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Kanas, Agnieszka & Katrin Müller (2021): Immigrant Women's Economic Outcomes in Europe: The Importance of Religion and Traditional Gender Roles. In: International migration review, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 1231-1264. DOI:10.1177/01979183211008867

Abstract

"This article contributes to previous research on immigrant integration by examining how religiosity and gender roles in European countries influence immigrant women's labor market outcomes. Moreover, we extend theoretical work on the importance of the receiving country's norms and values by hypothesizing and testing whether receiving countries' influence varies with immigrant women's religiosity and gender-role attitudes. Using the European Social Survey data and multilevel regression models, we find that religious immigrant women participate less in the labor market and work fewer hours than nonreligious immigrant women. Immigrant women's traditional gender-role attitudes partly explain the negative relationship between individual religiosity and labor market outcomes. While the receiving country's religiosity is negatively related to immigrant women's labor market outcomes, this negative relationship is significantly weaker for religious and gender-traditional immigrant women than for nonreligious and gender-egalitarian women. These findings suggest that the economic benefits of residing in countries that support female employment are limited to immigrant women who are ready and positioned to embrace gender-egalitarian norms and values." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaufmann, Marc, Joël Machado & Bertrand Verheyden (2021): Why Do Migrants Stay Unexpectedly? Misperceptions and Implications for Integration. (IZA discussion paper 14155), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"Empirical evidence suggests that a large proportion of immigrants who initially intended to stay temporarily in the destination country end up staying permanently, which may lead to suboptimal integration. We study systematic causes of unexpected staying that originate in migrant misperceptions. Our framework contains uncertainty about long-term wages, endogenous integration and savings in the short term, and return migration in the long term. We identify necessary and sufficient conditions on misperceptions that lead migrants to overestimate their probability of return migration, independently of their characteristics. We show that these conditions involve pessimism about the destination country, either in terms of short-term utility, of long-term utility, or of wage prospects. We then highlight specific behavioural biases that give rise to such forms of pessimism. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we find that relatively higher pessimism at arrival about future utility and wages is associated with migrants staying unexpectedly ex post." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kosyakova, Yuliya & Marie-Christine Laible (2021): Socioemotional Skills and Refugees' Language Acquisition. (IAB-Discussion Paper 19/2021), Nürnberg, 54 S.

Abstract

"Wir analysieren die Rolle sozio-emotionaler Fähigkeiten für den Erwerb der deutschen Sprache von Geflüchteten, die zwischen 2013 und 2016 nach Deutschland zugezogen sind. Bisher wurden sozio-emotionale Fähigkeiten im Kontext der Bildungsforschung betrachtet, jedoch wurde ihre Bedeutung für den Spracherwerb von Migranten noch nicht untersucht. Wir erweitern ein bekanntes theoretisches Modell des Spracherwerbs des Aufnahmelandes von Migranten und Migrantinnen und nehmen dabei an, dass sozio-emotionale Fähigkeiten über die Kanäle der Gelegenheiten für, beziehungsweise des Zugangs, zum Lernen, der Effizienz und der Motivation wirken. Anhand von Längsschnittsdaten und Wachstumskurvenmodellen zeigen wir, dass sozioemotionale Fähigkeiten signifikant den Erwerb der Sprache des Ziellandes prägen. Offenheit für neue Erfahrungen, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Risikofreude und Kontrollüberzeugungen stehen in positivem Zusammenhang mit Sprachkenntnissen. Dahingegen finden wir keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge für Extraversion, Verträglichkeit und Neurotizismus. Mediationseffekte deuten an, dass sozio-emotionale Fähigkeiten die Kanäle der Effizienz und des Kontaktes formen. Darüber hinaus zeigen Multiplikationseffekte, dass sozio-emotionale Fähigkeiten andere vorteilhafte Eigenschaften verstärken. Zusammenfassend beeinflussen sozio-emotionale Fähigkeiten somit den Erwerb der Sprache des Aufnahmelandes und tragen zu einem nachhaltigen ökonomischen und sozialen Integrationsprozess bei. Wir schließen mit einer Diskussion der politischen Implikationen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kracke, Nancy & Christina Klug (2021): Social Capital and Its Effect on Labour Market (Mis)match: Migrants' Overqualification in Germany. In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 1573-1598. DOI:10.1007/s12134-021-00817-1

Abstract

"If a person is overqualified in the sense that an employee's level of training exceeds the job requirements, then some human capital lies idle and cannot be converted into appropriate (monetary and non-monetary) returns. Migrants are particularly at risk of being overqualified in their employment; however, this phenomenon cannot be fully explained by differences in human capital or socio-economic characteristics. This paper examines whether social capital plays a decisive role in migrants' risk of overqualification in Germany. Using data from the German IAB-SOEP Migration Sample, we analyse the job search process of migrants to determine whether social networks influence their risk of being employed below their acquired educational level. We estimate logistic regression models and find that social capital influences the adequacy of migrants' jobs: We show that migrants are at a greater risk of overqualification if they use only informal job search strategies such as relying on friends or family members. Moreover, we find that homophilous migrant networks and jobs in employment niches are risk factors for overqualification. We conclude that the combination of informal job search modes and homophilous migrant networks leads to a comparably high risk for migrants of being overqualified in their employment in the German labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Krings, Torben (2021): "Good" Bad Jobs? The Evolution of Migrant Low-Wage Employment in Germany (1985-2015). In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 527-544. DOI:10.1177/0950017020946567

Abstract

"The article examines the evolution of migrant low-wage employment in the context of structural changes in the German labour market. By drawing on data from the Socio-Economic-Panel, it seeks to answer why low-wage jobs disproportionally rose among migrants since the late 1980s. It argues that while human capital characteristics mattered to some extent, institutional and organisational changes were more important to account for worsening earnings. When linking the findings to the broader debate about migration and labour market segmentation, several issues emerge. First, the extent of low-wage jobs is not fixed but shaped by historically specific segmentation patterns that may change over time. Second, whether less-skilled jobs are precarious and of low pay depend above all on the presence of inclusive labour market institutions and power relations between actors. Third, the growth of low-wage jobs cannot be considered independent of the available labour supply, including a rise in cross-border mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kyeremeh, Emmanuel, Godwin Arku, Paul Mkandawire, Evan Cleave & Ismahan Yusuf (2021): What is success? Examining the concept of successful integration among African immigrants in Canada. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 649-667. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1639494

Abstract

"Canadian immigration documents such as the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001 stipulate that it is the responsibility of the government to help immigrants to integrate successfully. In part, this is due to the recognition that immigrants have the capital vital for economic and demographic enhancement of the country. To this end, successful integration is an important policy objective, with policymakers outlining indicators that measure the degree of immigrant integration. However, it is unclear the extent to which such policy indicators reflect the perspectives of immigrants. Drawing on in-depth interviews with African immigrants in London, Ontario, we report on a qualitative study that explored the meaning of successful integration. The findings capture some dimensions of successful integration. They indicate that creating avenues for personal growth and development in a context where immigrants have options and opportunities for advancement is an important marker of integration. Moreover, the findings show that achieving pre-migration aspirations - dreams and goals set prior to arrival in the host country are central to immigrants' conceptualisation of integration. Furthermore, as opposed to an action with a definite endpoint, immigrants understand integration as an ongoing process in which immigrants continuously adapt in response to changing demands of the host country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lancee, Bram (2021): Ethnic discrimination in hiring: comparing groups across contexts. Results from a cross-national field experiment. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 6, S. 1181-1200. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1622744

Abstract

"Existing field experimental research unequivocally shows the existence of ethnic discrimination in the labour market. Furthermore, studies have documented considerable variation in discrimination rates across countries. However, while the field of discrimination research is rapidly expanding, there are at present no harmonised comparative studies. This is unfortunate, as we do not know why there are cross-national differences in discrimination. In this paper, I present the GEMM study (N=19,181), a harmonised cross-national field experiment on hiring discrimination. The GEMM study contains 53 ethnic minority groups and is carried out in six countries: Germany, Norway, The Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States. Furthermore, I discuss the need and potential for a comparative analysis of discrimination and outline the methodological challenges of carrying out a cross-national field experiment. The special issue presents results for the major ethnic minority groups in six countries and compares discrimination rates across national contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Landesmann, Michael & Sandra M. Leitner (2021): Problematik der Arbeitsmarktintegration von geflüchteten in Österreich in Zeiten der Coronakrise. Sonderauswertung des FIMAS Flüchtlingspanels. (WIIW Forschungsarbeiten in deutscher Sprache 19), Wien, 47 S.

Abstract

"Diese Studie analysiert Effekte der Coronakrise auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration von in Österreich lebenden Asylberechtigten und subsidiär Schutzberechtigten aus den Herkunftsländern Syrien, Afghanistan, Irak und Iran. Die Analyse basiert auf einem Panel von Flüchtlingen, die sowohl an der dritten Welle der sogenannten FIMAS Befragung (im Frühjahr 2019) als auch der vierten Welle (im Herbst 2020) teilgenommen haben. Der Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation dieser Personengruppe im Frühjahr 2019 – vor Beginn der Coronakrise – mit jener im Herbst 2020 – während der Coronakrise – ermöglicht eine genaue Analyse der Effekte der Coronakrise auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration dieser Flüchtlingsgruppe. Folgendes sind die wichtigsten Resultate dieser Studie Insgesamt blieben viele der Flüchtlinge in Beschäftigung oder wechselten entweder aus der Arbeitslosigkeit oder der Inaktivität in die Beschäftigung. Jedoch erfuhren weibliche Geflüchtete und Geflüchtete mit hohem (tertiärem) Ausbildungsniveau während der Coronakrise eine Verschlechterung ihrer Arbeitsmarktsituation." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Liu-Farrer, Gracia & Karen Shire (2021): Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 10, S. 2305-2322. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731987

Abstract

"Faced with demographic as well as economic changes, Germany and Japan have liberalised immigration controls for skilled migrants, set targets for foreign student enrolments in university, and introduced visa categories to enable foreign graduates to enter their labour markets. Yet a relatively modest share of foreign graduates actually receives jobs appropriate to their skill-level and remain in these labour markets. In this article, we focus on organisational recruitment and employment practices, especially those related to skill formation and the structuring of careers, as factors affecting the remain rates of foreign graduates. Our analysis shows that while obtaining the same educational credentials as native students, foreign graduates are disadvantaged because the employment systems of the host countries operate according to the logic of national labour markets, entailing institutionally and culturally specific skill expectations as well as formation processes. Consequently, foreign graduates either fail to enter the market, or are placed in lower or niche categories in a differentiated labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Liu-Farrer, Gracia, Brenda S. Yeoh & Michiel Baas (2021): Social construction of skill: an analytical approach toward the question of skill in cross-border labour mobilities. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 10, S. 2237-2251. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731983

Abstract

"Selecting labour migrants based on skill has become a widely practised migration policy in many countries around the world. Since the late twentieth century, research on ‘skilled’ and ‘highly skilled’ migration has raised important questions about the value and ethics of skill-based labour mobility. More recent research has begun to question the concept of skill and skill categorisation in both government policy and academic research. Taking the view that migrants’ skill is socially constructed, we centre our discussion on three questions: Who are the arbitrators of skill? What constitutes skill? And how is skill constructed in the migration process and in turn, how does skill affect the mobility? We show that diverse actors are involved in the process of identifying, evaluating and shaping migrant skill. The interpretation of migrants’ skill is frequently distorted by their ascriptive characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender and nationality, reflecting the influence of colonial legacy, global inequality as well as social stratification. Finally, this special issue emphasises the complex, and frequently reciprocal, relationship between skill and mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maffei-Faccioli, Nicolo & Eugenia Vella (2021): Does Immigration Grow the Pie? Asymmetric Evidence from Germany. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 138. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103846

Abstract

"We provide empirical evidence suggesting that net migration shocks can have substantial demand effects, potentially acting like positive Keynesian supply shocks. Using monthly administrative data (2006–2019) for Germany in a structural VAR, we show that the shocks stimulate vacancies, wages, house prices, consumption, investment, net exports, and output. Unemployment falls for natives (dominant job-creation effect), driving a decline in total unemployment, while rising for foreigners (dominant job-competition effect). The geographic origin of migrants and the education level of residents matter crucially for the transmission. Overall, the evidence implies that the policy debate should focus on redistributive strategies between natives and foreigners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))

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Margaryan, Shushanik, Annemarie Paul & Thomas Siedler (2021): Does education affect attitudes towards immigration? Evidence from Germany. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 446-479. DOI:10.3368/jhr.56.2.0318-9372R1

Abstract

"Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and exploiting the staggered implementation of a compulsory schooling reform in West Germany, this article finds that an additional year of schooling lowers the probability of being very concerned about immigration to Germany by around six percentage points (20 percent). Furthermore, our findings imply significant spillovers from maternal education to immigration attitudes of her offspring. While we find no evidence for returns to education within a range of labor market outcomes, higher social trust appears to be an important mechanism behind our findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Müller-Wacker, Martina (2021): Die deutsche Anerkennungspraxis im Kontext von Pflegeberufen. In: M. Bonacker & G. Geiger (Hrsg.) (2021): Migration in der Pflege, Berlin, Springer S. 207-227.

Abstract

"Die Ausbildung von Pflegefachkräften im Inland allein reicht zukünftig nicht mehr aus, um den zunehmenden Fachkräfteengpässen in der Gesundheitsbranche zu begegnen. Zur langfristigen Deckung und Sicherung des Personalbedarfs werden auch im Ausland ausgebildete Pflegefachkräfte benötigt. Die Hoffnungen richten sich dabei auf das neue Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz. Die Einwanderungsmöglichkeiten von Personen aus Drittstaaten sind darin an eine deutsche Anerkennung der Berufsqualifikationen geknüpft. Damit wird die Anerkennungspraxis zum erfolgsentscheidenden Kriterium. Schon heute dominieren Pflegeberufe das Anerkennungsgeschehen in Deutschland, allerdings sind die Verfahren komplex, langwierig und kostenintensiv. Besondere Hürden zeigen sich für Antragstellende die sich noch im Ausland befinden." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 Springer)

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Neuhauser, Johanna & Peter Birke (2021): Migrantische Arbeit unter Covid-19: Leerstellen in der Arbeitssoziologie. In: Arbeits- und industriesoziologische Studien, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 59-69.

Abstract

"Unter dem Eindruck der Pandemie geht dieser Text der Bedeutung von Tätigkeitsfeldern nach, in denen fast ausschließlich Migrant*innen beschäftigt sind. Die zentrale Frage ist, wie arbeitssoziologische Forschung der Beobachtung gerecht werden kann, dass eine nach Staatsbürgerschaft geordnete Prekarisierung von Arbeits- und Lebensverhältnissen existiert. Aktuell gibt es in der deutschsprachigen Literatur wenig Texte, die diese Beobachtung auch theoretisch zu fassen versuchen. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Verbindung von Begriffen und Debatten aus der Migrationsforschung („Segmentierung“, „Rassifizierung“, „differentielle Inklusion“) mit solchen aus der aktuellen Arbeitssoziologie eine in diese Hinsicht interessante und wichtige Perspektive darstellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Patt, Alexander, Jens Ruhose, Simon Wiederhold & Miguel Flores (2021): International Emigrant Selection on Occupational Skills. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 1249–1298., 2020-03-01. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvaa032

Abstract

"We present the first evidence on the role of occupational choices and acquired skills for migrant selection. Combining novel data from a representative Mexican task survey with rich individual-level worker data, we find that Mexican migrants to the United States have higher manual skills and lower cognitive skills than non-migrants. Results hold within narrowly defined region-industry-occupation cells and for all education levels. Consistent with a Roy/Borjas-type selection model, differential returns to occupational skills between the United States and Mexico explain the selection pattern. Occupational skills are more important to capture the economic motives for migration than previously used worker characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Becker, Paul, Max Behrendt, Lukas Daub, Maëlle Dubois, Emilia Fabianczyk, Rossina Ferchichi, Julia Knoll, Doritt Komitowski, Marianne Kraußlach, Marie Lena Lutz, Rositsa Mahdi, Anne von Oswald, Timothy Roecker, Wassili Siegert & Agnieszka Skwarek (2021): EU-Migration nach Deutschland. Analysen zu Arbeitsmarktteilhabe und gesellschaftlicher Partizipation von EU-Bürger*innen in Deutschland. Berlin: Mensch und Buch Verlag, 297 S.

Abstract

"In Deutschland leben rund 5 Millionen Menschen mit der Staatsbürger­schaft eines anderen EU-Mitgliedstaates. Ihre Anzahl ist seit dem Jahr 2008 um etwa 89 Prozent gestiegen. Damit prägt EU-Zuwanderung die Migration nach Deutschland in bedeutender Weise. Von den Rahmen­bedingungen der EU-Binnenmigration über die Situation von Unionsbürger*innen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und im Bildungssystem bis hin zur politischen und gesellschaftlichen Partizipation beleuchtet dieses Buch unterschiedliche Aspekte von Einwanderung sowie temporärer Zu­wanderung. Dabei wird deutlich: So divers wie diese Einwohner*innen selbst sind, so vielfältig ist auch die Art und Weise, wie sie in Deutsch­land leben, Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt unterstützen und die deut­sche Gesellschaft mitgestalten."

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Plünnecke, Axel (2021): Inder haben die höchsten Medianlöhne in Deutschland. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,83), Köln, 3 S.

Abstract

"Seit 2012 hat die qualifizierte Zuwanderung aus Drittstaaten stark zur Fachkräftesicherung in den akademischen Berufen beigetragen. In der Folge ist zu beobachten, dass der Medianmonatslohn von allen in Vollzeit sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigten Indern in Deutschland mit 4.824 Euro fast 1.300 Euro über dem entsprechenden Medianwert der Deutschen in Höhe von 3.541 Euro liegt. In akademischen MINT-Berufen liegen die Medianlöhne von Indern im Alter zwischen 25 und unter 45 Jahren mit 5.276 Euro etwa auf dem Niveau der Deutschen mit 5.207 Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Quillian, Lincoln & Arnfinn H. Midtbøen (2021): Comparative Perspectives on Racial Discrimination in Hiring: The Rise of Field Experiments. In: Annual review of sociology, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 391-415. DOI:10.1146/annurev-soc-090420-035144

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Raux, Morgan (2021): Cultural differences and immigrants' wages. (Discussion paper / Université du Luxembourg. Department of Economics and Management 2021-02), Luxembourg, 52 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, I investigate how cultural differences affect the labor-market performance of immigrant workers in Germany. I document a negative relationship between hourly wages and the cultural distance between immigrants' countries of origin and Germany. This result is robust across the three main indicators used in the gravity literature: linguistic, religious, and genetic distances. This cultural wage penalty disappears after five to ten years spent in Germany. Controlling for language proficiency as well as for selective in- and out-migration, these results highlight the cultural integration of immigrant workers. I finally provide evidence suggesting that lower wage progression may be explained by fewer job-to-job transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ruhs, Martin (2021): Guest workers: Enduring questions and policy controversies. In: International Migration, Jg. 59, H. 6, S. 238-241. DOI:10.1111/imig.12938

Abstract

"As Germany marks the 60th anniversary of admitting its first Gastarbeiter (guest workers) from Turkey in 1961, it is important to recognize that guest-worker policies have a long and global history that predates Germany's post-war policies (e.g. Hahamovitch, 2003) and that they are, despite various ‘obituaries’ (e.g. Castles, 1986), still very much alive today. While the terminology and aspects of policy design have evolved over time – from ‘guest-worker programmes’ (e.g. Martin & Teitelbaum, 2001) to ‘temporary labour migration programmes’ (e.g. GCIM, 2005), ‘circular migration programmes’ (e.g. European Migration Network, 2011) and, most recently, ‘international skills partnerships’ (e.g. Clemens, 2015)1 – the fundamental idea of admitting migrant workers on a temporary basis to help address perceived labour and skills shortages has become an enduring feature of the migration policy landscape of the world's rich countries (Ruhs, 2013). This is unlikely to change in the near future, given that permanent labour immigration programmes (that provide migrant workers with permanent residence and work permits on arrival) are typically limited to the most highly skilled workers and have declined in importance in countries where they used to play a large role." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Salikutluk, Zerrin & Katrin Menke (2021): Gendered integration? How recently arrived male and female refugees fare on the German labour market. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 284-321. DOI:10.20377/jfr-474

Abstract

"Objective: This paper examines gender differences in the labour market integration of newly arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the heterogeneity in employment rates among female refugees. Background: Previous research has demonstrated that refugee women are disadvantaged on the labour market not only compared to their male counterparts, but also compared to other immigrant women. So far, however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the specific disadvantages of refugee women. Method: Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we analyse the labour market participation of refugees who migrated to Germany between 2013 and 2017. To test our theoretical assumptions, we apply logistic regressions. Results: Our results show that compositional differences in qualifications, family structure, institutional support, and networks can partly explain the gender gap in labour force participation that disadvantage refugee women. We find substantial variation in the importance of different determinants for the labour market outcomes of men and women. Conclusion: As the gender gaps in labour supply could be fully attributed to the theoretical mechanisms offered in the literature, further research is needed to disentangle female refugees' employment behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Samper, Cristina & Michaela Kreyenfeld (2021): Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 439-466. DOI:10.20377/jfr-491

Abstract

"Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany. Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour. Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981). Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival. Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany's migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schieckoff, Bentley & Maximilian Sprengholz (2021): The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe. Context, theory and evidence. (Working Paper / Universität Konstanz, Cluster of Excellence "The Politics of Inequality" 02), Konstanz, 52 S.

Abstract

"Women represent an important component of the immigration population in Europe and have increasingly been a group of interest in academic studies, especially with regard to their integration outcomes. In this overview, we seek to provide a comprehensive resource for scholars of female immigrant labor market integration in Europe, to act both as a reference and a roadmap for future studies in this domain. We begin by presenting a contextual history of immigration to and within Europe since the Second World War, before outlining the major theoretical assumptions about immigrant women's labor market disadvantage from economics and sociology. We then synthesize the empirical findings published between 2000 and 2020 and analyze how they line up with the theoretical predictions. We also present descriptive analyses with data from 2019, which expose any discrepancies between the current situation in European countries and the situation during the time periods considered in the reviewed studies. As a group, immigrant women are often reported to experience significant disadvantages in their labor market integration, both compared to immigrant men and to native women. However, this type of approach glosses over the substantial heterogeneity in immigrant women's experiences. Instead, our overview points to a selective disadvantage for immigrant women that is highly dependent on their country of origin and the reception context they encounter after immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schieckoff, Bentley & Claudia Diehl (2021): The labor market participation of recently-arrived immigrant women in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 322-350. DOI:10.20377/jfr-462

Abstract

"Objective: This article investigates the role of motivation in female immigrants' labour force participation. Focusing on recently-arrived immigrants (who have resided in the host country for 18 months or less), we compare the outcomes of two different ethnic groups in Germany: Poles and Turks. Background: The immigrant integration literature tends to focus on the role of resources in immigrant labour market integration. However, when examining particularly the labour force participation of female immigrants, their motivation for joining the labour force is also important. Previous studies of female immigrants in Germany have often neglected this consideration, which includes aspects like culturally-specific gender values and perceived ethnic discrimination. Method: We use data from the SCIP project (Diehl et al., 2015) to conduct logistic regressions on female immigrants' labour force participation. Our sample includes 829 female immigrants from Poland and Turkey between the ages of 18-60, who were either active in the labour force or were 'at risk' of entering. Results: In line with previous studies, our analysis shows that female immigrants' labour market resources, mainly their prior work experience and German proficiency, greatly reduce the ethnic gap in labour force participation rates. Moreover, motivational factors have a large impact on this outcome for both groups, and greatly enhance the picture that our empirical models present. However, we find no evidence that perceived ethnic discrimination plays an important role. Conclusion: Our analysis indicates that when seeking to understand the labour market participation of female immigrants, their resources and motivation should be seen as key components of a gender-sensitive analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schmidt, Barbara (2021): Migrantenorganisationen im Förderprogramm „Integration durch Qualifizierung (IQ)“. In: Nachrichtendienst des Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Jg. 101, H. 10, S. 507-512.

Abstract

"Im Förderprogramm IQ nehmen Migrantenorganisationen (MO) eine wichtige Rolle als Projektträger und Netzwerkpartner ein. Der Beitrag stellt dar, welche Rolle sie in den einzelnen Handlungsschwerpunkten des Programms einnehmen, veranschaulicht dies anhand von Beispielen guter Praxis und stellt die Vorteile dar, die sich aus der spezifischen Rolle der MO ergeben. Zugleich benennt er die Bedarfe, die MO haben, um als gleichwertige Arbeitsmarktakteure sichtbar(er) zu werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schäfer, Susann (2021): Innovative Gründer:innen mit Migrationserfahrung in Deutschland. Gütersloh, 31 S. DOI:10.11586/2021005

Abstract

"Innovative Gründungen sind eine wichtige Säule einer dynamischen Wirtschaft. Besonders Gründer:innen mit Migrationserfahrung bringen viele Qualitäten mit, um innovative Unternehmen aufzubauen. Dieses Potenzial kommt in Deutschland allerdings nur unzureichend zur Entfaltung, auch im internationalen Vergleich. Auf Basis statistischer Erhebungen und Interviews mit Gründer:innen und Gründungsberater:innen zeigt die Studie konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen zur Förderung von Gründer:innen mit Migrationserfahrung auf." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Signoretti, Andrea (2021): Workplace processes and employment opportunities for vulnerable social groups. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 77-92. DOI:10.1177/0959680119900751

Abstract

"Employment opportunities and conditions of vulnerable social groups are affected by multiple agencies (including unions and employers) and labour market institutions. This study, drawing on iterative long-term research within workplaces, aims to discover the key interrelations among factors that are peculiar to different contexts. The research questions are pursued through a comparison of the treatment of women and migrants, respectively, in an Italian and a US car-manufacturing plant. Labour legislation is particularly important in the US case, whereas in the Italian context employers have more discretion. In both environments, unions have only a limited role." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Simola, Anna & Sirpa Wrede (2021): Young EU migrant citizens' access to financial independence in conditions of precarious work: A tripartite approach to welfare conditionality. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 4, S. 395-408. DOI:10.1177/0958928720950625

Abstract

"Young EU citizens are encouraged to enhance their ‘employability’ by taking advantage of intra-EU mobility, but, for many, moving to another EU country can instead generate disadvantages in the labour market. Drawing on a qualitative study on the experiences of university-educated young Nordics and southern Europeans working in precarious jobs in Brussels, we examine how their access to income support in the context of mobility shapes their access to financial independence. We argue that the variation in European welfare models regarding young peoples’ social entitlements impacts this access in multiple and complex ways. The article advances a tripartite approach that looks at the regulation and enforcement of conditionality of social entitlements on the levels of EU, their country of origin and their country of destination. The analysis shows how, in Belgium, precarious EU migrant citizens are denied access to income support due to the interplay between general welfare conditionality for all claimants and recently reinforced conditionality affecting EU migrant citizens in particular. In these situations, the de-familialising Nordic welfare models showed an aptitude for shielding their young citizens. The young southern Europeans, on the other hand, often had no access to income support in any country, which forced them to choose between family dependency and unfiltered exposure to precarity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Slettebak, Marie H. (2021): Labour migration and increasing inequality in Norway. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 314-330. DOI:10.1177/0001699320930261

Abstract

"This paper explores the contested relationship between migration and income inequality, using labour migration to Norway as a case. The enlargements of the European Union starting in 2004 were followed by an unprecedented increase in labour migration to Norway. In particular, many rural regions, previously unfamiliar with immigration, have experienced a large influx of labour migrants. In the same period, income inequality has increased. This paper uses register data on the municipality level from 2005-2016 to discuss (a) the direction of the relationship between labour migration and income inequality; (b) the degree to which labour migration affects inequality (in general and within the native population) compared to other immigrant groups; and (c) whether the effects are different in rural and urban municipalities. Findings show that labour migration from the "new" European Union countries is followed by higher income inequality in Norway. No support is found for the reversed causal relationship that increasing inequality causes higher numbers of labour migrants. The effect of labour migration on overall inequality is considerable, but not as strong as the effect of refugees. However, as opposed to refugees, labour migration also affects income inequality within the native population, but this effect is only significant in rural areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Spehar, Andrea (2021): Navigating Institutions for Integration: Perceived Institutional Barriers of Access to the Labour Market among Refugee Women in Sweden. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 3907-3925. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feaa140

Abstract

"Sweden may in many respects be regarded as one of the most gender-equal countries in the world today. However, when looking at the situation of immigrant women a more unsettling picture emerges. Employment rates illustrate large gaps between native and immigrant women, as well as significant gender gaps between immigrant men and women. When investigating plausible explanations for underrepresentation of immigrant women in the labour market, scholars have mainly focussed on cultural and individual explanatory factors. In contrast, this article casts our analytical gaze towards institutional factors by examining the experiences of refugee women who, despite expressing a positive attitude and strong willingness to establish themselves on the Swedish labour market, had not succeeded in finding secure employment. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with refugee women, the results suggest that the insufficient institutional support during the first years in Sweden, devaluation of competence and challenges with ‘starting over’ are perceived as central barriers hindering their access to the Swedish labour market. To facilitate higher labour force participation among refugee women in Sweden it is crucial to develop and implement gender-sensitive measures that target different groups of immigrant women and meet their distinct experiences, needs, and interests." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Spilker, Britta (2021): Fachkräfteeinwanderung und -integration in Deutschland aus europäischer und internationaler Perspektive. In: Nachrichtendienst des Deutschen Vereins für öffentliche und private Fürsorge, Jg. 101, H. 3, S. 132-136.

Abstract

"Im März 2020 ist das neue Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz in Kraft getreten. Ziel des Gesetzes ist es, den rechtlichen Rahmen für eine gezielte, an den Bedarfen orientierte Steuerung und Stärkung der Fachkräfteeinwanderung nach Deutschland zu schaffen. Gleichzeitig wird der Nationale Aktionsplan Integration (NAP-I) weiterentwickelt, der neben den Hauptzuwanderungskonstellationen Schutzsuche und EU-Freizügigkeit auch die Fachkräftemigration aus Drittstaaten adressiert. Welche Rahmen gibt es auf europäischer und internationaler Ebene? Wie stellt sich die Fachkräfteeinwanderung und -integration in Deutschland aus Sicht der Europäischen Union, der Vereinten Nationen und der OECD dar?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sprengholz, Maximilian, Claudia Diehl, Johannes Giesecke & Michaela Kreyenfeld (2021): From "guest workers" to EU migrants: A gendered view on the labour market integration of different arrival cohorts in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 252-283. DOI:10.20377/jfr-492

Abstract

"Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labour market performance of different arrival cohorts of non-German women and men who immigrated to (western) Germany. Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses of the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015. Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men were consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, this pattern reversed due to a considerable decline in the average working hours of migrant women across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants increased across the arrival cohorts, corresponding to higher levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of the arrival cohorts tended to decline during their initial years of residence, and to stagnate thereafter. This pattern seems to be due in part to selective outmigration. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labour market performance of immigrants varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applied especially to migrant women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Storm, Eduard (2021): Task specialization and the native-foreign wage gap: Evidence from worker-level data. (Ruhr economic papers 928), Essen, 36 S. DOI:10.4419/96973086

Abstract

"Running RIF regressions to decompose wage differences along the distribution, this is the first study documenting that worker-level variation in tasks has played a key role in the widening of the German Native-Foreign Wage Gap. Comparing variation in Individual- vs Occupation-level task measures suggests idiosyncratic differences account for up to 34% of the explained wage gap. Importantly, natives specialize in high-paying interactive activities not only between but also within occupations. In contrast, foreign workers specialize in low-paying manual activities. This enhanced degree of task specialization accounts for 11% of the gap near the top of the distribution and 25% near the bottom, thus offering new insight into sources for imperfect substitution of native and foreign workers in the production function and consequently small migration-induced wage effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Strazzeri, Maurizio (2021): Assessing the Role of Asylum Policies in Refugees' Labor Market Integration: The Case of Protection Statuses in the German Asylum System. (Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2021: Climate Economics), Kiel, 57 S.

Abstract

"I study the effect of refugees’ protection status on labor market outcomes focusing on a recent cohort of Syrian and Iraqi refugees entering Germany between 2013 and 2016. My empirical analysis exploits a sudden and unpredictable change in the assessment of the Federal Agency responsible for asylum claims to grant full refugee status in accordance with the Geneva convention to refugees from these two countries in March 2016. Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP survey of refugees and exploiting the policy change in a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, estimation results indicate a substantial negative effect of subsidiary protection status on earnings and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tsolak, Dorian, Marvin Bürmann & Martin Kroh (2021): Migration and intergenerational stability in female employment: The impact of differences between sending and receiving countries. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 351-404. DOI:10.20377/jfr-490

Abstract

"Objective: This article studies the intergenerational stability of employment in families of immigrants cross-nationally by investigating to what extent contextual differences between sending and receiving countries affect the transmission of labour force participation from mothers to daughters. Background: It is often argued that a low level of labour force participation among female immigrants reflects gender norms inherited from the sending country, or, alternatively, that it is indicative of obstacles to social mobility in the receiving country. We seek to add to the existing research on this topic by providing evidence of differences between sending and receiving countries that systematically affect the labour market behaviour of female immigrants. Method: We use individual-level data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 35 receiving countries for a 14-year period (2004-2018) in combination with contextual data for 172 sending countries from 1960 to 2018. First, we provide an overview of employment rates and intergenerational employment stability for different combinations of sending and receiving contexts with respect to the labour force participation rates of female immigrants. Second, we corroborate our descriptive findings with multilevel models. Results: Our paper shows that there are changes in the levels of intergenerational employment stability among immigrants depending on the differences in the female labour force participation rates between the sending and the receiving countries. We find that when women migrate from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates, their probability of participating in the labour force increases. However, we also find that the levels of intergenerational employment stability in this group are high. Conclusion: Intergenerational employment stability seems to be responsive to contextual differences between sending and receiving countries. We observe the highest levels of intergenerational stability in employment between mothers and daughters in families who migrated from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wang, Xuening (2021): US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 639-671. DOI:10.1086/709689

Abstract

"One concern regarding US immigration policies is that skilled workers on temporary visas may be bound to their employers in “indentured servitude,” giving rise to monopsony power. I investigate this concern by estimating the effect of acquiring permanent residency on the job mobility and earnings of these workers. Using fixed effects models, I find an immediate upsurge in mobility upon permanent residency receipt, primarily driven by voluntary moving being depressed during the employer-sponsored immigration process. Job lock reduces the earnings of male workers by 4.7%, which translates to a 2% surplus for firms after extra hiring costs are subtracted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Westerman, Johan, Ryszard Szulkin & Michael Tåhlin (2021): Skill structure and labor market integration of immigrants in Europe. (SocArXiv papers), 39 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/a9jqw

Abstract

"Across European countries, immigrants are disadvantaged in labor market attainment relative to natives: foreign-born individuals are less likely to be employed and more likely to be unemployed. Previous research indicates that immigrants’ employment chances are better when the share of low-skill jobs in the labor market is large. Upgrading of the job structure, which has taken place in many countries over recent decades, might therefore have hurt immigrants’ employment prospects. However, an exclusive focus on skill demand neglects another important development in the skill structure of advanced economies: educational expansion. The rapid rise in skill supply has tended to outpace the decline in the low-skill job share with increasing over-education as a consequence, potentially leading to crowding-out of immigrant workers from employment. Based on data from the European Union Labour Force Surveys (EU-LFS) 2004-2016, we perform analyses that jointly consider the demand and supply sides of labor markets. Our results indicate that the size of the low-skill job sector is positively related to immigrants’ employment if and only if those employed in the low-skill sector have low qualifications. In economies with high rates of over-education, where many well-educated natives occupy low-skill jobs, the labor market prospects of immigrants deteriorate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Witte, Nils & Jean Guedes Auditor (2021): Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 121-138. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_7

Abstract

"This chapter investigates individual wage changes of German emigrants. The analytical strategy is twofold. First, we compare hourly wage changes among emigrants with wage changes among stayers. We estimate the Difference-in-Difference of mean net hourly wages between stayers and emigrants over time and account for the positive selection of emigrants on observable characteristics through entropy balancing. Second, we explore the heterogeneity of wage changes among emigrants. To that end, we calculate linear regressions on the log net hourly wage change through migration. The first analysis suggests substantial wage increases of 8 euros through migration. The second analysis provides evidence that characteristics of employment and of destination countries account for differences in the wage change among emigrants. Among individual characteristics, only age is negatively correlated, while education and gender do not account for differences. Our analysis rely on the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study. The German Socio-Economic Panel Study yields our reference population of stayers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

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Wrobel, Martin (2021): Determinants of successful labour market Integration as exemplified by the German Green Card programme. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 17, S. 4135-4154., 2019-01-30. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1578644

Abstract

"The German Green Card programme that was in place from the year 2000 to 2004 was intended to counter claims propagated by industry and trade associations of a shortage of ICT professionals. Even if it is debatable whether the programme can be judged as a success in terms of the absolute number of Green Cards issued, it provides important insights into the long-term integration of migrants from third countries coming to Germany for employment purposes - a matter where the Green Card programme was successful beyond the policy it was originally designed for. Using sequence and cluster analyses to examine the employment trajectories of some 1500 Green Card recipients who came to Germany reveals the personal, occupational and firm-specific characteristics that have contributed to successful integration. It emerges that the likelihood of a Green Card recipient becoming successfully integrated in the German labour market is quite high and grows with increasing establishment size. Other factors beneficial to integration are a moderate agreed wage, employment in a more technically-oriented occupation and in particular being of Central or Eastern European origin. Against the background of the current debate surrounding demographic change and the growing skill shortages, the results obtained in this paper provide indications as to how human capital that is in demand globally and is correspondingly mobile can be bound to the German labour market in the longer term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Özdemir, Erhan (2021): Socio-Economic Disparities in the Integration Process of Immigrants in Western Europe. A Comparative Study for Six EU Countries. (Border Studies 4), Brüssel: Peter Lang, 377 S.

Abstract

"International migration is one of the prominent facts in the contemporary world, which affects the political, socio-economic and cultural processes both in origin and destination countries. Historically, Western Europe has been one of the most attractive destinations for migrants because of the level of socio-economic development and political stability. However, there are many complex institutional, socio-economic and cultural issues to be addressed to achieve the integration of migrants and to eliminate social inequalities between the native populations and migrants in these host countries. In this respect, this book examines some aspects of socio-economic disparities between native populations and the migrants in Belgium, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Different migration histories, labour market features and welfare state characteristics of these countries are expected to provide insight about how the integration-related and inequality-related issues emerge in diverse social and institutional settings. The study covers the empirical analyses of the disparities in the labour market and accessing the social benefits between 2004 and 2016 by using comparable cross- country survey data. These analyses attempt to demonstrate the relationships between these two domains. The study has a comparative approach, which aims at providing comparable evidence both across the countries and over time in each of the selected countries." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2021): Arbeitsmigration in der Pflege - Indische Perspektiven im Kontext des globalen Pflegemarktes. In: M. Bonacker & G. Geiger (Hrsg.) (2021): Migration in der Pflege, Berlin, Springer S. 191-205.

Abstract

"Arbeitsmigration und deren Organisation beschäftigt nicht nur das deutsche Pflegesystem, sondern auch inter- und supranationale Entscheidungsstrukturen. Allen voran die WHO setzt sich mit den Standards der internationalen Pflegemigration auseinander. Ausgehend von den von der WHO aufgestellten Standards schaut der Artikel auf die Pflegemigration aus Indien und speziell auf die Region Kerala und zeigt auf, dass die Brain-drain-Theorie, der die WHO noch immer folgt, für diese Region keineswegs haltbar ist. Vielmehr werden positive Effekte dargestellt, deren Chancen besser verstanden werden müssen. Der Artikel gibt darüber hinaus wichtige Hinweise in Bezug auf eine international orientierte Pflegeausbildung in Deutschland und spricht sich für einen leichteren Zugang internationaler Pflegekräfte ins deutsche Gesundheitssystem aus." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 Springer)

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OECD (2021): International Migration Outlook 2021. (OECD economic outlook 45), Paris, 439 S. DOI:10.1787/29f23e9d-en

Abstract

"The 2021 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters, one providing an in-depth analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in OECD countries since the mid 2000s and another on the causes and consequences of the residential segregation of immigrants. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson & Madeline Zavodny (2020): The economics of immigration. Boca Raton: Routledge, 470 S.

Abstract

"This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world. This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets. Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Informa UK Limited) ((en))

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Bonoli, Giuliano (2020): Integrating refugees through active labour market policy. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 616-627. DOI:10.1177/0958928720950619

Abstract

"This article offers an overview of scholarship on social investment policies in relation to the integration of immigrants and the role they can play in multicultural societies. At first sight, social investment is a promising strategy to deal with the inequalities in human capital and life chances that plague multicultural societies. However, on the basis of the available knowledge, the article shows that the benefit of social investment interventions for immigrants may be lower than expected for two main reasons. First, there are access biases in most typical social investment policies (for example, childcare, active labour market policies, training) that tend to limit participation by non-natives. Second, employers’ recruitment preferences and labour market discrimination are also likely to limit the potential of social investment interventions for immigrants. I conclude that to exploit the full potential of social investment policies in the promotion of immigrant integration, these policies need to be adapted, particularly by taking into account the essential role played by employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brunow, Stephan & Oskar Jost (2020): On the foreign to native wage differential in Germany: Does the home country matter? (IAB-Discussion Paper 26/2020), Nürnberg, 26 S.

Abstract

"Es ist zu erwarten, dass die Anzahl der Erwerbstätigen in Deutschland in den nächsten beiden Dekaden erheblich schrumpfen wird. Migrationsströme aus dem Ausland können die damit verbundenen negativen Effekte kompensieren. Damit geht die Frage einher, ob Deutschland für Migranten ein attraktives Ziel darstellt – zahlen Arbeitgeber genug, um für Migranten attraktiv genug zu sein? Wir analysieren das Lohngefälle zwischen ausländischen und deutschen Beschäftigten in Vollzeit und berücksichtigten dabei das Herkunftsland, um etwaige landesspezifische Unterschiede in der Lohnsetzung und Lohnstrukturen besser zu verstehen. Hierfür nutzen wir eine dreiteilige Oaxaca-Blinder Zerlegung und einen umfangreichen Datensatz mit diversen Informationen zu Individuen und Firmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Großteil der Lohnlücke auf Unterschiede in den beobachtbaren Charakteristiken zurückgeführt werden kann und zumeist nur sehr wenig unerklärt bleibt. Weiterhin zeigen wir Unterschiede zwischen den Herkunftsländern, die bei der Anwerbung der Beschäftigten berücksichtigt werden sollten, um die Personen besser in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brück-Klingberg, Andrea, Uwe Harten & Jörg Althoff (2020): Arbeitsmarktsituation von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern in Niedersachsen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Niedersachsen-Bremen 01/2020), Nürnberg, 61 S.

Abstract

"Die von gestiegener EU-Binnenmigration durch EU-Erweiterungen und Folgen der Finanzkrise als auch zeitweise hohen Fluchtbewegungen geprägte Zunahme der ausländischen Bevölkerung in Niedersachsen wie auch das seit März geltende Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz waren leitende Faktoren zur Untersuchung der Arbeitsmarktsituation von Ausländern in Niedersachsen.
So sind in Teilen positive Entwicklungen bei Integration und Teilhabe von Ausländern am niedersächsischen Arbeitsmarkt zu verzeichnen. Allerdings zeigen sich auch noch immer deutliche Rückstände im Arbeitsmarkterfolg gegenüber deutschen Beschäftigten und erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den unterschiedlichen Nationalitäten/-gruppen.
Demografischer Wandel und daraus resultierende Fachkräftebedarfe in einigen Branchen lassen eine erfolgreiche Arbeitsmarktintegration der bereits hier lebenden als auch von neuen Migranten zu einer wichtigen Aufgabe werden, auch wenn es derzeit „coronabedingt“ Einschnitte in der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung gibt. Die Verbesserung der Qualifikationsstruktur und auch sprachlichen Förderung der (neu) Zugewanderten sollte dabei zentrales Ziel einer Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Niedersachsen sein, um dem unterdurchschnittlichen Arbeitsmarkterfolg der Ausländer in Niedersachsen zu begegnen. Maßnahmen einer Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die auf eine verbesserte Arbeitsmarktintegration abzielen, sollten jedoch die heterogenen Problemlagen der unterschiedlichen Nationalitäten und Geschlechter (insbesondere geflüchteter Frauen) berücksichtigen.
In Exkursen wird des Weiteren der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit Niedersachsens Arbeitsmarkt von der Zuwanderung aus Drittstaaten (alle Staaten außerhalb EU, inkl. Island, Norwegen, Liechtenstein und Schweiz) profitiert. Außerdem erfolgte vor dem Hintergrund der akuten „viralen Situation“ eine Sonderauswertung zu ausländischen Beschäftigten in systemrelevanten Branchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brücker, Herbert, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2020): Has there been a "refugee crisis"? New insights on the recent refugee arrivals in Germany and integration prospects. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 71, H. 1/2, S. 24-53., 2020-01-07. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-24

Abstract

"Rund 1,2 Millionen Geflüchtete sind 2015 und 2016 nach Deutschland gekommen. Der nationale und internationale öffentliche Diskurs über die Aufnahme dieser Geflüchteten deckt das gesamte Meinungsspektrum ab. Diese Auffassungen reichen von der skeptischen Charakterisierung des Anstiegs der Fluchtmigration 2015 als „Flüchtlingskrise“ bis hin zu optimistischen Einschätzungen, wonach die Zuwanderung von Geflüchteten eine Lösung für den demografischen Wandel und den Arbeitskräftemangel darstellt. Diese Meinungen und Einschätzungen werden oft von Ideologie und Emotionen getrieben, sie sind in der Regel nicht durch Evidenz fundiert. In diesem Beitrag verwenden wir Daten aus einer einzigartigen, national repräsentativen Haushaltsbefragung von Geflüchteten, die zwischen 2013 und 2016 nach Deutschland gekommen sind. Auf dieser Grundlage beschreiben wir die Eigenschaften der Geflüchteten, insbesondere ihre demografischen Charakteristika und Qualifikationsmerkmale, die für eine erfolgreiche und nachhaltige wirtschaftliche Integration relevant sind. Wir diskutieren auch das institutionelle Umfeld und verschiedene Politiken in Deutschland in Hinblick auf ihre Rolle bei der Förderung der Integration. Unsere deskriptive Analyse zeigt, dass die Bearbeitung von Asylanträgen und die Bereitstellung von Unterkünften, die soziale Unterstützung und verschiedene Integrationsprogramme durch Politik und Verwaltung die Integration insgesamt vorangetrieben haben, obwohl zahlreiche Mängel anfangs weit verbreitet waren. Im Laufe der Jahre haben sich die Institutionen jedoch verstärkt dafür geöffnet, die Integration von Geflüchteten und anderen Migrantinnen und Migranten dabei zu unterstützen, in Deutschland Fuß zu fassen. Die Entscheidungsträger in Politik und Verwaltung stehen jedoch weiterhin vor erheblichen Herausforderungen. Ein solches Problem sind die Genderdifferenzen in verschiedenen Dimensionen der Integration, die unter anderem auf der geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung bei der Betreuung von Kindern beruhen und den Spracherwerb und andere Fortschritte bei der Integration von Frauen behindern. Die empirische Evidenz bietet jedoch, im Unterschied zu vielfältig geäußerten Erwartungen, keine Hinweise darauf, dass die Zuwanderung von Asylbewerberinnen und -bewerber im Jahr 2015 zu einer „Flüchtlingskrise“ in Deutschland geführt hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Hauptmann, Sekou Keita & Ehsan Vallizadeh (2020): Zuwanderungsmonitor. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 4 S.

Abstract

Der monatlich erscheinende Zuwanderungsmonitor analysiert Zuwanderung, Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit und SGB-II-Hilfequote dieser Personengruppen:
EU-28: Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union seit 01. Juli 2013
EU-2: Beitrittsstaaten vom 01. Januar 2007: Bulgarien und Rumänien.
EU-8: Beitrittsstaaten vom 01. Mai 2004: Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Slowenien, Slowakei, Tschechien, und Ungarn.
EU-4: die südeuropäischen Mitgliedsstaaten: Griechenland, Italien, Portugal und Spanien.
Balkanstaaten: Albanien, Bosnien-Herzegowina, Kosovo, Mazedonien, Montenegro und Serbien.
Kriegs- und Krisenländer: Afghanistan, Eritrea, Irak, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Somalia und Syrien. (IAB)

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Brücker, Herbert, Mariella Falkenhain, Tanja Fendel, Markus Promberger, Miriam Raab & Parvati Trübswetter (2020): Evaluierung der Westbalkanregelung: Registerdatenanalyse und Betriebsfallstudien. Abschlussbericht. (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Forschungsbericht 544), Berlin, 128 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Projektbericht analysiert die Wirkungen der sogenannten 'Westbalkanregelung' (§ 26 Absatz 2 Beschäftigungsverordnung) auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration der betroffenen ErwerbsmigrantInnen. Die Regelung gilt für Beschäftigungen ab dem 1. Januar 2016 und ist befristet bis zum 31. Dezember 2020. Im Rahmen einer quantitativen Analyse wurden die Integrationsverläufe von 36.050 Beschäftigten, die die Westbalkanregelung 2016 und 2017 in Anspruch genommen haben, untersucht. Basierend auf qualitativen Interviews mit 130 Personen wurden darüber hinaus Motive, Erfahrungen und Handlungsstrategien von ArbeitgeberInnen, Beschäftigten, Verbänden sowie VerwaltungsmitarbeiterInnen analysiert. Ein zentrales Ergebnis ist, dass die Arbeitsmarktintegration der über die Westbalkanregelung Beschäftigten, auch im Vergleich zu anderen Migrantengruppen, erfolgreich gelungen ist. Dies zeigt sich insbesondere an stabilen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen und äußerst geringen Anteilen an Arbeitslosigkeit und Leistungsbezug im Beobachtungszeitraum. Erklärungen dieser Ergebnisse liefern die von ArbeitgeberInnen geäußerten Bedarfe an HelferInnen und Fachkräften, ihre Wertschätzung nicht zertifizierter bzw. nicht zertifizierbarer Qualifikationen, netzwerkbasierte Anwerbestrategien und die erwerbsorientierten Migrationsaspirationen der Beschäftigten. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass es für eine erfolgreiche Arbeitsmarktintegration von Erwerbsmigrantinnen hinreichend ist, den ArbeitgeberInnen die Auswahlentscheidung zu überlassen und den Zuzug nicht an berufliche Qualifikationserfordernisse zu knüpfen. Es gibt vereinzelte Einsichten zu Regelverletzungen von ArbeitgeberInnen, aber keine Hinweise auf einen systematischen Missbrauch der Regelung. Restriktives Verwaltungshandeln und Kapazitätsengpässe verschiedener Behörden schränken die Nutzung der Westbalkanregelung deutlich ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Mariella Falkenhain, Tanja Fendel, Markus Promberger & Miriam Raab (2020): Erwerbsmigration über die Westbalkanregelung: Hohe Nachfrage und gute Arbeitsmarktintegration. (IAB-Kurzbericht 16/2020 (de)), Nürnberg, 12 S.

Abstract

"Staatsangehörige aus den Westbalkanstaaten können über die sogenannte Westbalkanregelung eine Beschäftigung in Deutschland aufnehmen, ohne berufliche Qualifikationen nachweisen zu müssen. Die zunächst bis 31.12.2020 befristete Regelung wurde zumindest bis zum Ausbruch der Covid-19-Pandemie von deutschen Betrieben ebenso wie von potenziellen Arbeitskräften stark nachgefragt. In dem Kurzbericht werden die Arbeitsmarktintegration dieser Beschäftigten, die Erfahrungen der Arbeitgeber und die administrative Umsetzung der Regelung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Personen, die über diese Regelung in Deutschland beschäftigt sind, – gemessen an der Beschäftigungsstabilität und den Verdiensten im Vergleich zu anderen Migrantengruppen und deutschen Berufsanfängern – erfolgreich verlaufen ist. Die Regelung gilt für die nicht zur EU gehörenden Westbalkanstaaten Albanien, Bosnien und Herzegowina, Kosovo, Montenegro, Nordmazedonien und Serbien." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)