry pathways into the United States continue to stratify their employment behavior and trajectories, especially for immigrant women. The conditions of family-sponsored immigration matter; temporary migration as a spouse is negatively associated with immigrant women’s employment but not permanent family migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lott, Yvonne, Dietmar Hobler, Svenja Pfahl & Eugen Unrau (2022): Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (WSI-Report 72), Düsseldorf, 49 S.

Abstract

"Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland? Und wie hat sich der Stand der Gleichstellung entwickelt? Anhand zentraler Indikatoren auf Basis des WSI GenderDatenPortals (www.wsi.de/ genderdatenportal) liefert der vorliegende Report eine knappe und zusammenfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der Geschlechtergleichstellung in Deutschland mit einem Fokus auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich positive Trends vor allem bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung und den Einkommen von Frauen fortgesetzt haben. Bei der Mitbestimmung und den Arbeitszeiten baut sich Geschlechterungleichheit zwar ab, aber nur sehr langsam und in sehr kleinen Schritten. Bei der Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung und der vertikalen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes stagniert die Geschlechterungleichheit jedoch auf hohem Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lundberg, Shelly (2022): Gender Economics and the Meaning of Discrimination. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 112, S. 588-591. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20221086

Abstract

"Advances in economics hold much promise for an improved understanding of complex issues concerning gender and gender inequalities. A more realistic economics of choice based on behavioral economics, evidence of social influences on economic outcomes, and a recognition of the role of cultural persistence in patterns of behavior have blurred our traditional separation of preferences and constraints. However, in the analysis of gender gaps, we have continued to focus on the discrimination versus preferences dichotomy that this work has rendered both conceptually and empirically irrelevant. As the domain of economics continues to broaden, our approach to discrimination needs to change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Dana, Andreas Filser & Corinna Frodermann (2022): Update: Identifying mothers in administrative data. (FDZ-Methodenreport 01/2022 (en)), Nürnberg, 13 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZM.2201.en.v1

Abstract

"Die administrativen Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit bieten eine wichtige Datenbasis für die Arbeitsmarktforschung. Welche Informationen gesammelt werden, ist über die Aufgaben der Bundesagentur für Arbeit definiert. Daher sind nicht alle Informationen in den Daten enthalten, die für verschiedene Forschungsfragen relevant sind. Das betrifft zum Beispiel Informationen zu der Geburt von Kindern, die wichtig für die Analyse der Erwerbsbiografien von Frauen sein können. Nach wie vor unterbrechen insbesondere Mütter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit, um sich der Kinderbetreuung zu widmen. Diese Erwerbsunterbrechungen können unterschiedliche Effekte auf die Erwerbsbiografien von Müttern haben, wie z.B. Lohneinbußen, Karrierenachteile oder vermehrte Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Der FDZ-Methodenreport 13/2017 (Müller/Strauch 2017) zeigte eine Möglichkeit auf, familienbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen mit Hilfe indirekter Identifikatoren in den administrativen Daten zu ermitteln. Mit dem vorliegenden FDZ-Methodenreport wurde diese Identifikationsstrategie aktualisiert und an neue Datensatzversionen angepasst. Wir validieren unsere Identifikationsstrategie mit Hilfe offizieller Geburtsstatistiken. Der Programmcode wird als Anhang zur Verfügung gestellt und kann nach Bedarf angepasst werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Papmeyer, Kathrin & Nicole Böhmer (2022): Die Vereinbarkeit von Berufs- und Privatleben als Teil eines kontext- und gendersensiblen Talent Managements. In: Gender, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 134-150. DOI:10.3224/gender.v14i2.10

Abstract

"Trotz wachsender Bedeutung von Talent Management (TM) in Unternehmen gelingt es nicht, der Talentknappheit zu begegnen. Die Corona-Pandemie verschärft die Situation. Denn der bislang nicht ausgeschöpfte Anteil qualifizierter Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt wächst u. a., weil sich anteilig mehr Frauen als Männer zur Erfüllung von Sorgeaufgaben vom Arbeitsmarkt zurückziehen. Gleichzeitig werden Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Berufs- und Privatleben bislang bei der Rekrutierung und Bindung von Talenten nicht oder unzureichend thematisiert. Auf der Basis der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird daher die Frage untersucht, inwiefern sich Vereinbarkeitsangebote von Talenten karriereunschädlich nutzen lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Roth, Steffen J. (2022): Das Ehegattensplitting steht der Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen nicht im Weg. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 102, H. 12, S. 965-970. DOI:10.1007/s10273-022-3347-5

Abstract

"Das Splittingverfahren dient dazu, horizontale Steuergerechtigkeit zu schaffen. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Splittingverfahren selbst nicht Ursache für die Zurückhaltung von Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt ist. Mit diesem Verfahren bleibt der Gesetzgeber neutral gegenüber den privaten Entscheidungen von Paaren über ihre Arbeitsteilung. Seine Abschaffung hingegen dient der Förderung eines bestimmten Lebensmodells und verstößt gegen den Grundsatz der horizontalen Gerechtigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Sandner, Malte & Frederik Wiynck (2022): The Fertility Response to Cutting Child Related Welfare Benefits. (IAB-Discussion Paper 01/2022), Nürnberg, 57 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2201

Abstract

"Bereits seit langer Zeit wird untersucht, ob Sozialleistungen die Fertilität anregen. Dennoch ist die Forschung bisher nicht konsistent. Dieses Papier trägt zu ebendieser Debatte bei, indem es den Fertilitätseffekt einer deutschen Sozialleistungsreform untersucht. Die Reform verringerte das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien mit Sozialhilfebezug um 18 Prozent im ersten Jahr nach Geburt ihres Kindes. Die Analyse exklusiver Sozialversicherungsdaten von über 460.000 betroffenen Frauen ergibt, dass die Reform zu einer Verringerung der Fertilität von 6,8 Prozent führt. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass für sozialhilfebeziehende Mütter Fertilität eine Einkommenselastizität von 0,38 hat. Das ist wesentlich kleiner als in bisherigen Untersuchungen zur Gesamtbevölkerung angenommen. Unsere Befunden lassen darauf schließen, dass die Fertilität von Sozialhilfeempfängern weniger stark auf finanzielle Anreize reagiert, als die der Gesamtbevölkerung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmitz, Sophia & C. Katharina Spieß (2022): The intergenerational transmission of gender norms - why and how adolescent males with working mothers matter for female labour market outcomes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 281-322. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwab023

Abstract

"Social norms are put forward as a prominent explanation for the changing labour supply decisions of women. This paper studies the intergenerational transmission of these norms, examining how they affect subsequent female labour supply decisions, taking into account not only the early socialization of women but also that of their partner. Using large representative panel data sets from West Germany, results suggest that women with partners who grew up with a working mother are more likely to participate in the labour force, work longer hours and earn higher labour income. The main contribution of our study is that we assess a variety of potential mechanisms for this intergenerational link. We find no evidence that this finding reflects assortative mating; rather, analysis suggests that the partner's preferences are based on their experiences with the employment of their mothers and play a decisive role for the labour supply decision of partnered women. Moreover, we identify various effect heterogeneities, finding stronger associations for women with potentially less bargaining power. Our results suggest that policy measures supporting the labour force participation of today's mothers will increase the female labour force participation of the next generation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schrenker, Annekatrin & Katharina Wrohlich (2022): Gender Pay Gap ist in den letzten 30 Jahren fast nur bei Jüngeren gesunken. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 89, H. 9, S. 149-154. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2022-9-3

Abstract

"Der Gender Pay Gap, also die Verdienstlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern, ist in den vergangenen Jahren langsam, aber kontinuierlich auf 18 Prozent gesunken. Wie dieser Bericht auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) anlässlich des bevorstehenden Equal Pay Days zeigt, unterscheidet sich der Rückgang allerdings sehr stark nach dem Alter: Während der Gender Pay Gap bei den unter 30-Jährigen von durchschnittlich rund 15 Prozent in den Jahren 1990 bis 1999 auf acht Prozent im Durchschnitt der Jahre 2010 bis 2019 fiel, verharrte er in den Altersgruppen ab 40 Jahren bei deutlich über 20 Prozent. Daran zeigt sich, wie einschneidend die Phase der Familiengründung für die Erwerbsbiografien und Gehälter vieler Frauen nach wie vor ist. Sie legen ab der Geburt des ersten Kindes längere Pausen vom Job ein und arbeiten fortan häufiger in Teilzeit. Die Folge: Männer ziehen mit ihren Stundenlöhnen insbesondere im Alter von 30 bis 40 Jahren davon. Will die Familienpolitik daran etwas ändern, muss sie Anreize für eine egalitärere Aufteilung der Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern schaffen. Ansatzpunkte sind eine Ausweitung der Väter-Monate beim Elterngeld bei gleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Lohnersatzrate sowie eine Reform des Ehegattensplittings und der Minijobs." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schulz, Florian & Mareike Reimann (2022): Parents' experiences of work-family conflict. Does is matter if coworkers have children? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1056-1071. DOI:10.20377/jfr-780

Abstract

"Objective: To examine how the perception of work-family conflict relates to the share of parents in women's and men's direct coworking environments. Background: The idea of relational demography posits that individuals' relative positions within their coworking environments have an impact on their wellbeing. Depending on women's and men's parenthood status and the corresponding (dis-)similarity compared to their colleagues, this idea was applied to the perception of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. Method: Time-based and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts were analyzed by gender and parenthood with random effects panel regression models using longitudinal data from the LEEP-B3-survey, a large-scale linked employer-employee survey from Germany (2012/2013 and 2014/2015; 2,228 women and 2,656 men). The composition of the respondents’ working groups was included as a moderating variable. Results: Mothers and fathers of children aged 0-11 years reported higher work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts than parents of older children and childless women and men. For mothers of children aged 0-11 years, a higher share of parents in their working groups was associated with less time-based family-to-work conflict. For fathers of children aged 0-11 years, the same associations were found for overall work-to-family conflict, strain-based work-to-family conflict as well as for all dimensions of family-to-work conflict. Conclusion: Similarity between the team members regarding parenthood seemed to reduce mothers' and fathers' perceptions of work-family conflict beyond several other characteristics of the individuals and the workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sprengholz, Maximilian, Anna Wieber & Elke Holst (2022): Gender identity and wives' labor market outcomes in West and East Germany between 1984 and 2016. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 257-279. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaa048

Abstract

"We exploit the natural experiment of German reunification in 1990 to investigate if the institutional regimes of the formerly socialist (rather gender-equal) East Germany and the capitalist (rather gender-traditional) West Germany resulted in differing gender norms regarding who should be the family breadwinner. We use data for three periods between 1983 and 2016 from the German Socio-Economic Panel. Density discontinuity tests and fixed-effects regressions suggest that married couples in West (but not East) Germany diminished the wife's labor market outcomes in order to avoid situations where she would earn more than him. However, the significance of the male breadwinner norm seems to decline in West Germany since reunification, converging to the more gender egalitarian East Germany. Our work provides evidence that political and institutional frameworks can shape fairly persistent gender identity norms that influence household economic decisions for some time, even when these frameworks change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tocchioni, Valentina, Anna Rybińska, Monika Mynarska, Anna Matysiak & Daniele Vignoli (2022): Life-Course Trajectories of Childless Women: Country-Specific or Universal? In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 38, H. 5, S. 1315-1332. DOI:10.1007/s10680-022-09624-5

Abstract

"While existing research has documented complexities in biographies of childless women, few studies to date have systematically examined the life-course pathways of the childless from a comparative, cross-country perspective. In this paper, we analyse biographies of childless women in four countries - Germany, Italy, Poland, and the United States - in order to investigate whether pathways into childlessness are country-specific or commonly shared across institutional, cultural, and geographical settings. Partnership, education, and employment histories are examined using sequence analysis with dynamic Hamming distance and cluster analysis. Discrepancy analysis indicates a country-effect in women’s biographies although life-course patterns identified in each country share similarities. Overall, seven life-course trajectories have been identified, with the most numerous cluster comprising single, working women who completed their education at a relatively young age. The results highlight a marked variation in the life-courses of childless women. Put together, these findings provide descriptive evidence for both country-specificity and cross-country similarity in the pathways to childlessness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Winkler, Anne E. (2022): Women's labor force participation. Family-friendly policies increase women's labor force participation, benefiting them, their families, and society at large. (IZA world of labor 289), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.289.v2

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmarktaktivitäten von Frauen steigern deren „wirtschaftlichen Wert“ für die Familie und die Gesellschaft. Während die weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung weltweit zugenommen hat, bleibt sie in einigen Ländern und Regionen nach wie vor niedrig. In den USA sind die Frauenerwerbsquoten seit den 1990er Jahren weitgehend konstant geblieben, im Vergleich zu anderen Staaten jedoch gefallen. Angesichts der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Vorteile sollte die Politik ein starkes Interesse daran haben, Maßnahmen zur Förderung der weiblichen Erwerbsbeteiligung durchzusetzen. Elternzeit und subventionierte Kinderbetreuung sind zwei Schritte in die richtige Richtung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2021): The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Job Quality Components in Determining Welfare Exit. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 79-103. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000977

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit means tested public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labor market. Studies on welfare use determinants that traced these policy changes focused on individuals’ characteristics, economic condition, and various policy components. Little attention was paid to welfare recipients’ job quality or its role in determining welfare exit. The present study examined the contribution of various job quality aspects, beyond wages, to welfare exit among welfare recipients in Israel. We considered the use of workers’ own skills and occupation, existence of standard employment contract (versus temporary), irregular work schedule, and application of mandatory and non-mandatory non-wage compensation attributes. The data derive from a national panel survey of 2,800 single-mother recipients of welfare in 2003. The results indicate the importance of these job components for welfare exit, above and beyond wages. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahrsjö, Ulrika, René Karadakic & Joachim Kahr Rasmussen (2021): Intergenerational Mobility Trends and the Changing Role of Female Labor. (CEBI working paper series 2021,19), Copenhagen, 54 S.

Abstract

"We present new evidence on the existence and drivers of trends in intergenerational income mobility using administrative income data from Scandinavia along with survey data from the United States. Harmonizing the data from Sweden, Denmark and Norway, we first find that intergenerational rank associations in income have increased uniformly across Scandinavia for cohorts of children born between 1951 and 1979. These trends are robust to a large set of empirical specifications that are common in the associated literature. However, splitting the trends by gender, we find that father-son mobility has been stable in all three countries, while correlations involving females display substantial trends. Similar patterns are confirmed in the US data, albeit with slightly different timing. Utilizing information about individual occupation, education and income in the Scandinavian data, we find that intergenerational mobility in latent economic status has remained relatively constant for all gender combinations. This suggests that a gradual reduction in gender-specific labor market segregation, increased female labor force participation and increased female access to higher education has strengthened the signal value that maternal income carries about productivity passed on to children. Based on these results, we argue that the observed decline in intergenerational mobility in Scandinavia is consistent with a socially desirable development where female skills are increasingly valued at the labor market, and that the same is likely to be true also in the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alon, Titan, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll & Michèle Tertilt (2021): From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions. (IZA discussion paper 14223), Bonn, 104 S.

Abstract

"We examine the impact of the global recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic on women's versus men's employment. Whereas recent recessions in advanced economies usually had a disproportionate impact on men's employment, giving rise to the moniker "mancessions," we show that the pandemic recession of 2020 was a "shecession" in most countries with larger employment declines among women. We examine the causes behind this pattern using micro data from several national labor force surveys, and show that both the composition of women's employment across industries and occupations as well as increased childcare needs during closures of schools and daycare centers made important contributions. While many countries exhibit similar patterns, we also emphasize how policy choices such as furloughing policies and the extent of school closures shape the pandemic's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment impact of the pandemic arise almost entirely among workers who are unable to work from home. Nevertheless, among telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a post-pandemic labor market that will likely continue to be characterized by pervasive telecommuting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bachmann, Ronald, Philipp Jäger & Robin Jessen (2021): A Split Decision: Welche Auswirkungen hätte die Abschaffung des Ehegattensplittings auf das Arbeitsangebot und die Einkommensverteilung? (RWI-Materialien 144), Essen, 29 S.

Abstract

"In diesem Artikel wird mithilfe eines Mikrosimulationsmodells untersucht, inwiefern ein Wechsel von der gemeinsamen Besteuerung ("Ehegattensplitting") zur individuellen Besteuerung das Arbeitsangebot erhöhen würde. Wir zeigen, dass diese Umstellung das Arbeitsangebot um mehr als eine halbe Millionen Vollzeitäquivalente erhöhen würde. Eine solche Reform führt jedoch auch zu finanziellen Verlusten bei manchen Bevölkerungsgruppen, die von der Wirtschaftspolitik berücksichtigt werden sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bald, Fabian & Marcel Henkel (2021): The Role of Local Public Goods for Gender Gaps in the Spatial Economy. (CRED research paper 33), Bern, 58 S.

Abstract

"We assess the role of local public goods provision for gender gaps in the labour market. We find that higher fiscal revenues of local governments are associated with decreasing gender employment gaps in German labour market areas because it decreases labour supply for male workers at a higher rate than for female workers. The results are robust when we include instrumental variables that address the endogeneity of local public goods provision. To assess the impact of fiscal transfers across regions on gender gaps we quantify a spatial general equilibrium model with multiple types of workers, who are differently affected by local public goods provision in their labour supply decision. We find that transfers reduce disparities across regions. This goes along with smaller gender gaps in employment in treated regions because female workers are disproportionately pulled into market work and regions with low productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Balleer, Almut, Monika Merz & Tamás K. Papp (2021): Couples' Time-Use and Aggregate Labor Market Outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 14468), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"We present a model of the time-allocation decision of spouses in order to study the role of heterogeneity in preferences and wages for couples' labor supply. Spouses differ in their tastes for market consumption and non-market goods and activities, and also in their offered or earned wages. They interact in their choices of market hours, homework, and leisure. We estimate the model for married or cohabiting couples in the 2001/02 wave of the German Time-Use Survey using Bayesian techniques. We generate gender-specific own- and cross-wage elasticities of market hours in the cross-section. Elasticities are significantly larger if the wage shock is asymmetric across partners, not symmetric. Aggregating preferences and wages by gender and comparing outcomes for a representative couple with those from heterogenous couples yields a discrepancy between alternative aggregate wage-elasticities. Its size varies with the type of wage shock and the distribution of spouses across the preference-wage space." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bandiera, Oriana, Nidhi Parekh, Barbara Petrongolo & Michelle Rao (2021): Men are from Mars, and women too: a Bayesian meta-analysis of overconfidence experiments. (CEP discussion paper 1820), London, 47 S.

Abstract

"Gender differences in self-confidence could explain women's under representation in high-income occupations and glass-ceiling effects. We draw lessons from the economic literature via a survey of experts and a Bayesian hierarchical model that aggregates experimental findings over the last twenty years. The experts' survey indicates beliefs that men are overconfident and women under-confident. Yet, the literature reveals that both men and women are typically overconfident. Moreover, the model cannot reject the hypothesis that gender differences in self-confidence are equal to zero. In addition, the estimated pooling factor is low, implying that each study contains little information over a common phenomenon. The discordance can be reconciled if the experts overestimate the pooling factor or have priors that are biased and precise." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2021): Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1969), Berlin, 61 S.

Abstract

"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual’s earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for breadwinners and secondary earners separately, according to their potential earnings rather than gender. Our results show an average participation elasticity of 0.0-0.1 among breadwinners and 0.1-0.4 among secondary earners in the EU as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Becker, Sebastian, Hermann Buslei, Johannes Geyer & Peter Haan (2021): Employment Responses to Income Effect: Evidence from Pension Reform. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1941), Berlin, 20 S.

Abstract

"For the design of the pension system, it is crucial to disentangle the employment responses related to the substitution effect and the income effect. In this paper, we provide causal evidence regarding the importance of the income effect, which is generally assumed to be small or non-existent. We exploit a pension reform in Germany that raised pension benefits related to children. For the identification, we exploit the discontinuity induced by the reform: only mothers with children born before 1.1.1992 were affected by the pension reform. Children born after this cut-off date did not change pension income. We use a difference-in-differences estimator based on administrative data from the German pension insurance that includes complete individual employment histories. We find that income effects are significant and economically important. We show that the policy led to a reduction in the employment of affected females. Further, we are able to show effect heterogeneity on different dimensions: by treatment intensity, age of the mother, and pre-reform pension wealth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Behera, Sarthak & Divya Sadana (2021): Differing Labor Supply: A Study on the Role of Culture. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 110753), München, 41 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we study the role of peoples' attitudes on their labor market behavior. Focusing within a household, we estimate how one's labor market decisions are dependent on their partner's labor market outcomes, and how these decisions are driven by their culture component. Historically, man has been associated as the primary earner in a family. We argue that culture might play a role in determining a person's labor market outcomes as it induces an aversion to the situation of when the wife earns more than the husband. We find that husbands increase their participation in the labor market if their wives earn more and this effect is even more prominent if they are from a country where people have the traditional view that man should be the primary bread-winner for the family. However, wives do not exhibit any such behavior. We argue that this irregularity is explained by the role that culture plays on forming labor market decisions. This result is important as it might contribute to the explanation of the slowdown in the convergence of the gender gap in the recent past." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernstein, David H. & Andrew B. Martinez (2021): Jointly Modeling Male and Female Labor Participation and Unemployment. (Working paper series / H. O. Stekler Research Program On Forecasting 2021,6), Washington, DC, 23 S.

Abstract

"The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the most abrupt changes in U.S. labor force participation and unemployment since the Second World War, and with different consequences for men and women. This paper models the U.S. labor market to help interpret the pandemic's effects. After replicating and extending Emerson's (2011) model of the labor market, we formulate a joint model of male and female unemployment and labor force participation rates for 1980-2019 and use it to forecast into the pandemic to understand the pandemic's labor-market consequences. Gender-specific differences were particularly large at the pandemic's outset; lower labor force participation persists." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bhalotra, Sonia, Damian Clarke, Hanna Mühlrad & Marten Palme (2021): Health and Labor Market Impacts of Twin Birth. Evidence from a Swedish IVF Policy Mandate. (Warwick economic research paper 1391), Coventry, 92 S.

Abstract

"IVF allows women to delay birth and pursue careers, but IVF massively increases the risk of twin birth. There is limited evidence of how having twins influences women's post-birth careers. We investigate this, leveraging a single embryo transfer (SET) mandate implemented in Sweden in 2003, following which the share of twin births showed a precipitous drop of 70%. Linking birth registers to hospitalization and earnings registers, we identify substantial improvements in maternal and child health and women's earnings following IVF birth, alongside an increase in subsequent fertility. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of SET, relevant given the secular rise in IVF births and growing concerns over twin birth risk. We contribute new estimates of the child penalty imposed by twin as opposed to singleton birth, relevant to the secular rise in the global twin birth rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bloemen, Hans (2021): Labor Market Transitions of Members of Opposite-Sex Couples: Nonparticipation, Unemployed Search, and Employment. (IZA discussion paper 14673), Bonn, 74 S.

Abstract

"An empirical analysis of labor market transitions for spouses in couples is implemented. Object of study are transitions between the states of nonparticipation, unemployed search, and employment. Motivated by a model of household search, the emphasis is on spousal variables and interactions. Additionally, a proxy for the business cycle is included in the analysis, and household specific unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. Results show that female transitions into nonparticipation (both out of unemployed search and employment) are positively affected by the husband's income (while no effect is found for transitions out of nonparticipation). Men seem to move from employment into unemployed search easier the higher is the wife's income. Since the wife having an income is in turn strongly accociated with female participation, this suggests that households with a participating wife are better able to deal with unemployment of the husband. A supplementary analysis with reservation wages and numbers of applications points in the same direction. Husbands' reservation wages are only sensitive to his own unemployment income if the wife is nonparticipating. This implies that unemployment benefits have a different role in households with the husband as a sole earner compared to dual earner households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blömer, Maximilian, Przemyslaw Brandt & Andreas Peichl (2021): Raus aus der Zweitverdienerinnenfalle. Reformvorschläge zum Abbau von Fehlanreizen im deutschen Steuer- und Sozialversicherungssystem. Gütersloh, 45 S. DOI:10.11586/2021077

Abstract

"In der diesem Bericht zugrunde liegenden Studie haben wir häufig diskutierte Vorschläge für Reformen untersucht, die dem Ziel dienen sollen, die Beschäftigungsanreize für Zweitverdienende zu verbessern. Bei den Zweitverdienenden handelt es sich häufig um Ehefrauen und Mütter. Wir haben uns in unserer Analyse auf die Regelungen zum Mini- und Midijob, das Ehegattensplitting und verschiedene Kombinationen der diskutierten Reformelemente konzentriert. Zur Quantifizierung der Wirkungen der vorgeschlagenen Reformen auf das Arbeitsangebot haben wir das ifo-Mikrosimulationsmodell verwendet, ein empirisch geschätztes strukturelles Arbeitsangebotsmodell im Haushaltskontext." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bonin, Holger, Susanne Steffes, Annette Hillerich-Sigg, Annabelle Krause-Pilatus & Ulf Rinne (2021): Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt auf die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen. Kurzexpertise im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. (IZA research report 107), Bonn, 57 S.

Abstract

"Der digitale Wandel verändert die Beschäftigungschancen in einzelnen Branchen und Berufen unterschiedlich, und auch der digitale Wandel am individuellen Arbeitsplatz kann sich in Form und Intensität sehr verschieden gestalten. Wegen der anhaltenden Geschlechterunterschiede in der Arbeitswelt könnten die mit der Digitalisierung einhergehenden Veränderungen die Beschäftigungs- und Einkommenschancen von Frauen systematisch anders verändern als Männer. Dabei schafft der technologische Wandel am Arbeitsmarkt sowohl Risiken, dass sich die Disparitäten zwischen den Geschlechtern vergrößern, als auch Chancen für Frauen, ihre Stellung im Arbeitsmarkt im Verhältnis zu den Männern zu verbessern. Vor diesem Hintergrund gibt diese Kurzexpertise einen fundierten Überblick über die Erkenntnisse der nationalen und internationalen Forschung zu den Chancen und Risiken, die der digitale Wandel am Arbeitsmarkt spezifisch für Frauen mit sich bringen kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Calvo, Paula A., Ilse Lindenlaub & Ana Reynoso (2021): Marriage Market and Labor Market Sorting. (NBER working paper 28883), Cambridge, MA, 67 S. DOI:10.3386/w28883

Abstract

"We build a novel equilibrium model in which households' labor supply choices form the link between sorting on the marriage market and sorting on the labor market. We first show that in theory, the nature of home production – whether partners' hours are complements or substitutes – shapes marriage market sorting, labor market sorting and labor supply choices in equilibrium. We then estimate our model on German data to assess the nature of home production in the data, and find that spouses' home hours are complements. We investigate to what extent complementarity in home hours drives sorting and inequality. We find that the home production complementarity – by strengthening positive marriage sorting and reducing the gender gap in hours and labor sorting – puts significant downward pressure on the gender wage gap and within-household income inequality, but it fuels between-household inequality. Our estimated model sheds new light on the sources of inequality in today's Germany and – by identifying important shifts in home production technology towards more complementarity – on the evolution of inequality over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cavapozzi, Danilo, Marco Francesconi & Cheti Nicoletti (2021): The Impact of Gender Role Norms on Mothers' Labor Supply. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 186, S. 113-134. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.03.033

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Del Rey, Elena, Andreas Kyriacou & José I. Silva (2021): Maternity leave and female labor force participation: evidence from 159 countries. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 803-824. DOI:10.1007/s00148-020-00806-1

Abstract

"In this paper, we account for the direct and indirect effects of maternity leave entitlements on female labor force participation. We first explore theoretically the impact of maternity leave duration on female labor supply in the presence of fertility decisions. We assume that maternity leave duration affects female labor supply through two main channels: reducing the time cost of female market work, and reducing women's earnings. Our theoretical model allows for non-monotonic effects of leave duration on female labor supply. We test the predictions of our model using an unbalanced panel of 159 countries for the years 1994, 2004, and 2011. We confirm the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between maternity leave duration and female participation, and find a maternity leave threshold of around 30 weeks above which female participation falls. Below this threshold, increasing maternity leave increases female labor force participation because the positive effect due to the reduction of work–time cost of employed mothers strongly dominates the negative wage penalty effect. Beyond this threshold, the opposite happens. Our analysis also confirms the relevance of social norms for female labor supply throughout the world." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Dudel, Christian & Sebastian Klüsener (2021): Male-Female Fertility Differentials Across 17 High-Income Countries: Insights From A New Data Resource. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 417-441. DOI:10.1007/s10680-020-09575-9

Abstract

"Obtaining cross-country comparative perspectives on male fertility has long been difficult, as male fertility is usually less well registered than female fertility. Recent methodological advancements in imputing missing paternal ages at childbirth enable us to provide a new database on male fertility. This new resource covers more than 330 million live births and is based on a consistent and well-tested set of methods. These methods allow us to handle missing information on the paternal age, which is missing for roughly 10% of births. The data resource is made available in the Human Fertility Collection and allows for the first time a comparative perspective on male fertility in high-income countries using high-quality birth register data. We analyze trends in male–female fertility quantum and tempo differentials across 17 high-income countries, dating as back as far as the late 1960s for some countries, and with data available for the majority of countries from the 1980s onward. Using descriptive and counterfactual analysis methods, we find substantial variation both across countries and over time. Related to the quantum we demonstrate that disparities between male and female period fertility rates are driven to a large degree by the interplay of parental age and cohort size differences. For parental age differences at childbirth, we observe a development toward smaller disparities, except in Eastern Europe. This observation fits with expectations based on gender theories. However, variation across countries also seems to be driven by factors other than gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Fernández-Kranz, Daniel & Jennifer Louise Roff (2021): The Effect of Alimony Reform on Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey. (IZA discussion paper 14949), Bonn, 41 S.

Abstract

"Reforms that reduce alimony can affect married couples in two different ways. First, reduced alimony lowers the bargaining power of the payee, usually the wife. Second, reduced alimony lowers the incentives of wives to engage in the traditional male breadwinner model of household specialization. Using the American Time Use Survey and exploiting a series of recent reforms in several US states that reduced the entitlements of eligible spouses, we find that wives surprised by the reforms reacted by moving away from the traditional male breadwinner model of household specialization. We also find that highly educated women substituted work for time devoted to housework and childcare, while less educated wives substituted work for leisure and personal time. We find no effects for men. The fact that the reforms reduced fertility only among women with higher education suggests that the difference between them and less educated wives in the response to reduced alimony is due, at least in part, to differences in their preferences and costs for children. The estimated effects are larger among couples with a large difference in the earnings potential of spouses and are robust to several sensitivity tests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ford, Jackie, Carol Atkinson, Nancy Harding & David Collinson (2021): 'You Just Had to Get on with It': Exploring the Persistence of Gender Inequality through Women's Career Histories. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 78-96. DOI:10.1177/0950017020910354

Abstract

"This article examines the career histories of the first generation of UK women to enter professional employment in the 1970s and 1980s in comparatively large numbers. In so doing, it contributes to the sparse literature on older women’s working life histories. Presenting empirical research on women’s experiences in the legal and HR sectors, it reveals how women pioneers were often silenced by requirements to conform with male-dominated norms, values and practices governing masculine career pathways. They learned to speak a predominantly masculine language that in turn constituted a significant barrier to effective resistance and disallowed new ways of speaking about careers. The article argues that these earlier conditions of entry into careers continue to influence the barriers women face at work today. Through this analysis of older women’s working lives, the article also contributes to contemporary debates about intersectionality by illustrating how gender and age interact in ways that reinforce earlier patterns of career disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fuchs, Michaela, Anne Otto & Birgit Fritzsche (2021): Systemrelevante Berufe und das Potenzial für Homeoffice: Eine geschlechtsspezifische Bestandsaufnahme für Thüringen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 01/2021), Nürnberg, 54 S.

Abstract

"Frauen sind von der Corona-Krise weitaus stärker betroffen, als dies in früheren Krisen der Fall war. Unter anderem sind sie stärker in den systemrelevanten Berufen vertreten, also denjenigen Berufen, die als unverzichtbar für das Funktionieren der Gesellschaft und die Aufrechterhaltung der kritischen Infrastruktur gelten. Gleichzeitig aber haben sie in einem größeren Maße als Männer die Möglichkeit, zumindest zeitweise von zu Hause zu arbeiten und damit den Vorgaben des Arbeitsschutzes und der sozialen Distanzierung nachzukommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht die vorliegende Analyse die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern in den systemrelevanten Berufen sowie deren Homeoffice-Potenziale in Thüringen einer umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme. In Thüringen arbeitet rund ein Drittel aller sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten – vorrangig Frauen - in den systemrelevanten Berufen. Die Studie zeichnet ein sehr differenziertes Bild dieser Berufe, in denen Frauen vielfach eine ungünstigere Arbeitsmarktsituation als Männer aufweisen. In einigen Berufen jedoch ist die Situation der Frauen ähnlich oder sogar besser als die der Männer. Frauen arbeiten in frauendominierten Berufen vorwiegend in Teilzeit, während Männer hauptsächlich eine Vollzeittätigkeit ausüben. Männer weisen zudem in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen eine stärkere Spezialisierung auf anspruchsvolle und komplexe Tätigkeitsniveaus auf. Dieser Befund steht in Zusammenhang damit, dass Männer in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen höher entlohnt werden als Frauen. Im Gegenzug sind Frauen in den meisten systemrelevanten Berufen seltener von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. In Thüringen kann theoretisch etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten zumindest zeitweise im Homeoffice arbeiten. Hierbei haben Frauen ein wesentlich höheres Homeoffice-Potenzial als Männer. Diese Diskrepanz beruht hauptsächlich auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Berufssegregation und hiermit verbundenen unterschiedlichen Tätigkeitsstrukturen. In den systemrelevanten Berufen gibt es nur ein geringes Homeoffice-Potenzial, da vielfach die physische Präsenz am Arbeitsplatz erforderlich ist. Demgegenüber bieten Arbeitsplätze mit komplexeren Arbeitsinhalten wie bei Spezialisten- und Experten einen besseren Zugang zu Homeoffice. Um die stärkere Betroffenheit von Frauen in kommenden Krisen, aber auch generell auf lange Sicht zu verringern, sollten die Rahmenbedingungen künftig verbessert werden. Ansatzpunkte hierfür bieten u. a. eine bessere finanzielle Entschädigung für Lohnausfälle der Eltern bei Kita- und Schulschließungen, bessere Voraussetzungen für die ausgewogenere Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Partnern, ein weiterer Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur sowie eine höhere Entlohnung und Wertschätzung in systemrelevanten Berufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fuchs, Michaela, Anne Otto & Birgit Fritzsche (2021): Systemrelevante Berufe und das Potenzial für Homeoffice: Eine geschlechtsspezifische Bestandsaufnahme für Sachsen-Anhalt. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 02/2021), Nürnberg, 53 S.

Abstract

"Frauen sind von der Corona-Krise weitaus stärker betroffen, als dies in früheren Krisen der Fall war. Unter anderem sind sie stärker in den systemrelevanten Berufen vertreten, also denjenigen Berufen, die als unverzichtbar für das Funktionieren der Gesellschaft und die Aufrechterhaltung der kritischen Infrastruktur gelten. Gleichzeitig aber haben sie in einem größeren Maße als Männer die Möglichkeit, zumindest zeitweise von zu Hause zu arbeiten und damit den Vorgaben des Arbeitsschutzes und der sozialen Distanzierung nachzukommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht die vorliegende Analyse die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern in den systemrelevanten Berufen sowie deren Homeoffice-Potenziale in Sachsen-Anhalt einer umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme. In Sachsen-Anhalt arbeitet rund ein Drittel aller sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten – vorrangig Frauen - in den systemrelevanten Berufen. Die Studie zeichnet ein sehr differenziertes Bild dieser Berufe, in denen Frauen vielfach eine ungünstigere Arbeitsmarktsituation als Männer aufweisen. In einigen Berufen jedoch ist die Situation der Frauen ähnlich oder sogar besser als die der Männer. Frauen arbeiten in den systemrelevanten frauendominierten Berufen vorwiegend in Teilzeit, während Männer hauptsächlich eine Vollzeittätigkeit ausüben. Männer weisen zudem in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen eine stärkere Spezialisierung auf anspruchsvolle und komplexe Tätigkeitsniveaus auf. Dieser Befund steht in Zusammenhang damit, dass Männer in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen höher entlohnt werden als Frauen. Im Gegenzug sind Frauen in den meisten dieser Berufe seltener von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. In Sachsen-Anhalt kann theoretisch etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten zumindest zeitweise im Homeoffice arbeiten. Hierbei haben Frauen ein wesentlich höheres Homeoffice-Potenzial als Männer. Diese Diskrepanz beruht hauptsächlich auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Berufssegregation und hiermit verbundenen unterschiedlichen Tätigkeitsstrukturen. In den systemrelevanten Berufen gibt es nur ein geringes Homeoffice-Potenzial, da vielfach die physische Präsenz am Arbeitsplatz erforderlich ist. Demgegenüber bieten Arbeitsplätze mit komplexeren Arbeitsinhalten wie bei Spezialisten und Experten einen besseren Zugang zu Homeoffice. Um die stärkere Betroffenheit von Frauen in kommenden Krisen, aber auch generell auf lange Sicht zu verringern, sollten die Rahmenbedingungen künftig verbessert werden. Ansatzpunkte hierfür bieten u. a. eine bessere finanzielle Entschädigung für Lohnausfälle der Eltern bei Kita- und Schulschließungen, bessere Voraussetzungen für die ausgewogenere Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Partnern, ein weiterer Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur sowie eine höhere Entlohnung und Wertschätzung in systemrelevanten Berufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fuchs, Michaela, Anja Rossen, Antje Weyh & Gabriele Wydra-Somaggio (2021): Where do women earn more than men? Explaining regional differences in the gender pay gap. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 61, H. 5, S. 1065-1086., 2021-03-26. DOI:10.1111/jors.12532

Abstract

"This paper provides new evidence on the magnitude and determinants of regional differences in the gender pay gap. Based on a comprehensive data set of all full‐time employees in Germany, we explain the profound variation of the gender pay gap at a small‐scale level with theory‐based individual and job‐related characteristics. Using the Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition, we find pronounced spatial differences in the impact of the considered determinants. Whereas gender differences in job‐related characteristics are important drivers in regions with a high gender pay gap, individual characteristics come into effect in regions with a low and negative gap. The results underscore the role played by the establishment composition in a region and the kind of jobs provided for gendered earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))