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Everding, Jakob & Jan Marcus (2019): The effect of unemployment on the smoking behavior of couples. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1037), Berlin, 31 S.

Abstract

"Although unemployment likely entails various externalities, research examining its spillover effects on spouses is scarce. This is the first paper to estimate effects of unemployment on the smoking behavior of both spouses. Using German Socio-Economic Panel data, we combine matching and difference-in-differences estimation, employing the post-double-selection method for control-variable selection via Lasso regressions. One spouse's unemployment increases both spouses' smoking probability and intensity. Smoking relapses and decreased smoking cessation drive the effects. Effects are stronger if the partner already smokes and if the male partner becomes unemployed. Of several mechanisms discussed, we identify smoking to cope with stress as relevant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hansford, Lorraine, Felicity Thomas & Katrina Wyatt (2019): The impact of the work capability assessment on mental health. Claimants' lived experiences and GP perspectives in low-income communities. In: The journal of poverty and social justice, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 351-368. DOI:10.1332/175982719X15637716050550

Abstract

"This paper examines the impact of increased welfare conditionality on people with mental health issues claiming benefits in the UK. Drawing on data from the DeStress study, this paper explores the lived experience of welfare claimants in low-income communities, and the perspectives of GPs seeking to support them. Particular focus is placed on people's experience of the Work Capability Assessment, the tool used to determine welfare claimants' entitlement to sickness benefit, and how the narratives and culture surrounding welfare reform and the actual assessment itself can have a negative impact on mental health and wellbeing." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Policy Press) ((en))

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Hollederer, Alfons (2019): Health promotion and prevention among the unemployed. A systematic review. In: Health Promotion International, Jg. 34, H. 6, S. 1078-1096. DOI:10.1093/heapro/day069

Abstract

"The interactions between unemployment and health create a need for specific interventions for health promotion and prevention. This overview provides information on how health promotion for the unemployed has been approached with an analysis of controlled intervention studies between 1996 and 2016. The literature search consulted 11 international databases in medicine, social sciences and psychology. A total of 30 health interventions for the unemployed were identified, with 43 articles that included the effects of intervention. A controlled-study design was used in 14 studies. The health promotion measures were generally based on individual counselling, case management, training or group services. The overview demonstrates the breadth of variation in target groups and types of measures. Their result indicators for health and integration into the labor market vary substantially, as do the employment promotion effects. There is evidence of improved health and labor market integration for established approaches like the JOBS Program and JobFit. Effects are rather moderate or low in magnitude and the effect mechanisms often remain unclear. Effects weaken over time. While success is more common in the areas of health, physical activity, nutrition and stress relief, there was no impact on smoking behavior. A significant evolution can be observed in the quality and quantity of health promotion for the unemployed over time. There is a need for further research on the effectiveness and sustainability of interventions. Intervention strategies should be developed that take account of the diversity of the unemployed and their different needs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krug, Gerhard & Sebastian Prechsl (2019): The role of social relationships in the adverse effect of unemployment on mental health - Testing the causal pathway and buffering hypotheses using panel data. (SocArXiv Papers), 35 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/syzvp

Abstract

"Social relationships are considered crucially important for understanding the adverse effect of unemployment on mental health. Social relationships are assumed to either bring about the health effects of unemployment (causal path way hypothesis) or shield the unemployed from such effects (buffering hypothesis). However, there is scarce empirical evidence, especially based on longitudinal data, regarding these two hypotheses. In our analysis, we use up to ten waves of the 'Labour Market and Social Security' (PASS) German panel study and apply fixed effects panel regressions to account for unobserved confounders. We test several indicators that cover different aspects of social relationships ( number of strong and weak ties, conflict in the household, employed friends, general and job search - specific social support ) . We find no empirical support for the causal pathway hypothesis and only very limited support for the buffering hypothesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krug, Gerhard, Stefan Brandt, Markus Gamper, André Knabe & Andreas Klärner (2019): Arbeitslosigkeit, soziale Netzwerke und gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten. In: A. Klärner, M. Gamper, S. Keim, I. Moor, H. von d. Lippe & N. Vonneilich (Hrsg.) (2019): Soziale Netzwerke und gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten : Eine neue Perspektive für die Forschung, Wiesbaden, Springer VS S. 309-328, 2019-01-31. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-21659-7_13

Abstract

"Für die Betroffenen kann Arbeitslosigkeit mit einer Verschlechterung der physischen, vor allem aber auch der psychischen Gesundheit einhergehen. Dabei wird debattiert, inwiefern Arbeitslosigkeit hierbei auch ursächlich für einen schlechten Gesundheitszustand verantwortlich ist. Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage sind zum einen Forschungsdesigns nötig, die für Kausalanalysen besonders gut geeignet sind. Hier lässt sich in den quantitativen Analysen der letzten Jahre ein deutlicher Fortschritt beobachten, etwa die häufigere Verwendung von Längsschnittdaten und die Anwendung statistischer Verfahren zur Kontrolle unbeobachtbarer Drittvariablen. Zum anderen braucht es allerdings auch Analysen der kausalen Mechanismen, durch die Arbeitslosigkeit gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen hervorbringt. Einer dieser hypothetischen Mechanismen basiert auf der Vorstellung, dass soziale Netzwerke eine hohe Relevanz für gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten haben. In dem Maße, wie sich dieser Mechanismus nicht nur theoretisch explizieren, sondern auch empirisch bestätigen lässt, dient die Forschung hierzu auch als Beitrag zur übergeordneten Diskussion um den kausalen Einfluss der Arbeitslosigkeit im Unterschied zu Selektionseffekten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Lietzmann, Torsten, Philipp Ramos Lobato, Mark Trappmann & Stefanie Unger (2019): Leistungsberechtigte mit gesundheitlichen Einschränkungen: Nicht jeder ist erwerbsfähig (Serie "Zukunft der Grundsicherung"). In: IAB-Forum H. 18.09.2019, o. Sz., 2019-09-12.

Abstract

"Erwerbsfähigkeit ist eine der Voraussetzungen, um Leistungen der Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende beziehen zu können. Im Vergleich zu den Regelungen anderer europäischer Länder wird dabei hierzulande eine weite Definition zugrunde gelegt. Dadurch befinden sich unter den Leistungsberechtigten nicht wenige Personen, die formal als erwerbsfähig gelten, dies faktisch aber aus gesundheitlichen Gründen nicht - oder allenfalls nur sehr eingeschränkt - sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ponomarenko, Valentina, Anja K. Leist & Louis Chauvel (2019): Increases in wellbeing in the transition to retirement for the unemployed. Catching up with formerly employed persons. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 254-276. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X17000976

Abstract

"This paper examines the extent to which wellbeing levels change in the transition to retirement depending on transitioning from being employed, unemployed or economically inactive. Whereas transitioning from employment to unemployment has been found to cause a decrease in subjective wellbeing with more time spent in unemployment, it is not clear how transitioning from unemployment to retirement affects wellbeing levels. We use the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe to monitor the life satisfaction of respondents who retire in between two waves. We portray wellbeing scores before and after retirement and then identify the change in life satisfaction during the retirement transition using a First Difference model. Results indicate that being unemployed before retirement is associated with an increase in life satisfaction, but presents mainly a catching-up effect compared to employed persons transitioning to retirement. These results are still significant if we control for selection into unemployment and country differences. Retirement from labour market inactivity does not lead to significant changes in wellbeing. As the wellbeing of unemployed persons recovers after transitioning to retirement, especially the currently unemployed population should be supported to prevent detrimental consequences of economically unfavourable conditions and lower wellbeing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sage, Daniel (2019): Unemployment, wellbeing and the power of the work ethic. Implications for social policy. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 205-228. DOI:10.1177/0261018318780910

Abstract

"Unemployment is associated with a range of health and social problems, such as poor physical health and wellbeing. Welfare state research has recently considered how social policies can ameliorate the harmful effects of unemployment. This article argues that such policy suggestions disregard the role of the work ethic in shaping the experience of unemployment. In societies that glorify employment as a signifier of identity and status, it is unsurprising that those without employment suffer. Previous research supports this view, showing how subscription to the work ethic is associated with wellbeing amongst unemployed people. Original analysis of the European Values Study confirms the importance of the work ethic, showing how unemployed people with weaker work ethics have significantly higher life satisfaction than those with stronger work ethics. The article concludes that the most effective way of dealing with the deleterious effects of unemployment is to challenge the centrality of employment in contemporary societies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Shahidi, Faraz Vahid, Carles Muntaner, Ketan Shankardass, Carlos Quiñonez & Arjumand Siddiqi (2019): The effect of unemployment benefits on health: A propensity score analysis. In: Social science & medicine, Jg. 226, H. April, S. 198-206. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.047

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Thielemans, Gert & Dimitri Mortelmans (2019): Female labour force participation after divorce. How employment histories matter. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 180-193. DOI:10.1007/s10834-018-9600-9

Abstract

"This article focuses on the labour market decisions of divorced women, surrounding the time of the factual separation. We build on earlier research, but explicitly distinguish between homemakers and unemployed women. Using retrospective data gathered from a sample of 1251 Flemish women from the Divorce in Flanders project (DiF 2009 - 2010), we performed anticipation-controlled event-history analysis to estimate the probability of an employment increase around the time of separation. We find that: (a) women were twice as likely to increase their employment for a short period of time after the separation, (b) there was an increasingly negative relationship between employment intensity at the time of separation and the probability of increasing employment immediately afterwards, and (c) observed differences between homemakers and unemployed women were likely due to compositional differences at the time of separation." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Voßemer, Jonas, Bettina Schuck & Stefanie Heyne (2019): The economic and non-economic consequences of job loss, unemployment, and inadequate re-employment in Germany and Europe. Bamberg, 328 S. DOI:10.20378/irbo-54547

Abstract

"Job loss and unemployment are major social problems in modern market economies. Understanding their consequences is of key concern to the social sciences. Against this background, this cumulative thesis examines the economic and non-economic consequences of job loss, unemployment, and inadequate re-employment in Germany and Europe. In addition to five articles, it contains an overview article which motivates the research questions, reviews the state of research and highlights the contributions of this thesis, develops a general theoretical model, presents the research designs, and summarizes the main findings before drawing conclusions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wolf, Tobias, Maria Metzing & Richard E. Lucas (2019): Experienced well-being and labor market status: The role of pleasure and meaning. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1043), Berlin, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines experienced well-being of employed and unemployed workers. We use the survey-adapted day reconstruction method (DRM) of the Innovation Sample of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP-IS) to analyze the role of the employment status for well-being, incorporating complete time use. Summarizing the average share of pleasurable minutes, we generate the P-index. We show that - in contrast to evaluative life satisfaction - the average unemployed experiences more pleasurable minutes due to the absence of working episodes. Hence, we examine working episodes in depth. While working is among the activities with the highest propensities for an unpleasant experience, it is also among the most meaningful activities. We show that meaning is a central nonmonetary determinant for a pleasurable work episode and find that pleasure during work and job satisfaction in general have the same association with meaning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zechmann, Andrea & Karsten Ingmar Paul (2019): Why do individuals suffer during unemployment? Analyzing the role of deprived psychological needs in a six-wave longitudinal study. In: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Jg. 24, H. 6, S. 641–661. DOI:10.1037/ocp0000154

Abstract

"This 6-wave study addresses the psychological meaning of employment by examining the psychological need mechanisms predicting psychological distress during unemployment and reemployment. According to the deprivation model, unemployed people suffer, as unemployment deprives them of the latent functions of employment (i.e., time structure, social contact, status, activity, and collective purpose), which reflect psychological needs that are important for mental health. We tested whether the latent functions of employment, the manifest function of employment (i.e., one’s financial situation), and the additional psychological need functions of competence and autonomy mediate the associations between unemployment and distress. At Time 1, N = 1,061 participants, who were either unemployed or lost their jobs during the course of the study, took part. At Time 6, after two and a half years, 45.4% of the respondents were employed. Multilevel mediation analyses showed that reemployment predicted gains in each of the original latent and manifest functions, which, in turn, predicted reductions of distress. Collective purpose was found to be the most important latent function. The findings endorse the validity and robustness of the deprivation model. Additionally, they demonstrate that the neglected psychological need function of competence (but not autonomy) also is a latent function of employment that should be incorporated into the deprivation model. Contrary to the predictions of the deprivation model, we found that poverty also plays an important role for the distress associated with unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Althoff, Jörg, Silke Anger, Frank Bauer, Mario Bossler, Kerstin Bruckmeier, Herbert Brücker, Hans Dietrich, Sandra Dummert, Johann Fuchs, Nicole Gürtzgen, Peter Haller, Christian Hohendanner, Elke Jahn, Klara Kaufmann, Regina Konle-Seidl, Thomas Kruppe, Alexander Kubis, Peter Kupka, Torsten Lietzmann, Philipp Ramos Lobato, Oliver Ludewig, Britta Matthes, Andreas Moczall, Joachim Möller, Christopher Osiander, Angela Rauch, Malte Reichelt, Nancy Reims, Thomas Rhein, Thomas Rothe, Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert, Steffen Sirries, Carina Sperber, Heiko Stüber, Uwe Sujata, Ehsan Vallizadeh, Basha Vicari, Ulrich Walwei, Enzo Weber, Gerd Zika & Joachim Wolff (2018): Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen. Nürnberg, 43 S.

Abstract

"Die hiesige Arbeitsmarktentwicklung ist nicht nur im Zeitvergleich bemerkenswert. Aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive zeigt sich ebenfalls eine beachtliche Erfolgsgeschichte. Gleichwohl bestehen auch Schwachstellen und Risiken. So ist die Vererbung von schlechten Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktchancen hierzulande stark ausgeprägt. Und als exportorientierte Volkswirtschaft kann sich Deutschland nicht von internationalen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen abkoppeln.
Die deutsche Arbeitsmarktpolitik steht zudem aus anderen Gründen vor großen Herausforderungen. Insbesondere gilt es, die Arbeit in der digitalisierten Welt zu gestalten, die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit weiter abzubauen, die Aufstiegsmobilität zu verbessern, den Fachkräftebedarf zu sichern und Arbeitsmarktintegration von Geflüchteten zu fördern.
In der neu aufgelegten und erweiterten IAB-Broschüre 'Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen' werden Ergebnisse aus der Forschungsarbeit des IAB zusammengefasst. Neben einer Standortbestimmung für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt auch im internationalen Kontext gibt sie einen Überblick zu den Themen Struktur der Beschäftigung, Fachkräftesicherung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Leistungsbezug, Bildung und Beruf sowie zu arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bergemann, Annette, Erik Grönqvist & Soffia Guðbjörnsdóttir (2018): Diabetes morbidity after displacement. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2018,15), Uppsala, 67 S.

Abstract

"We investigate how career disruptions in terms of job loss may impact morbidity for individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Combining unique, high-quality longitudinal data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR) with matched employer-employee data, we focus on individuals diagnosed with T2D, who are established on the labor market and who lose their job in a mass layoff. Using a conditional Difference-in-Differences evaluation approach, our results give limited support for job loss having an impact on health behavior, diabetes progression and cardiovascular risk factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cygan-Rehm, Kamila, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2018): Bounding the causal effect of unemployment on mental health. Nonparametric evidence from four countries. In: Health Economics, Jg. 26, H. 12, S. 1844-1861., 2017-02-21. DOI:10.1002/hec.3510

Abstract

"An important, yet unsettled, question in public health policy is the extent to which unemployment causally impacts mental health. The recent literature yields varying findings, which are likely due to differences in data, methods, samples, and institutional settings. Taking a more general approach, we provide comparable evidence for four countries with different institutional settings - Australia, Germany, the UK, and the United States - using a nonparametric bounds analysis. Relying on fairly weak and partially testable assumptions, our paper shows that unemployment has a significant negative effect on mental health in all countries. Our results rule out effects larger than a quarter of a standard deviation for Germany and half a standard deviation for the Anglo-Saxon countries. The effect is significant for both men and women and materialises already for short periods of unemployment. Public policy should hence focus on early prevention of mental health problems among the unemployed." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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De Moortel, Deborah, Paulien Hagedoorn, Christophe Vanroelen & Sylvie Gadeyne (2018): Employment status and mortality in the context of high and low regional unemployment levels in Belgium (2001-2011). A test of the social norm hypothesis across educational levels. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0192526

Abstract

"Because of compositional effects (more highly educated unemployed) and differences in the vulnerability towards the health consequences of unemployment (i.e. disappointment paradox hypothesis and/or status inconsistency for highly educated unemployed), it is argued that indicators of educational attainment need to be included when investigating the social norm of unemployment. Data from the 2001 census linked to register data from 2001 - 2011 are used, selecting all Belgian employed and unemployed between 30 and 59-year-old at time of the census. Poisson multilevel modelling was used to account for clustering of respondents within sub-districts. For individuals with low education levels, the relative difference in mortality rate ratios between the unemployed and employed is smallest in those regions where aggregate unemployment levels are high. For highly educated, this social norm effect was not found. This study suggest that the social norm effect is stronger for workers with low education levels, while highly educated workers suffer from disappointment and status inconsistency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fackler, Daniel, Steffen Müller & Jens Stegmaier (2018): Folgen von Arbeitsplatzverlusten: Vor allem aus Großbetrieben entlassene Arbeitnehmer müssen deutliche Lohneinbußen hinnehmen. In: Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 59-62.

Abstract

"Schließungen und Massenentlassungen großer Unternehmen stoßen aufgrund der damit verbundenen Folgen für betroffene Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer meist auf breites öffentliches Interesse. Tatsächlich zeigt sich, dass die Verdienstausfälle betroffener Arbeitnehmer - bestehend aus Lohneinbußen bei späterer Wiederbeschäftigung und Beschäftigungsausfällen - deutlich mit der Größe des entlassenden Betriebs zunehmen. Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass aus Großbetrieben entlassene Arbeitnehmer im Gegensatz zu denen, die einen Arbeitsplatz in kleinen Betrieben verlieren, deutliche Lohneinbußen hinnehmen müssen, weil sie danach oft in kleineren und schlechter bezahlenden Betrieben beschäftigt sind. Zwar erleiden auch aus Kleinbetrieben entlassene Arbeitnehmer deutliche Verdienstausfälle, ihre Lohneinbußen sind aber geringer. Sie können sich bei der Entlohnung sogar verbessern, sofern sie das Glück haben, eine Anstellung in einem Großbetrieb zu finden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Farré, Lídia, Francesco Fasani & Hannes Mueller (2018): Feeling useless: The effect of unemployment on mental health in the Great Recession. In: IZA journal of labor economics, Jg. 7, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5

Abstract

"This article documents a strong connection between unemployment and mental distress using data from the Spanish National Health Survey. We exploit the collapse of the construction sector to identify the causal effect of job losses in different segments of the Spanish labor market. Our results suggest that an increase of the unemployment rate by 10 percentage points due to the breakdown in construction raised reported poor health and mental disorders in the affected population by 3 percentage points, respectively. We argue that the size of this effect responds to the fact that the construction sector was at the center of the economic recession. As a result, workers exposed to the negative labor demand shock faced very low chances of re-entering employment. We show that this led to long unemployment spells, stress, hopelessness, and feelings of uselessness. These effects point towards a potential channel for unemployment hysteresis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gurr, Thomas, Stefanie Unger & Monika Jungbauer-Gans (2018): Gehen Sanktionen mit einem höheren Stigmabewusstsein bei Arbeitslosen einher? In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 217-248., 2018-05-10. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0012

Abstract

"Das Stigmabewusstsein Arbeitsloser ist ein bisher weitgehend unerforschtes Feld. Dieser Artikel untersucht unter Verwendung von quantitativen und qualitativen Daten (Mixed Methods) den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Erleben von Sanktionen im Vermittlungsprozess und dem Ausmaß, in dem die Betroffenen glauben, aufgrund von Arbeitslosigkeit stigmatisiert zu sein. Die quantitative Analyse zeigt, dass Sanktionen nicht mit dem Stigmabewusstsein aufgrund von Arbeitslosigkeit korrelieren. In anschließenden, komplementären Analysen von qualitativen Daten werden vier Mechanismen herausgearbeitet, die erklären können, warum erwartete signifikante Korrelationen zwischen der konkreten Sanktionierung und dem Stigmabewusstsein ausbleiben. Ein zentraler Faktor ist hier die weite Verbreitung und ständige Androhung von Sanktionen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)