Zitatform

Jessen, Jonas, Sophia Schmitz & Felix Weinhardt (2022): Immigration, Female Labour Supply and Local Cultural Norms. (Discussion paper / Berlin School of Economics 1), Berlin, 47 S. DOI:10.48462/opus4-4647

Abstract

"We study the local evolution of female labour supply and cultural norms in West Germany in reaction to the sudden presence of East Germans who migrated to the West after reunification. These migrants grew up with high rates of maternal employment, whereas West German families mostly followed the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. We find that West German women increase their labour supply and that this holds within households. We provide additional evidence on stated gender norms, West-East friendships, intermarriage, and child care infrastructure. The dynamic evolution of the local effects on labour supply is best explained by local cultural learning and endogenous child care infrastructure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kunze, Astrid (2022): Parental leave and maternal labor supply. (IZA world of Labor 279,2), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.279.v2

Abstract

"Numerous studies have investigated whether the provision and generosity of parental leave affects the employment and career prospects of women. Parental leave systems typically provide either short unpaid leave mandated by the firm, as in the US, or more generous and universal leave mandated by the government, as in Canada and several European countries. Key economic policy questions include whether, at the macro level, female employment rates have increased due to parental leave policies; and, at the micro level, whether the probability of returning to work and career prospects have increased for mothers after childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Landivar, Liana Christin, Rose A. Woods & Gretchen M. Livingston (2022): Does part-time work offer flexibility to employed mothers? In: Monthly labor review H. February. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2022.7

Abstract

"Using data from the 2017-18 American Time Use Survey Leave and Job Flexibilities Module, we evaluate the relationship between part-time work and job flexibility among civilian employed mothers who are wage and salary workers. Results show that mothers working part time are employed in jobs that lack many of the attributes that would characterize these jobs as flexible. Mothers in part-time jobs were less likely to have paid leave, work-at-home access, and advanced schedule notice. Although part-time jobs require fewer work hours, these shorter work hours may come at a cost of reduced flexibility, pay, and availability of family-friendly benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Landivar, Liana Christin, William J. Scarborough, Caitlyn Collins & Leah Ruppanner (2022): Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis. In: Social science research, Jg. 102. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102627

Abstract

"Access to affordable childcare is crucial to mothers' employment. Yet, childcare costs and access to Head Start, childcare subsidies, and state-funded preschool vary dramatically across U.S. states. Using data from the 2016 American Community Survey five-year estimates, we apply hierarchical logistic regression models to show mothers are more likely to work in states with inexpensive childcare, higher Head Start enrollment and childcare subsidy participation, and increased availability of state-funded preschool. Childcare subsidy access is associated with higher maternal employment amongst those with lower levels of educational attainment, whereas state-funded preschool is associated with higher employment primarily among the college educated. Additionally, our analysis revealed that Head Start has a stronger association with maternal employment in states where childcare costs are high, reducing the negative relationship of employment with expensive childcare. As national discussions continue to center on the importance of childcare, our research adds evidence that public programs support maternal employment through reducing out-of-pocket childcare costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Lott, Yvonne, Dietmar Hobler, Svenja Pfahl & Eugen Unrau (2022): Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (WSI-Report 72), Düsseldorf, 49 S.

Abstract

"Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland? Und wie hat sich der Stand der Gleichstellung entwickelt? Anhand zentraler Indikatoren auf Basis des WSI GenderDatenPortals (www.wsi.de/ genderdatenportal) liefert der vorliegende Report eine knappe und zusammenfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der Geschlechtergleichstellung in Deutschland mit einem Fokus auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich positive Trends vor allem bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung und den Einkommen von Frauen fortgesetzt haben. Bei der Mitbestimmung und den Arbeitszeiten baut sich Geschlechterungleichheit zwar ab, aber nur sehr langsam und in sehr kleinen Schritten. Bei der Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung und der vertikalen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes stagniert die Geschlechterungleichheit jedoch auf hohem Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Martina, Pezer (2022): Public policies supporting families with children across welfare regimes: An empirical assessment of six European countries. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 254-269. DOI:10.1177/09589287221080700

Abstract

"Public policies supporting families with children differ among countries but with the same goal of improving the well-being of children. Using a microsimulation model, this article assesses the cash support which families receive for their children in Croatia, Greece, Germany, the Slovak Republic, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The impact of policies across the income distribution on different family sizes, child-rearing cost compensation and child poverty is estimated. A method for the calculation of child-contingent payments for each child by order of birth in the family is proposed as a complementary indicator of policy design. The results confirm that a combination of universal and targeted support (either from family or social assistance benefits) is the most effective in poverty reduction and cost compensation. While high support for larger families greatly reduces poverty, generous universal or even lower support for large families has proved to be at least equally effective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Neuberger, Franz, Tobias Rüttenauer & Martin Bujard (2022): Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 46, S. 693-722. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2022.46.24

Abstract

"Background: Public childcare provision and female labor force participation (FLP) have strongly increased over the past decades in European societies. However, studies offer heterogeneous findings on the link between public childcare and FLP. Objective: We investigate the link between public childcare and FLP, using different indicators of childcare and accounting for heterogeneous time trends and regional heterogeneity. Methods: Based on a balanced panel of all German counties from 2007 to 2017, we estimate the effect of an increasing enrollment rate for children aged 0–2 and 3–5 on FLP. We compare fixed effect (FE) and fixed effect individual slope estimators (FEIS) to control for county-specific time trends. Subsequently, we compare the results across regions with different levels of urbanization. Results: We find that most FE results are biased due to selection on trends. Still, when accounting for selection on trends, childcare enrollment for the age group 0–2 increases FLP in West Germany and in urban areas. Furthermore, childcare enrollment for children aged 3–5 years is associated with higher FLP in West Germany, in rural and, most strongly, in metropolitan areas. Conclusions: Our study highlights important heterogeneity in the general time trends of FLP and the effectiveness of childcare arrangements across different regions in Germany. Contribution: We provide a potential explanation for mixed results in previous studies. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of childcare arrangements varies with the level of urbanization. Taking this heterogeneity into account can help to develop target-oriented policy interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Neumann, Benjamin (2022): Familie, Politik und Elternzeit. In: J. Ecarius & A. Schierbaum (Hrsg.) (2022): Handbuch Familie, S. 269-283. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-19985-6_19

Abstract

"Der Beitrag zeichnet die familienpolitischen Entwicklungslinien von der Einführung des Bundeserziehungsgeldgesetzes (BErzGG) 1986, über die grundlegende Novellierung des Bundeselterngeld und Elternzeitgesetzes (BEEG) 2007 bis hin zur Einführung des Elterngeld Plus 2015 nach. Entlang der Forschungsarbeiten zur Elternzeitnahme von Vätern, die zu einem wichtigen Dreh- und Angelpunkt der Forschungen zu Elternzeiten geworden sind, wird der nationale wie internationale Forschungsstand mitsamt spezifischer Themen- und Fragenschwerpunkte skizziert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer)

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Raab, Silke (2022): Betrieblicher Mutterschutz – mit viel Luft nach oben. In: Gute Arbeit, Jg. 34, H. 11, S. 8-13.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen steigt. Deshalb wächst die Aufmerksamkeit für Schwangerschaft und Mutterschaft als Phasen besonderer Schutzwürdigkeit im Erwerbsleben. Das reformierte Mutterschutzgesetz (MuSchG, 2018) ist deshalb in Bezug auf seine Umsetzung genauer zu betrachten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Raute, Anna, Andrea Weber & Galina Zudenkova (2022): Can public policy increase paternity acknowledgement? Evidence from earnings-related parental leave. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,06), London, 47 S.

Abstract

"A child's family structure is a fundamental determinant of future well-being, making it essential to understand how public policies affect the involvement of fathers. In this paper, we exploit a reform of the German parental leave system - which increased mother's income and reduced legal father's financial support burden - to measure the impact on the relationship contract choices of parents who were unmarried at conception. Based on detailed birth record data, we demonstrate that short-run reform incentives during the first period after birth nudge unmarried fathers into the long-term commitment of acknowledging paternity. This shift reduces single motherhood by 6% but leaves the share of marriages at birth constant. Moreover, the change in relationship contract choices is mostly driven by parents of boys. These findings are compatible with predictions from a model where parents choose between three types of relationship contracts based on the mother's and father's incomes and support obligations. Our results highlight the necessity of studying intermediate relationship contracts (i.e., between the extremes of marriage and single motherhood) to improve our understanding of potential risk groups among the rising number of children growing up outside of marriage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reich, Ricarda (2022): Abseits der Norm? Egalitäre Teilzeitarrangements während des Elterngeldbezuges. Ausgestaltung und Motivlagen. In: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 563-597. DOI:10.1007/s11609-022-00468-8

Abstract

"Mit der Einführung von Elterngeld Plus und Partnerschaftsbonus 2015 wird die Umsetzung egalitärer Teilzeitarrangements erstmals institutionell gestützt. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit sich Eltern in Deutschland für ein solches Erwerbsarrangement im Rahmen der Elterngeldnutzung entscheiden, auf welche Weise die neuen Elterngeldkomponenten genutzt werden und wie die Erwerbs- und Elterngeldentscheidungen auf der Individual- und Paarebene begründet werden. Empirische Grundlage sind semi-strukturierte Interviews mit 18 Personen aus zehn gemischtgeschlechtlichen Paaren, die sich für eine parallele Teilzeitphase während des Elterngeldbezuges entschieden haben. Es zeigt sich, dass die paarinterne Aufteilung des Elterngeldanspruchs überwiegend geschlechts(stereo)typisch erfolgt und parallele Teilzeitphasen zumeist von kurzer Dauer sind. Die Begründungen für eine egalitäre Teilzeitphase sind vielfältig und variieren mit deren Dauer: Kurze egalitäre Teilzeitepisoden dienen primär der Bewältigung verschiedener Übergangsphasen. Die Entscheidung für ein egalitäres Teilzeitarrangement von langer Dauer beruht hingegen auf egalitären Werthaltungen oder beruflichen Zwängen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Romero-Balsas, Pedro, Gerardo Meil & Jesús Rogero-García (2022): Is Spanish parental leave 'traditionalising' the gender distribution of childcare and housework? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 983-1001. DOI:10.20377/jfr-745

Abstract

"Objective: The question addressed in this study is the possible effect of mothers' use of parental leave on the share of childcare and housework assumed by each parent. Background: Whilst the length of parental leave is greater in Spain than in other European countries, as it is unpaid, take-up rates are low. Such leaves are taken more frequently and for longer periods by women than men. Method: To determine the answer, two multivariate regression models were applied to National Statistics Institute 2018 Fertility Survey data. The main independent variables were fathers' and mothers' use of parental leave. The models also controlled for the effects of family and socio-economic variables on the share of childcare and housework assumed by each parent. Results: The findings showed that mothers' use of unpaid full-time parental leave traditionalises the distribution of domestic chores only when the leave extends beyond one year, whereas part-time leave-taking has no effect whatsoever. That such reversion to tradition can be neutralised when fathers take leaves attests to the advisability of encouraging paternal use. The effects apply to childcare only, however, for other household chores are still distributed along very traditional lines. Conclusion: Unpaid parental leave use by mothers "traditionalizes" the allocation of childcare within the couple, but only when it takes longer than a year." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rosenqvist, Olof (2022): Reducing the gender gap in parental leave through economic incentives? Evidence from the gender equality bonus in Sweden. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2022,22), Uppsala, 39 S.

Abstract

"Using administrative data from Sweden, I study an internationally unique parental leave policy that rewarded parents with a financial bonus as a function of their division of paid parental leave. Results from a birthdate based regression discontinuity design show that the policy significantly reduced the absolute difference in days of paid leave between the parents. Since parents started earning bonus only after the exhaustion of the 60 reserved days for each parent, the response to the bonus was completely driven by the roughly 55 % of the couples who exhausted all reserved days. Within this group, the effect of the policy was particularly strong in the small group of parents where the father had the highest uptake, causing the effect on the mother-father difference in uptake to be insignificant. Labor market earnings and temporary parental leave (i.e., caring for the child when he/she is too sick to be in school/daycare center), which has been argued to be a good proxy for a parent’s general childcare involvement beyond the first years after childbirth, were not significantly affected by the bonus. However, mothers who lowered (increased) their uptake of parental leave in response to the bonus policy displayed negative (positive) point estimates for temporary parental leave and positive (negative) point estimates for labor earnings. While a corresponding pattern for fathers could not be observed, for mothers, the results suggest a potentially important link between the length of the early parental leave and later allocation of time between home and market production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sandner, Malte & Frederik Wiynck (2022): The Fertility Response to Cutting Child Related Welfare Benefits. (IAB-Discussion Paper 01/2022), Nürnberg, 57 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2201

Abstract

"Bereits seit langer Zeit wird untersucht, ob Sozialleistungen die Fertilität anregen. Dennoch ist die Forschung bisher nicht konsistent. Dieses Papier trägt zu ebendieser Debatte bei, indem es den Fertilitätseffekt einer deutschen Sozialleistungsreform untersucht. Die Reform verringerte das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien mit Sozialhilfebezug um 18 Prozent im ersten Jahr nach Geburt ihres Kindes. Die Analyse exklusiver Sozialversicherungsdaten von über 460.000 betroffenen Frauen ergibt, dass die Reform zu einer Verringerung der Fertilität von 6,8 Prozent führt. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass für sozialhilfebeziehende Mütter Fertilität eine Einkommenselastizität von 0,38 hat. Das ist wesentlich kleiner als in bisherigen Untersuchungen zur Gesamtbevölkerung angenommen. Unsere Befunden lassen darauf schließen, dass die Fertilität von Sozialhilfeempfängern weniger stark auf finanzielle Anreize reagiert, als die der Gesamtbevölkerung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schrader, Sonja Maria (2022): Erwerbsarbeit von Müttern und frühkindliche Fremdbetreuung. Eine integrative Betrachtung von Wohlfahrtseffekten. (BestMasters), Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, 98 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-36287-4

Abstract

"Der Band bietet eine wirtschaftswissenschaftlich und psychologisch fundierte Herleitung von Wohlfahrtseffekten, die durch den zunehmenden Erwerbsumfang von Müttern und der daraus resultierenden frühkindlichen institutionellen Fremdbetreuung entstehen. Das Buch liefert eine multiperspektivische Analyse anhand des entwickelten Caregiving-In-Modells sowie auch verhaltensökonomischer Aspekte und leistet – auf Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse – einen diskursiven Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie für Entscheidungsträger in Wirtschaft und Politik." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tomlin, Bryan (2022): Maternity breaks: Unemployment spells or relevant experience? In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 198, S. 673-681. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.04.015

Abstract

"A correspondence study is used to determine how taking a maternity break from the labor force to raise a child affects a mother's ability to get an administrative job relative to mothers who did not take such a break. Relative to mothers who did not take a maternity break, those who did were about half as likely to receive a response to their application, as were those who spent the same time working as a nanny. Listing “stay-at-home mother” as relevant experience on one's resumé does nothing to shrink this gap. These results are consistent with the effect of unemployment on call-back rates as identified by previous research, suggesting that employers view maternity breaks as a form of unemployment rather than relevant experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Waights, Sevrin (2022): Parental Leave Benefits and Child Penalties. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2016), Berlin, 45 S.

Abstract

"I use the universe of tax returns in Germany and a regression kink design to estimate the impact of the benefit amount available to high-earning women after their first childbirth on subsequent within-couple earnings inequality. Lower benefit amounts result in a reduced earnings gap that persists beyond the benefit period for at least nine years after the birth. The longer-term impacts are driven by couples where the mother earned more than the father pre-birth. Simulations suggest it would take a 50% reduction in the benefit amount to completely eliminate long-run child penalties for sample couples. Lower benefits also reduce take-up of paid leave by mothers, lower the chances of having further children, and have no impact on marital stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wanger, Susanne & Ines Zapf (2022): For better or worse: How more flexibility in working time arrangements and parental leave experiences affect fathers' working and childcare hours in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 582-614., 2021-10-21. DOI:10.20377/jfr-644

Abstract

"In dieser Studie untersuchen wir den Einfluss von flexiblen Arbeitszeitregelungen und Elternzeiterfahrungen auf die tatsächlichen Arbeits- und Kinderbetreuungszeiten von Männern. Viele Väter möchten mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen und aktiv am Familienleben teilnehmen, aber die meisten arbeiten nach der Geburt eines Kindes noch mehr Stunden als zuvor. Zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie könnte die Möglichkeit flexibler Arbeitszeitregelungen für Väter eine entscheidende Rolle spielen, auch um sich stärker in die Kinderbetreuung einzubringen. Anhand von Längsschnittdaten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) untersuchen wir den Zusammenhang zwischen flexiblen Arbeitszeitregelungen, Elternzeiterfahrungen, Arbeitszeiten und Kinderbetreuungszeiten. Basierend auf Daten zwischen 2013 und 2019 wurden Panel-Regressionsmodelle geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Wechsel von festen zu flexiblen Arbeitszeitregelungen zu einer Erhöhung der Arbeitszeit bei Männern und Vätern führt. Diese längeren Arbeitszeiten gehen bei Vätern mit einer Verkürzung des Zeitaufwands für Kinderbetreuungsaktivitäten einher, wenn auf flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen umgestellt wird. Väter mit Elternzeiterfahrung zeigen jedoch eine veränderte Zeitnutzung, wenn sie zu flexiblen Arbeitszeiten wechseln. Flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen erweisen sich für Väter als ambivalent: Einerseits bieten sie Vätern neue Spielräume, andererseits führen sie aufgrund traditioneller Rollenmodelle zu längeren Arbeitszeiten und damit weniger Beteiligung an der Kinderbetreuung; aber Elternzeiterfahrungen machen einen Unterschied, was die Bedeutung dieser Regelungen für Väter betont." (Autorenreferat, © University of Bamberg Press)

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Winkler, Anne E. (2022): Women's labor force participation. Family-friendly policies increase women's labor force participation, benefiting them, their families, and society at large. (IZA world of labor 289), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.289.v2

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmarktaktivitäten von Frauen steigern deren „wirtschaftlichen Wert“ für die Familie und die Gesellschaft. Während die weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung weltweit zugenommen hat, bleibt sie in einigen Ländern und Regionen nach wie vor niedrig. In den USA sind die Frauenerwerbsquoten seit den 1990er Jahren weitgehend konstant geblieben, im Vergleich zu anderen Staaten jedoch gefallen. Angesichts der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Vorteile sollte die Politik ein starkes Interesse daran haben, Maßnahmen zur Förderung der weiblichen Erwerbsbeteiligung durchzusetzen. Elternzeit und subventionierte Kinderbetreuung sind zwei Schritte in die richtige Richtung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zagel, Hannah & Wim Van Lancker (2022): Family policies' long-term effects on poverty: a comparative analysis of single and partnered mothers. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 166-181. DOI:10.1177/09589287211035690

Abstract

"This study investigates whether generous family policies at the transition to parenthood reduce single and partnered mothers’ economic disadvantages later in the life course. Previous research usually focused on the immediate effects of family policies and disregards potential longer-term effects. In this study, we suggest taking a life-course perspective to study the relationships between family policy and mothers’ poverty risks. We empirically investigate how investment in child benefits, childcare services and parental leave measures at the transition to parenthood are associated with poverty outcomes at later life stages and whether these associations hold over time. We draw on pooled EU-SILC data, and an original policy dataset based on OECD expenditure data for child benefits, childcare and parental leave from 1994 to 2015. We find that mothers’ observed increase in poverty over time is slower in countries with high levels of spending for childcare at the transition to parenthood than in lower spending countries. The gap between partnered and single mothers was also diminishing in contexts of high childcare expenditure. For the other two policies, we did not find these links. These results do lend support to the claim that childcare is a prime example of a social investment policy with returns later in the life course and represents a life-course policy that seems to be able to disrupt economic path dependencies. The results for the other two policies suggest, however, a limited potential of family policy spending at transition to parenthood to reduce the poverty gap between partnered and single mothers over the course of life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zoch, Gundula (2022): Does the provision of childcare reduce motherhood penalties in job-related training participation? Longitudinal evidence from Germany. (SocArXiv papers), 38 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/8f59x

Abstract

"Previous studies highlight gender differences in job-related training participation, particularly in countries with few family policies supporting maternal employment. This study examines whether higher levels of state-subsidized childcare provision are positively linked to mothers’ participation in job-related training. It combines individual-level data from the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (NEPS-SC6 adult cohort, N=5512, 2008-2020) with annual administrative records on county-level childcare coverage. Results from fixed effects models provide evidence that higher childcare levels reduce the negative impact of childbirth on mothers’ job-related training participation. Nevertheless, motherhood training penalties exist even in contexts with higher childcare coverage levels, especially in West Germany. The findings highlight the importance of supporting family policies to reduce motherhood training penalties and associated gender inequalities in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Although men and women are typically taxed under the same rules, their different social and economic characteristics (e.g. income levels or labour force participation) mean that the tax system can inadvertently contribute to gender inequalities in society. Understanding and improving the impact of taxes on gender equality is a key dimension that governments need to consider as part of tax design to support inclusive growth. This report provides the first cross-country overview of governments' approaches to tax policy and gender, including reforms undertaken to date and potential areas of explicit and implicit gender bias. Covering 43 countries, it also explores the extent to which governments take into account gender implications in policy development, gender considerations in tax administration and compliance, and the availability and use of gender-disaggregated data. Finally, it also discusses priorities for further work on tax policy and gender issues." (Author's abstract, © 2022 OECD) ((en))

Zitatform

Bacheron, Johanne (2021): The impact of paternity leave on mothers' employment in Europe. (AMSE working paper 2021,10 halshs-03145794), Paris, 48 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, I use a pseudo-panel approach with data from the European Union Labour Force Survey to study the impact of paternity leave policies on mothers' employment in ten countries. Using a dynamic Difference-in-Difference strategy, I show that paternity leave increased mothers' employment rate by up to 17% in the long run, and average hours worked by 2 to 4%. There is substantial heterogeneity across countries in the effect of paternity leave policies. The impact on employment rates is positive and significant in eight of the ten countries of the sample, while the impact on hours worked can be either positive or negative. I find no evidence that the reforms had any impact on Greece or Portugal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bachmann, Ronald, Philipp Jäger & Robin Jessen (2021): A Split Decision: Welche Auswirkungen hätte die Abschaffung des Ehegattensplittings auf das Arbeitsangebot und die Einkommensverteilung? (RWI-Materialien 144), Essen, 29 S.

Abstract

"In diesem Artikel wird mithilfe eines Mikrosimulationsmodells untersucht, inwiefern ein Wechsel von der gemeinsamen Besteuerung ("Ehegattensplitting") zur individuellen Besteuerung das Arbeitsangebot erhöhen würde. Wir zeigen, dass diese Umstellung das Arbeitsangebot um mehr als eine halbe Millionen Vollzeitäquivalente erhöhen würde. Eine solche Reform führt jedoch auch zu finanziellen Verlusten bei manchen Bevölkerungsgruppen, die von der Wirtschaftspolitik berücksichtigt werden sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bald, Fabian & Marcel Henkel (2021): The Role of Local Public Goods for Gender Gaps in the Spatial Economy. (CRED research paper 33), Bern, 58 S.

Abstract

"We assess the role of local public goods provision for gender gaps in the labour market. We find that higher fiscal revenues of local governments are associated with decreasing gender employment gaps in German labour market areas because it decreases labour supply for male workers at a higher rate than for female workers. The results are robust when we include instrumental variables that address the endogeneity of local public goods provision. To assess the impact of fiscal transfers across regions on gender gaps we quantify a spatial general equilibrium model with multiple types of workers, who are differently affected by local public goods provision in their labour supply decision. We find that transfers reduce disparities across regions. This goes along with smaller gender gaps in employment in treated regions because female workers are disproportionately pulled into market work and regions with low productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartels, Charlotte & Cortnie Shupe (2021): Drivers of Participation Elasticities across Europe: Gender or Earner Role within the Household? (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1969), Berlin, 61 S.

Abstract

"We compute participation tax rates across the EU and find that work disincentives inherent in tax-benefit systems largely depend on household composition and the individual’s earner role within the household. We then estimate participation elasticities using an IV group estimator that enables us to investigate the responsiveness of individuals to work incentives. We contribute to the literature on heterogeneous elasticities by providing estimates for breadwinners and secondary earners separately, according to their potential earnings rather than gender. Our results show an average participation elasticity of 0.0-0.1 among breadwinners and 0.1-0.4 among secondary earners in the EU as well as a high degree of heterogeneity across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Becker, Sebastian, Hermann Buslei, Johannes Geyer & Peter Haan (2021): Employment Responses to Income Effect: Evidence from Pension Reform. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1941), Berlin, 20 S.

Abstract

"For the design of the pension system, it is crucial to disentangle the employment responses related to the substitution effect and the income effect. In this paper, we provide causal evidence regarding the importance of the income effect, which is generally assumed to be small or non-existent. We exploit a pension reform in Germany that raised pension benefits related to children. For the identification, we exploit the discontinuity induced by the reform: only mothers with children born before 1.1.1992 were affected by the pension reform. Children born after this cut-off date did not change pension income. We use a difference-in-differences estimator based on administrative data from the German pension insurance that includes complete individual employment histories. We find that income effects are significant and economically important. We show that the policy led to a reduction in the employment of affected females. Further, we are able to show effect heterogeneity on different dimensions: by treatment intensity, age of the mother, and pre-reform pension wealth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Benny, Liza, Sonia Bhalotra & Manuel Fernández (2021): Occupation flexibility and the graduate gender wage gap in the UK. (ISER working paper 2021-05), Colchester, 65 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the importance of gender differences in labour supply and demand for job flexibility to the growth of the gender wage gap over the life cycle and over time for graduates in the UK. We document that the graduate gender wage gap increases over the life cycle, especially between ages 25 and 40, to about 20% of real hourly male earnings by age 55. The share of women working in flexible occupations has grown over the life cycle, and especially substantially over time for successive cohorts, whereas men are less likely to work in flexible occupations at older ages. The wage penalty from working in flexible occupations increases both over the life cycle and over time. We estimate a model of labour supply and demand to quantify the importance of changes to preferences and relative demand for flexibility on the gender wage gap. Higher relative demand for male labour at older ages, and in in flexible occupations, explains almost all (96%) of the estimated life cycle increases in the gender wage gap, whereas women's higher preferences for working in flexible occupations drives the increases in sorting into flexible occupations over time, contributing to about 60% of the estimated increase in the gender wage gap over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biegel, Naomi, Jonas Wood & Karel Neels (2021): Migrant-native differentials in the uptake of (in)formal childcare in Belgium: The role of mothers' employment opportunities and care availability. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 467-508. DOI:10.20377/jfr-463

Abstract

"Objective: we explore migrant-native differentials in the uptake of formal and informal childcare and whether this is induced by lower demand for childcare versus differential access to (in)formal childcare compared to natives. Background: The rise in female labour market participation in recent decades has challenged parents to negotiate work and family responsibilities and organise childcare. Belgium is among the European countries with the highest availability of formal childcare, but maternal employment and uptake of childcare are substantially lower in migrant populations. Methods : Combining linked microdata from the 1991 and 2001 censuses with contextual data on childcare availability at the municipality level, we use multinomial logit models to study childcare use and type of childcare arrangement among parents having a young child in 2001. As access to childcare and maternal employment are mutually endogenous, we use estimated employment opportunities. Results : We find considerable migrant-native differentials in childcare use, as well as substantial differences between first and second generation migrants. Second generation mothers of Turkish, Moroccan and Eastern-European background are less likely than natives to use childcare, and more likely to rely on informal arrangements if childcare is used. Controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and differential availability of (in)formal childcare largely accounts for differences in childcare use, but Turkish and Moroccan women remain less likely to use care and first generation Turkish mothers remain more likely to use informal care as opposed to formal childcare. Conclusions : While differences in socio-demographic characteristics, labour market opportunities and availability of (in)formal care provide a partial explanation, partial migrant-native differentials in childcare use persist for specific groups, suggesting that other factors inhibit the uptake of formal childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blömer, Maximilian, Przemyslaw Brandt & Andreas Peichl (2021): Raus aus der Zweitverdienerinnenfalle. Reformvorschläge zum Abbau von Fehlanreizen im deutschen Steuer- und Sozialversicherungssystem. Gütersloh, 45 S. DOI:10.11586/2021077

Abstract

"In der diesem Bericht zugrunde liegenden Studie haben wir häufig diskutierte Vorschläge für Reformen untersucht, die dem Ziel dienen sollen, die Beschäftigungsanreize für Zweitverdienende zu verbessern. Bei den Zweitverdienenden handelt es sich häufig um Ehefrauen und Mütter. Wir haben uns in unserer Analyse auf die Regelungen zum Mini- und Midijob, das Ehegattensplitting und verschiedene Kombinationen der diskutierten Reformelemente konzentriert. Zur Quantifizierung der Wirkungen der vorgeschlagenen Reformen auf das Arbeitsangebot haben wir das ifo-Mikrosimulationsmodell verwendet, ein empirisch geschätztes strukturelles Arbeitsangebotsmodell im Haushaltskontext." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Blömer, Maximilian, Przemyslaw Brandt, Florian Dorn, Clemens Fuest & Andreas Peichl (2021): Für mehr Beschäftigung und mehr steuerliche Entlastung für Familien. Ein Reformvorschlag zur Einkommensbesteuerung. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 74, H. 10, S. 37-49.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag stellt einen für den Staatshaushalt nahezu aufkommensneutralen Reformvorschlag für das Einkommensteuer- und Transfersystem vor. Er baut steuerliche Fehlanreize zur Partizipation am Arbeitsmarkt ab und verteilt die Lasten fair, indem insbesondere Kinder stärker in den Fokus bei der steuerlichen Begünstigung von Ehe und Familie rücken und es in allen Dezilen mehr Gewinner als Verlierer geben würde. Die Mittelschicht würde bei diesem Reformvorschlag die stärksten Einkommenszugewinne erzielen. Zu den größten Gewinnern gehören Mehrverdienerhaushalte mit Kindern. Paare ohne Kinder und mit hoher Einkommensdifferenz müssen im Durchschnitt mehr Steuern als bisher zahlen. Die Effizienzgewinne der Reform würden zu knapp 400 000 mehr Beschäftigten (VZÄ) bzw. einem Anstieg der Partizipation am Arbeitsmarkt von bis zu 275 000 Erwerbstätigen führen. Zentrale Reformkomponenten sind (1) eine Reform der Familienbesteuerung mit hohen Kinderfreibeträgen und der Umwandlung des Ehegattensplittings in ein Ehegattenrealsplitting; (2) eine Anpassung der Transferentzugsraten zur Beseitigung der Niedrigeinkommensfalle, damit sich mehr Arbeit auch bei Niedrigeinkommen lohnt; und (3) die komplette Abschaffung des Solidaritätszuschlags, bei gleichzeitiger geringer Anhebung der Spitzen- und Reichensteuersätze sowie der Grundfrei- und Pauschbeträge." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Curci, Nicola & Marco Savegnago (2021): A new universal child allowance in Italy: equity and efficiency concerns. (Questioni di economia e finanza (Occasional papers) / Banca d'Italia 636), Rom, 33 S.

Abstract

"The paper discusses a possible scheme for a new universal child allowance (assegno unico e universale per i figli, AUU) and evaluates its effects on income distribution (equity) and on financial disincentives to work (efficiency). The analysis, carried out using the Banca d'Italia tax-benefit microsimulation model BIMic, takes into account the principles defined in the enabling law recently approved by the Parliament and the budgetary resources set aside for this measure. The scheme envisaged in the paper differs from the proposals discussed so far in public debate about the AUU due to a significant innovation, namely the introduction of an in-work benefit component. The simulated reform would not only reduce the inequality of disposable income with respect to the current legislation scenario, but also - due to the above mentioned in-work benefit - would lessen the financial disincentives to labor market participation for potential female workers. The latter result is particularly strong for low-income households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

De Paola, Maria, Roberto Nisticò & Vincenzo Scoppa (2021): Employment protection and fertility decisions: the unintended consequences of the Italian Jobs Act. In: Economic Policy, Jg. 36, H. 108, S. 735-773. DOI:10.1093/epolic/eiab015

Abstract

"We study the effect of a reduction in employment protection on workers’ fertility decisions. Using data from the Italian Labor Force Survey for 2013–18, we analyse how the propensity to have a child has been affected by the 2015 labour market reform dubbed the ‘Jobs Act’, which reduced employment protection for employees of larger firms while leaving small firms essentially untouched. We take a Difference-in-Differences identification approach and compare the change in fertility decisions of women employed in large firms with that of women in small firms. We find that the former’s probability of having a child is 1.4 percentage points lower. A battery of robustness checks confirms this finding. The effect also holds when possible sorting issues are accounted for by an instrumental variable approach. We document substantial heterogeneous effects by age, marital status, parity and geographical area as well as by education and earnings. Our findings suggest the potential unintended consequences on fertility that labour market reforms introducing greater flexibility may have by heightening career insecurity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Del Rey, Elena, Andreas Kyriacou & José I. Silva (2021): Maternity leave and female labor force participation: evidence from 159 countries. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 803-824. DOI:10.1007/s00148-020-00806-1

Abstract

"In this paper, we account for the direct and indirect effects of maternity leave entitlements on female labor force participation. We first explore theoretically the impact of maternity leave duration on female labor supply in the presence of fertility decisions. We assume that maternity leave duration affects female labor supply through two main channels: reducing the time cost of female market work, and reducing women's earnings. Our theoretical model allows for non-monotonic effects of leave duration on female labor supply. We test the predictions of our model using an unbalanced panel of 159 countries for the years 1994, 2004, and 2011. We confirm the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between maternity leave duration and female participation, and find a maternity leave threshold of around 30 weeks above which female participation falls. Below this threshold, increasing maternity leave increases female labor force participation because the positive effect due to the reduction of work–time cost of employed mothers strongly dominates the negative wage penalty effect. Beyond this threshold, the opposite happens. Our analysis also confirms the relevance of social norms for female labor supply throughout the world." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Duval-Hernandez, Robert, Lei Fang & L. Rachel Ngai (2021): Taxes, Subsidies, and Gender Gaps in Hours and Wages. (Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 2021,17), Atlanta, Ga., 48 S. DOI:10.29338/wp2021-17

Abstract

"Using micro data from 17 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, this paper documents a negative cross-country correlation between gender ratios in market hours and wages. We find that market hours by women and the size of the service sector that produces close substitutes to home production are important for the gender differences in market hours across countries. We quantify the role played by taxes and subsidies to family care on the two gender ratios in a multisector model with home production. Higher taxes and lower subsidies reduce the marketization of home production and therefore reduce market hours. The effect is larger for women because of their comparative advantage in producing home services and the corresponding market substitutes. The larger fall in female market hours drives up the female wage relative to the male wage, resulting in higher gender wage ratios." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elmallakh, Nelly (2021): Fertility, Family Policy, and Labor Supply: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from France. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 984), Essen, 55 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines fertility and labor supply responses to a French policy reform that consisted in conditioning the amount of child allowances on household income. Relying on Regression Discontinuity Design and administrative income data, the paper finds that restricting family allowance eligibility criteria decreases fertility. The results also highlight that receiving half the amount of the allowances or not receiving any leads to an increase in both male and female labor supply. Auxiliary regressions show that at least part of the decline in fertility is due to timing effects, as the fertility impact declines as women's age increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Furman, Jason, Melissa Schettini Kearney & Wilson Powell (2021): The Role of Childcare Challenges in the US Jobs Market Recovery During the COVID-19 Pandemic. (NBER working paper 28934), Cambridge, MA, 26 S. DOI:10.3386/w28934

Abstract

"We examine how much of the overall decline in employment between the beginning of 2020 and 2021 can be explained by excess job loss among parents of young children, and mothers specifically. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), we confirm that, in general, mothers with young children have experienced a larger decline in employment, as compared (unconditionally) with other adults, including fathers. This excess job loss is driven by mothers without a four-year college (bachelor's) degree. The main point of the paper is to build off this observation and examine how much of the aggregate employment deficit in early 2021 can be explained by parent-specific issues, such as childcare struggles. To examine this question, we construct counterfactual employment rates and labor force participation rates that assign to mothers of young children the percent change in employment and labor force participation rates experienced by comparable women without young children. We consider multiple definition, sample, and counterfactual specification alternatives. Our analysis yields robust evidence that differential job loss among mothers of young children accounts for a negligible share of the ongoing aggregate employment deficit. The result is even stronger (and flips signs) if we consider all parents, since fathers with young children experienced less job loss than other men. The practical implication of these findings is that nearly all of the aggregate ongoing employment deficit is explained by factors that affect workers more broadly, as opposed to challenges specific to working parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geis-Thöne, Wido & Axel Plünnecke (2021): Familienpolitik - Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile stärken. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,45), Köln, 3 S.

Abstract

"Um Familien wirtschaftlich besser zu stellen und gegen Risiken abzusichern, ist die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile hilfreich. Daher sollte die Familienpolitik die U3-Betreuung und Ganztagsgrundschulen ausbauen, die Qualität der Betreuungsangebote erhöhen und Elterngeld und Ehegattenbesteuerung weiterentwickeln." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Gimenez-Nadal, Jose Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2021): How do women allocate their available time in Europe? Differences with men. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 908), Maastricht, 42 S.

Abstract

"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Girsberger, Esther Mirjam, Lena Hassani Nezhad, Kalaivani Karunanethy & Rafael Lalive (2021): Mothers at Work: How Mandating Paid Maternity Leave Affects Employment, Earnings and Fertility. (IZA discussion paper 14605), Bonn, 58 S.

Abstract

"In July 2005, Switzerland introduced the first federal paid maternity leave mandate, offering 14 weeks of leave with 80% of pre-birth earnings. We study the mandate's impact on women's employment and earnings around the birth of their first child, as well as on their subsequent fertility by exploiting unique, rich administrative data in a difference-in-differences set-up. Women covered by the mandate worked and earned more during pregnancy, and also had temporarily increased job continuity with their pre-birth employer after birth. Estimated effects on other labor market outcomes are small or absent, and all dissipate by five years after birth. The mandate instead persistently increased subsequent fertility: affected women were three percentage points more likely to have a second child in the next nine years. Women living in regions that had greater early child care availability experienced a larger increase in subsequent fertility following the mandate, suggesting that child care complements paid maternity leave in helping women balance work and family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gornick, Janet & Eva Sierminska (2021): Wealth Accumulation and Retirement Preparedness in Cross-National Perspective: A Gendered Analysis of Outcomes among Single Adults. (IZA policy paper 181), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Wealth is an increasingly important dimension of economic well-being and is attracting rising attention in discussions of social inequality. In this paper, we compare – within and across countries – wealth outcomes, and link those to both employment-related factors and policy solutions that have the potential to improve wealth creation and retirement security for women. By constructing country-specific portraits of wealth outcomes and "retirement preparedness," we reveal extensive cross-national variation in multiple facets of wealth. Our regression analysis finds a statistically significant and positive effect of work experience on wealth, with that effect, in general, increasing over time. The effect of work experience for single women is greater than for single men, suggesting that, among men, other, stronger forces are at work in creating wealth. The retirement preparedness outcomes indicate that single women in all three countries are in a precarious position at retirement, with much lower expected annual wealth levels than single men. The second preparedness indicator, which links expected annual wealth to income, demonstrates that men have the potential to cover 1larger shares of their income at retirement – and thus are more able, than their female counterparts, to maintain standards of living achieved earlier in life. Our policy discussion indicates that employment remains a viable option for ultimately bolstering women's wealth accumulation. Many scholars, gender equality advocates, and policymakers have argued for raising women's employment rates – for a multitude of reasons – but few, if any, have made the case for strengthening women's employment in order to ultimately bolster women's wealth building. We hope to help reduce the gap in the literature on policy supports for women's employment and re-open the discussion on how women can create more wealth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hotchkiss, Julie L., Robert E. Moore & Fernando Rios-Avila (2021): Impact of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on Labor Supply and Welfare of Married Households. (Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 2021,18), Atlanta, Ga., 55 S. DOI:10.29338/wp2021-18

Abstract

"This paper calculates the change in optimal labor supply and total family welfare resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA). We estimate labor supply elasticities for married families in the Current Population Survey from 2015 to 2017, using a joint family utility model. These elasticities are then used to simulate changes in optimal labor supply and resulting change in welfare among families with different characteristics under the new TCJA tax code. We find that optimal hours are lower post-TCJA, relative to before. However, there are differences across family members and family types. Both men's and women's optimal hours decline with income starting in the second quintile, but the decline is more dramatic for men. Overall, all families' welfare increased post-TCJA, with the gains in welfare disproportionately benefiting the wealthy; families with any self-employment income; families with children; and families renting, versus owning, their home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Huebener, Mathias, Jonas Jessen, Daniel Kuehnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2021): A Firm-Side Perspective on Parental Leave. (IZA discussion paper 14478), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"Motherhood and parental leave interrupt employment relationships, likely imposing costs on firms. We document that mothers who are difficult to replace internally take shorter leave and that their firms hire replacements more often. Introducing more generous parental leave benefits erases the link between mothers' internal replaceability and their leave duration. In firms with few internal substitutes this reduces employment in the short-, but not longer-term. Firms respond by hiring fewer women of childbearing age into occupations where they are difficult to replace internally. Taken together, motherhood and generous parental leave policies burden firms that have few internal substitutes available." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Juncke, David, Jan Braukmann, Lisa Krämer & Evelyn Stoll (2021): Väterreport. Update 2021. (Väterreport … / Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend), Berlin, 45 S.

Abstract

"Vater sein im Jahr 2021 ist anders als früher. Und das aus mehreren Gründen. Zum einen wollen sich viele Väter heute an der Erziehung und Betreuung ihrer Kinder genauso wie die Mütter beteiligen. Es ist ihnen wichtig, Zeit mit der Familie zu verbringen. Dieser Trend, den wir schon in den letzten Väterreports vorgestellt haben, setzt sich weiter fort. Zum anderen ist Vater sein im Jahr 2021 besonders, weil die Coronapandemie Familien vor besondere Herausforderungen stellt, aber auch Chancen bietet: Viele Väter kümmerten sich mehr als je zuvor um die Bildung und Betreuung ihrer Kinder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kanas, Agnieszka & Stephanie Steinmetz (2021): Mind the gap: The role of family policies and the gender-egalitarian climate in shaping gender and ethnic labour market inequalities in Europe. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 1569-1589. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnab035

Abstract

"This study is related to a growing literature on the impact of a receiving context on immigrant labour market outcomes. Unlike previous comparative research, which has been primarily concerned with immigrant men, our focus is on immigrant women and the role of institutions particularly relevant to them. Using the European Union Labour Force Surveys (2011–5) augmented with country-level data, we estimate country fixed-effects models to study gender and ethnic inequalities in labour force participation across European countries. Our results underline the complexity of how family policies and gender-egalitarian contexts are related to gender and ethnic inequalities in the labour market. On the one hand, we find gender inequalities to be less pronounced in countries with more generous family policies and a higher gender-egalitarian climate. On the other hand, our results indicate that at the same time, the selected institutional characteristics are related to increased ethnic inequalities in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Klaus, Daniela & Claudia Vogel (2021): Geht das stärkere Engagement von Frauen in Pflege und Unterstützung auf ihre geringere Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung zurück? Ein Beitrag zur Gleichstellungsdebatte. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 70, H. 2, S. 53-74. DOI:10.3790/sfo.70.2.53

Abstract

"Frauen leisten nach wie vor mehr private Sorgearbeit als Männer, obwohl ihre Erwerbsbeteiligung in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen ist. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir auf Basis des Deutschen Alterssurveys 1996 bis 2017 im Längsschnitt, ob das stärkere Engagement von Frauen in der Übernahme unbezahlter Unterstützung und Pflege für gesundheitlich eingeschränkte Angehörige darauf zurückgeht, dass sie im Vergleich zu Männern nach wie vor seltener, mit geringerem Stundenumfang sowie geringerer beruflicher Qualifikation am Arbeitsmarkt beteiligt sind. Diese Hypothese wird nicht bestätigt, denn bestehende Geschlechterunterschiede in Pflege und Unterstützung können allenfalls partiell durch die geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung aufgeklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kunaschk, Max (2021): Essays in Applied Labor Economics. Erlangen, 175 S.

Abstract

"Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier unabhängigen Studien und behandelt die Themen Mindestlöhne, Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die Effekte einer großen Elterngeldreform, und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit. Die breite der analysierten Themen zeigt die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten auf, die administrative Daten für die Forschung in der angewandten Wirtschaftswissenschaft bieten und diese Dissertation trägt damit neue Erkenntnisse zu zentralen Themen der Arbeitsmarktökonomik bei. Die erste Studie befasst sich mit den kausalen Effekten der Einführung eines Mindestlohns im deutschen Friseurgewerbe. Besonders an dem Sektor ist, dass er viele Charakteristika aufweist, die man von einem Arbeitsmarkt mit vollständiger Konkurrenz erwarten würde. Mithilfe der Vollerhebung aller abhängig beschäftigten Friseure in Deutschland und eines Difference-in-Differences-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass selbst Mindestlöhne die, im Vergleich zum herrschenden Lohnniveau, relativ hoch sind, nicht zwangsläufig zu negativen Beschäftigungseffekten führen müssen, wie man es in einem Arbeitsmarkt mit vollständiger Konkurrenz eigentlich erwarten würde. Stattdessen zeigt die Studie, dass die Mindestlohneinführung zu einer Erhöhung der Verbraucherpreise geführt hat. Dies zeigt, dass zwar auch relativ hohe Mindestlöhne nicht zwangsläufig zu Arbeitsplatzverlusten führen, dies aber unter Umständen durch höhere Preise für Konsumenten kompensiert wird. Die zweite Studie befasst sich mit den kausalen Effekten der Einführung des nationalen Mindestlohns im Jahr 2015 auf geplante Humankapitalinvestitionen von Jugendlichen. Für diese Studie kombinieren wir Befragungsdaten mit einem Fokus auf Bildung mit administrativen Arbeitsmarktdaten. Mithilfe eines Difference-in-Differences-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass die Reform die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht hat, dass Jugendliche einen höheren Schulabschluss erreichen wollen. Weiterhin zeigt die Studie mithilfe eines Triple Differencein-Differences-Ansatzes, dass dieser positive Effekt durch leistungsschwächere Jugendliche getrieben wird. Insgesamt implizieren die Ergebnisse, dass Jugendliche vorausschauend handeln und hinsichtlich ihrer Humankapitalentscheidungen sowohl auf Veränderungen von Löhnen, als auch auf Veränderungen der Wahrscheinlichkeit einen Arbeitsplatz zu finden reagieren. Die dritte Studie befasst sich mit Unterschieden in den Effekten des Kinderkriegens auf Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in West- und Ostdeutschland, sowie mit den kausalen Effekten einer großen Elterngeldreform auf die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Müttern und Vätern. Diese Studie kombiniert verschiedene neue Ansätze, welche die Analysemöglichkeiten der administrativen Daten stark erweitern. Mithilfe eines Event-Study-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass die Geburt des ersten Kindes die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Frauen in West- und in Ostdeutschland noch deutlich unterschiedlich beeinflusst, während es bei Männern kaum Unterschiede gibt. Hinsichtlich der Elterngeldreform zeigt die Studie, dass diese den Anteil der Väter, die Elternzeit nehmen, stark erhöht hat. Mithilfe eines neuen empirischen Ansatzes, der einen Event-Study-Ansatz mit einem Difference-in-Differences-Ansatz kombiniert, zeigt die Studie weiterhin, dass die Elterngeldreform das Arbeitsangebot von Männern und Frauen im ersten Jahr nach der Geburt des Kindes verringert hat, die Reform aber nach Ablauf der Periode während der Elterngeld gezahlt wird keine Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung beider Partner hatte. Letztlich zeigt die Studie noch, dass es keine langfristigen Effekte auf die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit beider Partner hat, wenn der Vater Elternzeit nimmt. Die vierte Studie vergleicht verschiedene statistische Methoden zur Vorhersage von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit. Die Studie vergleicht Vorhersagen basierend auf logistischen Regressionsmodellen mit Vorhersagen basierend auf Random Forest Modellen und zeigt, dass, abhängig davon welche Ziele verfolgt werden und welche Budgetrestriktionen die Möglichkeiten staatlicher Jobvermittlung einschränken, eine der beiden Methoden zu bevorzugen ist. Vorhersagen basierend auf logistischen Regressionsmodellen identifizieren einen größeren Anteil der Personen, die Langzeitarbeitslos werden, während Vorhersagen basierend auf Random Forest Modellen einen geringeren Anteil an nicht-Langzeitarbeitslosen falsch als solche klassifizieren. Weiterhin zeigt die Studie, wie staatliche Arbeitsvermittlung potenzielle statistischer Diskriminierung adressieren kann und diskutiert Fragen hinsichtlich der praktischen Implementierung statistischer Vorhersagemethoden. Durch die Nutzung qualitativ hochwertiger administrativer Daten in Kombination mit einer Vielfalt empirischer Methoden trägt diese Dissertation somit zum Feld der angewandten Arbeitsmarktökonomik bei, indem sie neue Erkenntnisse zu wichtigen Themen des Feldes liefert. Während die ersten drei Studien hauptsächlich auf die Identifikation kausaler Effekte von Arbeitsmarktreformen abzielen, beschäftigt sich die vierte Studie vornehmlich mit den praktischen Implikationen der Nutzung statistischer Vorhersagemethoden in staatlicher Arbeitsvermittlung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Li, Qi, Chris Knoester & Richard J. Petts (2021): Cross-national Attitudes about Paid Parental Leave Offerings for Fathers. (SocArXiv papers), 40 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/dxy24

Abstract

"Using cross-national data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme (N = 33,273), this study considers institutional, self-interest, and ideational factors in analyzing public opinions about the provision, length, and source of paid parental leave offerings for fathers. We find substantial support for generous leave offerings. Multilevel regression results reveal that being a woman, supporting dual-earning expectations, and realizing more family strains lead to support for more generous leave offerings. Endorsing separate spheres and intensive mothering attitudes reduces support for more generous leave offerings; although, gendered attitudes interact with one another in predicting leave preferences, too. Finally, country-level indicators of female empowerment and father-specific leave offerings are positively associated with preferences for more generous leave offerings. Overall, public opinions about fathers’ leave offerings across OECD countries largely support policies that provide opportunities for more involved fathering, but preferences continue to be gendered and linked to family strains and country-level contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lightman, Naomi & Anthony Kevins (2021): "Women's Work": Welfare State Spending and the Gendered and Classed Dimensions of Unpaid Care. In: Gender & Society, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 778-805. DOI:10.1177/08912432211038695

Abstract

"This study is the first to explicitly assess the connections between welfare state spending and the gendered and classed dimensions of unpaid care work across 29 European nations. Our research uses multi-level model analysis of European Quality of Life Survey data, examining childcare and housework burdens for people living with at least one child under the age of 18. Two key findings emerge: First, by disaggregating different types of unpaid care work, we find that childcare provision is more gendered than classed—reflecting trends toward “intensive mothering”. Housework and cooking, on the contrary, demonstrate both gender and class effects, likely because they are more readily outsourced by wealthier individuals to the paid care sector. Second, while overall social expenditure has no effect on hours spent on childcare and housework, results suggest that family policy may shape the relationship between gender, income, and housework (but not childcare). Specifically, family policy expenditure is associated with a considerably smaller gender gap vis-à-vis the time dedicated to housework: This effect is present across the income spectrum, but is particularly substantial in the case of lower income women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Magda, Iga & Katarzyna Lipowska (2021): Flexibility of Working Time Arrangements and Female Labor Market Outcome. (IZA discussion paper 14812), Bonn, 18 S.

Abstract

"We use data from the 2019 EU Labor Force Survey to study gender and parenthood gaps in two dimensions of flexibility in working time arrangements in 25 European countries. We find that overall in Europe, there is no statistically significant gender difference in access to flexible work arrangements. However, women are less likely than men to have flexible working hours in the Central-Eastern and Southern European countries, whereas this gender gap is reversed in Continental Europe. At the same time, women are less likely than men to face demands from their employers that they work flexible hours. We also find that both mothers and fathers are more likely than their childless colleagues to have access to flexible working hours, but that fathers' workplaces are more likely than mothers' workplaces to demand temporal flexibility from employees. In addition, we find that working in a female-dominated occupation decreases the probability of having access to flexible work arrangements, and that this effect is stronger for women than for men. At the same time, we observe that both men and women who work in female-dominated occupations are less exposed to flexibility demands from employers than their counterparts who work in male-dominated or gender-neutral occupations. Finally, we find that compared to employers in other Europeans countries, employers in the Central and Eastern European countries are less likely to offer flexible working hours, especially to women, and with no additional flexibility being offered to parents; whereas employers in Continental and Nordic countries are more likely to offer flexible work arrangements, and with no gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Niemistö, Charlotta, Jeff Hearn, Carolyn Kehn & Annamari Tuori (2021): Motherhood 2.0: Slow Progress for Career Women and Motherhood within the 'Finnish Dream'. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 696-715. DOI:10.1177/0950017020987392

Abstract

"This article investigates the gendered dynamics of motherhood and careers, as voiced by professionals in the knowledge-intensive business sector in Finland. It is informed by the CIAR method through 81 iterative, in-depth interviews with 23 women and 19 men. Among the women respondents with no children, one child, or two children, three dominant forms of discursive talk emerge: ‘It takes two to tango’, ‘It’s all about time management’ and ‘Good motherhood 2.0’. Though Finland provides a seemingly egalitarian Nordic welfare state context, with the ‘Finnish Dream’, women face contradictions between expectations of women as full-time ideal workers pursuing masculinist careers and continuing responsibilities at home, performing ‘good motherhood’. The women’s double strivings meet the double constraining demands of these ideals. The gendered pressures are imposed on the women by themselves, male colleagues, the organisation more broadly and society, leading the women to enact a form of ‘bounded individualism’." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Petts, Richard J., Trenton D. Mize & Gayle Kaufman (2021): Organizational policies, workplace culture, and perceived job commitment of mothers and fathers who take parental leave. In: Social science research, Jg. 103, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102651

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Périvier, Hélène & Gregory Verdugo (2021): Can parental leave be shared? (Sciences Po OFCE working paper 2021,6), Paris, 55 S.

Abstract

"We examine the consequences of recent policies promoting parental leave sharing using a 2015 French reform. The reform reduced the duration of mothers' paid leave to give 12 months of non transferable leave to fathers. Leave can be taken while working part-time for up to 80% of standard working hours, which can be a more attractive option for fathers. We find that the take-up rates for fathers remained low, as less than 3% of fathers took any form of leave after the reform. Surprisingly, we also find low take-up rates for fathers working part-time after the reform and for whom taking paid part-time leave would have increased their median income by 15% without requiring them to change in their labour supply. For fathers working part-time, non-take-up rates of part-time leave benefits are as high as 81% compared with less than 25% for mothers. The reform dramatically increased the annual earnings of mothers, but it had no effect on the earnings of fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruppanner, Leah, Caitlyn Collins, Liana Christin Landivar & William J. Scarborough (2021): How do Gender Norms and Childcare Costs Affect Maternal Employment Across US States? In: Gender & Society, Jg. 35, H. 6, S. 910-939. DOI:10.1177/08912432211046988

Abstract

"In this article, we investigate how state-to-state differences in U.S. childcare costs and gender norms are associated with maternal employment. Although an abundance of research has examined factors that influence mothers’ employment, few studies explore the interrelationship between maternal employment and culture, policy, and individual resources across U.S. states. Using a representative sample of women in the 2017 American Community Survey along with state-level measures of childcare costs and gender norms, we examine the relationship between these state conditions and mothers’ probability of employment. We pay careful attention to differences in mothers’ level of education. Our results suggest that expensive childcare is associated with lower maternal employment, particularly for those with less education. For the college educated, expensive childcare is negatively associated with maternal employment in states with traditional gender norms that uphold mothers as primary caregivers. Among mothers with lower levels of education, gender norms have a limited association with employment. These findings suggest that highly educated mothers mobilize resources to remain in the labor force when paid work is supported by local gender norms. For less-educated mothers, expensive childcare predicts lower employment regardless of gender norms, indicating that structural constraints outweigh normative expectations among those with fewer resources." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Saarikallio-Torp, Miia & Anneli Miettinen (2021): Family leaves for fathers: Non-users as a test for parental leave reforms. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 161-174. DOI:10.1177/0958928721996650

Abstract

"The proportion of total parental leave days taken by fathers has increased in all Nordic countries almost hand in hand with parental leave reforms. However, the average pattern of fathers’ parental leave uptake hides the fact that a considerable proportion of fathers use no parental leave, even when they are earmarked for the father. In this study, we focus on the proportion and characteristics of non-users, that is, fathers who do not use parental leave. We distinguish two non-user groups: fathers who use no parental leave, not even birth-related leave and fathers who do not use the father’s quota. This distinction is relevant because it reflects the design and institutional status of fathers’ parental leave. Further, factors related to using no parental leave are likely to be somewhat different to those related to not using the father’s quota. In Finland, the father’s quota was introduced in 2003, but it became fully independent leave for the father only in 2013. We also investigate if the 2013 reform was followed by any changes in fathers’ parental leave use and in the profiles of non-users. We use a unique longitudinal register data that covers practically (fathers to) all children born in 2010–2015 and follow parental leave use until 2018. We find that the 2013 reform was followed by a considerable increase in the uptake of the father’s quota. The proportion of fathers who used no parental leave remained stable, but the reform encouraged some fathers to take longer, independent leave in addition to the birth-related leave. Overall, less educated and low-income fathers were less likely to use any parental leave, and if they took leave, they were more likely to use only the birth-related leave. However, the 2013 reform slightly diminished socioeconomic disparities in the use of the father’s quota." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Der Expertisenband versammelt die Expertisen für den neunten Familienbericht "Eltern sein in Deutschland - Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote bei wachsender Vielfalt". Wie auch bei vorangegangenen Berichten war der Entstehungsprozess des Berichts nicht nur von intensiven kommissionsinternen Diskussionen geprägt, es wurde auch auf Fachkenntnisse externer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zurückgegriffen. Die Kommission hat beschlossen, die Expertisen als Online-Publikation einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. (IAB-Doku)

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Schmieder, Julia & Katharina Wrohlich (2021): Gender Pay Gap im europäischen Vergleich: Positiver Zusammenhang zwischen Frauenerwerbsquote und Lohnlücke. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 88, H. 9, S. 141-147. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2021-9-3

Abstract

"Das öffentliche Interesse am Gender Pay Gap ist in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland deutlich gestiegen. Gleichzeitig hat sich bei der prozentualen Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern hierzulande kaum etwas getan. Ein europäischer Vergleich zeigt, dass niedrigere Frauenerwerbsquoten tendenziell mit einem niedrigeren Gender Pay Gap einhergehen. Eine Erklärung hierfür sind über die Länder variierende Geschlechterunterschiede in den Charakteristika der erwerbstätigen Bevölkerung. Sowohl im Vergleich zu allen Ländern als auch ausschließlich zu solchen mit ähnlichen Frauenerwerbsquoten hat Deutschland einen der höchsten Gender Pay Gaps in Europa. Im Gegensatz dazu fallen die nordischen Länder mit ihren vergleichsweise niedrigen Lohnlücken bei gleichzeitig hohen Frauenerwerbsquoten im europäischen Vergleich besonders positiv auf. Die Ausweitung der Partnermonate beim Elterngeld, der quantitative und qualitative Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung und eine Reform des Ehegattensplittings sind geeignete Instrumente um mehr Gleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt zu erreichen – sowohl hinsichtlich der Erwerbsbeteiligung als auch der Löhne." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schwarze, Barbara & Lore Funk (2021): (Digital) arbeiten 2020: Chancengerecht für alle?: Teil 2: Partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung. Analyse einer Erwerbstätigenbefragung unter Genderaspekten. Bielefeld, 29 S.

Abstract

"Wie können Arbeitsprozesse gestaltet werden, um die Chancen, die in der Digitalisierung und – in unserem Fokus – im Homeoffice als Arbeitsort liegen, zu optimieren? Welche Folgen der Digitalisierung werden heute bereits positiv erfahren und wo sind weitere Aushandlungsprozesse und Nachbesserungen in der Umsetzung nötig? Wie könnte die Arbeitsteilung zwischen Frauen und Männern bei Erwerbs- und Reproduktionstätigkeiten so gestaltet werden, dass alle an Lebensqualität dazu gewinnen? Um ein möglichst differenziertes Bild über Rahmenbedingungen, Einstellungen und Praktiken rund um Arbeit im Jahr 2020 zu erhalten, wurden alle Personen, die aktuell in Deutschland erwerbstätig sind, aufgerufen, ihre Erfahrungen zu Homeoffice, digitaler Ausstattung, Weiterbildung und Arbeitsteilung in der Partner*innenschaft zu teilen. Mehr als 1.000 Männer und Frauen haben vom 8. bis 30 Juni 2020 an der Befragung teilgenommen. Die zweite Veröffentlichung beleuchtet ausgewählte Aspekte der Studie, die sich auf die Partnerschaftliche Teilung der Arbeit im Haushalt beziehen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen: Das Potenzial in Form der Orientierung an einem paritätischen Ideal ist vorhanden, jedoch sind effektive Weichenstellungen noch zu selten Teil des gesellschaftlichen und betrieblichen Alltags. Chancen liegen in der Flexibilisierung der Erwerbstätigkeit – unter bestimmten Bedingungen: Transparente und verhandelbare Regeln der Arbeit im Homeoffice sind zentral." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sikirić, Ana Marija (2021): The Effect of Childcare Use on Gender Equality in European Labor Markets. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 90-113. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2021.1933560

Abstract

"Parenthood necessarily increases the scope of unpaid work in households and tends to depress women’s employment rates relative to men’s. This paper examines the relationship between the use of full-time childcare for children under 3 years of age and employment rates for men and women with one, two, or three or more children under 6 years of age in European households. Panel data from a sample of the (then) twenty-eight European Union member states for the 2005–15 period were analyzed. The results indicate that smaller differences between employment rates of men and women with one, two, or three or more children under 6 years of age are associated with greater use of full-time childcare arrangements for children under the age of 3." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Soldani, Emilia (2021): Public kindergarten, maternal labor supply, and earnings in the longer run: Too little too late? In: Labour, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 214-263. DOI:10.1111/labr.12195

Abstract

"By facilitating early re-entry to the labor market after childbirth, public kindergarten might positively affect maternal human capital and labor market outcomes: Are such effects long-lasting? Can we rely on between-individuals differences in quarter of birth to identify them? I isolate the effects of interest from spurious associations through difference-in-difference, exploiting across-states and over-time variation in public kindergarten eligibility regulations in the United States. The estimates suggest a very limited impact in the first year, and no longer-run impacts. Even in states where it does not affect kindergarten eligibility, quarter of birth is strongly and significantly correlated with maternal outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Tallås Ahlzén, Malin (2021): Peer effects and parental leave of fathers. (Swedish Institute for Social Research. Working paper 2021,1), Stockholm, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores peer effects in parental leave uptake between male coworkers in Sweden. More specifically, I use the first parental leave quota, introduced in 1995, to estimate the peer effects in a fuzzy Regression discontinuity design. The results are allowed to differ with plant characteristics related to monetary and normative costs facing the employee, as well as monetary costs facing the employer. Further, the quality of response of both peers and fathers is evaluated. The empirical analysis indicates that there is no peer effect in Sweden on average and the heterogeneity analysis of costs reveal no robust differences. While the first stage is strong throughout, there is no robust reduced form. This implies that peers (and fathers) responded to the reform, but there was no additional effect on fathers from their peers. I suggest two features of the Swedish setting which in combination are especially unfavorable for peer effects. Firstly, the extensive margin among Swedish fathers was relatively high before the reform. Secondly, the Swedish system allows for continuous applications of parental leave and a flexible outtake. I provide suggestive evidence of a tradeoff between the scope for peer effects and the quality of the information transmitted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Walper, Sabine, Leonie Kleinschrot, Dagmar Müller & Meike Schüle-Tschersich (2021): Eltern sein in Deutschland - Neunter Familienbericht: Zusammenfassung des Gutachtens der Sachverständigenkommission. (Familienbericht 9), Berlin, 53 S.

Abstract

"Eltern sein in Deutschland“ fasst das Gutachten der Sachverständigenkommission für den Neunten Familienbericht zusammen und bietet einen Überblick über die wichtigsten gesellschaftlichen Trends, die das Familienleben und die Situation von Eltern in Deutschland bestimmen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Eltern als Weichensteller für das Leben ihrer Kinder. Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote, denen sich Eltern bei wachsender Vielfalt gegenüber sehen, werden Wünschen und Zielen gegenübergestellt, um daraus Empfehlungen für eine wirksame Politik für Familien abzuleiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Winkle, Zachary Van & Anette Fasang (2021): The complexity of employment and family life courses across 20th century Europe: More evidence for larger cross-national differences but little change across 1916‒1966 birth cohorts. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 44, S. 775-810. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2021.44.32

Abstract

"Background: There has been much debate whether work and family lives became more complex in past decades, that is, exhibiting more frequent transitions and more uncertainty. Van Winkle and Fasang (2017) and Van Winkle (2018) first benchmarked change in employment and family complexity over time against cross-national differences in 14 European countries. Compared to sizeable and stable cross-national differences, the increase in employment and family complexity was small across cohorts. However, these studies could not include cohorts born past the late 1950s assumed to be most affected by the structural changes driving life course complexity and were limited to a relatively small set of West European countries. Objective: We replicate and extend these studies by adding over 15 additional countries in Eastern Europe and a decade of younger birth cohorts. Methods: The 3rd and 7th waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, sequence complexity metrics, and cross-classified modelling are used to simultaneously quantify the proportions of variance attributable to cohort and country differences in work and family lives between ages 18 to 50. Results: The updated findings still support a negligible increase in family complexity and a moderate increase in employment complexity that pale in comparison to large and stable cross-national differences for individuals born between 1916 and 1966 for work and family lives experienced from 1934 to 2016 in 30 European countries. Specifically, 15 and 10% of employment and family complexity is nested across countries, compared to 5.5 and 2% across birth cohorts. However, the analyses also indicate a polarization in Europe between most Eastern and Southern European countries with stable and low family complexity compared to Nordic and some Western European countries with high and increasing family complexity. In contrast, moderately increasing employment complexity is a Europe-wide trend. Conclusions: This study both replicates the original studies' findings that cross-cohort change is minor compared to large cross-national differences, and is a substantive extension by addressing a large deficit of description on family and employment life course change in the Balkan and Baltic regions. Contribution: Cross-national comparisons are particularly promising for understanding the institutional drivers of employment and family instability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Wood, Marsha (2021): Childcare costs and Universal Credit: awareness, affordability and the challenge of an embedded system. In: The Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 203-220. DOI:10.1332/175982721X16172947026094

Abstract

"Helping parents meet the cost of childcare is an important policy objective in the UK and there are various financial subsidies available. For low-income working parents, this support is increasingly provided through Universal Credit, the main means-tested benefit for working-age people in the UK. This article draws on qualitative interviews with parents on Universal Credit and explores issues of awareness, affordability, administration and the consequences of embedding childcare costs into a monthly-based means-tested system. The conclusions reflect on the implications for the Universal Credit goals of supporting employment, of simplification of the system, and of increasing personal responsibility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Policy Press) ((en))

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Zucco, Aline & Yvonne Lott (2021): Stand der Gleichstellung: Ein Jahr mit Corona. (WSI-Report 64), Düsseldorf, 27 S.

Abstract

"Die Corona-Krise schränkt das soziale und wirtschaftliche Leben in Deutschland stark ein. Neben dem Anstieg von Kurzarbeit waren und sind viele Beschäftigte aufgrund der eingeschränkten institutionellen Kinderbetreuung gezwungen, ihre Arbeitszeit zu verkürzen oder Kinderbetreuung im Homeoffice zu leisten. Da vor allem Frauen bereits vor der Krise den Löwenanteil an Sorgearbeit übernahmen, geht der vorliegende Report der folgenden Frage nach: Wie hat sich die Krise auf die Geschlechterungleichheit ausgewirkt? Dabei wird die Entwicklung des Gender Pay Gap, Gender Time Gap und Gender Care Gap in den Blick genommen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zweimüller, Josef, Henrik Kleven, Camille Landais, Johanna Posch & Andreas Steinhauer (2021): Angebot an Öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung und Einkommenseinbussen bei Mutterschaft. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 309-328.

Abstract

"Der Artikel diskutiert den Effekt der Ausweitung des Angebots an öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung auf den child penality, die Einkommenseinbussen bei Mutterschaft. Die hier präsentierten Ergebnisse basieren auf der Arbeit von Kleven, Landais, Posch, Steinhaer und Zweimüller (2020), welche den Effekt der Familienpolitik auf diese Einkommenseinbussen untersucht. Diese Studie kommt unter anderem zum Ergebnis, dass der starke Ausbau öffentlicher Betreuungsangebote für Kinder im Vorschulalter (Kindergrippen und Kindergärten) sich nicht in einer Reduktion des child penalty niedergeschlagen hat. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine leicht zugängliche Darstellung dieses Ergebnisses sowie der zugrunde liegenden Messkonzepte und Methoden. Am Ende der Arbeit zeihen wir Schlussfolgerungen für die Familienpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2021): Eltern sein in Deutschland - Neunter Familienbericht. Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote bei wachsender Vielfalt : mit Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung. (Familienbericht 9), Berlin, LXV, 654 S. DOI:10.36189/DJI232021

Abstract

"Der Neunte Familienbericht mit dem Titel "Eltern sein in Deutschland" stellt die Eltern in den Mittelpunkt und die Frage, wie es ihnen geht. Der Bericht bestätigt: Familien brauchen Flexibilität und Sicherheit, Investitionen in neue Chancen für die Kinder und gute Perspektiven für das Familienleben. Drei wichtige Handlungsfelder werden in dem Bericht benannt: ∙eine neue Qualität der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie für mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit, ∙mehr Bildungsgerechtigkeit für Kinder und ∙stabile wirtschaftliche Sicherheit für alle Familien. Eltern sein in Deutschland ist anspruchsvoller geworden. Eltern verlangen sich viel ab: Sie wollen mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen, sie so gut wie möglich fördern, Familie und Beruf in Einklang bringen und auch eigene Ziele verfolgen. Dafür suchen und brauchen sie Orientierung und Unterstützung, gerade angesichts sich wandelnder Rollenbilder, komplexerer Familienstrukturen, der Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung und der nach wie vor bestehenden ungleichen sozialen Bedingungen für das Aufwachsen und die Chancen von Kindern. Mit der Erstellung des Neunten Familienberichts wurde im Juli 2018 eine aus sieben Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern bestehende unabhängige Sachverständigenkommission beauftragt. Der 600-seitige Bericht umfasst den Zeitraum Juli 2018 bis 18. August 2020 und enthält insgesamt 31 Empfehlungen zu sieben Zielen, die sich an der nachhaltigen Familienpolitik und einer investiven Sozialpolitik orientieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Der hier vorliegende Neunte Familienbericht ist in einer Zeit intensiver familien- und gesellschaftspolitischer Diskurse und Initiativen entstanden, die unter dem Eindruck vielfältiger Aspekte sozialen Wandels, nach wie vor ungelöster gesellschaftlicher Herausforderungen und markanter Ereignisse stehen. Die Endphase seiner Fertigstellung fiel zusammen mit der Covid-19-Pandemie, die ab März 2020 eine der größten Krisen seit der Wirtschaftskrise vor mehr als zehn Jahren auslöste. Der teilweise lange anhaltende Lockdown zur Abwehr einer übergroßen Ausbreitung des Virus und damit einer Überforderung des Gesundheitssystems hat auch in Deutschland weite Bereiche der Wirtschaft zum Stillstand gebracht, und viele Familien sahen sich in der Betreuung und Beschulung der Kinder auf sich selbst gestellt. Dies hat einzelne Themen noch stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt, als es bei der Konzeption dieses Berichts und der Hauptphase seiner Erarbeitung absehbar war. Fragen der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität, die gelebten Erwerbsmodelle und die damit verbundenen Risiken haben an zentraler Bedeutung gewonnen, ebenso wie Fragen ungleicher Bildungschancen, die durch den zeitweisen Ausfall institutioneller Bildung und Betreuung entscheidend akzentuiert wurden. Bereits vor der Corona-Pandemie mussten viele Familien mit einem kleinen Einkommen wirtschaften und sahen ihre Teilhabechancen, vor allem aber auch die Bildungschancen ihrer Kinder beschränkt. Trotz massiver Bemühungen, das Bildungssystem zu reformieren und der in Deutschland starken „sozialen Vererbung“ von Bildungsressourcen entgegenzuwirken und trotz starker Initiativen zur Entwicklung eines inklusiven Bildungssystems, fallen die Bildungserfolge von Kindern und Jugendlichen je nach sozialer Herkunft und je nach individuellen Beeinträchtigungen noch immer sehr unterschiedlich aus. Darüber hinaus wird im Bereich der Bildungspolitik auf die nach wie vor schwächeren Bildungschancen von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund hingewiesen. Schon seit der Anwerbung von Arbeitsmigrantinnen und -migranten in den 1950er-Jahren steht die Diskussion über eine geeignete Integrationspolitik im Raum, die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten und insbesondere durch die intensive Zuwanderung von Geflüchteten seit 2015 deutlich an Intensität gewonnen hat. Dabei wird zunehmend deutlich, dass sich Integrationsbemühungen auch an Eltern richten müssen und von einer stärkeren Familienorientierung diesbezüglicher Regelungen und Maßnahmen profitieren können. Parallel hierzu hat sich durch die Digitalisierung aller Lebensbereiche das Zusammenleben merklich verändert. Neue Kommunikationstechnologien erleichtern den Austausch im privaten Kreis und in erweiterten sozialen Netzen, helfen bei der raschen Informationssuche, und prägen auch zunehmend die Lern- und Arbeitsbedingungen in Schule, Ausbildung, Studium und Beruf. Gleichzeitig sind neue Anforderungen an Medienkompetenzen entstanden, mit denen alle Nutzenden und vor allem Eltern in ihrer Verantwortung für Kinder und Jugendliche konfrontiert sind. Nicht nur an dieser Stelle wachsen Kita und Schule neue Aufgaben zu, um Kinder und Jugendliche zum kompetenten Umgang mit Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien in der digitalisierten Gesellschaft zu befähigen, sondern auch Eltern Information und Orientierung zu bieten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2020): Welfare-use accumulation and chronic dependency in Israel. The role of structural factors. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 49, H. 1, S. 81-101. DOI:10.1017/S0047279418000843

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labour market. These policies have substantially changed the trade-offs of employment and welfare-use behaviour, making employment far more attractive than welfare dependency. Despite this new reality, many welfare recipients circulate in and out of the welfare system and the low-wage labour market or become disconnected from both work and welfare. Drawing on longitudinal administrative data of single Israeli mothers who received Income Support Benefit in 2003, this study focuses on the role of structural factors, including local labour market conditions and local availability of subsidised child-care, in explaining the intensity of welfare receipt over a 51-month period. The results indicate notable diversity in welfare-use accumulation. Some mothers were classified as short- to mid-termer recipients while others showed a much more intensive use, and about a third were classified as chronically dependent. Local labour market conditions and their change over time played an important part in explaining welfare accumulation, while local child-care availability had no effect. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Arpino, Bruno & Francesca Luppi (2020): Childcare arrangements and working mothers’ satisfaction with work‒family balance. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 42, S. 549-588. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2020.42.19

Abstract

"Background: Difficulties with work‒family reconciliation contribute to explaining the low participation of women in the labour market and low fertility levels in several developed countries. Understanding how much different types of childcare can help mothers to balance family and work is crucial for implementing ad hoc policies. Objective: This study examines whether working mothers’ satisfaction with work‒family balance is associated with different combinations of paid and unpaid childcare arrangements. Difficulties in using different types of childcare are also considered. Methods: We use random effects models on panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey (2003‒2013). Results: Results show that a balanced mix of paid and unpaid childcare is associated with mothers’ highest satisfaction. Difficulties related to the affordability and the flexibility of paid childcare negatively relate to the satisfaction with work‒family balance. Moreover, even after adjusting for experienced difficulties, the “mixed” arrangement guarantees the most satisfying combination of work and family responsibilities. Contribution: Taken together, our analyses are suggestive of the idea that improving the flexibility and the affordability of paid childcare services is a way to increase mothers’ satisfaction with the work‒family balance. The issue might become even more urgent if we consider that grandparents’ availability is not so obvious in a context where young people work and live at long distance from their original family, and when age at first (grand)parenthood is increasing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Bergsvik, Janna, Ragni Hege Kitterød & Kenneth Aarskaug Wiik (2020): Parenthood and Couples' Relative Earnings in Norway. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 218-235. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz062

Abstract

"With the advance of the gender revolution, income dynamics in couples are changing. Nonetheless, in most Western societies, parenthood still promotes specialized gender roles. Utilizing Norwegian register data on all married and cohabiting couples born 1946–1989, we investigate possible changes in the associations between parenthood and within-couple inequality in earnings in the years 2005–2014. Precisely, using interactions and fixed effects models, we compare the development of within-couple gender gaps in earnings over time between childless couples and couples with children of different ages, and within couples before and after childbirth. Results showed that the gender gap in earnings in couples increased with the number of children and was most distinct among couples with children below 6 years. However, the association between parenthood and within-couple inequality in earnings was reduced across the study period, a development partly driven by a decreasing fatherhood premium evident from 2009 onwards. Not only women's but also men's income development is now negatively affected by having young children in the household. Our findings, thus, indicate important changes in how men and women prioritize paid labour after a childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berlinski, Samuel, Maria Marta Ferreyra, Luca Flabbi & Juan David Martin (2020): Child care markets, parental labor supply, and child development. (IZA discussion paper 12904), Bonn, 46 S.

Abstract

"We develop and estimate a model of child care markets that endogenizes both demand and supply. On the demand side, families with a child make consumption, labor supply, and child-care decisions within a static, unitary household model. On the supply side, child care providers make entry, price, and quality decisions under monopolistic competition. Child development is a function of the time spent with each parent and at the child care center; these inputs vary in their impact. We estimate the structural parameters of the model using the 2003 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, which contains information on parental employment and wages, child care choices, child development, and center quality. We use our estimates to evaluate the impact of several policies, including vouchers, cash transfers, quality regulations, and public provision. Among these, a combination of quality regulation and vouchers for working families leads to the greatest gains in average child development and to a large expansion in child care use and female labor supply, all at a relatively low fiscal cost." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blömer, Maximilian & Andreas Peichl (2020): Für wen lohnt sich Arbeit? Partizipationsbelastungen im deutschen Steuer-, Abgaben- und Transfersystem. Gütersloh, 34 S. DOI:10.11586/2020074

Abstract

"Die gegenwärtige Corona-Pandemie hat die Schwächen des deutschen Arbeitsmarkts deutlich vor Augen geführt. Gerade geringfügig Beschäftigte sind besonders hart von Arbeitsplatzverlusten betroffen, da sie keinen Anspruch auf Arbeitslosengeld haben und auch kein Kurzarbeitergeld erhalten. Vor allem für viele Haushalte mit niedrigem Einkommen ist damit in der aktuellen Krise ein erheblicher Teil des verfügbaren Einkommens weggebrochen. Dabei erweisen sich die besonderen Regelungen für Minijobs nicht erst jetzt als Hemmschuh für substanzielle, nachhaltige Beschäftigung. Neben fehlender sozialer Absicherung leiden Minijobber:innen unter mangelnden Weiterbildungs- und Entwicklungschancen und arbeiten häufig in niedrig entlohnten Tätigkeiten. Auf der Haben-Seite steht aus Sicht der Beschäftigten einzig die Steuer- und Abgabenfreiheit, das bekannte „brutto gleich netto“. Doch dieser kurzfristige Vorteil erweist sich allzu oft als Bumerang. Denn das Zusammenwirken im deutschen Steuer-, Abgaben- und Transfersystem trägt dazu bei, dass viele Frauen und Mütter sowie zahlreiche Beschäftigte insbesondere im Niedriglohnsektor in Kleinstjobs, geringfügiger Beschäftigung oder Teilzeit mit niedriger Stundenzahl gefangen sind – ein Mehr an Arbeit lohnt sich finanziell häufig nicht. Doch wie sehen die Anreizwirkungen auf das Arbeitsangebot für verschiedene Haushaltskonstellationen konkret aus, die sich durch das Zusammenspiel aus Steuern, Abgaben und Transferentzug ergeben? Diese Frage steht im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Studie. Die Analyse nimmt dabei die sogenannte Partizipationsbelastung in den Blick, die aufzeigt, wie viel Prozent des gesamten individuellen Bruttoeinkommens bei der Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit als Steuern und Abgaben sowie durch Transferentzug vom Staat einbehalten werden. Damit beantwortet die Studie die Frage, für wen sich Arbeit lohnt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Brehm, Uta (2020): Diverging patterns in women's reconciliation behavior across family policies and educational groups. In: Social Politics, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 128-155. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxy043

Abstract

"Most literature on mothers' reconciliation of family and employment focuses on singular transitions. This article studies the totality of mothers' reconciliation behavior across several births. Drawn from a larger sample in West Germany, it uses sequence analysis on the trajectories of 1,662 mothers of two children in the ten years following the first birth. Results suggest that returning mothers either alternate between births and employment soon afterwards, or delay their return until well after their reproductive phase. Furthermore, educational groups adapt differently to the extension of parental leave, resulting in their polarization. Both findings have immediate relevance for international policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bächmann, Ann-Christin, Corinna Frodermann, Daniela Grunow, Marina Hagen & Dana Müller (2020): Family-friendly organizational arrangements - anything but "a fuss" (over nothing)! In: IAB-Forum H. 20-02-2020, o. Sz., 2020-02-17.

Abstract

"In Germany, more and more companies are offering measures to improve the reconciliation of family and work. This carries benefits for companies and employees alike, because family-friendly measures help women to return to their previous employer faster and more frequently." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Böhme, René (2020): Wahlfreiheit für wen? Soziale und sozialräumliche Ungleichheit beim Elterngeldbezug am Beispiel der Stadt Bremen. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 69, H. 11, S. 711-730. DOI:10.3790/sfo.69.11.711

Abstract

"Das Elterngeld ist eine Entgeltersatzleistung für Familien mit kleinen Kindern. Mithilfe eines Datensatzes der Bremer Elterngeldstelle sowie 20 qualitativer Interviews zeigt sich aber, welche soziale und sozialräumliche Ungleichheit mit dem Elterngeld einhergeht. So wird deutlich, dass in den Fällen ohne Vätermonate das durchschnittliche Elterngeld der Mütter erheblich niedriger liegt als in den Fällen mit Vätermonaten. Die Gruppe der männlichen Elterngeldempfänger ist zudem sehr heterogen. Ferner unterscheiden sich die Elterngeld­ansprüche als auch die Väterquote analog zur sozialen Lage erheblich zwischen den Bremer Stadtteilen. Hintergrund ist, dass sich gerade bei partnerschaftlichen und ökonomischen Motiven der Elterngeldausgestaltung eine Differenzierung nach sozialen Milieus andeutet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bünning, Mareike, Barbara Fulda & Lena Hipp (2020): Wie Betriebe Eltern unterstützen und Gleichstellung fördern können. Arbeits- und Elternzeit zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Forschungsförderung policy brief 006), Düsseldorf, 13 S.

Abstract

"Auf die Betriebskultur kommt es an: Je stärker Betriebe von ihren Angestellten erwarten, allzeit verfügbar zu sein, desto schwerer ist es für Väter, ihre Wünsche nach längeren Elternzeiten und kürzeren Arbeitszeiten umzusetzen - und desto häufiger erleben Mütter wie Väter aufgrund einer Elternzeit berufliche Nachteile. Und: Eine gute Vertretungsregelung ist entscheidend dafür, wie gut Müttern und Vätern die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf gelingt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Collischon, Matthias, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2020): Cash-for-care, or caring for cash? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children s development. (IAB-Discussion Paper 25/2020), Nürnberg, 58 S.

Abstract

"Wie Familien auf Kinderbetreuungskosten reagieren, ist für viele Politikentscheidungen relevant. Diese Studie untersucht daher die Effekte des 2013 bundesweit eingeführten Betreuungsgelds für Familien mit Kindern unter drei Jahren, die keine öffentlich geförderte Kinderbetreuung besuchen, auf die Erwerbsverläufe der Mütter, den Besuch geförderter Kinderbetreuung und die Fähigkeiten der Kinder. Administrative Daten zu den Erwerbsverläufen der Mütter und zur späteren Schuleignung der Kinder kombiniert die Studie mit Befragungsdaten zum Besuch geförderter Kinderbetreuung. Die Möglichkeit, Betreuungsgeld zu beziehen, verringerte den Anteil der Mütter, die innerhalb von drei Jahren nach der Geburt in Beschäftigung zurückkehren, um 1,4 Prozentpunkte. Der Anteil der Kinder, die im Alter von einem und zwei Jahren eine geförderte Kinderbetreuung besuchen, sank um etwa fünf Prozentpunkte. Es zeigen sich keine Effekte auf die Schuleignung der Kinder. Insgesamt flossen die Ausgaben für das Betreuungsgeld größtenteils Familien zu, die auch ohne das Betreuungsgeld keine geförderte Kinderbetreuung genutzt hätten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Corekcioglu, Gozde, Marco Francesconi & Astrid Kunze (2020): Do Generous Parental Leave Policies Help Top Female Earners? In: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 2020. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/graa047

Abstract

"Generous government-mandated parental leave is generally viewed as an effective policy to support women's careers around childbirth. But does it help women to reach top positions in the upper pay echelon of their firms? Using longitudinal employer–employee matched data for the entire Norwegian population, we address this question exploiting a series of reforms that expanded paid leave from 30 weeks in 1989 to 52 weeks in 1993. The representation of women in top positions has only moderately increased over time, and career profiles of female top earners within firms are significantly different from those of their male counterparts. The reforms did not affect, and possibly decreased, the probability for women to be at the top over their life cycle. We discuss some implications of this result to put into perspective the design of new family-friendly policy interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cukrowska-Torzewska, Ewa & Anna Matysiak (2020): The motherhood wage penalty: A meta-analysis. In: Social science research, Jg. 88/89. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102416

Zitatform

Ferragina, Emanuele (2020): Family policy and women's employment outcomes in 45 high-income countries. A systematic qualitative review of 238 comparative and national studies. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 7, S. 1016-1066. DOI:10.1111/spol.12584

Abstract

"The article reviews the available quantitative evidence on the relationship between explicit family policy and women's employment outcomes in 45 high-income countries between 1980 and 2016. At the methodological level, we gathered 238 papers through a four-stage systematic qualitative review. We included articles published in English in international journals or by leading research institutes. Despite the accrued importance of the field, comparative works and national case studies do not sufficiently engage one another for methodological and disciplinary reasons. Our contribution is to integrate the findings from both streams of the literature in two ways. First, we chart systematically the debate describing its evolution over four decades, the disciplines involved (demography, economics, politics, social policy, sociology, and interdisciplinary work), and the geographical and policy breadth of the empirical contributions. Second, we provide a rich guide for scholars in the field by exploring how national case studies fit (or not) the broad trends captured in comparative research and discussing key and controversial debates in the field. In conclusion, we point out also important gaps in the literature and propose new avenues for future research. An exhaustive set of tables provides information on each comparative and national case study and on the databases and variables employed in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2020): Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1847), Berlin, 44 S.

Abstract

"Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a 'daddy quota' of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high-income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the 'daddy months', could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2020): Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers. (IAB-Discussion Paper 09/2020), Nürnberg, 51 S.

Abstract

"In der bisherigen Forschung konnte gezeigt werden, dass bezahlte Elternzeiten zwar die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen erhöht, im Fall von längeren Erwerbsunterbrechungen allerdings auch zu geringeren Löhnen führen. Angesichts dieses Zielkonflikts diskutieren momentan viele Ländern die optimale Gestaltung von Elternzeiten. In der vorliegenden Studie analysieren wir den Einfluss einer bedeutenden Elternzeitreform auf die langfristigen Löhne von Müttern. Mit dieser Reform wurde 2007 das Elterngeld eingeführt, wodurch das bedarfsorientierte Erziehungsgeld durch eine großzügigere einkommensabhängige Leistung ersetzt wurde, die allerdings nur für einen kürzeren Zeitraum gewährt wird. Zusätzlich wurden mit der Reform zwei Partnerschaftsmonate eingeführt. Um den kausalen Effekt dieser Reform zu identifizieren, nutzen wir einen Differenz-in-Differenz-Ansatz, in dem wir die Löhne von Müttern vergleichen, die kurz vor und unmittelbar nach der Reform ihr erstes Kind bekommen haben. Durch das zusätzliche Einbeziehen des Vorjahres können die saisonalen Effekte herausgerechnet werden. Anhand von administrativen Daten der Sozialversicherung können wir frühere Ergebnisse bestätigen und zeigen, dass die durchschnittliche Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechung bei Müttern mit hohem Einkommen zwar zugenommen hat, dies jedoch zu positiven langfristigen Lohneffekten führt. Diese Effekte lassen sich nicht durch Veränderungen der Arbeitszeit, der beobachtbaren Charakteristika, der Arbeitgeberstabilität oder durch unterschiedliches Fertilitätsverhalten erklären. Deskriptive Evidenz deutet darauf hin, dass die stärkere Beteiligung von Vätern, die durch die Partnerschaftsmonate gefördert wurde, den Wiedereintritt der Mütter erleichtert und dadurch ihre Tageslöhne erhöht hat. Für Mütter mit einem geringen Lohn vor der Geburt finden wir jedoch keinerlei positive Effekte durch diese Reform." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2020): Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers. (CEPA discussion papers 16), Potsdam, 44 S.

Abstract

"In der bisherigen Forschung konnte gezeigt werden, dass bezahlte Elternzeiten zwar die Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen erhöht, im Fall von längeren Erwerbsunterbrechungen allerdings auch zu geringeren Löhnen führen. Angesichts dieses Zielkonflikts diskutieren momentan viele Ländern die optimale Gestaltung von Elternzeiten. In der vorliegenden Studie analysieren wir den Einfluss einer bedeutenden Elternzeitreform auf die langfristigen Löhne von Müttern. Mit dieser Reform wurde 2007 das Elterngeld eingeführt, wodurch das bedarfsorientierte Erziehungsgeld durch eine großzügigere einkommensabhängige Leistung ersetzt wurde, die allerdings nur für einen kürzeren Zeitraum gewährt wird. Zusätzlich wurden mit der Reform zwei Partnerschaftsmonate eingeführt. Um den kausalen Effekt dieser Reform zu identifizieren, nutzen wir einen Differenz-in-Differenz-Ansatz, in dem wir die Löhne von Müttern vergleichen, die kurz vor und unmittelbar nach der Reform ihr erstes Kind bekommen haben. Durch das zusätzliche Einbeziehen des Vorjahres können die saisonalen Effekte herausgerechnet werden. Anhand von administrativen Daten der Sozialversicherung können wir frühere Ergebnisse bestätigen und zeigen, dass die durchschnittliche Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechung bei Müttern mit hohem Einkommen zwar zugenommen hat, dies jedoch zu positiven langfristigen Lohneffekten führt. Diese Effekte lassen sich nicht durch Veränderungen der Arbeitszeit, der beobachtbaren Charakteristika, der Arbeitgeberstabilität oder durch unterschiedliches Fertilitätsverhalten erklären. Deskriptive Evidenz deutet darauf hin, dass die stärkere Beteiligung von Vätern, die durch die Partnerschaftsmonate gefördert wurde, den Wiedereintritt der Mütter erleichtert und dadurch ihre Tageslöhne erhöht hat. Für Mütter mit einem geringen Lohn vor der Geburt finden wir jedoch keinerlei positive Effekte durch diese Reform." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gerst, Benedikt & Christian Grund (2020): Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings. (IZA discussion paper 13216), 27 S.

Abstract

"Although male employees are increasingly making use of parental leave, gender differences in both usage and duration of parental leave are still prevalent. In this contribution, we explore the role of gender for the relation between the incidence/duration of parental leave and earnings after returning to a job. We use data on middle managers in the German chemical industry and show that parental leave pay gaps are much more severe for males than they are for females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ginja, Rita, Jenny Jans & Arizo Karimi (2020): Parental leave benefits, household labor supply and children's long-run outcomes. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 38, H. 1, S. 261-320. DOI:10.1086/704615

Abstract

"We study how parental leave benefit levels affect household labor supply, family income, and child outcomes, exploiting the Speed Premium (SP) in the Swedish leave system. The SP grants mothers higher benefits for a subsequent child without re-establishing eligibility through market work, if two births occur within a pre-specified interval. We use the spacing eligibility cutoffs in a Regression Discontinuity framework and find that the SP improves educational outcomes of the older child, but not of the younger. Impacts are likely driven by increased maternal time and the quality of maternal time relative to the counterfactual mode of care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Goossen, Mikael (2020): The gender gap in welfare state attitudes in Europe. The role of unpaid labour and family policy. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 452-466. DOI:10.1177/0958928719899337

Abstract

"Previous research has shown a prevailing ‘modern gender gap’ in socio-political attitudes in advanced capitalist economies. While numerous studies have confirmed gender differences in attitudes towards the welfare state in Europe, few have addressed the reason for this rift in men’s and women’s views about the role of government in ensuring the general welfare of citizens. In this article, I examine the relationship between gender equality in unpaid labour, family policy and the gender gap in welfare state attitudes. Based on data from 21 countries participating in the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 4, and using a mix of country- and individual-level regression models and multilevel models, I find that there is a clear relationship between country-level gender equality in unpaid labour and gender differences in support of an encompassing welfare state. A more equal distribution of unpaid care and domestic work correlates with women being increasingly supportive of a large and encompassing welfare state, in comparison with men. This pattern holds when controlling for individual-level economic risk and resources, cultural factors such as trust and social values traditionally related to the support of an encompassing welfare state, and beliefs about welfare state efficiency and consequences for society in general. This pattern is evident for countries with a low level of familistic policies, while no distinguishable pattern is discernible for highly familistic countries. These findings have implications for the perception of gender as an emergent social cleavage with respect to welfare state attitudes. The results are discussed in the light of institutional theories on policy feedback, familism, social role theory and previous findings relating to modernization theory and ‘gender realignment’." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grewenig, Elisabeth, Philipp Lergetporer & Katharina Werner (2020): Gender Norms and Labor-Supply Expectations: Experimental Evidence from Adolescents. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 259), München ; Berlin, 75 S.

Abstract

"Gender gaps in labor-market outcomes often emerge with the arrival of the first child. We investigate a causal link between gender norms and labor-supply expectations within a survey experiment among 2,000 German adolescents. Using a hypothetical scenario, we document that the majority of girls expects to work 20 hours or less per week when having a young child, and expects from their partner to work 30 hours or more. Randomized treatments that highlight the existing traditional norm towards mothers significantly reduce girls' self-expected labor supply and thereby increase the expected gender difference in labor supply between their partners and themselves (the expected within-family gender gap). Treatment effects persist in a follow-up survey two weeks later, and extend to incentivized outcomes. In a second experiment, we highlight another, more gender-egalitarian, norm towards shared household responsibilities and show that this attenuates the expected within-family gender gap. Our results suggest that social norms play an important role in shaping gender gaps in labor-market outcomes around child birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hook, Jennifer L. & Eunjeong Paek (2020): National Family Policies and Mothers' Employment: How Earnings Inequality Shapes Policy Effects across and within Countries. In: American sociological review, Jg. 85, H. 3, S. 381-416. DOI:10.1177/0003122420922505

Abstract

"Although researchers generally agree that national family policies play a role in shaping mothers’ employment, there is considerable debate about whether, how, and why policy effects vary across country contexts and within countries by mothers’ educational attainment. We hypothesize that family policies interact with national levels of earnings inequality to differentially affect mothers’ employment outcomes by educational attainment. We develop hypotheses about the two most commonly studied family policies—early childhood education and care (ECEC) and paid parental leave. We test these hypotheses by establishing a novel linkage between the EU-Labour Force Survey and the Current Population Survey 1999 to 2016 (n = 23 countries, 299 country-years, 1.2 million mothers of young children), combined with an original collection of country-year indicators. Using multilevel models, we find that ECEC spending is associated with a greater likelihood of maternal employment, but the association is strongest for non-college-educated mothers in high-inequality settings. The length of paid parental leave over six months is generally associated with a lower likelihood of maternal employment, but the association is most pronounced for mothers in high-inequality settings. We call for greater attention to the role of earnings inequality in shaping mothers’ employment and conditioning policy effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karabchuk, Tatiana (2020): Job Instability and Fertility Intentions of Young Adults in Europe: Does Labor Market Legislation Matter? In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 688, H. 1, S. 225-245. DOI:10.1177/0002716220910419

Abstract

"Total birth rates have fallen dramatically in many European countries during the last 40 years. Job and income instability caused by labor market polarization are significant drivers of declining birth rates because employment certainty and stability are crucial to childbirth planning among young adults. This article investigates the impact of job instability on the fertility intentions of young adults in Europe, focusing on employment protection legislation (EPL) in European countries. I use data from twenty-seven countries that participated in the European Social Survey in 2004 and 2010 to show that job instability measured as temporary employment, informal work, and unemployment decreases fertility intentions among European youth regardless of the EPL in the country. Unemployed young adults tend to plan less for having their first child in the countries with high EPL. Contrary to the hypotheses, multilevel modeling showed that young people in temporary or informal employment in countries with low EPL show decreases in their fertility intentions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Keck, Wolfgang & Laura Romeu Gordo (2020): Die Entwicklung der Rentenanwartschaften von Frauen im Kohortenvergleich. Die Rolle von Niedrigeinkommen. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 69, H. 5, S. 325-347. DOI:10.3790/sfo.69.5.325

Abstract

"Mithilfe der Versicherungskontenstichprobe (VSKT) der Deutschen Rentenversicherung werden Veränderungen der Rentenanwartschaften von Frauen verschiedener Geburtskohorten bis zum Alter von 41 Jahren untersucht. In Westdeutschland steigen trotz Beschäftigungszuwachs die Entgeltpunkte aus Beschäftigung nur unwesentlich und die Ungleichheit zwischen den Kohorten in den Rentenanwartschaften stagniert. In Ostdeutschland führen vor allem sinkende Anwartschaften aus Beschäftigung zu einer wachsenden Ungleichheit innerhalb der 1970 bis 1974 geborenen Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Klose, Sophie-Charlotte (2020): Identifying Latent Structures in Maternal Employment. Evidence on the German Parental Benefit Reform. (arXiv papers), 55 S.

Abstract

"This paper identifies latent group structures in the effect of motherhood on employment by employing the C-Lasso, a recently developed, purely data-driven classification method. Moreover, I assess how the introduction of the generous German parental benefit reform in 2007 affects the different cluster groups by taking advantage of an identification strategy that combines the sharp regression discontinuity design and hypothesis testing of predicted employment probabilities. The C-Lasso approach enables heterogeneous employment effects across mothers, which are classified into an a priori unknown number of cluster groups, each with its own group-specific effect. Using novel German administrative data, the C-Lasso identifies three different cluster groups pre- and post-reform. My findings reveal marked unobserved heterogeneity in maternal employment and that the reform affects the identified cluster groups' employment patterns differently." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lauri, Triin, Kaire Põder & Rossella Ciccia (2020): Pathways to gender equality. A configurational analysis of childcare instruments and outcomes in 21 European countries. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 646-665. DOI:10.1111/spol.12562

Abstract

"The ability to produce desired outcomes represents an important basis of the legitimacy of social policies. Nonetheless, policy outcomes have not systematically figured in the analysis of childcare regimes despite growing political interest in issues such as female employment, gender wage gap, and men's involvement in childcare. In this article, we use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to investigate the relationship between the configuration of policy instruments, attitudes toward childcare and outcomes in 21 European countries. Our results show that there is only one mix of policy instruments consistently linked with positive gen- der equality outcomes and this route has the quality of the universal caregiver model. It also demonstrates that both a combination of policy instruments and favorable attitudinal factors are necessary to produce desirable outcomes in the gender division of paid work and unpaid childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Ma, Li, Gunnar Andersson, Ann-Zofie Duvander & Marie Evertsson (2020): Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 49, H. 2, S. 361-381. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000230

Abstract

"Sweden is often considered a forerunner in family change and developments towards less gendered family production patterns. In this study, we focus on recent developments towards more gender-equal sharing of parental leave in Sweden. We explore how fathers’ use of parental leave has changed over time before and since the turn of the century. As the parental leave benefit is individual and earnings-based, we examine how fathers’ individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with their parental leave uptake over time, to determine whether there are forerunners and laggards in recent family change. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to data from national registers. Our study demonstrates a bifurcation in trends in recent decades. This is associated with the extension of reforms that reserve part of the leave for fathers, the so-called “daddy months”, but stretches beyond the impact of any such reforms. Taking a long leave of over two months was pioneered by better-educated residents of metropolitan areas and surrounding suburbs, as well as Swedish-born fathers. Young fathers, low-income earners and foreign-born fathers lagged behind in these developments. We regard the unstable labour market situation of the latter as a contributing factor in widening social inequalities in family-related behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Magda, Iga, Aneta Kielczewska & Nicola Brandt (2020): The effect of child benefit on female labor supply. In: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, Jg. 10. DOI:10.2478/izajolp-2020-0017

Abstract

"In 2016, the Polish government introduced a large child benefit, called “Family 500+”, with the aim to increase fertility and reduce child poverty. It is universal for the second and every further child and means-tested for the first child. We study the impact of the new benefit on female labor supply, using Labor Force Survey data. Based on a difference-in-differences methodology, we find that the labor market participation rates of women with children decreased after the introduction of the benefit compared to that of childless women. The labor force participation rate of mothers showed a drop of 2–3 percentage points by mid-2017 as a result of the “Family 500+” program. The effect was higher among women with lower levels of education and among women living in small towns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Miettinen, Anneli & Marika Jalovaara (2020): Unemployment delays first birth but not for all. Life stage and educational differences in the effects of employment uncertainty on first births. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 43. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100320

Zitatform

Müller, Kai-Uwe, Claire Samtleben, Julia Schmieder & Katharina Wrohlich (2020): Corona-Krise erschwert Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie vor allem für Mütter – Erwerbstätige Eltern sollten entlastet werden. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 87, H. 19, S. 331-340. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2020-19-1

Abstract

"Die starken Einschränkungen des Kita- und Schulbetriebs infolge der Corona-Pandemie stellen in Deutschland mehr als vier Millionen Familien mit erwerbstätigen Eltern vor große Probleme, was die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie angeht. Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) aus Vorkrisenzeiten zeigen, dass nur in etwas mehr als der Hälfte aller Haushalte mit zwei erwerbstätigen Elternteilen zumindest eine Person theoretisch die Möglichkeit hat, im Home-Office zu arbeiten. Unter den besonders betroffenen Alleinerziehenden gilt das sogar nur für rund 35 Prozent. Arbeiten im Home-Office kann die Vereinbarkeitsprobleme also nicht lösen, ganz abgesehen davon, dass wirklich produktives Arbeiten parallel zur Kinderbetreuung oftmals nicht möglich ist. Die Hauptlast der zusätzlich anfallenden Kinderbetreuung und Hausarbeit tragen vermutlich die Mütter – das Ausmaß der schon zuvor ungleich verteilten Sorgearbeit könnte also noch zunehmen. Die Politik sollte diese Probleme adressieren und eine Corona-Elternzeit zusammen mit einem Corona-Elterngeld einführen. Eltern könnten dann für die Kinderbetreuung ihre Arbeitszeit reduzieren und eine Lohnersatzleistung vom Staat erhalten. Bei Paaren sollte diese Leistung an die Bedingung geknüpft sein, dass beide Elternteile weniger Stunden pro Woche berufstätig sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Nebe, Katja (2020): Diskriminierungsfreier Mutterschutz – größtmöglicher Gesundheitsschutz bei gleichzeitiger ­Ausbildungs- und Beschäftigungssicherung. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 69, H. 8/9, S. 529-544. DOI:10.3790/sfo.69.8-9.529

Abstract

"2018 trat das reformierte Mutterschutzgesetz in Kraft. Es postuliert in §1, dass der Gesundheitsschutz von Frau und (ungeborenem) Kind ohne Benachteiligungen für Ausbildung und Beruf gewährleistet werden muss. Das reformierte Gesetz verpflichtet Arbeitgeber und Ausbildungsstellen, schwangeren und stillenden Frauen mutterschutzgerechte Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsbedingungen zu ermöglichen. Im Beitrag wird die Historie des Mutterschutzes vom deutschen Kaiserreich bis zur Gegenwart nachgezeichnet. Während in der Bundesrepublik über Jahrzehnte Beschäftigungsverbote dominierten, zeigt der Blick auf das DDR-Recht, dass dort deutlich früher beschäftigungserhaltende Schutzmaßnahmen den Vorrang hatten. Letztlich waren es jedoch nicht die Impulse aus dem Einigungsvertrag, sondern diejenigen aus dem gleichstellungsorientierten europäischen Arbeitsumweltrecht, die nun den überfälligen Leitbildwechsel vom fürsorglich aussperrenden hin zum diskriminierungsfreien Mutterschutz bewirkt haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Nieuwenhuis, Rense & Wim Van Lancker (Hrsg.) (2020): The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy. Cham: Springer Palgrave Macmillan, 721 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2

Abstract

"This open access handbook provides a multilevel view on family policies, combining insights on family policy outcomes at different levels of policymaking: supra-national organizations, national states, sub-national or regional levels, and finally smaller organizations and employers. At each of these levels, a multidisciplinary group of expert scholars assess policies and their implementation, such as child income support, childcare services, parental leave, and leave to provide care to frail and elderly family members. The chapters evaluate their impact in improving children’s development and equal opportunities, promoting gender equality, regulating fertility, productivity and economic inequality, and take an intersectional perspective related to gender, class, and family diversity. The editors conclude by presenting a new research agenda based on five major challenges pertaining to the levels of policy implementation (in particular globalization and decentralization), austerity and marketization, inequality, changing family relations, and welfare states adapting to women’s empowered roles." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Springer) ((en))

Zitatform

Norman, Helen (2020): Does paternal involvement in childcare influence mothers' employment trajectories during the early stages of parenthood in the UK? In: Sociology, Jg. 54, H. 2, S. 329-345. DOI:10.1177/0038038519870720

Abstract

"Understanding the conditions that facilitate mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in childcare and housework is important for achieving gender equity in paid and unpaid work. Using Sen's capabilities framework, the article explores the effect of paternal involvement in childcare on mothers' employment resumption nine months and three years' post-childbirth. Logistic regression is used on the UK's Millennium Cohort Study. Results show that the probability of mothers resuming employment increase at both time points if the father is more involved in childcare nine months post-birth - and in some cases, this is more important for her employment resumption than her occupational class and the number of hours the father spends in paid work. However, attitudes have an even stronger effect, and appear to drive behaviour, as the probability of mothers resuming employment increase significantly three years post-birth if either parent endorses more gender egalitarian roles in the first year of parenthood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))