Zitatform

Rademaker, Maike (2023): Frauen in den Fokus: Der ungehobene Fachkräfteschatz. In: Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, Jg. 68, H. 1, S. 43-46.

Abstract

"Ob in der Pflege, im Handwerk oder an den Schulen: In vielen Bereichen fehlen hierzulande Fachrkäfte. Der Bedarf an Arbeitskräften wächst von Jahr zu Jahr - und doch versagt die Politik massiv darin, eine potenzielle Zielgruppe von Arbeitenden wirklich in den Blick zu nehmen, nämlich Frauen, kritisiert die Journalistin Maike Rademaker." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku, © Blätter Verlagsgesellschaft mbH)

Zitatform

Salin, Milla, Mia Hakovirta, Anniina Kaittila & Johanna Raivio (2023): Single earners and carers during lockdown: everyday challenges faced by Finnish single mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 13/14, S. 146-160. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-03-2023-0051

Abstract

"Purpose: This article analyzes the challenges Finnish single mothers experienced in their everyday lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. In studies on challenges to family life during COVID-19 lockdowns, single-parent families remain a largely understudied group. Design/methodology/approach The authors apply triple bind theory and ask how did Finnish single mothers manage the interplay between inadequate resources, inadequate employment, and inadequate policies during lockdown in spring 2020? These data come from an online survey including both qualitative and quantitative questions which was conducted between April and May 2020 to gather Finnish families' experiences during lockdown. This analysis is based on the qualitative part of the survey. Findings This study's results show that lockdown created new inadequacies while also enhancing some old inadequacies in the lives of Finnish single mothers. During lockdown, single mothers faced policy- and resource-disappearances; accordingly, they lost their ability to do paid work normally. Furthermore, these disappearances endangered the well-being of some single mothers and their families. Originality/value This article contributes to the wider understanding of everyday lives of single mothers and the challenges COVID-19 pandemic created. Moreover, this study provides knowledge on the applicability of the triple bind theory when studying the everyday lives of single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Sandner, Malte & Laurenz Bärtsch (2023): Reducing the Child Penalty by Incentivizing Part-Time Work? Evidence from a Paid Parental Leave Reform in Germany. (VfS Annual Conference 2023 (Regensburg): Growth and the "sociale Frage"), Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association 48 S.

Abstract

"Worldwide governments discuss how to increase maternal labor market participation and to reduce the child penalty after birth. This study analyses a German paid parental leave reform, which aims to increase maternal labor market participation and to reduce the child penalty by financially incentivising maternal part-time work during the two years following child birth. Using German social security records, we exploit the fact that only mothers whose child is born in or after July 2015 are eligible for the new part-time PL option in a Difference-in-Differences strategy. We find that the policy increased the probability that high income mothers return to work during the first year after child birth by 3pp (≈ 15%). However, the policy does not impact maternal employment along the intensive margin (part-time or full-time work) in the long run, leaving maternal labor market participation and the child penalty unaffected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schimpf, Elke (2023): (Für‑)Sorgearbeit – Hausarbeit – Care-Arbeit: Soziale Arbeit – eine vergeschlechtlichte Profession. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 361-379. DOI:10.1007/s12592-023-00475-3

Abstract

"Anhand der historischen Entwicklung der (Für-)Sorgearbeit in Deutschland wird gezeigt wie die geschlechtlich segregierte Arbeitsteilung als Praxis hervorgebracht und gesellschaftlich genutzt wurde. Weiter wird mit den Hausarbeitsdebatten und der Forderung nach ‚Lohn für Hausarbeit‘ der Frauenbewegungen in den 1979er Jahren, den Fragen nachgegangen, welchen Stellenwert Hausarbeit gesellschaftlich (und aktuell) hat und welche Zusammenhänge zwischen Sozialer Arbeit und Hausarbeit bestehen. Abschließend wird auf die internationalen Sorge- und Care-Debatten und deren Forderungen eingegangen wie auch deren Relevanz für die Soziale Arbeit. Dabei wird die ökonomische Eigenlogik von Sorge als ein bedeutsames Professionsmerkmal für die Positionierung der Sozialen Arbeit in den Sorge- und Reproduktionskämpfen eines sorglosen Kapitalismus benannt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Schmidt, Eva-Maria (2023): Erwerbsarbeitszeitmodelle und deren Potenzial für Geschlechtergleichstellung. In: WISO, Jg. 23, H. 1, S. 15-29.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag analysiert Entwicklungen bei Arbeitszeitmodellen und im Erwerbsarbeitsverhalten von Frauen in Österreich in Zusammenhang mit zugrundeliegenden Leitvorstellungen. Gleichstellung wird durch die dadurch fortgeschriebene Koppelung von Kinderbetreuungsverantwortung an Frauen und Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit an Männer eher behindert. Datengrundlage sind die Arbeitskräfteerhebungen 2008–2018 sowie Gruppendiskussionen und Interviews mit Arbeitgeber:innen und Arbeitnehmer:innen österreichweit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku, © ISW-Linz)

Zitatform

Stoller, Sarah E. (2023): Inventing the Working Parent. Work, Gender and Feminism in Neoliberal Britain. Cambridge: MIT Press, 285 S. DOI:10.7551/mitpress/14918.001.0001

Abstract

"The first historical examination of working parenthood in the late twentieth century - and how the concepts of “family-friendly” work culture and “work–life balance” came to be. Since the 1980s, families across the developed West have lived through a revolution on a scale unprecedented since industrialization. With more mothers than ever before in paid work and the rise of the middle-class, dual-income household, we have entered a new era in the history of everyday life: the era of the working parent. In Inventing the Working Parent, Sarah E. Stoller charts the politics that shaped the creation of the phenomenon of working parenthood in Britain as it arose out of a new culture of work. Stoller begins with the first sustained efforts by feminists to mobilize politically on behalf of working parents in the late 1970s and concludes in the context of an emerging national political agenda for working families with the rise of New Labour in the 1990s. She explores how and why the notion of working parenthood emerged as a powerful new political claim and identity category and addresses how feminists used the concept of working parenthood to advocate for new organizational policies and practices. Lastly, Stoller shows how neoliberal capitalism under Margaret Thatcher and subsequent New Labour governments made a family's ability to survive on one income nearly impossible - with significant consequences for individual experience, the gendered division of labor, and intimate life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © MIT Press) ((en))

Zitatform

Tomatis, Francesca & Roberto Impicciatore (2023): Labour Market Participation and Fertility in Seven European Countries. A Comparative Perspective. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-08

Abstract

"Although evidence suggests a correlation between fertility and employment, comparative studies on this topic are relatively scarce, particularly when considering the diverse ways in which the two variables interact in different countries. The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the employment and reproductive behaviours of women born between 1940 and 1979 in seven European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Georgia, Italy, and Lithuania). Using data from the second wave of Generation and Gender Surveys (GGS) and the Istat survey Famiglia e Soggetti Sociali (FSS) in Italy, we estimated the propensity of first and second childbirth through multi-process modelling. The article’s contribution is both theoretical and methodological. First, this research aims to investigate the correlation between employment and the timing of first and second births in a comparative perspective challenging the traditional East-West divide in Europe and the potential convergence in the impact of employment on fertility behaviours across European countries. Furthermore, the study asks whether the relationship between employment and fertility is changing similarly across European countries or whether differences tend to persist over time. The results are discussed considering women’s emancipation in different institutional settings, highlighting how women’s participation in labour markets affects reproductive behaviour. In particular, the relationship between employment and fertility behaviour is examined in relation to the opposing macro-level thesis, which suggests that the association between employment and fertility changed from negative to positive after the mid-80s. The second contribution of the article is a methodological one. It involves using simultaneous models with three equations to account for potential unobserved factors that influence the timing of the first and second childbirth and the potential endogeneity of employment status on fertility behaviour. The three equations include two log-Hazard equations for the transitions to the first and second birth order and an additional probit model to estimate the probability of being currently employed over the life course. By using this approach, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between employment and fertility, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Results suggest relevant national differences. On the one hand, the three Western countries considered in the analysis, France, Germany, and Italy, show a clear incompatibility of work and childbearing. However, in the first two, younger cohorts seem to be less affected by employment, likely because they benefitted from family policies introduced after the mid-1980s. On the other hand, the post-socialist countries are highly heterogeneous. In this area, we can find three different models. First, in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic employment is largely compatible with fertility choices resulting in a higher propensity of having the first and the second childbirth among working women. Second, in Lithuania the positive impact of employment for the first childbirth turns negative for the second one. Third, in Georgia we found a clear postponement of childbirth among working women for both birth orders. Overall, our results show deep differences across countries, suggesting that some European countries are far from demonstrating convergence in the relationship between employment and fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tumen, Semih & Belgi Turan (2023): The effect of fertility on female labor supply in a labor market with extensive informality. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 65, H. 4, S. 1855-1894. DOI:10.1007/s00181-023-02399-6

Abstract

"This paper presents new evidence on the causal link between fertility and female labor supply by focusing on how informal employment interacts with maternal labor supply. We employ an IV strategy based on an unused data source for twin births in Turkey|a large middle-income country with extensive labor informality. We find that, following the first birth, female labor supply declines significantly and mothers who drop out of labor force are mostly the informally employed ones. This is contrary to the perception that informal jobs might be easier to sustain during motherhood as they are more flexible. Following further increases in family size, formally employed mothers start dropping out of labor force and their hours of work also decline. Higher fertility also leads to lower wages and lower job search intensity among mothers. We document substantial differences between maternal versus paternal labor supply in response to changes in family size. Unlike mothers, fathers increase their labor supply, which mostly comes from elevated informal employment|possibly due to a decline in their reservation wages. As a result, wages decline, hours of work increase, and job search activity shifts from formal to informal search methods for fathers. These results suggest that higher fertility might be associated with increased vulnerabilities and high labor income risks in countries with pervasive labor informality. Our estimates are robust to using alternative IV specifications based on gender composition of siblings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Wrohlich, Katharina & Aline Zucco (2023): 15 Jahre Elterngeld. Auswirkungen und Reformoptionen. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Working paper Forschungsförderung 281), Düsseldorf, 22 S.

Abstract

"Am 1. Januar 2007 wurde in Deutschland das Elterngeld eingeführt. Zahlreiche empirische Studien haben gezeigt, dass dessen Ziele insofern erreicht wurden, als sich die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern ab dem zweiten Lebensjahr des Kindes erhöht hat. Wir zeigen zudem, dass das Elterngeld den Verdienst von Müttern positiv beeinflusst hat. Das Elterngeld beinhaltet also das Potenzial, Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt zu reduzieren. Dieses Potenzial kann jedoch noch ausgebaut werden, etwa durch eine Erhöhung der Zahl der Partnermonate." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ziegler, Lennart & Omar Bamieh (2023): Does a Flexible Parental Leave System Stimulate Maternal Employment? (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16172), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"This study examines the effect of two recent parental leave reforms in Austria that allow parents to choose leave schemes with varying duration. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that the introduction of more flexible scheme choices led mothers to take, on average, 1-2 months less of leave. This decrease in leave duration, however, was not accompanied by an employment increase of similar magnitude. To understand the absence of labor supply effects, we examine data on work preferences from the Austrian Microcensus. Child care duties are cited as the primary reason for not seeking work but few mothers indicate that they would start working if better access to formal childcare were available. Switching to the more flexible leave system had a minimal effect on the labor market choices of mothers, as the majority continue to prioritize child care responsibilities and do not consider nurseries as a desirable alternative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zimmert, Franziska (2023): Early child care and the employment potential of mothers. Evidence from semi-parametric difference-in-differences estimation. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57, 2023-05-17. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00344-9

Abstract

"This paper examines the effect of an expansion of subsidized early child care on maternal labor market outcomes. It contributes to the literature by analyzing, apart from the employment rate, the adjustment of agreed working hours and especially of preferred working hours. Semi-parametric difference-in-differences estimation based on survey data from the German Microcensus results in positive effects on the employment rate, as well as on agreed and preferred working hours by up to 20% of the pre-reform mean. As agreed and preferred working hours adjust in line with each other, the expansion of early child care can tap labor market potentials beyond those of currently underemployed mothers. Moreover, conditional effects show that especially better educated and non-single mothers respond to the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Zoch, Gundula (2023): Participation in Job-Related Training: Is There a Parenthood Training Penalty? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 274-292. DOI:10.1177/09500170221128692

Abstract

"Gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work are well documented, but patterns of advantage or disadvantage in further job-related training have been less explored. Previous cross-sectional studies indicate gender differences in further training, with lower participation rates and shorter training sessions for women, especially mothers. Based on the National Educational Panel Study for Germany (adult cohort, 2008–2020), this study is the first to examine gendered parenthood effects on participation in non-formal further job-related training using panel analyses. The results from fixed-effects regressions provide evidence of parenthood training penalties that are particularly pronounced for mothers and in the first years after childbirth. While fatherhood training penalties are mostly explained, motherhood gaps remain robust when accounting for a large number of time-varying characteristics. The results point towards further relevant changes in mothers’ aspirations or employer support. Thus, they underline the importance of training opportunities for reducing childbirth-related inequalities later in life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2023): International Migration Outlook 2023. (International migration outlook 47), Paris, 403 S. DOI:10.1787/b0f40584-en

Abstract

"The 2023 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters on the labour market integration of migrant mothers and on fertility patterns among migrant populations in OECD countries. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Abendroth, Anja-Kristin (2022): Transitions to parenthood, flexible working and time-based work-to-family conflicts: A gendered life course and organisational change perspective. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1033-1055. DOI:10.20377/jfr-730

Abstract

"Objective: This study investigates how flexitime and flexiplace moderate the consequences of transitions to parenthood for time-based work-to-family conflicts for women and men, and whether the normalisation of their use in organisations additionally contributes to reducing work-to-family conflicts. Background: Although flexible working has been described as a resource for better aligning demands in the domains of work and family, the findings of previous - mainly cross-sectional – research on its consequences for work–family conflict are inconsistent. Method: Individual fixed effects analyses were conducted using linked employer-employee panel data for 1,973 partnered men and 1575 partnered women in 132 large work organisations in Germany. Results: Time-based work-to-family conflicts after transition to parenthood increased for men but decreased for women. This can be explained by women reducing their working hours. However, work-to-family conflicts remained rather stable despite of the transition to parenthood among women who used flexitime. This can partly be explained by their weaker work-to-family conflicts already before the transition as well as to adjustments in work investments being less common among them. There is some evidence that the normalisation of flexitime and flexiplace in the organisation is associated with fewer work-to-family conflicts among women and men. Conclusion: Flexitime seems to be not an additional but an alternative resource to decrease the likelihood of more frequent time-based work-to-family conflicts after transition to parenthood among women. The normalization of flexible working depicts organizational change towards more family-friendliness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Adams, Ayhan & Katrin Golsch (2022): Employed parents' reactions to work-family conflicts: Adaptive strategies of scaling back in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1101-1125. DOI:10.20377/jfr-712

Abstract

"Objective: This study investigates the extent to which employed mothers and fathers scale back on working hours or job pressures in response to work-to-family conflicts (WFC). Background: Drawing on the concept of adaptive family strategies, it is assumed that WFC is an antecedent to a reduction in work demands. Considering partners’ gender ideology net of other resources and characteristics, we can expect to see gender differences in the adoption of this strategy. Relatively little research has been conducted on associations among WFC, gender ideology, gender, and work-related coping strategies. Method: We use six waves of the German Family Panel (pairfam, release 11.0), covering the survey years 2012-2019, to examine the effect of WFC and gender ideology on employed mothers’ and fathers’ work-related coping strategies (N=791 mothers and N=1292 fathers). OLS regression is used to estimate the effect of WFC at and gender ideology on changes in job pressure and working hours between and. Results: Parents who experience WFC are more likely to reduce their job pressure and less likely to scale back on working hours. Gender differences in the reaction between mothers and fathers on WFC only occur in connection with traditional gender ideology. Conclusion: Scaling back seems not to be a commonly used strategy to react to WFC." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Artmann, Elisabeth, Hessel Oosterbeek & Bas van der Klaauw (2022): Household specialization and the child penalty in the Netherlands. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 78, 2022-07-01. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102221

Abstract

"Women in the Netherlands face an earnings penalty of 47% after the birth of their first child, which is in line with previous studies. We construct several measures of relative within-household earnings potential to assess the importance of household specialization based on comparative advantage. The Netherlands offers a particularly interesting setting for studying household specialization since employees basically face no restrictions if they want to reduce their working hours. We find that women with a higher earnings capacity than their partner face lower earnings losses after childbirth and reduce their labor supply less than women with a low relative earnings potential. Yet, men’s labor market trajectories are largely unaffected by parenthood irrespective of their relative earnings potential in the household. There is thus no evidence that households divide market work and child care based on comparative advantage or bargaining power. We provide some evidence that women with high earnings potential rely more on formal child care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Bastian, Jacob & Lance Lochner (2022): The Earned Income Tax Credit and Maternal Time Use: More Time Working and Less Time with Kids? In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 573-611. DOI:10.1086/717729

Abstract

"Parents spend considerable time and resources investing in their children’s development. Given evidence that the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) affects maternal labor supply, we investigate how the maximum available EITC amount affects a broad array of time use activities, focusing on the amount and nature of time spent with children. Using 2003-18 time use data, we find that federal and state EITC expansions increase maternal work time, reducing time devoted to home production, leisure, and time with children. However, almost none of the reduction comes from time devoted to “investment” activities, such as active learning and development activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Begall, Katia, Leonie van Breeschoten, Tanja van der Lippe & Anne-Rigt Poortman (2022): Supplemental family leave provision and employee performance. Disentangling availability and use. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 393-416. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2020.1737176

Abstract

"The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the provision of supplemental family leave elicits higher work effort and extra-role behavior in employees. Drawing on arguments derived from signaling theory we test whether the beneficial effects of providing longer or better paid family leave on performance exist for all employees, or whether they are limited to the group who either took advantage of the supplemental leave in the past or is likely to do so in the future. In addition, the mechanism proposed by organizational support theory by which supplemental leave is expected to affect employee performance - by increasing affective organizational commitment - is tested. The hypotheses developed are tested using European multilevel organization-data (Van der Lippe et al., 2016a) on 11,011 employees in 869 departments or teams, and 259 organizations. The results indicate that perceived availability of supplemental family leave relates positively to employees? contextual performance, partially by increasing organizational commitment. This effect is found irrespective of actual use of family leave and is not moderated by characteristics relating to future use such as having young children, being of childbearing age or being female." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boll, Christina (2022): Erschöpft: Familien in der Corona-Krise. In: L. Bellmann & W. Matiaske (Hrsg.) (2022): Sozio-Ökonomik der Corona-Krise, S. 283-312.

Abstract

"Die Corona-Pandemie hat Familien vor große Herausforderungen gestellt. Eltern mussten ad hoc wegbrechende außerfamiliale Bildung und Betreuung selbst übernehmen. Wechselnde Rahmenbedingungen wie der Betreuung, wirtschaftliche Unsicherheit und Umorganisation der Erwerbstätigkeit erfordern seit Ende März 2020 einen täglichen, nervenraubenden Balanceakt. Das blieb nicht ohne Auswirkungen auf Familienklima, Zufriedenheit und inner-familiale Konflikte. Die soziale Schere ging in der Krise noch weiter auf: Die Herausforderungen und Belastungen treffen die Familien unterschiedlich stark und können von ihnen auch unterschiedlich gut bewältigt werden. Dies liegt nicht zuletzt daran, dass staatliche Unterstützungsangebote die Familieneinkommen zwar insgesamt massiv abgefedert, aber nicht alle Zielgruppen gleich gut erreicht haben. Auch die elterlichen Sorgen um die Kinder weisen einen sozialen Gradienten auf. Quer durch alle sozialen Schichten zieht sich die zunehmende Erschöpfung von Familien. Die Belastungen für das Familienleben sind vom ersten zum zweiten Lockdown eher noch gewachsen. Mütter trugen und tragen die größten Zusatzlasten bei der Kinderbetreuung und bei der Angehörigenpflege. Für die Geschlechtergleichstellung kann die Krise u.a. aufgrund des Digitalisierungsschubs dennoch Fortschritte bringen, auch wenn die Effekte auf die Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt eher klein sein dürften. Die Pandemie hat enorme Defizite des Bildungs- und Pflegesystems offengelegt, die politisch adressiert werden müssen. Auch im Kinderschutzsystem besteht Handlungs- und Forschungsbedarf, um für die nächste Krise besser gewappnet zu sein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Boll, Christina, Laura Castiglioni, Thomas Eichhorn, Till Nikolka & Corinna Zollner (2022): Arbeitsmarktintegration von Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund – Analyse der Maßnahmenerfolge des Bundesprogramms "Stark im Beruf". München, 44 S. DOI:10.36189/DJI202212

Abstract

"Das durch das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) geförderte Bundesprogramm des Europäischen Sozialfonds (ESF) „Stark im Beruf – Mütter mit Migrationshintergrund steigen ein“ soll Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund den Erwerbseinstieg erleichtern und ihren Zugang zu vorhandenen Angeboten zur Arbeitsmarktintegration verbessern. Der vorliegende Bericht präsentiert eine Auswertung der im Rahmen des Programms „Stark im Beruf“ erhobenen Daten zu den durch die Teilnehmerinnen erzielten Programmerfolge vor dem Hintergrund individueller Merkmale, regionaler Kontextfaktoren sowie der Belegung unterschiedlicher Programmmodule. Hierzu werden auf Grundlage theoretischer Überlegungen zunächst Hypothesen zur Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Programmerfolg in Abhängigkeit von potentiellen Erklärfaktoren abgeleitet, die danach mithilfe eines multivariaten Regressionsmodells getestet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Teilnehmerinnen kurze Zeit nach Programmabschluss mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Beschäftigung aufnehmen, wenn sie bei Programmeintritt bessere Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich ihres übertragbaren Humankapitals und ihrer Nähe zum Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland mitbringen. Teilnehmerinnen, die über einen längeren Zeitraum arbeitslos gemeldet sind oder sich im SGB II-Bezug befinden, haben nach Programmabschluss hingegen eine niedrigere Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass Teilnehmerinnen mit kleinen Kindern, die mit größeren Herausforderungen bezüglich der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie konfrontiert sind, das „Stark im Beruf“ Programm mit einer geringeren Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit abschließen. Entgegen der Erwartungen bestätigt sich kein systematischer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Aufenthaltsstatus oder der Aufenthaltsdauer der Teilnehmerinnen in Deutschland und einem erfolgreichen Programmabschluss. Neben individuellen Merkmalen der Teilnehmerinnen beziehen wir auch Informationen zur regionalen Arbeitsmarkt- und Bevölkerungsstruktur sowie Angaben zur Belegung unterschiedlicher Modulkategorien im „Stark im Beruf“ Programm in unsere Analysen ein. Es zeigt sich, dass Teilnehmerinnen, die eher berufsorientierte Module belegen, auch unter Berücksichtigung aller weiteren beobachtbaren Merkmale eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Programmerfolg haben als Teilnehmerinnen, die andere Programmmodule belegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Boneva, Teodora, Marta Colin, Katja Kaufmann & Christopher Rauh (2022): Beliefs about Maternal Labor Supply. (CESifo working paper 10148), München, 73 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides representative evidence on the perceived returns to maternal labor supply. We design a novel survey to elicit subjective expectations, and show that a mother’s decision to work is perceived to have sizable impacts on child skills, family outcomes, and the future labor market outcomes of the mother. Examining the channels through which the impacts are perceived to operate, we document that beliefs about the impact of additional household income can account for some, but not all, of the perceived positive effects. Beliefs about returns substantially vary across the population and are predictive of labor supply intentions under different policy scenarios related to childcare availability and quality, two factors that are also perceived as important. Consistent with socialization playing a role in the formation of beliefs, we show that respondents whose own mother worked perceive the returns to maternal labor supply as higher." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bousselin, Audrey (2022): Access to universal childcare and its effect on maternal employment. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 497-532. DOI:10.1007/s11150-021-09572-9

Abstract

"Subsidized childcare is a key instrument to support maternal employment in most OECD countries. Using a major reform implemented in Luxembourg in 2009, I study the effects of expanding access to subsidized childcare on the employment decisions of women in a context where childcare is universal and heavily subsidized, but is limited by capacity constraints. The identification strategy relies on temporal variation across age groups of children. In response to the reform, the employment rate of mothers increased by 3 percentage points, and their working time grew by 1 h per week. This effect hides the difference between children's ages, as mothers of the youngest children are found to be more responsive to the reform than mothers of children in primary education. Studying heterogeneous effects reveals a differential impact of the reform with regard to prior employment status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Canaan, Serena, Anne Sophie Lassen, Philip Rosenbaum & Herdis Steingrimsdottir (2022): Maternity Leave and Paternity Leave: Evidence on the Economic Impact of Legislative Chances in High Income Countries. (IZA discussion paper 15129), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"Labor market policies for expecting and new mothers emerged at the turn of the nineteenth century. The main motivation for these policies was to ensure the health of mothers and their newborn children. With increased female labor market participation, the focus has gradually shifted to the effects that parental leave policies have on women's labor market outcomes and gender equality. Proponents of extending parental leave rights for mothers in terms of duration, benefits, and job protection have argued that this will support mothers' labor market attachment and allow them to take time off from work after childbirth and then safely return to their pre-birth job. Others have pointed out that extended maternity leave can work as a double-edged sword for mothers: If young women are likely to spend months, or even years, on leave, employers are likely to take that into consideration when hiring and promoting their employees. These policies may therefore end up adversely affecting women's labor market outcomes. This has led to an increased focus on activating fathers to take parental leave, and in 2019, the European Parliament approved a directive requiring member states to ensure at least two months of earmarked paternity leave. The literature on parental leave has proliferated over the last couple of decades. The increased number of studies on the topic has brought forth some consistent findings. First, the introduction of short maternity leave is found to be beneficial for both maternal and child health and for mothers' labor market outcomes. Second, there appear to be negligible benefits from a leave extending beyond six months in terms of health out-comes and children's long-run outcomes. Furthermore, longer leaves have little, or even adverse, influence on mothers' labor market outcomes. However, some evidence suggests that there may be underlying heterogeneous effects from extended leaves among different socioeconomic groups. The literature on the effect of earmark" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carlsson, Magnus & Abdulaziz Abrar Reshid (2022): Coworker peer effects on parental leave take-up. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 124, H. 4, S. 930-957. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12485

Abstract

"This paper investigates coworker peer effects in parental leave usage in Sweden. We use an instrumental variable approach labeled peers of peers in which parental leave usage by family peers (siblings and cousins) of coworkers is used as an instrument for coworkers’ parental leave usage. For fathers, we find that a ten-day increase in average parental leave usage among coworkers increases usage by approximately one and a half days; while for mothers, the increase is approximately one day. The results are robust to alternative model specifications. We explore possible mechanisms and discuss policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Casarico, Alessandra, Elena Del Rey & Jose I. Silva (2022): The Effect of Child Care Costs on Gender Inequality. (CESifo working paper 9827), München, 29 S.

Abstract

"We develop a model to study the impact on gender gaps in participation and wages of a liquidity constraint that prevents some households from paying child care. We show that this liquidity constraint generates an inefficiency and amplifies gender gaps in the labour market. In this framework, an extension of paid maternity leave duration has ambiguous effects on gender inequality. In contrast, child care subsidies, which require higher taxes, and loans, which do not, unambiguously reduce gender inequality. We illustrate the mechanisms at play in a numerical example using Spanish data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Corekcioglu, Gozde, Marco Francesconi & Astrid Kunze (2022): Expansions in Paid Parental Leave and Mothers' Economic Progress. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15585), Bonn, 89 S.

Abstract

"We examine the impact of government-funded universal paid parental leave extensions on the likelihood that mothers reach top-pay jobs and executive positions, using eight Norwegian reforms. Up to a quarter of a century after childbirth, such reforms neither helped nor hurt mothers' chances to be at the top of their companies' pay ranking or in leadership positions. We detect no differential effect across many characteristics, and no impact on other outcomes, such as hours worked and promotions. No reform affected fathers' pay or the gender pay gaps between mothers and their male colleagues and between mothers and their partners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Danzer, Natalia, Martin Halla, Nicole Schneeweis & Martina Zweimüller (2022): Parental leave, (in)formal childcare and long-term child outcomes. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 6, S. 1826-1884. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.2.0619-10257R1

Abstract

"We evaluate the effect of an Austrian parental leave extension from the child’s first to its second birthday on long-term child outcomes. Exploiting a sharp birthday cutoff-based discontinuity in the eligibility for extended leave, we find that longer parental leave improves on average child health outcomes, but has no effect on the child’s labor market outcomes. When accounting for the counterfactual mode of care, we find significant gains in all outcomes for children for whom the reform most likely induced a replacement of informal childcare with maternal care. This highlights the importance of the counterfactual scenario in such evaluations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Fendel, Tanja & Beate Jochimsen (2022): Home care allowance and labor market participation of immigrant and native-born mothers. In: SN Social Sciences, Jg. 2, 2022-04-26. DOI:10.1007/s43545-022-00393-w

Abstract

"Most countries still have a significant gender gap in labor force participation, and this gap is especially large for immigrants. Despite this gap, Germany introduced various forms of home care allowances in the last decade. Parallel to the extension of early child care and the inclusion of a legal claim for it, from 2013 to 2015, a nationwide home care allowance existed for parents who did not use public child care for children aged one or two years. After 2015, home care allowances continued to exist in several German federal states. Some politicians strongly criticized this transfer for allegedly decreasing work incentives, particularly for mothers with lower labor market integration, such as immigrant mothers. Using federal state differentiated data obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we investigate the impact of a home care allowance on the labor market participation of mothers. For both native-born and especially immigrant mothers, the effects are significantly negative. We conclude that a home care allowance has negative effects on the labor force participation of mothers of young children, irrespective of the legal claim for and the extension of public child care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

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Frimmel, Wolfgang, Martin Halla, Bernhard Schmidpeter & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2022): Grandmothers' Labor Supply. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 5, S. 1645-1689. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.1.0419-10144R1

Abstract

"We use high-quality administrative data from Austria to estimate the effect of grandmotherhood on the labor supply decision of older workers. Assuming that grandmothers cannot predict the exact date of conception of their grandchild, we identify the effect of the first grandchild on employment. Our Timing-of-Events approach shows that a first grandchild increases the probability of leaving the labor market by 9 percent. This effect is stronger when informal childcare is more valuable, and when grandmothers live close to the grandchild. To assess the effect of an additional grandchild, we also use twin-births among the first grandchild as instruments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Goldin, Claudia, Sari Pekkala Kerr & Claudia Olivetti (2022): When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle. (NBER working paper 30323), Cambridge, Mass, 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w30323

Abstract

"Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we estimate three earning gaps: the “motherhood penalty,” the “price of being female,” and the “fatherhood premium.” When added together these three produce the “parental gender gap,” defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We estimate earnings gaps for two education groups (college graduates and high school graduates who did not complete college) using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 that tracks respondents from their twenties to their fifties. As the children grow up and as women work more hours, the motherhood penalty is greatly reduced, especially for the less-educated group. But fathers manage to expand their relative gains, particularly among college graduates. The parental gender gap in earnings remains substantial for both education groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gruber, Jonathan, Kristiina Huttunen & Tuomas Kosonen (2022): Paying Moms to Stay Home: Short and Long Run Effects on Parents and Children. (VATT working papers / Valtion Taloudellinen Tutkimuskeskus (Helsinki) 151), Helsinki, 86 S.

Abstract

"We study the impacts of a policy designed to reward mothers who stay at home rather than join the labor force when their children are under age three. We use regional and over time variation in child home care allowance to show that home care allowance decreases maternal employment in both the short and long term, with almost three-quarters of the supplement amount offset by lost labor income. The effects are large enough for the existence of home care benefit system to explain the higher child penalty in Finland than comparable nations. Home care benefits also negatively affect the early childhood cognitive test results of children at the age of five, increase the likelihood of choosing vocational rather than academic secondary education track, and increase youth crimes. We confirm that the mechanism of action is changing work/home care arrangements by studying a day care fee (DCF) reform had the opposite effect of raising incentives to work. We find that this policy increased the labor force participation of mothers and participation of children to day care, and improved child early test and schooling outcomes. This parallel set of findings suggests that on average in Finland, shifting child care from the home to the market increases labor force participation and improves child outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hermes, Henning, Marina Krauß, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter & Simon Wiederhold (2022): Early Child Care and Labor Supply of Lower-SES Mothers. A Randomized Controlled Trial. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15814), Bonn, 55 S.

Abstract

"We present experimental evidence that enabling access to universal early child care for families with lower socioeconomic status (SES) increases maternal labor supply. Our intervention provides families with customized help for child care applications, resulting in a large increase in enrollment among lower-SES families. The treatment increases lower-SES mothers' full-time employment rates by 9 percentage points (+160%), household income by 10%, and mothers' earnings by 22%. The effect on full-time employment is largely driven by increased care hours provided by child care centers and fathers. Overall, the treatment substantially improves intra-household gender equality in terms of child care duties and earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Illing, Hannah, Michael Oberfichtner, Nico Pestel, Johannes Schmieder & Simon Trenkle (2022): Geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsmarktwirkung der Covid-19-Pandemie: Ähnlicher Arbeitszeitausfall, aber bei Müttern höhere zusätzliche Belastung durch Kinderbetreuung. (IAB-Kurzbericht 03/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2203

Abstract

"Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat im Frühjahr 2020 eine Rezession ausgelöst, von der - anders als in früheren Rezessionen - Frauen ähnlich stark betroffen waren wie Männer. Die Kita- und Schulschließungen führten außerdem zu sehr starken zusätzlichen Belastungen für Eltern. Mütter haben dabei deutlich mehr zusätzliche Zeit für Kinderbetreuung übernommen als Väter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jessen, Jonas (2022): Culture, Children and Couple Gender Inequality. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 150. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104310

Abstract

"This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany's division and reunification, I compare child penalties of East Germans who were socialised in a more gender egalitarian culture to West Germans socialised in a gender-traditional culture. Using a household panel, I show that the long-run child penalty on the female income share is 23.9 percentage points for West German couples, compared to 12.9 for East German couples. The arrival of children also leads to a greater increase in the female share of housework and child care for West Germans. I add to the main findings by using time-use diary data from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and reunified Germany, which provides a rare insight into gender inequality in the GDR and allows me to compare the effect of having children in the GDR to the effects in East and West Germany after reunification. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more egalitarian among East Germans, but that the arrival of children leads to more traditional attitudes for both East and West Germans. The findings confirm that socialisation has a strong impact on child penalties and that family policies may have an impact on gender inequality through social learning in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kelle, Nadiya, Laura Romeu Gordo & Julia Simonson (2022): Kind – und dann? Wandel partnerschaftlicher Erwerbsverläufe drei Jahre nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 74, H. 3, S. 329-351. DOI:10.1007/s11577-022-00860-5

Abstract

"Der Übergang in die Elternschaft markiert für viele Elternpaare den Übergang in geschlechterspezifische Erwerbsarrangements, oft unabhängig von der gelebten vorgeburtlichen Arbeitsteilung. Dabei können die Entscheidungen über die Erwerbsarrangements nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes richtungsgebend für die zukünftigen Erwerbsverläufe und Alterssicherung sein. Vor diesem Hintergrund fokussiert der Beitrag auf zwei Fragen: erstens, ob sich gerade für jüngere Elternpaare der in den 1980er-Jahren Geborenen eine Konvergenz in den Erwerbsverläufen nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft im Vergleich zu den in den 1970er-Jahren geborenen Elternpaaren zeigt und zweitens, ob die Arbeitsteilung vor dem Übergang in die Elternschaft eine zunehmende Rolle für die Erwerbskonstellationen danach spielt. Unter Verwendung der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) werden anhand sequenz-, cluster- und regressionsanalytischer Verfahren Erwerbsverläufe von 900 Paaren über 36 Monate nach dem Übergang in die Elternschaft analysiert. Für die Kohorte der in den 1980er-Jahren Geborenen setzt sich die Bedeutungsabnahme traditioneller Erwerbsarrangements fort. Zudem gibt es immer mehr Elternpaare, in denen beide Elternteile relativ schnell nach der Geburt eines Kindes in die Erwerbstätigkeit zurückkehren. Kaum zu beobachten ist, dass Väter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zunehmend zugunsten einer stärkeren Einbindung in Haushalts- oder Familientätigkeiten einschränken. Hingegen scheinen die Konvergenzen in den Erwerbsverläufen zwischen Müttern und Vätern vielmehr ein Resultat zunehmender Erwerbsdiskontinuitäten zu sein. Darüber hinaus hat die vorgeburtliche Arbeitsteilung auch für die jüngeren Elternpaare einen eher geringen Einfluss auf ihre nachgeburtlichen Erwerbskonstellationen. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der Abbau von geschlechterspezifischen Ungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt verstärkt voranzutreiben ist, damit weitere Anreize für die gleichmäßigere Erwerbsaufteilung im Paarkontext entstehen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Kunze, Astrid (2022): Parental leave and maternal labor supply. (IZA world of Labor 279,2), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.279.v2

Abstract

"Numerous studies have investigated whether the provision and generosity of parental leave affects the employment and career prospects of women. Parental leave systems typically provide either short unpaid leave mandated by the firm, as in the US, or more generous and universal leave mandated by the government, as in Canada and several European countries. Key economic policy questions include whether, at the macro level, female employment rates have increased due to parental leave policies; and, at the micro level, whether the probability of returning to work and career prospects have increased for mothers after childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Landivar, Liana Christin, William J. Scarborough, Caitlyn Collins & Leah Ruppanner (2022): Do high childcare costs and low access to Head Start and childcare subsidies limit mothers' employment? A state-level analysis. In: Social science research, Jg. 102. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102627

Abstract

"Access to affordable childcare is crucial to mothers' employment. Yet, childcare costs and access to Head Start, childcare subsidies, and state-funded preschool vary dramatically across U.S. states. Using data from the 2016 American Community Survey five-year estimates, we apply hierarchical logistic regression models to show mothers are more likely to work in states with inexpensive childcare, higher Head Start enrollment and childcare subsidy participation, and increased availability of state-funded preschool. Childcare subsidy access is associated with higher maternal employment amongst those with lower levels of educational attainment, whereas state-funded preschool is associated with higher employment primarily among the college educated. Additionally, our analysis revealed that Head Start has a stronger association with maternal employment in states where childcare costs are high, reducing the negative relationship of employment with expensive childcare. As national discussions continue to center on the importance of childcare, our research adds evidence that public programs support maternal employment through reducing out-of-pocket childcare costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Langner, Laura (2022): Desperate Housewives and Happy Working Mothers: Are Parent-Couples with Equal Income More Satisfied throughout Parenthood? A Dyadic Longitudinal Study. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 80-100. DOI:10.1177/0950017020971548

Abstract

"Are parent-couples with equal income more satisfied as their children grow up, than those who prioritize the father’s career (specialize)? For the first time, 384 German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study couples were categorized into life-course coupled earnings types, by tracing how earnings were divided within couples between the ages of 1 to 15 of their youngest child. Multivariate, multilevel analysis showed that, unlike mothers pursuing an (eventually) equal earnings division, mothers in an (eventually) specialized arrangement experienced a strong decline in life satisfaction. Hence, particularly high-status mothers (having invested heavily into their career) were eventually up to two life satisfaction points less satisfied if they prioritized their partner’s earnings, than those who shared earnings equally with their partner. Paternal life satisfaction was not significantly different between patterns of earnings (in)equality. For most couples, earnings equality led to a win-win situation: mothers’ life satisfaction was higher than for specialized mothers without negatively affecting paternal satisfaction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Latshaw, Beth A. & Deniz Yucel (2022): Work-family conflict and partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples: Does women's employment status matter? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1151-1174. DOI:10.20377/jfr-689

Abstract

"Objective: This study tests the effects of work-family conflict, in both directions, on partners' agreement on fertility preferences among dual-earner couples, as well as whether this relationship varies by women's employment status. Background: Few studies have examined the relationship between work-family conflict and fertility preferences. Given the high percentages of women working part-time in Germany, it is important to investigate the role working women’s employment status plays to further understand this relationship. Method: Using data from 716 dual-earner couples in Wave 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam), we use dyadic data analysis to test whether work-family conflict impacts one’s own ("actor effects") and/or one’s partner’s ("partner effects") reports of agreement on fertility preferences. We also run multi-group analyses to compare whether these effects vary in "full-time dual-earner" versus "modernized male breadwinner" couples. Results: There are significant actor effects for family-to-work conflict in both types of couples, and for work-to-family conflict in modernized male breadwinner couples only. Partner effects for family-to-work conflict exist only among modernized male breadwinner couples. While there are no gender differences in actor or partner effects, results suggest differences in the partner effect (for family-to-work conflict only) between these two couple types. Conclusion: These findings indicate that work-family conflict is associated with greater partner disagreement on fertility preferences and highlight the differential impact incompatible work and family responsibilities have on fertility decisions when women work full-time versus part-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Law, Helen & Pia Schober (2022): Gendered occupational aspirations among German youth: Role of parental occupations, gender division of labour, and family structure. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 643-668. DOI:10.20377/jfr-603

Abstract

"Objective: This study investigates how multiple domains of parental gender role socialisation as well as parent-child relationships and family structure may shape adolescents’ gendered occupational aspirations. Background: Young people with gender-typical aspirations have a higher chance of choosing gender-typical post-secondary education fields and are more likely to work in gender-typical occupations as adults. Gender norms, family structures and parent-child relationships have undergone profound changes in recent decades. We extend the intergenerational transmission literature by considering whether the influence of parental role modelling may vary according to parent-child relationships and family structure. Method: We draw on data from 2,235 adolescents from the German Socio-Economic Panel and apply logistic regressions. Results: Children whose fathers were employed in gender-typical jobs had a greater likelihood of aspiring to a more gender-typical occupation. This relationship was not significant among sons who did not live continuously with both parents since birth, who were generally more likely to aspire to gender-typical occupations. Surprisingly, the gender-typicality of fathers' occupations seemed more influential among daughters whose parents had separated than among those who lived continuously with both parents. Regarding the parental gender division of paid and unpaid work, only mothers' continuous non-employment was associated with daughters being more likely to aspire to a gender-typical occupation. Conclusion: On the whole, our findings suggest a rather weak influence of parental gender role modelling on children’s persistently gendered occupational aspirations in Germany. Yet, our study extends existing family research by pointing to significant variations across family structures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lott, Yvonne, Dietmar Hobler, Svenja Pfahl & Eugen Unrau (2022): Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (WSI-Report 72), Düsseldorf, 49 S.

Abstract

"Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland? Und wie hat sich der Stand der Gleichstellung entwickelt? Anhand zentraler Indikatoren auf Basis des WSI GenderDatenPortals (www.wsi.de/ genderdatenportal) liefert der vorliegende Report eine knappe und zusammenfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der Geschlechtergleichstellung in Deutschland mit einem Fokus auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich positive Trends vor allem bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung und den Einkommen von Frauen fortgesetzt haben. Bei der Mitbestimmung und den Arbeitszeiten baut sich Geschlechterungleichheit zwar ab, aber nur sehr langsam und in sehr kleinen Schritten. Bei der Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung und der vertikalen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes stagniert die Geschlechterungleichheit jedoch auf hohem Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Matysiak, Anna, Daniela Bellani & Honorata Bogusz (2022): Industrial robots and fertility in European countries. (Working papers / Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw 2022-26), Warsaw, 65 S.

Abstract

"In this study we examine whether the long-term structural changes in the labour market, driven by automation, affect fertility. Adoption of industrial robots in the EU has tripled since the mid-1990s, tremendously changing the conditions of participating in the labour market. On the one hand, new jobs are created, benefitting largely the highly skilled workers. On the other hand, the growing turnover in the labour market and changing content of jobs induce fears of job displacement and make workers continuously adjust to new requirements (reskill, upskill, increase work efforts). The consequences of these changes are particularly strong for the employment and earning prospects of the low and middle educated workers. Our focus is on six European countries: Czechia, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom. We link regional data on fertility and employment structures by industry from Eurostat (NUTS-2) with data on robot adoption from the International Federation of Robotics. We estimate fixed effects linear models with instrumental variables in order to account for the external shocks which may affect fertility and robot adoption in parallel. Our findings suggest robots tend to exert a negative impact on fertility in highly industrialised regions, regions with relatively low educated populations and those which are technologically less advanced. At the same time, better educated and prospering regions may even experience fertility improvements as a result of the technological change. The family and labour market institutions of the country may further moderate these effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mertehikian, Yasmin A. & Pilar Gonalons-Pons (2022): Work and Family Disadvantage: Determinants of Gender Gaps in Paid Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1177/23780231221117649

Abstract

"This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the increase in gender inequality in paid work during the pandemic to unpack the relative relevance of labor market and work-family conflict processes. Using panel data from the United States Current Population Survey, we examine four mechanisms in an integrated analysis that explicitly includes single-parent households and assesses the moderating role of women’s economic position relative to their partners. The results indicate that increases in gender inequality during the pandemic were heavily concentrated in households with children but also partly connected to gender differences in prepandemic labor market positions and to the higher prevalence of women in lower earner position relative to their partners. Single parents were more negatively impacted than partnered parents, but the disproportionate concentration of this impact on women does not contribute much to increases in overall gender inequality due to the relatively smaller size of this group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Dana, Andreas Filser & Corinna Frodermann (2022): Update: Identifying mothers in administrative data. (FDZ-Methodenreport 01/2022 (en)), Nürnberg, 13 S. DOI:10.5164/IAB.FDZM.2201.en.v1

Abstract

"Die administrativen Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit bieten eine wichtige Datenbasis für die Arbeitsmarktforschung. Welche Informationen gesammelt werden, ist über die Aufgaben der Bundesagentur für Arbeit definiert. Daher sind nicht alle Informationen in den Daten enthalten, die für verschiedene Forschungsfragen relevant sind. Das betrifft zum Beispiel Informationen zu der Geburt von Kindern, die wichtig für die Analyse der Erwerbsbiografien von Frauen sein können. Nach wie vor unterbrechen insbesondere Mütter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit, um sich der Kinderbetreuung zu widmen. Diese Erwerbsunterbrechungen können unterschiedliche Effekte auf die Erwerbsbiografien von Müttern haben, wie z.B. Lohneinbußen, Karrierenachteile oder vermehrte Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Der FDZ-Methodenreport 13/2017 (Müller/Strauch 2017) zeigte eine Möglichkeit auf, familienbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen mit Hilfe indirekter Identifikatoren in den administrativen Daten zu ermitteln. Mit dem vorliegenden FDZ-Methodenreport wurde diese Identifikationsstrategie aktualisiert und an neue Datensatzversionen angepasst. Wir validieren unsere Identifikationsstrategie mit Hilfe offizieller Geburtsstatistiken. Der Programmcode wird als Anhang zur Verfügung gestellt und kann nach Bedarf angepasst werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Nellen, Marc (2022): „Stark im Beruf“ – Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund neue Erwerbsperspektiven eröffnen. In: Nachrichtendienst des Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Jg. 102, H. 6, S. 283-289.

Abstract

"Dem Arbeitsmarkt bleibt eine große Gruppe als Fachkräfte von morgen verborgen: Über 500.000 migrantischen Müttern mit unmittelbarem Erwerbswunsch gelingt der Berufseinstieg nicht aus eigener Kraft. Wie sie einfach, effizient und zielgerichtet in Job oder Qualifizierung begleitet werden können, zeigt das ESF-Bundesprogramm „Stark im Beruf – Mütter mit Migrationshintergrund steigen ein“. An 90 Standorten werden Migrantinnen mit Familienverantwortung auf dem Weg in die Berufstätigkeit begleitet. Die Wirkungsanalyse über 17.000 Teilnehmerinnen und deren Prozessbegleitung zeigt nun: Der Ansatz des Programms ist erfolgreich und lohnt sich, weitergetragen zu werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Neuberger, Franz, Tobias Rüttenauer & Martin Bujard (2022): Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 46, S. 693-722. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2022.46.24

Abstract

"Background: Public childcare provision and female labor force participation (FLP) have strongly increased over the past decades in European societies. However, studies offer heterogeneous findings on the link between public childcare and FLP. Objective: We investigate the link between public childcare and FLP, using different indicators of childcare and accounting for heterogeneous time trends and regional heterogeneity. Methods: Based on a balanced panel of all German counties from 2007 to 2017, we estimate the effect of an increasing enrollment rate for children aged 0–2 and 3–5 on FLP. We compare fixed effect (FE) and fixed effect individual slope estimators (FEIS) to control for county-specific time trends. Subsequently, we compare the results across regions with different levels of urbanization. Results: We find that most FE results are biased due to selection on trends. Still, when accounting for selection on trends, childcare enrollment for the age group 0–2 increases FLP in West Germany and in urban areas. Furthermore, childcare enrollment for children aged 3–5 years is associated with higher FLP in West Germany, in rural and, most strongly, in metropolitan areas. Conclusions: Our study highlights important heterogeneity in the general time trends of FLP and the effectiveness of childcare arrangements across different regions in Germany. Contribution: We provide a potential explanation for mixed results in previous studies. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of childcare arrangements varies with the level of urbanization. Taking this heterogeneity into account can help to develop target-oriented policy interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Nieuwenhuis, Rense (2022): No activation without reconciliation? The interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women employment unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries 1985-2018. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 56, H. 5, S. 808-826. DOI:10.1111/spol.12806

Abstract

"Comparative welfare state research as examined the outcomes of active labour market policies (ALMP) and work-family reconciliation policies by and large been separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in ALMP and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are complementary to each other in promoting women's employment rates and reducing women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorises about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. These findings provide support for the notion of welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP achieve this through reducing women's unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also achieve lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Nieuwenhuis, Rense (2022): No activation without reconciliation? The interplay between ALMP and ECEC in relation to women employment unemployment and inactivity in 30 OECD countries 1985-2018. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2022,04), Uppsala, 36 S.

Abstract

"Comparative welfare state research has mostly examined the outcomes of active labour market policies and work-family reconciliation policies separately. As a result, potential complementarities between these policy areas have received scant attention empirically. Using macro-level data, this study answers the question to what extent, and in which way, governments' efforts in active labour market policies (ALMP) and in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are correlated with women's employment rates, women's unemployment and inactivity rates in 30 OECD countries from 1985 to 2018. The article theorizes about how the various policies that constitute a welfare state relate to each other, distinguishing between pluralism, complementarity and substitutability. I interpret the empirical findings as being consistent with welfare pluralism, in the sense that ALMP and ECEC policies work together in improving women's employment rates in slightly different ways: ALMP is associated with low female unemployment rates, whereas ECEC also is associated with lower inactivity rates for women. There was, however, more support for the notion of substitution rather than complementarity: the marginal benefits associated with an increase in either ALMP or ECEC were smaller in the context of large investments in the other policy. In other words, the highest rates of women's employment, and the lowest rates of unemployment and inactivity, are found in countries with large investments in both ALMP and ECEC, but such higher investments are associated with diminishing returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Oberfichtner, Michael (2022): Erwerbsverläufe von Frauen und Männern. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 10, S. 5-8.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmarktergebnisse von Frauen und Männern unterscheiden sich immer noch massiv. Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist niedriger als die von Männern, beschäftigte Frauen arbeiten im Durchschnitt weniger Stunden als Männer, der mittlere Stundenlohn lag 2018 bei Frauen 20% unter dem von Männern; und auch wenn man berücksichtigt, dass sich die Qualifikationen und Tätigkeiten zwischen Frauen und Männer unterscheiden, bleibt ein Lohnunterschied von 6% unerklärt (Statistisches Bundesamt 2022; 2022b; 2022c). Daher lohnt es sich, die Erwerbsverläufe von Frauen und Männern genauer in den Blick zu nehmen. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, dass die Geschlechterlohnunterschiede beim Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten deutlich abgenommen haben. Über das Erwerbsleben nehmen die Unterschiede jedoch auch bei jüngeren Kohorten stark zu, wobei Familiengründungen eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Um die Ursachen dafür besser zu verstehen, nimmt die aktuelle Forschung zunehmend auch eine betriebliche Perspektive ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Oggero, Noemi, Francesco Devicienti, Mariacristina Rossi & Davide Vannoni (2022): You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship. (Carlo Alberto notebooks 675), Turin, 33 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we investigate how the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship varies between sons and daughters, and whether such a process depends on living in a country characterized by a high gender gap. Using the SHARE dataset, we find that the effect on daughters’ entrepreneurial choices of having an entrepreneur as father is lower than the one on sons only in countries with a high gender gap. Moreover, it is just in countries with high gender inequality that the effect of having an entrepreneurial mother is different between sons and daughters, with the impact being positive for daughters only. We also develop an individual-level indicator of gender gap within countries that corroborates our findings, which we interpret as evidence of the presence of a role modeling mechanism. However, we find evidence of convergence across time of the intergenerational transmission process to the gender-independent transfer typical of more gender equal countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Palencia-Esteban, Amaia (2022): Immigration, childcare and gender differences in the Spanish labor market. (ECINEQ working paper series / Society for the Study of Economic Inequality 610), Verona, 38 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the effect of immigrants on the women-men gap in several labor market outcomes, focusing on their role as child caretakers and substitutes for women’s domestic work. We use administrative Spanish Social Security records from 1998 to 2008 and follow a spatial correlations approach with instrumental variables, based on the distribution of early migrants across provinces. We exploit the presence of children and its interaction with immigrants share to capture the home-care substitution effect. We find that one percentage point increase in the regional share of immigrants rises the women-men differential in employment probability by 0.6 points in families with children, while the effect equals 0.2 for the childless. The additional effect of 0.4 points on families with children is attributed to the impact of immigrants through the supply of childcare services. This effect also applies to the work intensity (days and hours worked) and labor earnings. Our results are largely driven by individuals below tertiary education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pfahl, Svenja & Eugen Unrau (2022): Erfahrungen mit dem Mutterschutz am Arbeitsplatz. Befragung zu den Arbeitsbedingungen schwangerer und stillender Arbeitnehmerinnen. Berlin, 93 S.

Abstract

"Das Mutterschutzgesetz von 2018 zielt darauf ab, dass sich Schwangerschaft bzw. der Wunsch zu stillen und Berufstätigkeit nicht von vornherein ausschließen. Bei der konkreten Umsetzung der mutterschutzrechtlichen Vorgaben auf betrieblicher Ebene tun sich jedoch erhebliche Lücken auf. Das legen die Ergebnisse der DGB-Studie zur betrieblichen Umsetzung des Mutterschutzes nahe. Die Befragung zeigt sehr deutlich: Die Probleme, die sich vielen erwerbstätigen Frauen ab der Schwangerschaft im Betrieb oder in der Dienststelle in den Weg stellen, lassen sich nicht wegdiskutieren. Schwangere und stillende Frauen können ihre gesetzlichen Rechte viel zu häufig noch nicht automatisch und selbstverständlich in Anspruch nehmen, ohne im Betrieb auf Überraschung, Ignoranz oder betriebliche Gegenerwartungen zu stoßen - bis hin zu der Einstellung, sie sollten „freiwillig“ auf ihnen zustehende Schutzrechte verzichten. Zu viele schwangere und stillende Frauen erfahren zudem Nachteile in ihren Erwerbsbiografien, obwohl das neue Mutterschutzgesetz Schwangeren und stillenden Arbeitnehmerinnen deutlich mehr Schutz bieten sollte als es in der vor 2018 geltenden Fassung der Fall war. Durch die Novellierung entspricht es viel stärker als früher dem zeitgemäßen Leitbild einer gleichberechtigen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen. Es zielt stärker als zuvor (gleichermaßen) auf den Schutz der Gesundheit von Mutter und Kind wie auch auf die berufliche Teilhabe der Frauen ab. Die Gestaltungspflichten der Arbeitgeber*innen haben deutlich an Stellenwert gewonnen, weil sie nun unmittelbar im Gesetzestext verankert sind: Arbeitgeber*innen müssen den Arbeitsplatz schwangerer oder stillender Frauen so einrichten, dass sich Schwangerschaft, Stillwunsch und Berufstätigkeit nicht von vornherein ausschließen. Dennoch werden schwangere und stillende Arbeitnehmerinnen in der Arbeitswelt auch heute noch als Abweichung von der Norm, als Ausnahmeereignis, wahrgenommen. Dabei wird aufgrund der steigenden Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen Schwangerschaft in Zukunft noch viel häufiger ein Teil der Arbeitswelt sein. Allein schon aus diesem Grund müssen Schwangerschaft und Geburt zur gelebten Normalität im Betriebsalltag werden, die von den betrieblichen Verantwortungsträger*innen entlang der Vorgaben des Mutterschutzgesetzes gestaltet und von allen betrieblichen Akteur*innen wohlwollend begleitet und unterstützt wird. Die Unternehmen müssen diese Lebensphase noch viel stärker als bisher als einen ganz selbstverständlichen Teil in der Biografie ihrer Beschäftigten akzeptieren (lernen). Die Betriebskultur muss sich für solche Phasen mit körperlichen/seelischen Veränderungen im Leben von Frauen öffnen, sie wertschätzen und souverän begleiten. Damit künftig zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit keine Lücke mehr klafft, müssen die Aufsichtsbehörden durch angemessene Personalausstattung schnell in die Lage versetzt werden, die diskriminierungsfreie Umsetzung in Betrieben und Dienststellen wirksam zu kontrollieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Reimann, Mareike & Martin Diewald (2022): Good mental health despite work-family conflict? The within-domain and cross-domain buffering potentials of family and work resources. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1126-1150. DOI:10.20377/jfr-726

Abstract

"Objective: This article investigates whether within-domain and cross-domain buffering by family and work resources can help mitigate the negative mental health effects of work-to-family conflicts (WFC) and family-to-work conflicts (FWC). Background: Most literature on the work–life interface stresses the need to maintain employees’ health and well-being by preventing the emergence of work–family conflicts. Since such conflicts tend to be an unavoidable concomitant of role expansion, we aim to put forward the debate on the conditions that might prevent their negative health consequences instead. Method: Fixed-effects linear regression analyses were applied to a sample of 4,920 employees in a three-wave employer–employee panel study in Germany. Using interaction analyses, we tested within-domain and cross-domain buffering of family (social support and relative bargaining power within partnerships) and work (job resources, support from direct supervisors or co-workers, formal and informal organizational support) resources in the relationship between strain-based and time-based WFC and FWC and mental health (SF-12). Results: Family resources and work resources somewhat mitigated the health risks of WFC and FWC. Overall, within-domain resources were more effective than cross-domain ones. Conclusion: It is important to consider resources in both the family and the work domains to determine the most effective ways of preventing the negative mental health consequences of work–family conflicts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Samtleben, Claire & Kai-Uwe Müller (2022): Care and careers: Gender (in)equality in unpaid care, housework and employment. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 77. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100659

Abstract

"This article examines whether reducing care and housework duties and redistributing them within different-sex couples could further enhance gender equality on the labor market in terms of labor market participation for different employment types and actual working hours. Women around the world perform the majority of unpaid care and housework, with a large and persistent gap to men. Most research explains the unequal gender division of domestic chores, but less frequently their consequences for employment outcomes and career outlooks. Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (2001–2017 N = 40,419 for employment probabilities / N = 30,795 for working hours) matched with regional data on external child- and elderly care, the authors use an instrumental variables approach and eliminate time-constant individual effects in first-differenced regressions to address endogeneity issues and to disentangle the reciprocal relationship. Results show that both the overall amount as well as the unequal division of housework and care in couple households have detrimental effects on women's labor market participation and actual working hours. Reducing the overall burden from housework and care duties and achieving a more symmetric within-couple distribution improves female integration into the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Schmitz, Sophia & C. Katharina Spieß (2022): The intergenerational transmission of gender norms - why and how adolescent males with working mothers matter for female labour market outcomes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 20, H. 1, S. 281-322. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwab023

Abstract

"Social norms are put forward as a prominent explanation for the changing labour supply decisions of women. This paper studies the intergenerational transmission of these norms, examining how they affect subsequent female labour supply decisions, taking into account not only the early socialization of women but also that of their partner. Using large representative panel data sets from West Germany, results suggest that women with partners who grew up with a working mother are more likely to participate in the labour force, work longer hours and earn higher labour income. The main contribution of our study is that we assess a variety of potential mechanisms for this intergenerational link. We find no evidence that this finding reflects assortative mating; rather, analysis suggests that the partner's preferences are based on their experiences with the employment of their mothers and play a decisive role for the labour supply decision of partnered women. Moreover, we identify various effect heterogeneities, finding stronger associations for women with potentially less bargaining power. Our results suggest that policy measures supporting the labour force participation of today's mothers will increase the female labour force participation of the next generation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schrader, Sonja Maria (2022): Erwerbsarbeit von Müttern und frühkindliche Fremdbetreuung. Eine integrative Betrachtung von Wohlfahrtseffekten. (BestMasters), Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, 98 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-36287-4

Abstract

"Der Band bietet eine wirtschaftswissenschaftlich und psychologisch fundierte Herleitung von Wohlfahrtseffekten, die durch den zunehmenden Erwerbsumfang von Müttern und der daraus resultierenden frühkindlichen institutionellen Fremdbetreuung entstehen. Das Buch liefert eine multiperspektivische Analyse anhand des entwickelten Caregiving-In-Modells sowie auch verhaltensökonomischer Aspekte und leistet – auf Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse – einen diskursiven Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie für Entscheidungsträger in Wirtschaft und Politik." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Steinberg, Hannah Sinja & Corinna Kleinert (2022): Timing of early childcare take-up in Germany: An application of rational choice theory. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 84, H. 3, S. 840-859., 2022-01-21. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12825

Abstract

"Objective: This study investigates some of the mechanisms, which may explain social inequalities in the usage of early childhood education and care (ECEC) by focusing on a recently born child cohort born in Germany, a universal childcare regime. Background: Research recognizes rational cost–benefit considerations as important for understanding social inequalities in educational decisions. Yet, given data limitations, we know relatively little about how these considerations are associated with inequalities in ECEC take-up. Thus, we model the decision to use ECEC as a rational cost–benefit investment strategy, which simultaneously affects the human capital of mothers and children. Method: We test our assumptions with data from the newborn cohort of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), estimating the timing of first entry into ECEC, using discrete-time event history models (N = 3257). Results: Results indicate that cost–benefit calculations are relevant for the timing of ECEC take-up, but do not explain social differences. Mothers who perceive ECEC as an investment in child development, and as an opportunity to maintain their own employment status use ECEC earlier. This association is particularly pronounced for more highly educated mothers. Conclusion: Findings highlight mothers' awareness of future educational returns for ECEC decisions. Additionally, they illustrate the importance of the cultural and structural context for these decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Wiley) ((en))

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Vaalavuo, Maria, Henri Salokangas & Ossi Tahvonen (2022): Gender inequality reinforced. The impact of a child's health shock on parents' labor market trajectories. (INVEST working papers 2022,51), Helsinki, 46 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/wx83z

Abstract

"This article employs a couple-level framework to examine how a child’s severe illness affects within-family gender inequality in a Northern European context. We study the parental labor market responses to a child’s cancer diagnosis by exploiting an event study methodology and individual-level administrative data on hospitalizations and labor market variables for the total population in Finland. We focus on the differences in the effects by gender, breadwinner status, cancer severity and age of children. We find that child cancer has a negative impact on the labor income of both the mother and the father. This effect is considerably larger for women, and therefore leads to an increase in gender inequality on top of the well-documented motherhood penalty related to childbirth. However, mothers who are the main breadwinners in the family experience a smaller reduction in their contribution to household income. Additionally, older age of the child at cancer diagnosis and less severe cancer type potentially protect against gendered responses. These new insights provide evidence on gender roles when a child falls ill and show how child health affects gender inequality in two-parent households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Waights, Sevrin (2022): Parental Leave Benefits and Child Penalties. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2016), Berlin, 45 S.

Abstract

"I use the universe of tax returns in Germany and a regression kink design to estimate the impact of the benefit amount available to high-earning women after their first childbirth on subsequent within-couple earnings inequality. Lower benefit amounts result in a reduced earnings gap that persists beyond the benefit period for at least nine years after the birth. The longer-term impacts are driven by couples where the mother earned more than the father pre-birth. Simulations suggest it would take a 50% reduction in the benefit amount to completely eliminate long-run child penalties for sample couples. Lower benefits also reduce take-up of paid leave by mothers, lower the chances of having further children, and have no impact on marital stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wuestenenk, Nick & Katia Begall (2022): The motherhood wage gap and trade-offs between family and work: A test of compensating wage differentials. In: Social science research, Jg. 106. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102726

Abstract

"The theory of compensating wage differentials may explain part of the motherhood wage gap if mothers are more likely than childless women and men to make a trade-off between monetary and non-monetary rewards when looking for a job. Whereas previous studies focus primarily on jobs that employees currently hold, we present a more accurate test of this theory by studying the extent to which childless (wo)men, fathers and mothers trade off wages and family-friendly working conditions (flexibility, no overtime) in looking for a new job. Using a unique vignette experiment in four European countries (N = 7040), we find that the theory of compensating wage differentials is not supported. When presented with fictional job-openings that vary randomly on family-friendly working conditions and wages, mothers are not more likely than fathers or childless men and women to choose jobs with more family-friendly working conditions and lower pay. Instead, we find that mothers are more likely to apply for jobs with lower wages regardless of other job characteristics. These results suggest that the motherhood wage gap may not be explained by compensating wage differentials, but by mothers' higher likelihood of applying for jobs with lower wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2022): Reduced well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic - The role of working conditions. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 1969-1990., 2021-11-03. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12777

Abstract

"The COVID-19 pandemic has had diverse impacts on the employment conditions and family responsibilities of men and women. Thus, women and men were exposed to very different roles and associated challenges, which may have affected their well-being very differently. Using data from the National Educational Panel Study and its supplementary COVID-19 web survey for Germany (May–June 2020), we investigate gender differences in the relationship between working conditions and within-changes in subjective well-being. We systematically consider the household context by distinguishing between adults with and without younger children in the household. The results from multivariate change-score regressions reveal a decline in all respondents' life satisfaction, particularly among women with and without younger children. However, the greater reduction in women's well-being cannot be linked to systematic differences in working conditions throughout the pandemic. Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder counterfactual decompositions confirm this conclusion. Further analyses suggest that women's caregiving role, societal concerns, and greater loneliness partly explain the remaining gender differences in altered satisfaction. From a general perspective, our results suggest important gender differences in social life and psychological distress at the beginning of the pandemic, which are likely to become more pronounced as the crisis has unfolded." (Author's abstract, © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) ((en))

Zitatform

(2022): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als Beitrag zur Fachkräftesicherung. (Policy paper / Prognos AG), Basel, 20 S.

Abstract

"Der Fachkräftemarkt braucht gut qualifizierte Frauen und Männer. Die Fürsorgeverantwortung in Familien darf dafür kein Hemmnis sein. Beim beruflichen Qualifikationsniveau haben die Frauen zu den Männern fast aufgeschlossen und in der akademischen Bildung die Männer zum Teil sogar überholt. Viele Frauen und Männer sind also bestens qualifiziert und die Erwerbsquote der Frauen hat sich der der Männer angenähert. Ein Blick auf das Erwerbsvolumen zeigt jedoch, dass insbesondere die überwiegend in Teilzeitform stattfindende Müttererwerbstätigkeit noch viel Potenzial bietet, um dem Fachkräftemangel zu begegnen. Vereinbarkeit darf sich jedoch nicht nur an Frauen und Mütter richten, sondern muss auch Männer und Väter adressieren und eine partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung von Müttern und Vätern ermöglichen. Dann kann das ganze Fachkräftepotenzial gehoben werden – zumal die junge Generation beides will – Familie und Beruf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Aarntzen, Lianne, Tanja van der Lippe, Elianne van Steenbergen & Belle Derks (2021): How individual gender role beliefs, organizational gender norms, and national gender norms predict parents' work-Family guilt in Europe. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 120-142. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2020.1816901

Abstract

"The guilt that mothers feel about the time and energy that they invest in work instead of their family is often proposed to be an important reason for why mothers ‘opt-out’ the career track. We sought to understand if mothers indeed experience more work-family guilt than fathers and how this relates to both their own gender role beliefs and organizational gender norms across nine European countries. Analyses draw on the European Social Workforce Survey, with data from 2619 working parents nested in 110 organizations in 9 European countries. Results showed that when fathers and mothers work more than a full-time week (a) fathers with traditional gender role beliefs felt less guilty, and (b) especially mothers working in an organization with low support for the parent role of working fathers felt guilty. Explorative analyses showed no effect of national gender norms on gender differences in guilt. Our results are beneficial for organizations and policy makers by showing that guilt in working mothers can be reduced by developing egalitarian organizational norms, in which there is support for the parent role of mothers and fathers, potentially helping mothers to focus on their careers alongside their families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Achdut, Netta & Haya Stier (2021): The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Job Quality Components in Determining Welfare Exit. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 79-103. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000977

Abstract

"Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit means tested public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labor market. Studies on welfare use determinants that traced these policy changes focused on individuals’ characteristics, economic condition, and various policy components. Little attention was paid to welfare recipients’ job quality or its role in determining welfare exit. The present study examined the contribution of various job quality aspects, beyond wages, to welfare exit among welfare recipients in Israel. We considered the use of workers’ own skills and occupation, existence of standard employment contract (versus temporary), irregular work schedule, and application of mandatory and non-mandatory non-wage compensation attributes. The data derive from a national panel survey of 2,800 single-mother recipients of welfare in 2003. The results indicate the importance of these job components for welfare exit, above and beyond wages. Implications for policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andrew, Alison, Oriana Bandiera, Mónica Costa Dias & Camille Landais (2021): The careers and time use of mothers and fathers. Briefing note. London, 11 S. DOI:10.1920/BN.IFS.2021.BN0319

Abstract

"In this note, we investigate the evidence, and find no evidence for this hypothesis: the large decline in women’s paid work after childbirth cannot, in general, be explained by couples prioritising the paid work of the higher-wage parent. Put most simply, this is because women are always more likely to stop working after parenthood, regardless of whether or not they were the highest earner, and because among those who remain in paid work we see very similar changes in hours of paid work for mothers and fathers regardless of their relative wages before childbirth. Even in families where the mother had a higher wage than the father before the first child arrived, fathers’ working patterns are largely unaffected by childbirth whereas mothers reduce their hours of paid work substantially. We supplement this evidence with recent evidence from the COVID-19 crisis, which leads to a similar conclusion: additional childcare needs were met disproportionately by mothers, regardless of whether the mother earned more than the father before the crisis. This short report is part of the ongoing IFS Deaton Review of Inequalities which will, among many other things, include in-depth studies of the evidence on gender inequalities and how to address them." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bacheron, Johanne (2021): The impact of paternity leave on mothers' employment in Europe. (AMSE working paper 2021,10 halshs-03145794), Paris, 48 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, I use a pseudo-panel approach with data from the European Union Labour Force Survey to study the impact of paternity leave policies on mothers' employment in ten countries. Using a dynamic Difference-in-Difference strategy, I show that paternity leave increased mothers' employment rate by up to 17% in the long run, and average hours worked by 2 to 4%. There is substantial heterogeneity across countries in the effect of paternity leave policies. The impact on employment rates is positive and significant in eight of the ten countries of the sample, while the impact on hours worked can be either positive or negative. I find no evidence that the reforms had any impact on Greece or Portugal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berniell, Maria Ines, Lucila Berniell, Dolores De la Mata, María Edo, Yarine Fawaz, Matilde P. Machado & Mariana Marchionni (2021): Motherhood and the Allocation of Talent. (IZA discussion paper 14491), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we show that motherhood triggers changes in the allocation of talent in the labor market besides the well-known effects on gender gaps in employment and earnings. We use an event study approach with retrospective data for 29 countries drawn from SHARE to assess the labor market responses to motherhood across groups with different educational attainment, math ability by the age of 10, and personality traits. We find that while even the most talented women— both in absolute terms and relative to their husbands—leave the labor market or uptake part-time jobs after the birth of the first child, all men, including the least talented, stay employed. We also find that motherhood induces a negative selection of talents into self-employment. Overall, our results suggest relevant changes in the allocation of talent caused by gender differences in nonmarket responsibilities that can have sizable impacts on aggregate market productivity. We also show that the size of labor market responses to motherhood are larger in societies with more conservative social-norms or with weaker policies regarding work-life balance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biegel, Naomi, Jonas Wood & Karel Neels (2021): Migrant-native differentials in the uptake of (in)formal childcare in Belgium: The role of mothers' employment opportunities and care availability. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 467-508. DOI:10.20377/jfr-463

Abstract

"Objective: we explore migrant-native differentials in the uptake of formal and informal childcare and whether this is induced by lower demand for childcare versus differential access to (in)formal childcare compared to natives. Background: The rise in female labour market participation in recent decades has challenged parents to negotiate work and family responsibilities and organise childcare. Belgium is among the European countries with the highest availability of formal childcare, but maternal employment and uptake of childcare are substantially lower in migrant populations. Methods : Combining linked microdata from the 1991 and 2001 censuses with contextual data on childcare availability at the municipality level, we use multinomial logit models to study childcare use and type of childcare arrangement among parents having a young child in 2001. As access to childcare and maternal employment are mutually endogenous, we use estimated employment opportunities. Results : We find considerable migrant-native differentials in childcare use, as well as substantial differences between first and second generation migrants. Second generation mothers of Turkish, Moroccan and Eastern-European background are less likely than natives to use childcare, and more likely to rely on informal arrangements if childcare is used. Controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and differential availability of (in)formal childcare largely accounts for differences in childcare use, but Turkish and Moroccan women remain less likely to use care and first generation Turkish mothers remain more likely to use informal care as opposed to formal childcare. Conclusions : While differences in socio-demographic characteristics, labour market opportunities and availability of (in)formal care provide a partial explanation, partial migrant-native differentials in childcare use persist for specific groups, suggesting that other factors inhibit the uptake of formal childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blömer, Maximilian, Przemyslaw Brandt & Andreas Peichl (2021): Raus aus der Zweitverdienerinnenfalle. Reformvorschläge zum Abbau von Fehlanreizen im deutschen Steuer- und Sozialversicherungssystem. Gütersloh, 45 S. DOI:10.11586/2021077

Abstract

"In der diesem Bericht zugrunde liegenden Studie haben wir häufig diskutierte Vorschläge für Reformen untersucht, die dem Ziel dienen sollen, die Beschäftigungsanreize für Zweitverdienende zu verbessern. Bei den Zweitverdienenden handelt es sich häufig um Ehefrauen und Mütter. Wir haben uns in unserer Analyse auf die Regelungen zum Mini- und Midijob, das Ehegattensplitting und verschiedene Kombinationen der diskutierten Reformelemente konzentriert. Zur Quantifizierung der Wirkungen der vorgeschlagenen Reformen auf das Arbeitsangebot haben wir das ifo-Mikrosimulationsmodell verwendet, ein empirisch geschätztes strukturelles Arbeitsangebotsmodell im Haushaltskontext." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Boneva, Teodora, Katja Maria Kaufmann & Christopher Rauh (2021): Maternal Labor Supply: Perceived Returns, Constraints, and Social Norms. (IZA discussion paper 14348), Bonn, 93 S.

Abstract

"We design a new survey to elicit quantifiable, interpersonally comparable beliefs about pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits and costs to maternal labor supply decisions, to study how beliefs vary across and within different groups in the population and to analyze how those beliefs relate to choices. In terms of pecuniary returns, mothers' (and fathers') later-life earnings are perceived to increase the more hours the mother works while her child is young. Similarly, respondents perceive higher non-pecuniary returns to children's cognitive and non-cognitive skills the more hours a mother works and the more time her child spends in childcare. Family outcomes on the other hand, such as the quality of the mother-child relationship and child satisfaction, are perceived to be the highest when the mother works part-time, which is also the option most respondents believe their friends and family would like them to choose. There is a large heterogeneity in the perceived availability of full-time childcare and relaxing constraints could substantially increase maternal labor supply. Importantly, it is perceptions about the non-pecuniary returns to maternal labor supply as well as beliefs about the opinions of friends and family that are found to be strong predictors of maternal labor supply decisions, while beliefs about labor market returns are not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bonin, Holger, Werner Eichhorst, Annabelle Krause-Pilatus & Ulf Rinne (2021): Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf das Familien- und Erwerbsleben. Kurzexpertise im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. (IZA research report 111 574), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"Die mit der COVID-19-Pandemie verbundene schwere wirtschaftliche Rezession bringt bei Frauen und Männern unterschiedliche Beschäftigungs- und Einkommensrisiken mit sich und könnte sich damit auf die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter auswirken. So sind Frauen einerseits in einigen systemrelevanten Bereichen, wie etwa Pflege und Erziehung, besonders stark vertreten. Andererseits sind sie überdurchschnittlich oft in einigen von den kontaktbeschränkenden Maßnahmen besonders betroffenen Wirtschaftsbereichen, wie etwa im Gastgewerbe, tätig. In vielen Konstellationen musste zudem aufgrund der zumindest zeitweisen Schließung von Kitas und Schulen die Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern neu ausgehandelt werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund beleuchtet diese Kurzexpertise die gleichstellungspolitisch relevanten Veränderungen in Deutschland, die sich im bisherigen Verlauf der COVID-19-Pandemie am Arbeitsmarkt abzeichnen, sowie die sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen zur Abfederung der entstandenen Problemlagen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Gleichstellung. Davon ausgehend werden konkrete Handlungsansätze erörtert, mit denen potenziell nachhaltigen Rückschritten bei Gleichstellungszielen durch Pandemiefolgen an den Arbeitsmärkten und in den Familien entgegengearbeitet werden könnte, oder die vorbeugend für eine gleichmäßigere Verteilung wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Risiken in künftigen Krisensituationen sorgen könnten" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Borrell-Porta, Mireia, Valentina Contreras & Joan Costa-Font (2021): Is 'Employment during Motherhood' a 'Value Changing Experience'? (CESifo working paper 9222), München, 34 S.

Abstract

"Does employment during motherhood change peoples preferences? We study whether the experience of employment during motherhood exerts an effect on attitudes towards gender norms, and more specifically, attitudes towards the impact of women's employment on children's wellbeing (which proxy traditional gender attitudes). Drawing on a large, representative and longitudinal data and an instrumental variable (IV) strategy that exploits a Bartik instrument for employment, we find that, that non-mothers who work and mothers who do not work are more likely to agree that pre-school children suffer if mothers work, which we proxy as having more traditional views. However, this is not the case when women experience both working and motherhood it does not significantly change women's attitudes. These results suggest that exogenous changes in employment during motherhood confirm individuals priors, and point towards the critical role of early life value formation. That is, employment during motherhood is not a “value changing experience” but rather a “value preserving experience”. Hence, the so-called 'motherhood penalty' cannot be fully explained by a change in attitudes after employment during motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Briedis, Kolja, Gesche Brandt & Ulrike Schwabe (2021): Promovieren im Spannungsfeld zwischen wissenschaftlicher Qualifizierung und Elternschaft. Aktuelle Ergebnisse der National Academics Panel Study. (DZHW-Brief 2021,04), Hannover, 12 S. DOI:10.34878/2021.04.dzhw_brief

Abstract

"Von den in Nacaps befragten Promovierenden haben 17 Prozent Kinder. Dieser Anteil ist bei weiblichen und männlichen Promovierenden gleich hoch. Unter Promovierenden in strukturierten Promotionsprogrammen ist der Anteil geringer (11 Prozent). Knapp drei Viertel der kinderlosen Promovierenden wünschen sich Kinder zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt, etwa ein Fünftel ist in dieser Frage noch unentschlossen und eine kleine Gruppe spricht sich zum Befragungszeitpunkt dezidiert gegen eigene Kinder aus. Kinderlose Promovierende sehen die größten Schwierigkeiten bei der Familienplanung in der beruflichen Unsicherheit sowie in der als schwierig wahrgenommenen Vereinbarkeit von Berufs- und Privatleben. Promovierende mit Kind geben eine mittlere Zufriedenheit mit der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf an. Auf einer Skala mit insgesamt elf Stufen liegt der mittlere Wert der Zufriedenheit bei einem Wert von 6,1. Promovierende Väter geben mit einem durchschnittlichen Skalenwert von 6,3 eine höhere Zufriedenheit an als promovierende Mütter (5,8). Die Zufriedenheit mit der Vereinbarkeit steht in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Stabilität der Promotionsbetreuung, der emotionalen Unterstützung in der Promotionsphase sowie der Unterstützung bei der allgemeinen Karriereplanung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Casarico, Alessandra & Salvatore Lattanzio (2021): Behind the Child Penalty: Understanding What Contributes to the Labour Market Costs of Motherhood. (CESifo working paper 9155), München, 29 S.

Abstract

"We study the short- and long-run impact of motherhood on labour market outcomes and explore the individual and firm-level factors that influence it. Using matched employer-employee data for Italy over 1985-2018, through an event study methodology around childbirth, we show that the long-run child penalty in annual earnings is 57 log points and it largely depends on the change in labour supply along the intensive margin. The birth of a child increases the probability of transition to non-employment, reduces the likelihood of having executive roles and increases that of working in firms with lower productivity, sales, capital and wages, providing evidence of sorting into worse firms after childbirth. In the heterogeneity analysis, we find that the child penalty is higher for young, low-wage mothers and those taking longer leaves. It is larger in firms with less generous pay, worse peers, in more gender-conservative regions and where childcare services are scarcer." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cavapozzi, Danilo, Marco Francesconi & Cheti Nicoletti (2021): The Impact of Gender Role Norms on Mothers' Labor Supply. (IZA discussion paper 14219), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"We study whether mothers' labor supply is shaped by the gender role attitudes of their peers. Using detailed information on a sample of UK mothers with dependent children, we find that having peers with gender-egalitarian norms leads mothers to be more likely to have a paid job and to have a greater share of the total number of paid hours worked within their household, but has no sizable effect on hours worked. Most of these effects are driven by less educated women. A new decomposition analysis allows us to estimate that approximately half of the impact on labor force participation is due to women conforming gender role attitudes to their peers', with the remaining half being explained by the spillover effect of peers' labor market behavior. These findings suggest that an evolution towards gender-egalitarian attitudes promotes gender convergence in labor market outcomes. In turn, a careful dissemination of statistics on female labor market behavior and attitudes may accelerate this convergence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cavapozzi, Danilo, Marco Francesconi & Cheti Nicoletti (2021): Gender role norms and mothers' labour supply. In: VOX H. 13.05.2021, o. Sz.

Abstract

"Despite a significant reduction in gender differences in the labour market over the last 40 years, they are still present in most advanced economies and do not appear likely to vanish soon. This column analyses the impact of culture, defined by women’s gender role attitudes, on maternal labour market decisions. It finds that social pressure is at least as strong as social learning in influencing labour market behaviour. Once these channels are accounted for, there is no direct effect of peers’ gender identity norms on labour force participation. Disseminating detailed statistics on female labour market outcomes and work attitudes may prove to be a cost-effective way to promote labour market participation, especially among less-educated mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Chu, Yu-Wei Luke, Harold E. Cuffe & Nguyen Doan (2021): Motherhood Employment Penalty and Gender Wage Gap Across Countries: 1990-2010. (SEF working paper 9446), Wellington, 41 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we employ twin birth as an instrument to estimate the effects of fertility on female employment using 72 censuses from 37 countries in 1990–2010. Next, we document a strong linear association between gender wage gap and the estimated motherhood employment penalty both across countries and within countries. Reductions in the gender wage gap are associated with decreases in motherhood employment penalty. Our estimates suggest that a reduction of one percentage-point in the gender wage gap is associated with a decrease of 0.4 percentage-points in the estimated motherhood employment penalty. Our finding supports the notion that job prospects and gender equality in the labor market play a direct role in a mother’s labor supply response to childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cubas, German, Chinhui Juhn & Pedro Silos (2021): Work-Care Balance over the Day and the Gender Wage Gap. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 111, S. 149-153. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20211021

Abstract

"We focus on the timing of labor supplied during the day and its interaction with home care responsibilities. Using the American Time Use Survey, we measure the incidence of household care activities between 8 AM and 5 PM (the prime time of the day). Women experience more work interruptions during that time. These work interruptions imply wages that are about 9 percent lower. This result is consistent with occupations offering more flexibility but also a lower wage. We offer suggestive evidence that missing work due to household demands has a larger penalty in occupations with more coordinated work schedules." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Danzer, Natalia, Mathias Huebener, Astrid Pape, Stephen P. Jenkins, Nico A. Siegel & Gert G. Wagner (2021): Cracking under Pressure? Gender Role Attitudes toward Maternal Employment in Times of a Pandemic. (IZA discussion paper 14471), Bonn, 12 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the effects of Covid-19 related daycare and school closures on gender role attitudes toward maternal employment in Germany. We compare women and men with dependent children to those without children one year after the outbreak of the pandemic. Using data on gender role attitudes from 2008 through 2021, we find that fathers' egalitarian attitudes toward maternal employment dropped substantially in 2021. This drop is observed for men in West Germany, who showed a steady progression toward more egalitarian attitudes in the pre-pandemic period. Attitudes by women are not affected. These findings suggest that the pandemic not only affected the short-term allocation of housework and childcare, but also reversed recent trends toward more egalitarian gender roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Duval-Hernandez, Robert, Lei Fang & L. Rachel Ngai (2021): Taxes, Subsidies, and Gender Gaps in Hours and Wages. (Working papers / Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 2021,17), Atlanta, Ga., 48 S. DOI:10.29338/wp2021-17

Abstract

"Using micro data from 17 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, this paper documents a negative cross-country correlation between gender ratios in market hours and wages. We find that market hours by women and the size of the service sector that produces close substitutes to home production are important for the gender differences in market hours across countries. We quantify the role played by taxes and subsidies to family care on the two gender ratios in a multisector model with home production. Higher taxes and lower subsidies reduce the marketization of home production and therefore reduce market hours. The effect is larger for women because of their comparative advantage in producing home services and the corresponding market substitutes. The larger fall in female market hours drives up the female wage relative to the male wage, resulting in higher gender wage ratios." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fan, Yuyang & Kristina Potočnik (2021): The impact of the depletion, accumulation, and investment of personal resources on work–life balance satisfaction and job retention: A longitudinal study on working mothers. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 131. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103656

Abstract

"Our research has empirically supported the long-term manifestation of the resource depletion, accumulation, and investment mechanisms which have been proposed in the conservation of resources (COR) theory but have been under-investigated in the work–life balance (WLB) literature. Specifically, we have examined how multiple work and non-work contextual demands and resources impact working mothers' WLB satisfaction and job retention via changes in their personal resources of childcare time and family finances through these three mechanisms. The use of multilevel analysis and a longitudinal design has enabled us to evaluate the effectiveness of contextual resources for WLB in consideration of both their short-term influence as transient resources via within-individual fluctuations and their long-term impact as durable resources via between-individual differences. We have tested a total of 27 hypotheses on a nationally representative British sample of 10,983 working mothers who participated in a longitudinal study over 6 years of their children's primary education. By highlighting the critical role of both childcare time and family finances in promoting working mothers' WLB satisfaction and job retention over time, our research contributes to the WLB literature that has predominantly emphasized time-based but neglected financial-based constraints and resources. We have found that working mothers may trade their childcare time for better family finances when they undertake a managerial role. Thus, becoming a manager serves as both a time-based demand and a financial-based resource for working mothers, which points to the specific rather than generic nature of contextual demands and resources." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Fuchs, Michaela, Anne Otto & Birgit Fritzsche (2021): Systemrelevante Berufe und das Potenzial für Homeoffice: Eine geschlechtsspezifische Bestandsaufnahme für Sachsen-Anhalt. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 02/2021), Nürnberg, 53 S.

Abstract

"Frauen sind von der Corona-Krise weitaus stärker betroffen, als dies in früheren Krisen der Fall war. Unter anderem sind sie stärker in den systemrelevanten Berufen vertreten, also denjenigen Berufen, die als unverzichtbar für das Funktionieren der Gesellschaft und die Aufrechterhaltung der kritischen Infrastruktur gelten. Gleichzeitig aber haben sie in einem größeren Maße als Männer die Möglichkeit, zumindest zeitweise von zu Hause zu arbeiten und damit den Vorgaben des Arbeitsschutzes und der sozialen Distanzierung nachzukommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht die vorliegende Analyse die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern in den systemrelevanten Berufen sowie deren Homeoffice-Potenziale in Sachsen-Anhalt einer umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme. In Sachsen-Anhalt arbeitet rund ein Drittel aller sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten – vorrangig Frauen - in den systemrelevanten Berufen. Die Studie zeichnet ein sehr differenziertes Bild dieser Berufe, in denen Frauen vielfach eine ungünstigere Arbeitsmarktsituation als Männer aufweisen. In einigen Berufen jedoch ist die Situation der Frauen ähnlich oder sogar besser als die der Männer. Frauen arbeiten in den systemrelevanten frauendominierten Berufen vorwiegend in Teilzeit, während Männer hauptsächlich eine Vollzeittätigkeit ausüben. Männer weisen zudem in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen eine stärkere Spezialisierung auf anspruchsvolle und komplexe Tätigkeitsniveaus auf. Dieser Befund steht in Zusammenhang damit, dass Männer in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen höher entlohnt werden als Frauen. Im Gegenzug sind Frauen in den meisten dieser Berufe seltener von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. In Sachsen-Anhalt kann theoretisch etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten zumindest zeitweise im Homeoffice arbeiten. Hierbei haben Frauen ein wesentlich höheres Homeoffice-Potenzial als Männer. Diese Diskrepanz beruht hauptsächlich auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Berufssegregation und hiermit verbundenen unterschiedlichen Tätigkeitsstrukturen. In den systemrelevanten Berufen gibt es nur ein geringes Homeoffice-Potenzial, da vielfach die physische Präsenz am Arbeitsplatz erforderlich ist. Demgegenüber bieten Arbeitsplätze mit komplexeren Arbeitsinhalten wie bei Spezialisten und Experten einen besseren Zugang zu Homeoffice. Um die stärkere Betroffenheit von Frauen in kommenden Krisen, aber auch generell auf lange Sicht zu verringern, sollten die Rahmenbedingungen künftig verbessert werden. Ansatzpunkte hierfür bieten u. a. eine bessere finanzielle Entschädigung für Lohnausfälle der Eltern bei Kita- und Schulschließungen, bessere Voraussetzungen für die ausgewogenere Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Partnern, ein weiterer Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur sowie eine höhere Entlohnung und Wertschätzung in systemrelevanten Berufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fuchs, Michaela, Anne Otto & Birgit Fritzsche (2021): Systemrelevante Berufe und das Potenzial für Homeoffice: Eine geschlechtsspezifische Bestandsaufnahme für Thüringen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Sachsen-Anhalt-Thüringen 01/2021), Nürnberg, 54 S.

Abstract

"Frauen sind von der Corona-Krise weitaus stärker betroffen, als dies in früheren Krisen der Fall war. Unter anderem sind sie stärker in den systemrelevanten Berufen vertreten, also denjenigen Berufen, die als unverzichtbar für das Funktionieren der Gesellschaft und die Aufrechterhaltung der kritischen Infrastruktur gelten. Gleichzeitig aber haben sie in einem größeren Maße als Männer die Möglichkeit, zumindest zeitweise von zu Hause zu arbeiten und damit den Vorgaben des Arbeitsschutzes und der sozialen Distanzierung nachzukommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht die vorliegende Analyse die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen und Männern in den systemrelevanten Berufen sowie deren Homeoffice-Potenziale in Thüringen einer umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme. In Thüringen arbeitet rund ein Drittel aller sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten – vorrangig Frauen - in den systemrelevanten Berufen. Die Studie zeichnet ein sehr differenziertes Bild dieser Berufe, in denen Frauen vielfach eine ungünstigere Arbeitsmarktsituation als Männer aufweisen. In einigen Berufen jedoch ist die Situation der Frauen ähnlich oder sogar besser als die der Männer. Frauen arbeiten in frauendominierten Berufen vorwiegend in Teilzeit, während Männer hauptsächlich eine Vollzeittätigkeit ausüben. Männer weisen zudem in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen eine stärkere Spezialisierung auf anspruchsvolle und komplexe Tätigkeitsniveaus auf. Dieser Befund steht in Zusammenhang damit, dass Männer in vielen systemrelevanten Berufen höher entlohnt werden als Frauen. Im Gegenzug sind Frauen in den meisten systemrelevanten Berufen seltener von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. In Thüringen kann theoretisch etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Beschäftigten zumindest zeitweise im Homeoffice arbeiten. Hierbei haben Frauen ein wesentlich höheres Homeoffice-Potenzial als Männer. Diese Diskrepanz beruht hauptsächlich auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Berufssegregation und hiermit verbundenen unterschiedlichen Tätigkeitsstrukturen. In den systemrelevanten Berufen gibt es nur ein geringes Homeoffice-Potenzial, da vielfach die physische Präsenz am Arbeitsplatz erforderlich ist. Demgegenüber bieten Arbeitsplätze mit komplexeren Arbeitsinhalten wie bei Spezialisten- und Experten einen besseren Zugang zu Homeoffice. Um die stärkere Betroffenheit von Frauen in kommenden Krisen, aber auch generell auf lange Sicht zu verringern, sollten die Rahmenbedingungen künftig verbessert werden. Ansatzpunkte hierfür bieten u. a. eine bessere finanzielle Entschädigung für Lohnausfälle der Eltern bei Kita- und Schulschließungen, bessere Voraussetzungen für die ausgewogenere Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit zwischen Partnern, ein weiterer Ausbau der Betreuungsinfrastruktur sowie eine höhere Entlohnung und Wertschätzung in systemrelevanten Berufen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Furman, Jason, Melissa Schettini Kearney & Wilson Powell (2021): The Role of Childcare Challenges in the US Jobs Market Recovery During the COVID-19 Pandemic. (NBER working paper 28934), Cambridge, MA, 26 S. DOI:10.3386/w28934

Abstract

"We examine how much of the overall decline in employment between the beginning of 2020 and 2021 can be explained by excess job loss among parents of young children, and mothers specifically. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), we confirm that, in general, mothers with young children have experienced a larger decline in employment, as compared (unconditionally) with other adults, including fathers. This excess job loss is driven by mothers without a four-year college (bachelor's) degree. The main point of the paper is to build off this observation and examine how much of the aggregate employment deficit in early 2021 can be explained by parent-specific issues, such as childcare struggles. To examine this question, we construct counterfactual employment rates and labor force participation rates that assign to mothers of young children the percent change in employment and labor force participation rates experienced by comparable women without young children. We consider multiple definition, sample, and counterfactual specification alternatives. Our analysis yields robust evidence that differential job loss among mothers of young children accounts for a negligible share of the ongoing aggregate employment deficit. The result is even stronger (and flips signs) if we consider all parents, since fathers with young children experienced less job loss than other men. The practical implication of these findings is that nearly all of the aggregate ongoing employment deficit is explained by factors that affect workers more broadly, as opposed to challenges specific to working parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Geis-Thöne, Wido (2021): Mütter haben unterschiedliche Erwerbswünsche und erwerbsbezogene Normen. Ergebnisse einer empirischen Analyse auf Basis des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP). (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,28), Köln, 48 S.

Abstract

"In den letzten 20 Jahren hat sich das Rollenbild der Mütter in Deutschland sehr stark gewandelt, wie eine Auswertung des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) zeigt. Wollten im Jahr 1998 noch 26,3 Prozent der Frauen im Alter zwischen 25 und 54 Jahren mit minderjährigen oder volljährigen Kindern keiner Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen, lag dieser Anteil im Jahr 2018 nur noch bei 12,4 Prozent. Gleichzeitig ist im letzten Jahrzehnt auch eine starke Tendenz weg von der kleinen Teilzeit mit weniger als 20 Stunden in der Woche und hin zur Vollzeit oder vollzeitnahen Teilzeit zu beobachten. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Erwerbswünsche je nach sozioökonomischem Hintergrund stark. So wollten Mütter ohne berufsqualifizierenden Abschluss im Jahr 2018 mit 25,4 Prozent mehr als dreimal so häufig keiner Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen wie Mütter mit Hochschulabschluss mit 8,0 Prozent. Ebenso findet sich ein derartiges traditionelles Rollenbild auch bei zugewanderten Müttern und Müttern mit drei und mehr Kinder besonders oft. Auch wollen Mütter mit gutverdienenden Partnern unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen häufiger in Teilzeit und seltener in Vollzeit arbeiten. Überdies zeigt sich auch über ein Vierteljahrhundert nach der Wiedervereinigung noch ein so starkes Ost-Westgefälle, dass die Anforderungen an die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als strukturell unterschiedlich einzustufen sind. Betrachtet man die im SOEP ebenfalls erhobenen Einschätzungen der Mütter dazu, ob Männer und Frauen möglichst gleich viel erwerbstätig sein und sich um Haushalt und Familie kümmern sollten sowie ob Kinder im Alter unter drei und unter sechs Jahren unter einer Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter leiden, wird deutlich, dass sich nicht nur die Erwerbswünsche, sondern auch die erwerbsbezogenen Normen der Mütter stark unterscheiden. So lehnen Mütter mit gutverdienenden Partnern eine gleiche Aufgabenteilung unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen besonders häufig ab und Mütter ohne berufsqualifizierenden Abschluss, zugewanderte Mütter und Mütter mit drei und mehr Kindern sehen sie besonders häufig im Hinblick auf das Wohlergehen kleinerer Kinder als kritisch an. Auch wenn die Lage dieser Mütter im öffentlichen Diskurs wenig präsent ist, muss die Familienpolitik auch hier unterstützende Maßnahmen anbieten. Wichtig ist zunächst, dass sie für die Risiken der von ihnen gewählten Erwerbsbiografien im Falle der Trennung und des Todes oder der unerwarteten Arbeitslosigkeit des Partners sensibilisiert werden. Zudem sollte die Familienpolitik bei der Gestaltung finanzieller Anreize für eine stärkere Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter die Vielfalt der Lebenswirklichkeiten der Familien im Blick behalten und diese nicht, wie beim Konzept der Familienarbeitszeit, nur auf sehr spezifische Erwerbskonstellationen ausrichten, sondern möglich breit anlegen. Dabei ist auch zu beachten, dass zunächst die bestehenden Hemmnisse abgebaut und insbesondere die Betreuungsangebote tatsächlich bedarfsgerecht ausgebaut werden müssen. Dies hilft den Müttern mit älteren und erwachsenen Kindern allerdings wenig, die meist ebenfalls nur in beschränktem Umfang einer Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen wollen. Hier wären weitergehende wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen notwendig, um festzustellen, wie sich ihr mit Blick auf die Fachkräftesicherung bedeutendes Potenzial für den Arbeitsmarkt heben lässt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Geis-Thöne, Wido & Axel Plünnecke (2021): Familienpolitik - Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile stärken. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,45), Köln, 3 S.

Abstract

"Um Familien wirtschaftlich besser zu stellen und gegen Risiken abzusichern, ist die Erwerbstätigkeit beider Elternteile hilfreich. Daher sollte die Familienpolitik die U3-Betreuung und Ganztagsgrundschulen ausbauen, die Qualität der Betreuungsangebote erhöhen und Elterngeld und Ehegattenbesteuerung weiterentwickeln." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio, José Alberto Molina & Almudena Sevilla (2021): Temporal Flexibility, Breaks at Work, and the Motherhood Wage Gap. (IZA discussion paper 14578), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the relationship between temporal flexibility at work (i.e., the ability to vary or change the time of beginning or ending work) and the motherhood wage gap of working parents, in the US. To that end, we first characterize temporal flexibility at work using the 2017-2018 Leave and Job Flexibilities (LJF) Module of the American Time Use Survey, which contains self-reported information on temporal flexibility at work. We find cross-occupation differences in the ability to vary or change work-times, with more than 70% of full-time workers having flexibility, in occupations such as computer and mathematical science, management, architecture, and engineering. Less than 40% of full-time workers in construction and extraction, education, training and library, or production have temporal flexibility at work. We examine the temporal flexibility of the gender gap among full-time working parents, using the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003-2019. Our analysis reveals that temporal flexibility has a U-shaped relationship with the wage rates of both fathers and mothers, and that temporal flexibility has a concave relationship with the motherhood wage gap, with a maximum being reached at the level of 55% of temporal flexibility. Our analysis of the structure of work hours reveals that temporal flexibility is reflected in how work hours are structured throughout the working day, and also serves as evidence that our measure of temporal flexibility captures the technologies of production, rather than the characteristics or motivations of a given company policy. This paper posits temporal flexibility as a factor affecting the motherhood wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Girsberger, Esther Mirjam, Lena Hassani Nezhad, Kalaivani Karunanethy & Rafael Lalive (2021): Mothers at Work: How Mandating Paid Maternity Leave Affects Employment, Earnings and Fertility. (IZA discussion paper 14605), Bonn, 58 S.

Abstract

"In July 2005, Switzerland introduced the first federal paid maternity leave mandate, offering 14 weeks of leave with 80% of pre-birth earnings. We study the mandate's impact on women's employment and earnings around the birth of their first child, as well as on their subsequent fertility by exploiting unique, rich administrative data in a difference-in-differences set-up. Women covered by the mandate worked and earned more during pregnancy, and also had temporarily increased job continuity with their pre-birth employer after birth. Estimated effects on other labor market outcomes are small or absent, and all dissipate by five years after birth. The mandate instead persistently increased subsequent fertility: affected women were three percentage points more likely to have a second child in the next nine years. Women living in regions that had greater early child care availability experienced a larger increase in subsequent fertility following the mandate, suggesting that child care complements paid maternity leave in helping women balance work and family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hipp, Lena & Mareike Bünning (2021): Parenthood as a driver of increased gender inequality during COVID-19? Exploratory evidence from Germany. In: European Societies, Jg. 23, H. sup1, S. S658-S673. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2020.1833229

Abstract

"Drawing on three waves of survey data from a non-probability sample from Germany, this paper examines two opposing expectations about the pandemic’s impacts on gender equality: The optimistic view suggests that gender equality has increased, as essential workers in Germany have been predominantly female and as fathers have had more time for childcare. The pessimistic view posits that lockdowns have also negatively affected women’s jobs and that mothers had to shoulder the additional care responsibilities. Overall, our exploratory analyses provide more evidence supporting the latter view. Parents were more likely than non-parents to work fewer hours during the pandemic than before, and mothers were more likely than fathers to work fewer hours once lockdowns were lifted. Moreover, even though parents tended to divide childcare more evenly, at least temporarily, mothers still shouldered more childcare work than fathers. The division of housework remained largely unchanged. It is therefore unsurprising that women, in particular mothers, reported lower satisfaction during the observation period. Essential workers experienced fewer changes in their working lives than respondents in other occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hövermann, Andreas (2021): Belastungswahrnehmung in der Corona-Pandemie. Erkenntnisse aus vier Wellen der HBS-Erwerbspersonenbefragung 2020/21. (WSI Policy Brief / Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut 50), Düsseldorf, 13 S.

Abstract

"Über ein Jahr ist es mittlerweile her, dass die ersten Corona-Fälle in Deutschland auftraten. Das Virus und die zur Eindämmung getroffenen Einschränkungen stellen die Bevölkerung vor große Herausforderungen. Ein Indikator dafür ist die Belastungswahrnehmung, die in diesem Policy Brief im Mittelpunkt steht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jessen, Jonas (2021): Culture, Children and Couple Gender Inequality. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1957), Berlin, 57 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines how culture impacts within-couple gender inequality. Exploiting the setting of Germany’s division and reunification, I compare child penalties of couples socialised in a more gender-egalitarian culture (East Germany) to those in a gender-traditional culture (West Germany). Using a household panel, I show that the long-run child penalty on the female income share is 26.9 percentage points in West German couples, compared to 15.5 in East German couples. I additionally show that among women in West Germany the arrival of a child leads to a greater increase in housework and a larger share of child care responsibilities than among women in the East. A battery of robustness checks confirms that differences between East and West socialised couples are not driven by current location, economic factors, day care availability or other smooth regional gradients. I add to the main findings by using time-use diary data from the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and reunified Germany, comparing parents with childless couples of similar age. This provides a rare insight into gender inequality in the GDR and allows to compare the effect of children in the GDR to the effects in East and West Germany after reunification. Lastly, I show that attitudes towards maternal employment are more egalitarian among East Germans, but that the arrival of children leads to more traditional attitudes for both East and West Germans. The findings confirm that socialisation has a strong impact on child penalties and thus on gender inequality as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kanas, Agnieszka & Stephanie Steinmetz (2021): Mind the gap: The role of family policies and the gender-egalitarian climate in shaping gender and ethnic labour market inequalities in Europe. In: Migration Studies, Jg. 9, H. 4, S. 1569-1589. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnab035

Abstract

"This study is related to a growing literature on the impact of a receiving context on immigrant labour market outcomes. Unlike previous comparative research, which has been primarily concerned with immigrant men, our focus is on immigrant women and the role of institutions particularly relevant to them. Using the European Union Labour Force Surveys (2011–5) augmented with country-level data, we estimate country fixed-effects models to study gender and ethnic inequalities in labour force participation across European countries. Our results underline the complexity of how family policies and gender-egalitarian contexts are related to gender and ethnic inequalities in the labour market. On the one hand, we find gender inequalities to be less pronounced in countries with more generous family policies and a higher gender-egalitarian climate. On the other hand, our results indicate that at the same time, the selected institutional characteristics are related to increased ethnic inequalities in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kunaschk, Max (2021): Essays in Applied Labor Economics. Erlangen, 175 S.

Abstract

"Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier unabhängigen Studien und behandelt die Themen Mindestlöhne, Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die Effekte einer großen Elterngeldreform, und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit. Die breite der analysierten Themen zeigt die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten auf, die administrative Daten für die Forschung in der angewandten Wirtschaftswissenschaft bieten und diese Dissertation trägt damit neue Erkenntnisse zu zentralen Themen der Arbeitsmarktökonomik bei. Die erste Studie befasst sich mit den kausalen Effekten der Einführung eines Mindestlohns im deutschen Friseurgewerbe. Besonders an dem Sektor ist, dass er viele Charakteristika aufweist, die man von einem Arbeitsmarkt mit vollständiger Konkurrenz erwarten würde. Mithilfe der Vollerhebung aller abhängig beschäftigten Friseure in Deutschland und eines Difference-in-Differences-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass selbst Mindestlöhne die, im Vergleich zum herrschenden Lohnniveau, relativ hoch sind, nicht zwangsläufig zu negativen Beschäftigungseffekten führen müssen, wie man es in einem Arbeitsmarkt mit vollständiger Konkurrenz eigentlich erwarten würde. Stattdessen zeigt die Studie, dass die Mindestlohneinführung zu einer Erhöhung der Verbraucherpreise geführt hat. Dies zeigt, dass zwar auch relativ hohe Mindestlöhne nicht zwangsläufig zu Arbeitsplatzverlusten führen, dies aber unter Umständen durch höhere Preise für Konsumenten kompensiert wird. Die zweite Studie befasst sich mit den kausalen Effekten der Einführung des nationalen Mindestlohns im Jahr 2015 auf geplante Humankapitalinvestitionen von Jugendlichen. Für diese Studie kombinieren wir Befragungsdaten mit einem Fokus auf Bildung mit administrativen Arbeitsmarktdaten. Mithilfe eines Difference-in-Differences-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass die Reform die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht hat, dass Jugendliche einen höheren Schulabschluss erreichen wollen. Weiterhin zeigt die Studie mithilfe eines Triple Differencein-Differences-Ansatzes, dass dieser positive Effekt durch leistungsschwächere Jugendliche getrieben wird. Insgesamt implizieren die Ergebnisse, dass Jugendliche vorausschauend handeln und hinsichtlich ihrer Humankapitalentscheidungen sowohl auf Veränderungen von Löhnen, als auch auf Veränderungen der Wahrscheinlichkeit einen Arbeitsplatz zu finden reagieren. Die dritte Studie befasst sich mit Unterschieden in den Effekten des Kinderkriegens auf Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in West- und Ostdeutschland, sowie mit den kausalen Effekten einer großen Elterngeldreform auf die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Müttern und Vätern. Diese Studie kombiniert verschiedene neue Ansätze, welche die Analysemöglichkeiten der administrativen Daten stark erweitern. Mithilfe eines Event-Study-Ansatzes zeigt die Studie, dass die Geburt des ersten Kindes die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit von Frauen in West- und in Ostdeutschland noch deutlich unterschiedlich beeinflusst, während es bei Männern kaum Unterschiede gibt. Hinsichtlich der Elterngeldreform zeigt die Studie, dass diese den Anteil der Väter, die Elternzeit nehmen, stark erhöht hat. Mithilfe eines neuen empirischen Ansatzes, der einen Event-Study-Ansatz mit einem Difference-in-Differences-Ansatz kombiniert, zeigt die Studie weiterhin, dass die Elterngeldreform das Arbeitsangebot von Männern und Frauen im ersten Jahr nach der Geburt des Kindes verringert hat, die Reform aber nach Ablauf der Periode während der Elterngeld gezahlt wird keine Auswirkungen auf die Beschäftigung beider Partner hatte. Letztlich zeigt die Studie noch, dass es keine langfristigen Effekte auf die Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit beider Partner hat, wenn der Vater Elternzeit nimmt. Die vierte Studie vergleicht verschiedene statistische Methoden zur Vorhersage von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit. Die Studie vergleicht Vorhersagen basierend auf logistischen Regressionsmodellen mit Vorhersagen basierend auf Random Forest Modellen und zeigt, dass, abhängig davon welche Ziele verfolgt werden und welche Budgetrestriktionen die Möglichkeiten staatlicher Jobvermittlung einschränken, eine der beiden Methoden zu bevorzugen ist. Vorhersagen basierend auf logistischen Regressionsmodellen identifizieren einen größeren Anteil der Personen, die Langzeitarbeitslos werden, während Vorhersagen basierend auf Random Forest Modellen einen geringeren Anteil an nicht-Langzeitarbeitslosen falsch als solche klassifizieren. Weiterhin zeigt die Studie, wie staatliche Arbeitsvermittlung potenzielle statistischer Diskriminierung adressieren kann und diskutiert Fragen hinsichtlich der praktischen Implementierung statistischer Vorhersagemethoden. Durch die Nutzung qualitativ hochwertiger administrativer Daten in Kombination mit einer Vielfalt empirischer Methoden trägt diese Dissertation somit zum Feld der angewandten Arbeitsmarktökonomik bei, indem sie neue Erkenntnisse zu wichtigen Themen des Feldes liefert. Während die ersten drei Studien hauptsächlich auf die Identifikation kausaler Effekte von Arbeitsmarktreformen abzielen, beschäftigt sich die vierte Studie vornehmlich mit den praktischen Implikationen der Nutzung statistischer Vorhersagemethoden in staatlicher Arbeitsvermittlung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lafférs, Lukáš & Bernhard Schmidpeter (2021): Mothers' Job Search After Childbirth. (Ruhr economic papers 915), Essen, 52 S. DOI:10.4419/96973061

Abstract

"We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers’ labor market careers. Using a bounding approach and administrative data, we find strong heterogeneity in the returns to leaving the pre-birth employer. Moving to a new employer after childbirth leads to an increase in re-employment earnings only for mothers at the upper part of the earnings distribution. For these mothers, initial job search also increases long-term earnings. We provide evidence that earnings gains are the result of higher geographical mobility and longer commutes to work. Successful mothers are also more likely to move to faster growing firms and firms offering better opportunities to women. Our results do not suggest that husbands play an important role in supporting successful job search of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Llull, Joan (2021): Immigration and Gender Differences in the Labor Market. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 174-203. DOI:10.1086/713725

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the effect of immigration on gender gaps. Using an equilibrium structural model for the US economy, I simulate the importance of two mechanisms: the differential increase in labor market competition from immigration on male and female workers and the availability of cheaper childcare services. Aggregate effects on gender and participation gaps are negligible. Females are more negatively affected by labor market competition, but the availability of cheaper childcare compensates for these effects. This generates heterogeneity in the effects along skill distribution: gender gaps are increased at the bottom and reduced at the top. Human capital adjustments are also heterogeneous." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moriconi, Simone & Núria Rodríguez-Planas (2021): Gender Norms and the Motherhood Employment Gap. (CESifo working paper 9471), München, 45 S.

Abstract

"Using individual-level data from the European Social Survey, we study the relevance of gender norms in accounting for the motherhood employment gap across 186 European NUTS2 regions (over 29 countries) for the 2002-2016 period. The gender norm variable is taken from a question on whether “men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce” and represents the average extent of disagreement (on a scale 1 to 5) of women belonging to the “grandmothers” cohort. We address the potential endogeneity of our gender norms measure with an index of the degree of reproductive health liberalization when grandmothers were 20 years old. We also account for the endogeneity of motherhood with the level of reproductive health liberalization when mothers were 20 years old. We find a robust positive association between progressive beliefs among the grandmothers' cohort and mothers' likelihood to work while having a small child (0 to 5 years old) relative to similar women without children. No similar association is found among men. Our analysis underscores the role of gender norms and maternal employment, suggesting that non-traditional gender norms mediate on the employment gender gap mainly via motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Murphy, Caroline & Christine Cross (2021): Blurred lines: work, eldercare and HRM. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 32, H. 7, S. 1460-1485. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2018.1528470

Abstract

"Increased levels of female labour market participation have impacted on the ability of families to provide care for elderly relatives in many industrialised societies. While work - family balance has received significant academic attention, less attention has focused specifically on individuals with eldercare responsibility, a cohort which accounts for a growing segment of the labour market internationally. Taking a qualitative research approach this paper uses work/family border theory to the constraints and facilitators to reconciling care and employment for employees working full-time in Ireland. The findings highlight the significant impact that eldercare provision has on employees with regard to day-to-day work commitments. We find that while general work - life balance policies exist within organisations, that the design and functionality of such policies are of limited value to elder caregivers. Furthermore, this paper highlights how the lack of formal HR policies around eldercare within organisations results in a reliance on supervisory discretion. We make some recommendations for organisational level strategies to address the needs of a growing number of caregivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Naldi, Lucia, Massimo Baù, Helene Ahl & Magdalena Markowska (2021): Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers. In: Small business economics, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 903-918. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00275-1

Abstract

"Using data on all businesses started by mothers of young children in Sweden between 2000 and 2014, we explore which factors are associated with entrepreneurship among mothers. We find that being unemployed or being an immigrant is positively associated with business start-up by mothers; however, our findings show that what matters more is the paternity leave taken by the mothers' partners. These findings suggest that in institutional contexts such as Sweden, gender inequality is not a persistent feature of most households and that women can make career choices by negotiating with their partners who will make use of the parental benefits offered by the government." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Niemistö, Charlotta, Jeff Hearn, Carolyn Kehn & Annamari Tuori (2021): Motherhood 2.0: Slow Progress for Career Women and Motherhood within the 'Finnish Dream'. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 696-715. DOI:10.1177/0950017020987392

Abstract

"This article investigates the gendered dynamics of motherhood and careers, as voiced by professionals in the knowledge-intensive business sector in Finland. It is informed by the CIAR method through 81 iterative, in-depth interviews with 23 women and 19 men. Among the women respondents with no children, one child, or two children, three dominant forms of discursive talk emerge: ‘It takes two to tango’, ‘It’s all about time management’ and ‘Good motherhood 2.0’. Though Finland provides a seemingly egalitarian Nordic welfare state context, with the ‘Finnish Dream’, women face contradictions between expectations of women as full-time ideal workers pursuing masculinist careers and continuing responsibilities at home, performing ‘good motherhood’. The women’s double strivings meet the double constraining demands of these ideals. The gendered pressures are imposed on the women by themselves, male colleagues, the organisation more broadly and society, leading the women to enact a form of ‘bounded individualism’." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Nieto, Adrián (2021): Native-immigrant differences in the effect of children on the gender pay gap. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 183, S. 654-680. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.01.015